Patent Grant
8841269
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in women in Europe and North America. Annually, more than 1.3 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide, and approximately half a million die from the disease (Heneghan et al., 2009, J Oncol doi:10.1155/2010/950201). The involvement of estrogen in mammary carcinogenesis has been known for more than 100 years (Clemons and Goss, 2001, N. Engl. J. Med., 344:276-85). It is prevailingly known that estrogen signaling is mediated by two major estrogen receptors (ER), ER-α and ER-β (Weihua et al., 2003, FEBS Lett., 546:17-24), which share a common structural architecture. ER-α is often used to refer to a 66 kD protein that functions as a transcription factor and regulates the transcription of estrogen-responsive genes. ER-α is comprised of 6 domains, A-F (Evans, 1988, Science, 240:889-95). The A/B region contains a ligand-independent transactivation domain (AF-1). Regions C and E are responsible for DNA and ligand binding, respectively. A ligand-inducible transcription activating function (AF-2) is present in the ligand-binding domain D/E/F (Berry et al., 1990, EMBO J., 9:2811-8). Recent research revealed the existence of a truncated form of ER-α with a molecular weight of 46 kDa, which lacks the first 173 aa (AF-1 domain) of ER-α and is designated as ER-α46 (Flouriot et al., 2000, EMBO J., 19:4688-700). The full-length ER-α is therefore recognized as ER-α66. ER-α46 functions to inhibit the transcriptional activity mediated by the AF-1 domain of ER-α66 (Flouriot et al., 2000, EMBO J., 19:4688-700) and to signal a membrane-initiated estrogen pathway (Li et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100:4807-12). Previously, we identified and cloned a 36-kD novel isoform of ER-α66, ER-α36 (Wang et al., 2005, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336:1023-7). ER-α36 is transcribed from a promoter located in the first intron of the ER-α66 gene and lacks both transcriptional activation domains (AF-1 and AF-2), but retains the DNA binding, dimerization, and partial ligand-binding domains. Additionally, it possesses an extra, unique 27-aa domain to replace the last 138 aa of the ER-α66. ER-α36 is predominantly localized on the plasma membranes and mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signal pathway (Wang et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 103:9063-8) such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (the MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway (Segars and Driggers, 2002, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 13:349-54). ER-α36 expression was detected in both ER-α66-positive and-negative breast cancer tumors (Lee et al., 2008, Anticancer Res. 28:479-83, Zhang et al., 2010, Oncogene, October 11, doi:10.1038/onc.2010.458). High levels of ER-α36 expression are also associated with tamoxifen resistance; breast cancer patients with tumors highly expressing ER-α36 benefit less from tamoxifen treatment (Shi et al., 2009, J. Clin. Oncol., 27:3423-9).
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ˜22 nt long, has brought new concepts to breast cancer research. A line of studies have shown that deregulation of mRNAs causes tumorigenesis and metastasis (Medina and Slack, 2008 Cell Cycle 7:2485-92). Further, growing evidence shows that miRNAs may be ‘master’ regulators that regulate cancer cell proliferation through different mechanisms. For example, miR-21 has been demonstrated to be an onco-microRNA (oncomiR) in breast tumorigenesis. Up-regulation of this miRNA causes aggressive malignant growth of breast cancer via regulation of the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2, TPM1, tumor suppressor PTEN, and PDCD4 (Ng et al., 2009, J Oncol, doi: 10.1155/2009/305420). MiR-206 significantly down-regulated ER-α by binding to the 3′ UTR (Adams et al., 2007, Mol Endocrinol 21:1132-47, Kondo et al., 2008, Cancer Res 68:5004-8). MiR-17-5p regulates malignant growth of breast cancer by targeting a transcriptional factor, AIB1 (Hossain et al., 2006 Mol Cell Biol 26:8191-201), which is a coactivator for nuclear receptors, such as ER-α. Overexpression of miR-125a/b suppressed the activities of two important tyrosine kinase receptors, HER2 and HER3 (Scott 2007 J Biol Chem 282:1479-86), which are often deregulated in breast cancer. Recently, miR-10b has been shown to be associated with progression and metastasis in breast carcinoma (Ma et al., 2007 Nature 449:682-8). The same group also found that miR-31 is inversely correlated with metastasis in breast cancer (Valastyan et al., 2009, Cell 137:1032-46). Another interesting study shows that down-regulation of let-7 miRNAs was observed in breast tumor-initiation cells (BT-IC), and an increased level of let-7 was detected during BT-IC differentiation (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23). Restoration of let-7 in BT-IC reduced proliferation and mammosphere formation in vitro, tumor formation, and metastasis in NOD/SCID mice (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23). However, the detailed mechanisms underlying let-7 regulation in breast tumorigenesis are still unknown.
Previous studies have shown that let-7 sequences are highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates. Expression of let-7 miRNAs can be regulated temporally during cancer development (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23) and embryonic development (Grosshans et al., 2005, Dev Cell 8:321-30). For example, expression of let-7 miRNAs increases during differentiation and in mature tissue, but is barely detectable in embryonic stage (Gunaratne 2009, Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 4:168-77). Let-7 is also considered as a tumor suppressor to inhibit malignant growth of cancer cells by targeting RAS (Johnson et al., 2005, Cell 120:635-47), HMGA2 (Lee and Dutta 2005, Genes Dev 21:1025-30, Mayr et al., 2007, Science 15:1576-9), and c-Myc (Kim et al., 2009, Genes Dev 23:1743-8). Reduced expression of let-7 miRNAs has been observed in colon cancer (Michael et al., 2003 Mol Cancer Res 1:882-91), lung cancer (Takamizawa et al., 2004 Cancer Res 64:3753-6), ovary cancer (Dahiya et al., 2008, PLoS One 3:e2436) and breast cancer (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23).
The present invention provides a method for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells to an antiestrogen agent, such as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The method may include identifying a subject that has cancer cells that are resistant to an antiestrogen agent. The antiestrogen agent may be a SERM, such as tamoxifen. The method may further include administering to the subject a polynucleotide in an amount effective to increase the antiestrogen agent sensitivity of the cancer cells compared to the cancer cells before the administering. The cancer cells may be breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, endometrial cancer cells, lung cancer cells, or colon cancer cells. The method may further include determining whether the cancer cells are ER-α66 negative or ER-α66 positive prior to the administering. The cancer cells may be ER-α66 positive prior to the administering, or ER-α66negative prior to the administering. The method may further include determining whether the cancer cells are ER-α36 negative or ER-α36 positive prior to the administering. The cancer cells may be ER-α36 positive prior to the administering, or ER-α36 negative prior to the administering. In one embodiment, the cancer cells are ER-α36 positive and ER-α66 negative prior to the administering. In one embodiment, the cancer cells are progesterone receptor negative and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) negative prior to the administering. The method may further include administering an antiestrogen agent, such as a SERM.
