Patent Grant
7767568
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2007-0029280, filed Mar. 26, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
1. Field
Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and a method of fabricating the same. Other example embodiments relate to a phase change memory device and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor memory devices may be classified as volatile memory devices or non-volatile memory devices. Non-volatile memory devices maintain data stored when power is turned off. Non-volatile memory devices are widely used in mobile telecommunication systems, mobile memory devices, auxiliary memories of a digital device and the like.
Extensive research has been performed on memory devices with structures that have non-volatile memory characteristics and increased integration density. This research has lead to the development of a phase change memory device. A unit cell of the phase change memory device may include an access device and a data storage element serially connected to the access device. The data storage element includes a lower electrode electrically connected to the access device and a phase change material layer in contact with the lower electrode. The phase change material layer may be a material layer that electrically switches between an amorphous state and a crystalline state. The phase change material layer may be a material layer that electrically switches between various resistivity states under the crystalline state conditions depending on the provided current.
Referring to
If a program current flows through the first lower electrode 17A, Joule heat is generated at an interface between the first lower electrode 17A and the first phase change pattern 18A. The Joule heat converts a first transition volume 20A that is a part of the first phase change pattern 18A into an amorphous or crystalline state. Resistivity of the first transition volume 20A in the amorphous state may be higher than that of the first transition volume 20A in the crystalline state. Whether information stored in a unit cell of the phase change memory device is a logic “1” or a logic “0” may be determined by sensing (or detecting) the current that flows through the first transition volume 20A in a read mode. If a program current flows through the second lower electrode 17B, a second transition volume 20B that is a part of the second phase change pattern 18B may be converted into an amorphous or crystalline state.
The smaller the gap between the phase change patterns 18A and 18B, the higher the integration intensity of the phase change memory device. Upper surfaces of the lower electrodes 17A and 17B may be disposed (or formed) at substantially the same level. The phase change patterns 18A and 18B may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. The transition volumes 20A and 20B may be spaced apart from each other by the first distance D1.
The heat generated at an interface between the first lower electrode 17A and the first phase change pattern 18A may be transferred to the second phase change pattern 18B through the upper insulating layer 15. The second transition volume 20B may be converted into an amorphous or crystalline state. The first transition volume 20A may be converted into an amorphous or crystalline state by heat generated at an interface between the second lower electrode 17B and the second phase change pattern 18B. The phase change patterns 18A and 18B may interfere with each other, causing malfunction. There is a limit to reducing the distance between the phase change patterns 18A and 18B.
Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and a method of fabricating the same. Other example embodiments relate to a phase change memory device and a method of fabricating the same.
Example embodiments provide a phase change memory device capable of decreasing thermal interference effects between phase change patterns adjacent to each other.
The phase change memory device includes a first electrode disposed (or formed) on a substrate and having a first surface. A second electrode having a second surface disposed (or formed) at a different level from the first surface is provided. The second electrode may be spaced apart from the first electrode. A first phase change pattern is in contact with the first surface. A second phase change pattern is in contact with the second surface.
According to example embodiments, an interlayer insulating layer having first and second contact holes may be disposed (or formed) on the substrate. The first surface and the first phase change pattern may be disposed (or formed) in the first contact hole. The second surface and the second phase change pattern may be disposed (or formed) in the second contact hole. Spacers may be interposed between: the phase change patterns and the interlayer insulating layer.
According to example embodiments, the second surface may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface.
In other example embodiments, upper surfaces of the first and second phase change patterns may be disposed (or formed) at the same plane.
In yet other example embodiments, word lines electrically connected to the first and second electrodes may be provided. A bit line may be electrically connected to the first and second phase change patterns. A third electrode may be interposed between the first phase change pattern and the bit line. A fourth electrode may be interposed between the second phase change pattern and the bit line.
In yet other example embodiments, the first and second electrode may be one selected from the group consisting of a Ti layer, a TiSi layer, a TiN layer, a TiON layer, a TiW layer, a TiAlN layer, a TiAlON layer, a TiSiN layer, a TiBN layer, a W layer, a WN layer, a WON layer, a WSiN layer, a WBN layer, a WCN layer, a Si layer, a Ta layer, a TaSi layer, a TaN layer, a TaON layer, a TaAlN layer, a TaSiN layer, a TaCN layer, a Mo layer, a MoN layer, a MoSiN layer, a MoAlN layer, a NbN layer, a ZrSiN layer, a ZrAlN layer, a conductive carbon group, a Cu layer or combinations thereof.