The present invention also provides a method for decreasing the amount of estrogen receptor present in a cancer cell. The method may include administering to a subject in need thereof a polynucleotide in an amount effective to decrease the amount of estrogen receptor present in a cancer cell. The cancer cell may be a breast cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, an endometrial cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, or a colon cancer cell. The method may further include identifying whether the subject has a cancer cell that is ER-α66 positive or ER-α66 negative. The method may further include identifying whether the subject has a cancer cell that is ER-α36 positive or ER-α36 negative. In one embodiment, the subject as a cancer cell is ER-α66 negative and ER-α36 positive. In one embodiment, the cancer cells are progesterone receptor negative and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) negative prior to the administering. The method may further include administering an antiestrogen agent, such as a SERM.
A polynucleotide used in methods described herein may be substantially complementary to 5′-AACACCAGGAAGGCCUACCUCA (SEQ ID NO:16). For instance, in one embodiment, between 12 and 17 nucleotides of the polynucleotide are complementary to 5′-AACACCAGGAAGGCCUACCUCA (SEQ ID NO:16). In another embodiment, the polynucleotide may be substantially complementary to 5′-UUUCUAAGUAAUUGCUGCCUCU (SEQ ID NO:6). For instance, in one embodiment, between 15 and 17 nucleotides of the polynucleotide are complementary to 5′-UUUCUAAGUAAUUGCUGCCUCU (SEQ ID NO:6). In one embodiment the polynucleotide may be between 17 and 26 nucleotides. For instance, the polynucleotide may be chosen from SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24. The polynucleotide may be double stranded or single stranded, and may include ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, or be a combination thereof. The polynucleotide may be present in a vector, and the polynucleotide may include one or more modifications. The modifications may be selected from a modified nucleic acid sugar, a modified base, a modified backbone, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment two or more polynucleotides are administered.
The present invention further provides a method for determining whether antiestrogen agent sensitivity of cancer cells in a subject can be increased. Such a method may also be used to evaluate treatment options for a subject having a cancer. The antiestrogen agent may be a SERM, such as tamoxifen. The method may include determining the estrogen receptor status of cancer cells from the subject. For instance, the method may include determining the expression of ER-α66, ER-α36, or the combination thereof. The presence of an antiestrogen agent resistant breast cancer cell that is positive for either ER-α36 or ER-α66 indicates the sensitivity of cancer cells to an antiestrogen agent in a subject can be increased. The method may further include obtaining a biological sample from the subject, wherein the biological sample includes antiestrogen agent resistant cancer cells. The biological sample may be, for instance, blood, plasma, serum, or urine. The cancer cells may be breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, endometrial cancer cells, lung cancer cells, or colon cancer cells.
Further provided by the present invention is a method for diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, cancer. The method may include measuring the level of a let-7 miRNA in the biological sample from a subject, wherein an increase in the level of let-7 miRNA in the biological sample relative to the level of the let-7 miRNA in a control sample, indicates the subject has, or is at risk for developing, cancer. The biological sample may be blood, plasma, serum, or urine. The cancer cell may be breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, or colon cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is an early stage breast cancer. The cancer may be an estrogen receptor positive cancer, such as ER-α36 positive or ER-α66 positive. The subject may have one or more signs, symptoms, or a combination thereof, of a cancer. The method may further include treating the subject with a polynucleotide described herein in an amount effective to increase the level of the polynucleotide in a cancer cell of the subject.
Also provided by the present invention is a method for identifying an agent that increases the amount of let-7 miRNA in a cell. The method may include exposing a cell to an agent, and measuring the amount of let-7 in the cell, wherein an increase in the amount of let-7 miRNA in the cell compared to the cell not exposed to the agent indicates the agent increases the amount of let-7 miRNA. The cell may be a cancer cell, and may be positive or negative for ER-α36 or ER-α66. In one embodiment the cancer cell is ER-α36 positive, ER-α66 negative, progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 negative. The cancer cell may be a breast cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, an endometrial cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, or a colon cancer cell.
The term “and/or” means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements.
The words “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of the invention that may afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.
The terms “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and claims.
Unless otherwise specified, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” are used interchangeably and mean one or more than one.
Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).
For any method disclosed herein that includes discrete steps, the steps may be conducted in any feasible order. And, as appropriate, any combination of two or more steps may be conducted simultaneously.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The description that follows more particularly exemplifies illustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.
The invention described herein is based on observations that certain micro RNAs (miRNAs) will alter the expression of estrogen receptor alpha 66 (ER-α66) and/or estrogen receptor alpha 36 (ER-α36) in a cell. As described herein, the inventors have also discovered that the tamoxifen resistance of certain cells can be altered to make the cells more sensitive to tamoxifen. In particular, the inventors have discovered that let-7 miRNAs will decrease the expression of ER-α66 and ER-α36, and, in certain cells, let-7 miRNAs will increase the sensitivity of a cell to tamoxifen.
The present invention includes polynucleotides and the uses thereof. As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, or a combination thereof, and includes both single-stranded molecules and double-stranded duplexes. A polynucleotide can be obtained directly from a natural source, or can be prepared with the aid of recombinant, enzymatic, or chemical techniques. A polynucleotide of the present invention may be isolated. An “isolated” polynucleotide is one that has been removed from its natural environment. Polynucleotides that are produced by recombinant, enzymatic, or chemical techniques are considered to be isolated and purified by definition, since they were never present in a natural environment. As used herein, “gene” refers to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an mRNA or an unprocessed RNA (e.g., an RNA molecule that includes both exons and introns and is processed to produce an mRNA, or a pri-miRNA that is processed to produce an miRNA). A gene has at its 5′ end a transcription initiation site and a transcription terminator at its 3′ end. As used herein, a “target gene” refers to a specific gene whose expression is inhibited by a polynucleotide of the present invention. As used herein, a “target mRNA” is an mRNA encoded by a target gene. Unless noted otherwise, a target gene can result in multiple mRNAs distinguished by the use of different combinations of exons. Such related mRNAs are referred to as splice variants or transcript variants of a gene.
A polynucleotide of the present invention may be referred to as a sense strand. A sense strand has between 17 and 29 nucleotides, for instance, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides. A sense strand is substantially identical, preferably, identical, to a target mRNA. As used herein, the term “identical” means the nucleotide sequence of the sense strand has the same nucleotide sequence as a portion of a polynucleotide, such as a target mRNA. As used herein, the term “substantially identical” means the sequence of the sense strand differs from the sequence of a target mRNA at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides, and the remaining nucleotides are identical to the sequence of a polynucleotide, such as a mRNA.
A polynucleotide of the present invention may be referred to as an antisense strand. The antisense strand may be between 17 and 29 nucleotides, for instance, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides. An antisense strand is substantially complementary, preferably, complementary, to a target mRNA. The term “complementary” refers to the ability of two single stranded polynucleotides to base pair with each other, where an adenine on one polynucleotide will base pair to a thymine or uracil on a second polynucleotide and a cytosine on one polynucleotide will base pair to a guanine on a second polynucleotide. An antisense strand that is “complementary” to another polynucleotide, such as a target mRNA, means the nucleotides of the antisense strand are complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide, such as a target mRNA. As used herein, the term “substantially complementary” means the antisense strand includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides that are not complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide, such as a target mRNA. In one embodiment, an antisense strand may include 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides that are unpaired, i.e., they do not have a corresponding complementary nucleotide in the other strand of a polynucleotide, such as a target mRNA (see
The polynucleotides of the present invention also include a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that includes a sense strand and antisense strand. In one embodiment the two strands of a dsRNA are complementary, and in another embodiment the two strands of a dsRNA are substantially complementary. Polynucleotides of the present invention also include the double stranded DNA polynucleotides that correspond to the dsRNA polynucleotides described herein. In one embodiment, the sense strand and the antisense strand of a double stranded polynucleotide have different lengths (Marques et al., Nat. Biotech., 24:559-565 (2006)). Also included in the present invention are the single stranded RNA polynucleotides and single stranded DNA polynucleotides corresponding to the sense strands and antisense strands disclosed herein. It should be understood that the sequences disclosed herein as DNA sequences can be converted from a DNA sequence to an RNA sequence by replacing each thymidine nucleotide with a uracil nucleotide.
A polynucleotide of the present invention may include overhangs on one or both strands of a double stranded polynucleotide. An overhang is one or more nucleotides present in one strand of a double stranded polynucleotide that are unpaired, i.e., they do not have a corresponding complementary nucleotide in the other strand of the double stranded polynucleotide. An overhang may be at the 3′ end of a sense strand, an antisense strand, or both sense and antisense strands. An overhang is typically 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the overhang is at the 3′ terminus and has the sequence thymine-thymine (or uracil-uracil if it is an RNA). Without intending to be limiting, such an overhang may be used to increase the stability of a dsRNA. If an overhang is present, it is preferably not considered a when determining whether a sense strand is identical or substantially identical to a target mRNA, and it is preferably not considered a when determining whether an antisense strand is complementary or substantially complementary to a target mRNA.
The sense and antisense strands of a double stranded polynucleotide of the present invention may also be covalently attached, for instance, by a spacer made up of nucleotides. Such a polynucleotide is often referred to in the art as a short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Upon base pairing of the sense and antisense strands, the spacer region typically forms a loop. The number of nucleotides making up the loop can vary, and loops between 3 and 23 nucleotides have been reported (Sui et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:5515-5520 (2002), and Jacque et al., Nature, 418:435-438 (2002)). In one embodiment, an shRNA includes a sense strand followed by a nucleotide loop and the analogous antisense strand. In one embodiment, the antisense strand can precede the nucleotide loop structure and the sense strand can follow.
Polynucleotides described herein may be modified. Such modifications can be useful to increase stability of the polynucleotide in certain environments. Modifications can include a nucleic acid sugar, base, or backbone, or any combination thereof. The modifications can be synthetic, naturally occurring, or non-naturally occurring. A polynucleotide of the present invention can include modifications at one or more of the nucleic acids present in the polynucleotide. Examples of backbone modifications include, but are not limited to, phosphonoacetates, thiophosphonoacetates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, and peptide-nucleic acids. Examples of nucleic acid base modifications include, but are not limited to, inosine, purine, pyridin-4-one, pyridin-2-one, phenyl, pseudouracil, 2,4,6-trimethoxy benzene, 3-methyl uracil, dihydrouridine, naphthyl, aminophenyl, 5-alkylcytidines (e.g., 5-methylcytidine), 5-alkyluridines (e.g., ribothymidine), 5-halouridine (e.g., 5-bromouridine) or 6-azapyrimidines or 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g. 6-methyluridine), or propyne modifications. Examples of nucleic acid sugar modifications include, but are not limited to, 2′-sugar modification, e.g., 2′-O-methyl nucleotides, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleotides, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroarabino, 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 2′-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2′-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2′-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides, or 2′-deoxy nucleotides. Polynucletotides can be obtained commercially synthesized to include such modifications (for instance, Dharmacon Inc., Lafayette, Colo.).
Polynucleotides described herein are biologically active. A biologically active polynucleotide causes the post-transcriptional inhibition of expression, also referred to as silencing, of a target gene. The polynucleotides described herein may be referred to as RNAi, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, or antisense oligonucleotides. Without intending to be limited by theory, after introduction into a cell a polynucleotide of the present invention will hybridize with a target mRNA if present and signal cellular polypeptides to cleave the target mRNA or to inhibit translation of the target mRNA. The result is the inhibition of expression of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Whether the expression of a target gene is inhibited can be determined, for instance, by measuring a decrease in the amount of the target mRNA in the cell, measuring a decrease in the amount of polypeptide encoded by the mRNA, or by measuring a decrease in the activity of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. As used herein, the term “polypeptide” refers broadly to a polymer of two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. The teen “polypeptide” also includes molecules which contain more than one polypeptide joined by a disulfide bond, or complexes of polypeptides that are joined together, covalently or noncovalently, as multimers (e.g., dimers, tetramers). Thus, the terms peptide, oligopeptide, and protein are all included within the definition of polypeptide and these terms are used interchangeably.
An example of a target gene is the gene encoding estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α). The gene encoding ER-α is located at 6q24-q27, extends over 140 kb, and includes nine exons (Gosden et al., 19865, Cytogenet Cell Genet., 43 (3-4):218-20). The present invention includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by ER-α.