In yet other example embodiments, the first and second phase change patterns may be two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C or combinations thereof.
In yet other example embodiments, a distance between the first and second surfaces may be greater than a distance between the first surface and the second electrode.
Example embodiments are also directed to a method of fabricating a phase change memory device. The method includes forming first and second electrodes on a substrate. The first and second electrodes may be spaced apart from each other. The first electrode has a first surface. The second electrode has a second surface disposed (or formed) at a different level from the first surface. A first phase change pattern may be formed on the first electrode. A second phase change pattern may be formed on the second electrode. The first phase change pattern may be in contact with the first surface. The second phase change pattern may be in contact with the second surface.
According to example embodiments, an interlayer insulating layer may be formed on the substrate, before forming the first and second electrodes. First and second contact holes may be formed passing through the interlayer insulating layer. The first surface and the first phase change pattern may be formed in the first contact hole. The second surface and the second phase change pattern may be formed in the second contact hole. The second surface may be formed at a higher level than the first surface. Upper surfaces of the first and second phase change patterns be formed on the same plane.
In other example embodiments, spacers may be formed on sidewalls of the first and second contact holes.
In yet other example embodiments, forming the first and second phase change patterns may include filling the first and second contact holes, forming a change material layer covering (or over) the substrate and planarizing the phase change material layer to expose the interlayer insulating layer.
In yet other example embodiments, forming the first and second electrodes may include forming a lower electrode layer that fills the first and second contact holes and covers the substrate. A first preliminary electrode filling the first contact hole and a second preliminary electrode filling the second contact hole may be formed by planarizing the lower electrode layer. A sacrificial electrode may be formed on the second preliminary electrode. The sacrificial electrode may be formed of the same material as the second preliminary electrode. An etch-back technique may be performed on the first preliminary electrode, the sacrificial electrode and the second preliminary electrode.
In yet other example embodiments, forming the first and second electrodes may include forming a lower electrode layer that fills the first and second contact holes and covers the substrate. The lower electrode layer may be planarized to form a first preliminary electrode filling the first contact hole and a second preliminary electrode filling the second contact hole. A sacrificial pattern may be formed on the second preliminary electrode. The sacrificial pattern may be a photoresist pattern or a hard mask pattern. The first preliminary electrode may be etched using the sacrificial pattern as an etch mask to form a recessed preliminary electrode. The sacrificial pattern may be removed. An etch-back technique may be used on the recessed preliminary electrode and the second preliminary electrode.
In yet other example embodiments, forming the first and second electrodes may include forming a lower electrode layer that fills the first and second contact holes and covers the substrate. The lower electrode layer may be patterned to form a recessed preliminary electrode in the first contact hole and remain the same patterned lower electrode layer in the second contact hole. The recessed preliminary electrode may be formed at a lower level than the upper surface of the patterned lower electrode layer. An etch-back technique may be used on the recessed preliminary electrode and the patterned lower electrode layer.
In yet other example embodiments, patterning the lower electrode layer may include forming a mask pattern covering the second contact hole and exposing an upper portion of the first contact hole on the lower electrode layer. The exposed lower electrode layer may be etched-back.
In yet other example embodiments, word lines electrically connected to the first and second electrodes may be formed on the substrate. A bit line may be electrically connected to third and fourth electrodes.
A bit line may be electrically connected to the first and second phase change patterns. A third electrode may be formed between the first phase change pattern and the bit line. A fourth electrode may be formed between the second phase change pattern and the bit line.
Example embodiments will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Various example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings in which some example embodiments are shown. In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity.
Detailed illustrative embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. This invention may, however, may be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only example embodiments set forth herein.
Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.).
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular Embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly Indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the scope of example embodiments.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or a relationship between a feature and another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, for example, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation which is above as well as below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or viewed or referenced at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.
Example embodiments are described herein with reference to cross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures). As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, may be expected. Thus, example embodiments should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but may include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle may have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient (e.g., of implant concentration) at its edges rather than an abrupt change from an implanted region to a non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation may take place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes do not necessarily illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and do not limit the scope.
It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, to figures shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
In order to more specifically describe example embodiments, various aspects will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to example embodiments described.
Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and a method of fabricating the same. Other example embodiments relate to a phase change memory device and a method of fabricating the same.