ER-α36
One of the polypeptides encoded by the ER-α gene is ER-α36. ER-α36 polypeptides are described in Wang (U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,230), Wang et al., 2005, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336: 1023-1027, and Wang et al., 2006, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9063-9068. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention is complementary to nucleotides of a target ER-α36 mRNA. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention includes nucleotides that are not complementary to nucleotides of a target ER-α36 mRNA, e.g., the polynucleotide of the present invention is substantially complementary to a target ER-α36 mRNA. The nucleotides in the target may be consecutive nucleotides. One example of a target mRNA encoding ER-α36 is depicted at SEQ ID NO:3 (
The nucleotides to which a polynucleotide of the present invention hybridize in a target mRNA may be part of the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR), the coding region, the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR), or a combination thereof (e.g., part of the 5′ UTR and the coding region, or part of the coding region and the 3′ UTR). As used herein, a “coding region” and “coding sequence” are used interchangeably and refer to a nucleotide sequence that is translated into a polypeptide. A coding region includes a translation initiation codon at the 5′ end and a translation stop codon at the 3′ end. In the example of the target ER-α36 mRNA shown at SEQ ID NO:3, the 5′ UTR corresponds to nucleotides 1-233, the coding region corresponds to nucleotides 234-1166, and the 3′ UTR corresponds to nucleotides 1167-5439.
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may be complementary to nucleotides of a target ER-α36 mRNA. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is expected that a polynucleotide of the present invention that is complementary to nucleotides of a target mRNA, such as the nucleotides of an mRNA encoding an ER-α36 polypeptide, will hybridize with a target mRNA and signal cellular endonucleases to cleave the target mRNA. The result is the inhibition of expression of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Such an inhibitory polynucleotide is often referred to as an siRNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide of the present invention that is complementary to the target mRNA will hybridize with nucleotides that correspond to the coding region, for instance, nucleotides 234-1166 of SEQ ID NO:3. Examples of siRNAs that can be used to silence expression of ER-α36 may be found in Zhang et al., 2011, Oncogene, 30 (7):770-780, and Kang et al., 2010, Mol. Endocrinol., 24 (4):709-721.
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may be substantially complementary to a target ER-α36 mRNA. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is expected that a polynucleotide of the present invention that is substantially complementary to nucleotides of a target mRNA, such as the nucleotides of an mRNA encoding an ER-α36 polypeptide, will hybridize with a target mRNA and inhibit translation of the target mRNA. The result is the inhibition of expression of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Such an inhibitory polynucleotide is often referred to as a miRNA (Barh et al., 2010, Curr. Oncol., 17:70-80). When the polynucleotide of the present invention is substantially complementary to a target ER-α36 mRNA, the target nucleotides may be located in the 5′UTR, the coding region, or the 3′ UTR. In one embodiment, the target nucleotides are located in the 3′UTR. An example of a target within a 3′ UTR of an mRNA encoding a ER-α36 polypeptide is 5′-AACACCAGGAAGGCCUACCUCA (SEQ ID NO:16). Examples of polynucleotides targeting 5′-AACACCAGGAAGGCCUACCUCA (SEQ ID NO:16) that are substantially complementary to the target include the following: 3′-UUGUCGUGUUUGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:14), 3′-UUGAUAUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:7), 3′-UUGGUGUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:8), 3′-UUGGUAUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:9), 3′-UUGAUACGUUGGAUGAUGGAGA-5′ (SEQ ID NO:10), 3′-UUGAUAUGUUGGAGGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:11), 3′-UUGAUAUGUUAGAUGAUGGAGU-5 (SEQ ID NO:12), and 3′-UUGACAUGUUUGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:13). As can be seen at
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may have identity with SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:14. As used herein, “identity” refers to sequence similarity between two polynucleotides. The sequence similarity between two polynucleotides is determined by aligning the residues of the two polynucleotides (e.g., a candidate nucleotide sequence and a reference nucleotide sequence, such as SEQ ID NO:7) to optimize the number of identical nucleotides along the lengths of their sequences; gaps in either or both sequences are permitted in making the alignment in order to optimize the number of shared nucleotides, although the nucleotides in each sequence must nonetheless remain in their proper order. The sequence similarity is typically at least 80% identity, at least 81% identity, at least 82% identity, at least 83% identity, at least 84% identity, at least 85% identity, at least 86% identity, at least 87% identity, at least 88% identity, at least 89% identity, at least 90% identity, at least 91% identity, at least 92% identity, at least 93% identity, at least 94% identity, at least 95% identity, at least 96% identity, at least 97% identity, at least 98% identity, or at least 99% identity. Sequence similarity may be determined, for example, using sequence techniques such as GCG FastA (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.), MacVector 4.5 (Kodak/IBI software package) or other suitable sequencing programs or methods known in the art. Preferably, sequence similarity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the Blastn program of the BLAST search algorithm, available through the World Wide Web, for instance at the internet site maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health. Preferably, the default values for all Blastn search parameters are used. In the comparison of two nucleotide sequences using the BLAST search algorithm, sequence similarity is referred to as “identities.”
Other examples of polynucleotides that may be used in the methods described herein to target ER-α36 mRNAs include let-7 miRNAs. As used herein, the term “let-7” refers to small non-coding regulatory RNAs. Examples of let-7 miRNAs include the polynucleotide encoding the C. elegans let-7 (TGAGGTAGTAGGTTGTATAGTT (SEQ ID NO:25) GenBank accession number AY390762), and the polynucleotides encoding human let-7 family members including, but not limited to, the polynucleotides disclosed at Genbank accession numbers AJ421724, AJ421725, AJ421726, AJ421727, AJ421728, AJ421729, AJ421730, AJ421731, AJ421732.
A let-7 miRNA may be a mature miRNA, which is a single-stranded RNA molecule of 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a mature miRNA is 21-23 nucleotides in length. miRNAs themselves are encoded by genes that are transcribed but not translated into protein; instead they are processed from primary transcripts known as pri-miRNA to short stem-loop structures called pre-miRNA and finally to functional miRNA. miRNA sequences have been described in Vella and Slack, 2005, In: WormBook, ed. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.26.1, Lim, et al., 2003, Genes & Development, 17:991-1008, Lim et al., 2003, Science 299:1540, Lee and Ambros 2001, Science, 294:862, and Lau et al., 2001, Science 294:858-861. A mature miRNA is produced as a result of a series of miRNA maturation steps. First a gene encoding the miRNA is transcribed. The gene encoding the miRNA is typically much longer than the processed mature miRNA molecule; miRNAs are first transcribed as primary transcripts or “pri-miRNA” with a cap and poly-A tail, which is subsequently processed to short, about 70-nucleotide “stem-loop structures” known as “pre-miRNA” in the cell nucleus (Lieberman et al., U.S. Published Patent Application 2010/0310583).
The term “pri-miRNA” refers to a precursor to a mature miRNA molecule which includes an miRNA sequence and a stem-loop component which are both flanked by microRNA flanking sequences, where each flanking sequence typically ends in either a cap or poly-A tail. A pri-microRNA, is composed of any type of nucleic acid based molecule capable of accommodating the microRNA flanking sequences and the microRNA sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the pri-miRNA precursor and its stem-loop components can vary widely. In one aspect a pre-miRNA molecule can be an isolated nucleic acid, including microRNA flanking sequences and a stem-loop structure and a microRNA sequence incorporated therein. A pri-miRNA molecule can be processed in vivo or in vitro to an intermediate “pre-miRNA,” which is further processed to produce a mature miRNA.