Referring to
The transition volumes may be disposed (or formed) at different levels. The second transition volume may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first transition volume. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be divided into low phase change patterns RL having the first transition volume and high phase change patterns RH having the second transition volume.
The bit lines BL1, BL2 and BL3 may cross the word lines WL1, WL2 and WL3. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be disposed (or formed) at intersections of the bit lines BL1, BL2 and BL3 and the word lines WL1, WL2 and WL3. For example, the low phase change pattern RL may be formed at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the first word line WL1. The high phase change pattern RH may be formed at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the second word line WL2. The low phase change pattern RL may be formed at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the third word line WL3.
The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the first word line WL1. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the second word line WL2. The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the third word line WL3.
The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the third bit line BL3 and the first word line WL1. The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the third bit line BL3 and the second word line WL2. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the third bit line BL3 and the third word line WL3.
Referring to
A lower insulating layer 53 may be provided on the substrate 51. The lower insulating layer 53 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or a combination thereof. First word line WL155 and second word line WL256 may be disposed (or formed) parallel to each other in the lower insulating layer 53. An upper surface of the lower insulating layer 53 and upper surfaces of the first word line WL 55 and second word lines WL256 may be exposed on the same plane. The first word line WL155 and second word line WL256 may be a conductive pattern (e.g., a polysilicon pattern, an interconnection or an epitaxial semiconductor pattern).
An interlayer insulating layer 57 may be provided on the word line WL155, the word line WL256 and the lower insulating layer 53. The interlayer insulating layer 57, may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or a combination thereof. The interlayer insulating layer 57 may have a planarized upper surface.
First contact hole 61 and second contact hole 62 passing through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be disposed (or formed) on the word line WL155 and the word line WL256. The first contact hole 61 and the second contact hole 62 may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. First electrode 71 and second electrode 72 may be disposed (or formed) in the contact holes 61 and 62, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be in contact with the first word line WL155 and the second word line WL256, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
Each of the first and second electrodes 71 and 72 will be referred to as a first lower electrode 71 and a second lower electrode 72 below for the sake of clarity.
The first lower electrode 71 may include a first surface S1. The first lower electrode 71 may be formed in the first contact hole 61. The second lower electrode 72 may include a second surface S2. The second lower electrode 72 may be formed in the second contact hole 62. The first and second surfaces S1 and S2 may be disposed (or formed) at different levels from each other. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface S1;
A first phase change pattern RL 77 filling the first contact hole 61 may be provided on the first lower electrode 71. A second phase change pattern RH 78 filling the second contact hole 62 may be provided on the second lower electrode 72. The first phase change pattern RL 77 may be in contact with the first surface S1. The second phase change pattern RH 78 may be in contact with the second surface The first phase change pattern RL 77 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof. The second phase change pattern RH 78 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof.
Upper surfaces of the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane. The interlayer insulating layer 57, the first phase change pattern RL 77, and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
The third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
The third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 will be respectively referred to as a first upper electrode 81 and a second upper electrode 82 for clarity.
The first upper electrode 81 may be in contact with the first phase change pattern RL 77. The second upper electrode 82 may be in contact with the second phase change pattern RH 78. The first upper electrode 81 may be electrically c6hnected to the first word line 55 through the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the first lower electrode 71. The second upper electrode 82 may be electrically connected to the second word line 56 through the second phase change pattern RH 78 and the second lower electrode 72.
Spacers 63 may be disposed (or formed) on inner walls of the contact holes 61 and 62. The spacers 63 may be formed of an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or a combinations thereof. The spacers 63 may be interposed between the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH and the interlayer insulating layer 57. The spacers 63 may be interposed between the lower electrodes 71 and 72 and the interlayer insulating layer 57.
An upper insulating layer 85 may be formed over the interlayer insulating layer 57 and the upper electrodes 81 and 82. Upper surfaces of the upper electrodes 81 and 82 may be exposed on the upper insulating layer 85. The upper insulating layer 85 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof. Bit lines BL187, BL2 and BL3 that are parallel to each other may be disposed (or formed) on the upper insulating layer 85. The bit lines BL187, BL2 and BL3 may be formed of a conductive material layer. For example, a first bit line BL187 may be in contact with (or to) the first and second upper electrodes 81 and 82.
A program current may be applied to the first bit line BL187 and the first word line WL155 to convert a first transition volume 91 that is a portion of the first phase change pattern RL 77 into either an amorphous state or a crystalline state. A program current may be applied to the first bit line BL187 and the second word line WL256 to convert a second transition volume 92 that is a portion of the second phase change pattern RH 78 into either an amorphous state or a crystalline state.
The first transition volume 91 may be disposed (or formed) adjacent to the first surface S1. The second transition volume 92 may be disposed (or formed) adjacent to the second surface S2. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) spaced apart from the first surface S1 by a second distance D2. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface S1. The second distance D2 may be relatively greater than the first distance D1. A distance between the first surface S1 and the second surface S2 may be substantially greater than a distance between the first surface S1 and the second lower electrode 72.
The second transition volume 92 may be formed at a higher level than the first transition volume 91. The first phase change pattern RL 77 may correspond to the low phase change pattern RL of
Heat generated at an interface between the first surface S1 and the first phase change pattern RL 77 and transferred to the second phase change pattern RH 78 through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be substantially lower compared to the conventional art. Heat generated at an interface between the second surface S2 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 and transferred to the first phase change pattern RL 77 through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be substantially lower compared to the conventional art. Thermal interference effects between the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may decrease.
Referring to
Referring to
The phase change patterns RL and RH may include a first transition volume or a second transition volume. The transition volumes may be disposed (or formed) at different levels from each other. The second transition volume may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first transition volume. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be divided into low phase change patterns RL having the first transition volume and high phase change patterns RH having the second transition volume.
The bit lines BL1 and BL2 may be disposed (or formed) to cross the word lines WL1 and WL2. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be disposed (or formed) at intersections of the bit lines BL1 and BL2 and the word lines WL1 and WL2. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the first word line WL1. The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the second word line WL2.
The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the first word line WL1. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the second word line WL2.
Referring to
An isolation layer 152 defining line-type active regions parallel to each other may be disposed (or formed) in the substrate 51. The isolation layer 152 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof. First word line WL1155 and second word line WL2156 may be disposed (or formed) parallel to each other in the active regions. The word line WL1155 and word line WL2156 may be a semiconductor pattern with an impurity implanted in the semiconductor pattern.
A lower insulating layer 153 may be provided on the substrate 51 having the word line WL1155 and word line WL2156. The lower insulating layer 153 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof. First diode DD1 and second diode DD2 may be spaced apart from each other in the lower insulating layer 153.
The first diode DD1 may include a first lower semiconductor pattern 161 and a first upper semiconductor pattern 162. The first lower semiconductor pattern 161 may be an n-type or p-type semiconductor layer. The first upper semiconductor pattern 162 may be a semiconductor layer of a different conductivity type from the first lower semiconductor pattern 161. If the first lower semiconductor pattern 161 is an n-type semiconductor layer, the first upper semiconductor pattern 162 may be a p-type semiconductor layer.
The first lower semiconductor pattern 161 and the first upper semiconductor pattern 162 may be sequentially stacked on a desired region of the first word line WL1155. The first lower semiconductor pattern 161 may be in contact with the first word line WL1155. A first diode electrode 167 may be disposed (or formed) on the first upper semiconductor pattern 162. The first diode electrode 167 may be a conductive layer (e.g., a metal layer or a metal silicide layer). The first diode electrode 167 may be omitted.
The second diode DD2 may include a second lower semiconductor pattern 165 and a second upper semiconductor pattern 166, which are sequentially stacked. The second lower semiconductor pattern 165 may be in contact with the second word line WL2156. A second diode electrode 169 may be disposed (or formed) on the second upper semiconductor pattern 166. The second diode electrode 169 may be a conductive layer (e.g., a metal layer or a metal silicide layer). The second diode electrode 169 may be omitted.
Upper surfaces of the lower insulating layer 153 and the diode electrodes 167 and 169 may be exposed on the same plane.
An interlayer insulating layer 57 may be provided on the lower insulating layer 153. First and second contact holes 61 and 62 passing through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be disposed (or formed) on the diode electrodes 167 and 169, respectively. The first and second contact holes 61 and 62 may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. First and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be disposed (or formed) in the first and second contact holes 61 and 62, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be in contact with the diode electrodes 167 and 169, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 will be respectively referred to as a first lower electrode 71 and a second lower electrode 72 for clarity.
The first lower electrode 71 may include a first surface S1 in the first contact hole 61. The second lower electrode 72 may include a second surface S2 in the second contact hole 62. The first and second surfaces S1 and S2 may be disposed (or formed) at different levels from each other. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface S1.