The term “pre-miRNA” refers to the intermediate miRNA species in the processing of a pri-miRNA to mature miRNA, where pri-miRNA is processed to pre-miRNA in the nucleus, where upon pre-miRNA translocates to the cytoplasm where it undergoes additional processing in the cytoplasm to form mature miRNA. Pre-miRNAs are generally about 70 nucleotides long, but can be less than 70 nucleotides or more than 70 nucleotides.
A let-7 miRNA may include miRNA flanking sequences, e.g., nucleotide sequences including miRNA processing elements. miRNA processing elements are the minimal nucleic acid sequences which contribute to the production of mature miRNA from precursor miRNA. These elements may be located within a 40 nucleotide sequence that flanks an mRNA stem-loop structure. In some instances the miRNA processing elements are found within a stretch of nucleotide sequences of between 5 and 4,000 nucleotides in length that flank a miRNA stem-loop structure. Thus, in some embodiments the flanking sequences are 5-4,000 nucleotides in length. As a result, the length of the precursor molecule can be, in some instances at least about 150 nucleotides or 270 nucleotides in length. The total length of the precursor molecule, however, can be greater or less than these values. In other embodiments the minimal length of the miRNA flanking sequence is 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200 and any integer there between. In other embodiments the maximal length of the miRNA flanking sequence is 2,000, 2,100, 2,200, 2,300, 2,400, 2,500, 2,600, 2,700, 2,800, 2,900, 3,000, 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, 3,400, 3,500, 3,600, 3,700, 3,800, 3,900 4,000 and any integer there between.
ER-α66
One of the polypeptides encoded by the ER-α gene is ER-α66. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention is complementary to nucleotides of a target ER-α66 mRNA. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention includes nucleotides that are substantially complementary to a target ER-α66 mRNA. The nucleotides in the target may be consecutive nucleotides. One example of a target mRNA encoding ER-α66 is depicted at SEQ ID NO:1 (
The nucleotides to which a polynucleotide of the present invention hybridize in a target mRNA may be part of the 5′ UTR, the coding region, the 3′ UTR, or a combination thereof (e.g., part of the 5′ UTR and the coding region, or part of the coding region and the 3′ UTR). In the example of the target ER-α66 mRNA shown at SEQ ID NO:1, the 5′ UTR corresponds to nucleotides 1-360 the coding region corresponds to nucleotides 361-2148 and the 3′ UTR corresponds to nucleotides 2149-6434.
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may be complementary to nucleotides of a target ER-α66 mRNA. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is expected that a polynucleotide of the present invention that is complementary to nucleotides of a target mRNA, such as the nucleotides of an mRNA encoding an ER-α66 polypeptide, will hybridize with a target mRNA and signal cellular endonucleases to cleave the target mRNA. The result is the inhibition of expression of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Such an inhibitory polynucleotide is often referred to as an siRNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide of the present invention that is complementary to the target mRNA will hybridize with nucleotides that correspond to the coding region, for instance, nucleotides 293-2080 of SEQ ID NO:1.
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may be substantially complementary to a target ER-α66 mRNA. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is expected that a polynucleotide of the present invention that is substantially complementary to nucleotides of a target mRNA, such as the nucleotides of an mRNA encoding an ER-α66 polypeptide, will hybridize with a target mRNA and inhibit translation of the target mRNA. The result is the inhibition of expression of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Such an inhibitory polynucleotide is often referred to as an miRNA. When the polynucleotide of the present invention is substantially complementary to a target ER-α66 mRNA, the target nucleotides may be located in the 5′ UTR, the coding region, or the 3′ UTR. In one embodiment, the target nucleotides are located in the 3′ UTR. An example of a target within a 3′ UTR of an mRNA encoding a ER-α66 polypeptide is 5′-UUUCUAAGUAAUUGCUGCCUCU (SEQ ID NO:6). Examples of polynucleotides targeting 5′-UUUCUAAGUAAUUGCUGCCUCU (SEQ ID NO:6) that are not completely complementary to the target include the following: 3′-UUGAUAUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:7), 3′-UUGGUGUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:8), 3′-UUGGUAUGUUGGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:9), 3′-UUGAUACGUUGGAUGAUGGAGA-5′ (SEQ ID NO:10), 3′-UUGAUAUGUUGGAGGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:11), 3′-UUGAUAUGUUAGAUGAUGGAGU-5 (SEQ ID NO:12), 3′-UUGACAUGUUUGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:13), and 3′-UUGUCGUGUUUGAUGAUGGAGU-5′ (SEQ ID NO:14). As can be seen at
In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention may have identity with SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:14.
Other examples of polynucleotides that may be used in the methods described herein to target ER-α36 mRNAs include let-7 miRNAs. Examples of let-7 miRNAs are described herein.
Methods of Making
The polynucleotides described herein, e.g., a polynucleotide having identity, substantial identity, complementarity, or substantial complementarity to a target mRNA, or a let-7 miRNA, can be designed using methods that are routine and known in the art. For instance, polynucleotides that inhibit the expression of an ER-α36 or ER-α66 polypeptide may be identified by the use of cell lines and/or primary cells. A candidate polynucleotide is the polynucleotide that is being tested to determine if it decreases expression of an ER-α36 or ER-α66 polypeptide. Other methods are known in the art and used routinely for designing and selecting candidate polynucleotides. Candidate polynucleotides are typically screened using publicly available algorithms (e.g., BLAST) to compare the candidate polynucleotide sequences with mRNA sequences. Those that are likely to form a duplex with an mRNA expressed by a non-target coding region are typically eliminated from further consideration. The remaining candidate polynucleotides may then be tested to determine if they inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein.
In general, candidate polynucleotides are individually tested by introducing a candidate polynucleotide into a cell that expresses the appropriate polypeptide. The candidate polynucleotides may be prepared in vitro and then introduced into a cell. The candidate polynucleotides may also be prepared by introducing into a cell a construct that encodes the candidate polynucleotide. Such constructs are known in the art and include, for example, a vector encoding and expressing a sense strand and an antisense strand of a candidate polynucleotide, and RNA expression vectors that include the sequence encoding the sense strand and an antisense strand of a candidate polynucleotide flanked by operably linked regulatory sequences, such as an RNA polymerase III promoter and an RNA polymerase III terminator, that result in the production of an RNA polynucleotide.