A first phase change pattern RL 77 filling the first contact hole 61 may be provided on the first lower electrode 71. A second phase change pattern RH 78 filling the second contact hole 62 may be provided on the second lower electrode 72. The first phase change pattern RL 77 may be in contact with the first surface S1. The second phase change pattern RH 78 may be in contact with the second surface S2. The first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof.
Upper surfaces of the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane. The interlayer insulating layer 57, the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
Third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 may be disposed (or formed) on the interlayer insulating layer 57. The third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 will be respectively referred to as a first upper electrode 81 and a second upper electrode 82 below for the sake of clarity.
The first upper electrode 81 may be in contact with the first phase change pattern RL 77. The second upper electrode 82 may be in contact with the second phase change pattern RH 78. The first upper electrode 81 may be electrically connected to the first word line 155 through the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the first lower electrode 71. The second upper electrode 82 may be electrically connected to the second word line 156 through the second phase change pattern RH 78 and the second lower electrode 72.
Spacers 63 may be disposed (or formed) on inner walls of the contact holes 61 and 62. The spacers 63 may be interposed (or formed) between the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 and the interlayer insulating layer 57. The spacer 63 may be interposed (or formed) between the lower electrodes 71 and 72 and the inner layer insulating layer 57.
An upper insulating layer 85 may be formed over the interlayer insulating layer 57 and the upper electrodes 81 and 82. Upper surfaces of the upper electrodes 81 and 82 may be exposed on the upper insulating layer 85. The bit lines BL187 and BL2 that are parallel to each other may be disposed (or formed) on the upper insulating layer 85. A first bit line BL1 and 87 may be in contact with the first and second upper electrodes 81 and 82.
A described with reference to
As described with reference to
Referring to
The phase change patterns RL and RH may include a first transition volume or a second transition volume. The transition volumes may be disposed (or formed) at different levels from each other. The second transition volume may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first transition volume. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be divided into low phase change patterns RL having the first transition volume and high phase change patterns RH having the second transition volume.
The bit lines BL1 and BL2 may be disposed (or formed) to cross the word lines WL1 and WL2. The phase change patterns RL and RH may be disposed (or formed) at intersections of the bit lines BL1 and BL2 and the word lines WL1 and WL2. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the first word line WL1. The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the first bit line BL1 and the second word line WL2.
The high phase change pattern RH may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the first word line WL1. The low phase change pattern RL may be disposed (or formed) at an intersection of the second bit line BL2 and the second word line WL2.
Referring to
An isolation layer 252 defining an active region may be disposed (or formed) in the substrate 51. The isolation layer 252 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicone oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof). First and second word lines WL1237 and WL2238 may be disposed (or formed) parallel to each other. The word lines WL1237 and WL2238 may be a conductive layer (e.g., a polysilicon layer, a metal layer, a metal silicide layer or combinations thereof). source/drain region 235 may be disposed (or formed) in the active region disposed at both sides of the word lines WL1237 and WL2238. The second source/drain region 234 may be disposed between the word lines WL1237 and WL2238.
A lower insulating layer 253 may be formed over the substrate 51 including the word lines WL1237 and WL2238. The lower insulating layer 253 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof. First plug 241, second plug 242 and third plug 244 may be disposed in the lower insulating layer 253 to be spaced apart from one another. The first plug 241 may be in contact with the first source/drain region 233. The second plug 242 may be in contact with the third source/drain region 235. The third plug 244 may be in contact with the second source/drain region 234.
A first pad 247 may be disposed (or formed) on the first plug 241. A second pad 248 may be disposed (or formed) on the second plug 242. Upper surfaces of the lower insulating layer 253 and the pads 247 and 248 may be exposed on the same plane. The third plug 244 may be in contact with a common interconnection 245 disposed in the lower insulating layer 253. The plug 241, plug 242, plug 244, the common interconnection 245, pad 247 and pad 248 may be a conductive layer (e.g., a polysilicon layer, a metal layer, a metal silicide layer or combinations thereof. The pads 247 and 248 may be omitted.
An interlayer insulating layer 57 may be provided on the lower insulating layer 253. First and second contact holes 61 and 62 passing through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be disposed (or formed) on the pads 247 and 248, respectively. The first and second contact holes 61 and 62 may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. First and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be disposed (or formed) in the contact holes 61 and 62, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be in contact with the first and second pads 247 and 248, respectively. The first and second electrodes 71 and 72 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
Each of the first and second electrodes 71 and 72 will be referred to as a first lower electrode 71 and a second lower electrode 72 below for the sake of clarity.
The first lower electrode 71 may include a first surface S1 in the first contact hole 61. The second lower electrode 72 may include a second surface S2 in the second contact hole 62. The first and second surfaces S1 and S2 may be disposed (or formed) at different levels from each other. The second surface S2 may be disposed at a higher level than the first surface S1.
A first phase change pattern RL 77 filling the first contact hole 61 may be provided on the first lower electrode 71. A second phase change pattern RH 78 filling the second contact hole 62 may be provided on the second lower electrode 72. The first phase change pattern RL 77 may be in contact with the first surface S1. The second phase change pattern RH 78 may be in contact with the second surface S2. The first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof.
Upper surfaces of the first phase change pattern RL 77 and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane. The interlayer insulating layer 57, the first phase change pattern RL 77, and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
Third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer 57. The third and fourth electrodes 81 and 82 will be respectively referred to as a first upper electrode 81 and a second upper electrode 82 for the sake of clarity.
The first upper electrode 81 may be in contact with the first phase change pattern RL 77. The second upper electrode 82 may be in contact with the second phase change pattern RH 78.
Spacers 63 may be disposed (or formed) on inner walls of the contact holes 61 and 62. The spacers 63 may be interposed between the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 and the interlayer insulating layer 57. The spacers 63 may be interposed between the lower electrodes 71 and 72 and the interlayer insulating layer 57.
An upper insulating layer 85 may be formed on the interlayer insulating layer 57 and the upper electrodes 81 and 82. Upper surfaces of the upper electrodes 81 and 82 may be exposed on the upper insulating layer 85. The bit lines BL187 and BL2 that are parallel to each other may be disposed (or formed) on the upper insulating layer 85. A first bit line BL1 and 87 may be in contact with the first and second upper electrodes 81 and 82.
As described with reference to
The bit lines BL187 and BL2 may be replaced with a plate electrode (not shown). The common interconnection 245 may function as a bit line.
As described with reference to
Referring to
First and second word lines WL155 and WL256 parallel to each other may be disposed (or formed) in the lower insulating layer 53. An upper surface of the lower insulating layer 53 and upper surfaces of the first and second word lines WL155 and WL256 may be exposed on the same plane. The first and second word lines WL155 and WL2 and 56 may be a conductive pattern (e.g., a polysilicon pattern, an interconnection or an epitaxial semiconductor pattern).
Referring to
First and second contact holes 61 and 62 passing through the interlayer insulating layer 57 may be formed on the word lines WL155 and WL256. The first and second contact holes 61 and 62 may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. Upper surfaces of the word lines WL155 and WL256 may be exposed in the contact holes 61 and 62.
Spacers 63 may be formed on inner walls of the contact hole 61 and 62. The spacers 63 may be formed of an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof).
Referring to
The lower electrode 65 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
Referring to
A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process that adopts (or uses) the interlayer insulating layer 57 as a stop layer may be applied to the planarization. The preliminary electrodes 67 and 68 may be formed by an etch-back process.
Referring to
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
Referring to
The first and second contact holes 61 and 62 may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1. The second surface S2 may be spaced apart from the first surface S1 by a second distance D2. The second distance D2 may be relatively greater than the first distance D1.
A phase change material layer 75 filling the remaining portions of the contact holes 61 and 62 and covering the substrate 51 may be formed on the lower electrodes 71 and 72. The phase change material layer 75 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof. The phase change material layer 75 may be in contact with the first surface S1 and the second surface S2.
Referring to
A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process that adopts (or uses) the interlayer insulating layer 57 as a stop layer may be applied to the planarization. The first and second phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be formed by an etch-back process. Upper surfaces of the interlayer insulating layer 57, the first phase change pattern RL and 77, and the second phase change pattern RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
An upper electrode layer 79 may be formed on the interlayer insulating layer 57. The upper electrode layer 79 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
Referring to
The first upper electrode 81 may be in contact with the first phase change pattern RL 77. The second upper electrode 82 may be in contact with the second phase change pattern RH 78. The first upper electrode 81 may be electrically connected to the first word line 55 through the phase change pattern RL 77 and the first lower electrode 71. The second upper electrode 82 may be electrically connected to the second word line 56 through the second phase change pattern RH 78 and the second lower electrode 72.