A cell that can be used to evaluate a candidate polynucleotide may be a cell that expresses the appropriate polypeptide. A cell can be ex vivo or in vivo. As used herein, the teen “ex vivo” refers to a cell that has been removed from the body of a subject. Ex vivo cells include, for instance, primary cells (e.g., cells that have recently been removed from a subject and are capable of limited growth in tissue culture medium), and cultured cells (e.g., cells that are capable of extended culture in tissue culture medium). As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to a cell that is within the body of a subject. For instance, an in vivo cell may be a cell present in an organ or a tumor. A cell may be obtained from a subject by, for example, biopsy of human breast tissue.
Examples of readily available cells expressing an ER-α36 polypeptide and an ER-α66 polypeptide include cultured cells such as, but not limited to, T47D, HB3396, and ZR-75-1 cell lines. Examples of readily available cells expressing an ER-α36 polypeptide and not expressing an ER-α66 polypeptide include cultured cells such as, but not limited to, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. An example of a readily available cell expressing an ER-α66 polypeptide and expressing an ER-α36 polypeptide at trace levels includes MCF7 cells. Sources of other suitable cells include primary cells obtained from biopsy, such as cells present in a breast cancer tumor, ovarian cancer tumor, pancreatic cancer tumor, endometrial cancer tumor, lung cancer tumor, or some colon cancer tumors, or lymph nodes draining tissues harboring such tumors. Other cells can also be modified to express one of the polypeptides by introducing into a cell a vector having a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.
Candidate polynucleotides may also be tested in animal models. The study of various cancers in animal models (for instance, mice) is a commonly accepted practice for the study of cancers. For instance, the nude mouse model, where human tumor cells are injected into the animal, is commonly accepted as a general model useful for the study of a wide variety of cancers. Candidate polynucleotides can be used in this and other animal models to determine if a candidate polynucleotide decreases one or more symptoms and/or signs associated with disease.
Methods for introducing a candidate polynucleotide into a cell, including a vector encoding a candidate polynucleotide, are known in the art and routine. When the cells are ex vivo, such methods include, for instance, transfection with a delivery reagent, such as lipid or amine based reagents, including cationic liposomes or polymeric DNA-binding cations (such as poly-L-lysine and polyethyleneimine). Alternatively, electroporation or viral transfection can be used to introduce a candidate polynucleotide, or a vector encoding a candidate polynucleotide. When the cells are in vivo, such methods include, but are not limited to, local or intravenous administration.
When evaluating whether a candidate polynucleotide functions to inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein, the amount of target mRNA in a cell containing a candidate polynucleotide can be measured and compared to the same type of cell that does not contain the candidate polynucleotide. Methods for measuring mRNA levels in a cell are known in the art and routine. Such methods include quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Primers and specific conditions for amplification of an mRNA encoding an ER-α36 or an ER-α66 polypeptide can be readily determined by the skilled person. An example of useful primers for RT-PCR includes 5′-CAAGTGGTTTCCTCGTGTCTAAAG (SEQ ID NO:35) and 5′-ACGTCCACACACGGATTTGA (SEQ ID NO:36) for ER-α36 and 5′-GCGGCCACGGACCAT (SEQ ID NO:37) and 5′-TTCCCTTGGATCTGATGCAGTA (SEQ ID NO:38) for ER-α66. Another methods includes reporter systems that use a detectable marker such as luciferase. A reporter system with an appropriate target sequence (for instance, SEQ ID NOs: 41 and 42 for ER-α36, or SEQ ID NOs:39 and 40 for ER-α66 can be used as described in Examples 1 and 2. Other methods include, for instance, Northern blotting, and array analysis.
Other methods for evaluating whether a candidate polynucleotide functions to inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein include monitoring the polypeptide. For instance, assays can be used to measure a decrease in the amount of polypeptide encoded by the mRNA, or to measure a decrease in the activity of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Methods for measuring a decrease in the amount of a polypeptide include assaying for the polypeptide present in cells containing a candidate polynucleotide and comparing to the same type of cell that does not contain the candidate polynucleotide. Whether a cell expresses one of the polypeptides can be determined using methods that are routine and known in the art including, for instance, Western immunoblot, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, or immunohistochemistry. Western immunoblot and immunoprecipitation are generally used with ex vivo cells, and immunohistochemistry is generally used with in vivo cells.
A candidate polynucleotide that is able to decrease the expression of an ER-α36 or an ER-α66 polypeptide by at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% when compared to a control cell, is considered to be a polynucleotide of the present invention.
A polynucleotide of the present invention can be present in a vector. A vector is a replicating polynucleotide, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, to which another polynucleotide may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached polynucleotide. Construction of vectors containing a polynucleotide of the invention employs standard ligation techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989). A vector can provide for further cloning (amplification of the polynucleotide), i.e., a cloning vector, or for expression of the polynucleotide, i.e., an expression vector. The term vector includes, but is not limited to, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, cosmid vectors, transposon vectors, and artificial chromosome vectors. Examples of viral vectors include, for instance, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and herpes virus vectors. A vector may result in integration into a cell's genomic DNA. A vector may be capable of replication in a bacterial host, for instance E. coli. Preferably the vector is a plasmid. A polynucleotide of the present invention can be present in a vector as two separate complementary polynucleotides, each of which can be expressed to yield a sense and an antisense strand of a dsRNA, or as a single polynucleotide containing a sense strand, an intervening spacer region, and an antisense strand, which can be expressed to yield an RNA polynucleotide having a sense and an antisense strand of the dsRNA.
Selection of a vector depends upon a variety of desired characteristics in the resulting construct, such as a selection marker, vector replication rate, and the like. Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the vectors herein are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Suitable eukaryotic cells include mammalian cells, such as murine cells and human cells. Suitable prokaryotic cells include eubacteria, such as gram-negative organisms, for example, E. coli.
An expression vector optionally includes regulatory sequences operably linked to the polynucleotide of the present invention. A “regulatory sequence” is a nucleotide sequence that regulates expression of a coding sequence to which it is operably linked. Nonlimiting examples of regulatory sequences include promoters, enhancers, transcription initiation sites, translation start sites, translation stop sites, transcription terminators, and poly(A) signals. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition of components such that they are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A regulatory sequence is “operably linked” to a coding region when it is joined in such a way that expression of the coding region is achieved under conditions compatible with the regulatory sequence.
Vectors may include constitutive, inducible, and/or tissue specific promoters for expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in a particular tissue or intracellular environment, examples of which are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Constitutive mammalian promoters include, but are not limited to, polymerase promoters as well as the promoters for the following genes: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPTR), adenosine deaminase, pyruvate kinase, and β-actin. Exemplary viral promoters which function constitutively in eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to, promoters from the simian virus, papilloma virus, adenovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Rous sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, the long terminal repeats (LTR) of moloney leukemia virus and other retroviruses, and the thymidine kinase promoter of herpes simplex Other constitutive promoters are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Inducible promoters are expressed in the presence of an inducing agent and include, but are not limited to, metal-inducible promoters and steroid-regulated promoters. For example, the metallothionein promoter is induced to promote transcription in the presence of certain metal ions. Other inducible promoters are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Examples of tissue-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoter for creatine kinase, which has been used to direct expression in muscle and cardiac tissue and immunoglobulin heavy or light chain promoters for expression in B cells. Other tissue specific promoters include the human smooth muscle α-actin promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for the liver include but are not limited to HMG-COA reductase promoter, sterol regulatory element 1, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) promoter, human C-reactive protein (CRP) promoter, human glucokinase promoter, cholesterol L 7-alpha hydroylase (CYP-7) promoter, beta-galactosidase alpha-2,6 sialylkansferase promoter, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-1) promoter, aldolase B promoter, human transferrin promoter, and collagen type I promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for the pancreas include but are not limited to pancreatitis associated protein promoter (PAP), elastase 1 transcriptional enhancer, pancreas specific amylase and elastase enhancer promoter, and pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for the endometrium include, but are not limited to, the uteroglobin promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for lymphocytes include, but are not limited to, the human CGL-1/granzyme B promoter, the terminal deoxy transferase (TdT), lambda 5, VpreB, and lck (lymphocyte specific tyrosine protein kinase p561ck) promoter, the humans CD2 promoter and its 3′ transcriptional enhancer, and the human NK and T cell specific activation (NKG5) promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for the colon include, but are not limited to, pp60c-src tyrosine kinase promoter, organ-specific neoantigens (OSNs) promoter, and colon specific antigen-P promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for breast cells include, but are not limited to, the human alpha-lactalbumin promoter. Exemplary tissue-specific expression elements for the lung include, but are not limited to, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene promoter.
The polynucleotide of the present invention also typically includes a transcription terminator. Suitable transcription terminators are known in the art and include, for instance, a stretch of 5 consecutive thymidine nucleotides.
Polynucleotides described herein can be produced in vitro or in vivo. For instance, methods for in vitro synthesis include, but are not limited to, chemical synthesis with a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Commercial suppliers of synthetic polynucleotides and reagents for in vitro synthesis are well known. Methods for in vitro synthesis also include, for instance, in vitro transcription using a circular or linear expression vector in a cell free system. Expression vectors can also be used to produce a polynucleotide of the present invention in a cell, and the polynucleotide may then be isolated from the cell.
Compositions
The present invention is also directed to compositions including one or more polynucleotides described herein. Such compositions typically include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Additional active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
A composition may be prepared by methods well known in the art of pharmacy. In general, a composition can be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Administration may be systemic or local. In some aspects local administration may have advantages for site-specific, targeted disease management. Local therapies may provide high, clinically effective concentrations directly to the treatment site, without causing systemic side effects. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral, transdermal (topical), and transmucosal administration. Solutions or suspensions can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for administration, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; electrolytes, such as sodium ion, chloride ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and magnesium ion, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. A composition can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
Compositions can include sterile, aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline. A composition is typically sterile and, when suitable for injectable use, should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., a polynucleotide of the present invention) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation that may be used include vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. An example of transdermal administration includes iontophoretic delivery to the dermis or to other relevant tissues.
The active compounds can also be administered by any method suitable for administration of polynucleotide agents, e.g., using gene guns, bio-injectors, and skin patches as well as needle-free methods such as the micro-particle DNA vaccine technology disclosed by Johnston et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389). Additionally, intranasal delivery is possible, as described in, for instance, Hamajima et al. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 88, 205-210 (1998). Delivery reagents such as lipids, cationic lipids, phospholipids, liposomes, and microencapsulation may also be used.
The active compounds may be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Such formulations can be prepared using standard techniques. The materials can also be obtained commercially. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
A polynucleotide described herein may be used in combination with other agents assisting the cellular uptake of polynucleotides, or assisting the release of poylnucleotides from endosomes or intracellular compartments into the cytoplasm or cell nuclei by, for instance, conjugation of those to the polynucleotide. The agents may be, but are not limited to, peptides, especially cell penetrating peptides, protein transduction domains, and/or dsRNA-binding domains which enhance the cellular uptake of polynucleotides (Dowdy et al., US Published Patent Application 2009/0093026, Eguchi et al., 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27:567-571, Lindsay et al., 2002, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2:587-594, Wadia and Dowdy, 2002, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13:52-56. Gait, 2003, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 60:1-10). The conjugations can be performed at an internal position at the oligonucleotide or at a terminal positions either the 5′-end or the 3′-end.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such active compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For a compound used in the methods of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of signs and/or symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
The compositions can be administered one or more times per day to one or more times per week, including once every other day. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with an effective amount of a polynucleotide can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments.
Methods of Use
The present invention is further directed to methods of using the polynucleotides described herein. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that polynucleotides described herein mediate RNA interference (RNAi) of a mRNA polynucleotide that encodes ER-α66 or ER-α36. RNAi is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that includes an antisense strand that is complementary or substantially complementary in sequence to a portion of the silenced mRNA. Silencing can result from degradation of mRNA, which often occurs when there is high complementarity between one strand of a dsRNA and a target mRNA. Silencing can also result from translational repression or deadenylation, which often occurs when there is partial complementarity between one strand of a dsRNA and a target mRNA (see Barh et al., 2010, Curr. Oncol., 17:70-80).
Methods relating to the use of RNAi to silence expression of a target coding sequence are known to the person skilled in the art. Methods of the present invention include decreasing the amount of ER-α66 polypeptide in a cell, decreasing the amount of ER-α36 polypeptide in a cell, increasing sensitivity of a cell to a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), decreasing tumorigenesis, decreasing angiogenesis, decreasing metastatic progression, or a combination thereof. Typically, the presence of one of these characteristics of a cell, such as ER-α36 polypeptide, can be compared with the same type of cell that does not contain a polynucleotide of the invention. Such a cell that does not contain the polynucloetide is referred to as a control cell. A decrease in, for instance, the target mRNA or the amount of polypeptide encoded by the target mRNA in the cell containing a polynucleotide of the present invention indicates the expression of the polypeptide has been inhibited.