An upper insulating layer 85 may be formed on the interlayer insulating layer 57. Upper surfaces of the upper electrodes 81 and 82 may be exposed. The upper insulating layer 85 may be an insulating layer (e.g., a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer or combinations thereof).
A bit line BL187 in contact with the upper electrodes 81 and 82 may be formed on the upper insulating layer 85. The bit line BL187 may be formed of a conductive material layer.
As described with reference to
Referring to
A sacrificial pattern 94 formed over the second preliminary electrode 68 may be formed on the interlayer insulating layer 57. The sacrificial pattern 94 may be a photoresist pattern or a hard mask pattern. The hard mask pattern may be formed of a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer or combinations thereof.
Referring to
Referring to
The recessed preliminary electrode 67′ and the second preliminary electrode 68 may be etched to form a first lower electrode 71 and a second lower electrode 72. The recessed preliminary electrode 67′ and the second preliminary electrode 68 may be etched using an etch-back process. The first lower electrode 71 may be formed with a first surface S1 in the first contact hole 61. The second lower electrode 72 may be formed to have a second surface S2 in the second contact hole 62. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface S1. The first and second lower electrodes 71 and 72 may be in contact with the first and second word lines WL155 and WL256, respectively.
First and second phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 filling remaining parts of the contact holes 61 and 62 may be formed on the lower electrodes 71 and 72. The phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof. The first and second phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be in contact with the first and second surfaces S1 and S2, respectively. Upper surfaces of the interlayer insulating layer 57 and the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
As described with reference to
In other example embodiments, as described with reference to
Referring to
The lower electrode layer 65 may be formed of a Group IV-VI metal layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a conductive carbon group layer, a copper (Cu) layer and combinations thereof.
The Group IV-VI metal layer may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Ti, TiSi, TiN, TiON, TiW, TiAlN, TiAlON, TiSiN, TiBN, W, WN, WON, WSiN, WBN, WCN, Ta, TaSi, TaN, TaON, TaAlN, TaSiN, TaCN, Mo, MoN, MoSiN, MoAlN, NbN, ZrSiN, ZrAlN and combinations thereof.
A mask pattern 96 covering (or over) the second contact hole 62 and exposing the first contact hole 61 may be formed on the lower electrode layer 65. The mask pattern 96 may be a photoresist pattern or a mask pattern. The hard mask pattern may be formed of a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer or combinations thereof.
The lower electrode layer 65 may be etched using the mask pattern 96 as an etch mask to form a recessed preliminary electrode 67′ in the first contact hole 61. A patterned lower electrode layer 65P may remain under the mask pattern 96 during the formation of the recessed preliminary electrode 67′. The patterned lower electrode layer 65P may fill the second contact hole 62.
Referring to
The recessed preliminary electrode 67′ and the patterned lower electrode layer 65P may be etched to form a first lower electrode 71 and a second lower electrode 72. The recessed preliminary electrode 67′ and the patterned lower electrode layer 65P may be etched using an etch-back process. The first lower electrode 71 may be formed to have a first surface S1 in the first contact hole 61. The second lower electrode 72 may be formed with a second surface S2 in the second contact hole 62. The second surface S2 may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface S1. The first and second lower electrodes 71 and 72 may be in contact with the first and second word lines WL155 and WL256, respectively.
First and second phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 filling remaining parts of the contact holes 61 and 62 may be formed on the lower electrodes 71 and 72. The phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be formed of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, Ag, As, S, Si, P, O, C and combinations thereof. The first and second phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be in contact with the first and second surfaces S1 and S2, respectively. Upper surfaces of the interlayer insulating layer 57 and the phase change patterns RL 77 and RH 78 may be exposed on the same plane.
First and second upper electrodes 81 and 82, an upper insulating layer 85, and a first bit line BL187 may be formed by the same method as that described with reference to
In other example embodiments, as described with reference to
As described above, a first electrode having a first surface and a second electrode having a second surface disposed (formed) at a different level from the first surface are provided on a substrate. A first phase change pattern may be formed in contact with the first surface. A second phase change pattern may be formed in contact with the second surface. The second surface may be disposed (or formed) at a higher level than the first surface. Paths, through which heat is generated at interfaces between the first surface and the first phase change pattern and transferred to the second phase change pattern, may be substantially larger compared to the conventional art. Thermal interference effects between the phase change patterns may decrease.
The foregoing is illustrative of example embodiments and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few example embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in example embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the present invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function, and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The present invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
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