In some embodiments, methods of the present invention include treating certain diseases in a subject in need of treatment. The subject is a mammal, including a member of the family Muridae (a murine animal such as rat or mouse), a primate, (e.g., monkey, human), a rabbit, a sheep, a goat, a dog, a pig, or a horse, preferably a human. As used herein, the term “disease” refers to any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system, or combination thereof, of a subject that is manifested by a characteristic symptom or clinical sign. Diseases include receptor positive cancers, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Such cancers are typically primary cancers, and can include cancerous cells that are not metastatic, and cancerous cells that are metastatic. Other diseases can include cancers resulting from metastasis of a cancer, such as metastasis of a primary cancer. The metastatic cancer can be located in, for instance, the lymph nodes draining tissues containing a primary tumor.
As used herein, the term “symptom” refers to subjective evidence of disease or condition experienced by the patient and caused by disease. As used herein, the term “clinical sign,” or simply “sign,” refers to objective evidence of a disease present in a subject. Symptoms and/or signs associated with diseases referred to herein and the evaluation of such signs are routine and known in the art. Examples of signs of disease vary depending upon the disease. Signs of breast cancer may include tumorigenesis, metastasis, angiogenesis, expression of ER-α66 by breast cells, expression of ER-α36 by breast cells, the level of let-7 miRNA expressed by breast cells, resistance of a cell to a selective estrogen receptor modulator such as tamoxifen, or a combination thereof. Typically, whether a subject has a disease, and whether a subject is responding to treatment, may be determined by evaluation of signs associated with the disease.
Treatment of a disease can be prophylactic or, alternatively, can be initiated after the development of a disease. Treatment that is prophylactic, for instance, initiated before a subject manifests signs of a disease, is referred to herein as treatment of a subject that is “at risk” of developing a disease. An example of a subject that is at risk of developing a disease is a person having a risk factor. Risk factors include genetic markers. Examples of genetic markers indicating a subject has a predisposition to develop certain cancers such as breast cancer include family history of breast cancer and alterations in the BRAC1 and/or BRAC2 genes. Treatment can be performed before, during, or after the occurrence of the diseases described herein. Treatment initiated after the development of a disease may result in decreasing the severity of the signs of the disease, or completely removing the signs.
The methods of the present invention may also be practiced using an agent that decreases expression of ER-α36 polypeptide, ER-α66 polypeptide, or both. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, small molecules, polypeptides, aptamers, antibodies, etc. Examples of agents that decrease expression of ER-α36 polypeptide are disclosed by Li and Kun (U.S. Published Patent Application 20100016352). As used herein, the term “therapeutic agent” refers to the polynucleotides described herein and to agents such as small molecules, polypeptides, aptamers, antibodies, etc. that decrease expression of ER-α36 polypeptide, ER-α66 polypeptide, or both.
The methods of the present invention may also be practiced using physical therapies that may increase the level of let-7 miRNAs in cells. Examples of useful physical therapies may include massage, chiropractic, or accupuncture regimens.
In some embodiments, the methods include contacting a cell with an effective amount of a therapeutic agent, such as one or more polynucleotides described herein. The contacting is under conditions suitable for introduction of a therapeutic agent, such as one or more polynucleotides, into the cell. Conditions that are “suitable” for an event to occur, such as introduction of a polynucleotide into a cell, or “suitable” conditions are conditions that do not prevent such events from occurring. Thus, these conditions permit, enhance, facilitate, and/or are conducive to the event. As used herein, an “effective amount” relates to a sufficient amount of a therapeutic agent, such as one or more polynucleotides, to provide the desired effect. For instance, in one embodiment an “effective amount” is an amount effective to alleviate one or more symptoms and/or signs of the disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount is an amount that is sufficient to effect a reduction in a symptom and/or sign associated with a disease. A reduction in a symptom and/or a sign is, for instance, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100% in a measured sign as compared to a control, a non-treated subject, or the subject prior to administration of the polynucleotide. Measured or measurable signs include signs such as the level of ER-α66 polypeptide expressed by a cell, the level of ER-α36 polypeptide expressed by a cell, the resistance of a cell to an SERM, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, metastasis, or a combination thereof. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions and formulations as disclosed herein will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The exact amount required will vary depending on factors such as the type of disease being treated.
When the therapeutic agent is a polynucleotide, the polynucleotide may be introduced into a cell as a dsRNA polynucleotide, or as a vector including a DNA polynucleotide that encodes and will express the RNA polynucleotide. More than one type of polynucleotide can be administered. For instance, two or more polynucleotides that are designed to silence the same mRNA can be combined and used in the methods herein. Whether a polynucleotide is expected to function in methods of the present invention relating to treatment can be evaluated using ex vivo models and animal models. Such models are known in the art and are generally accepted as representative of disease in humans and useful for evaluation of methods of treating humans. A preferred example of such an animal model is the nude mouse. For instance, breast cancer cells can be inoculated into the mammary fatpad of ovariectomized female nude mice, and lesion formation followed and evaluated, for example, by palpation, measurement by vernier calipers, and tumor weight. Transgenic animal models are also available.
The cells may be in vivo or ex vivo. The cell is preferably a mammalian cell, such as, for instance, mouse, rat, or primate (e.g., monkey, human), preferably, human. Preferred examples of cells include breast cells, such as a breast cancer cell, a ovarian cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, an endometrial cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, and a colon cancer cell. Control cells may be cultured according to methods known in the art. Examples of cells that are ER-α36 positive and ER-α66 positive include T47D, HB3396, and ZR-75-1. Examples of cells that are ER-α36 positive and ER-α66 negative include SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and MDA-MB-468. An example of a cell that expresses ER-α66 and expresses ER-α36 at trace levels is MCF7. Control cells may also be obtained from tissue samples through, for example, biopsy. Other cells can also be modified to express one of the polypeptides by introducing into a cell a vector having a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.
In some embodiments the methods of the present invention can include administering to a subject having a disease or at risk of developing a disease a composition including an effective amount of a therapeutic agent, such as a polynucleotide described herein. Preferred methods for administering one or more of the polynucleotides described herein include administration during surgery, for instance surgery to resect a diseased part, organ, system, or combination thereof, of a subject. A diseased part, organ, or system can include, for instance, tumor cells. For instance, after removal of cancer cells the surrounding area can be perfused with a solution containing one or more of the polynucleotides described herein, or an implant containing one or more of the polynucleotides described herein can be placed near the area of resection. The polynucleotides may also be administered by other methods known in the art including, for instance, parenteral administration, such as intravenous administration.
In some embodiments the methods of the present invention may include identifying whether cells have certain characteristics. The cells may be ex vivo or may be in a subject. In one embodiment, a method may include determining the estrogen receptor status of cancer cells of a subject. The “estrogen receptor status” of a cell refers to the level of ER-α36, ER-α66, or both ER-α36 and ER-α66. A cell may display any combination of estrogen receptors. Thus, a cell may be ER-α36 positive (ER-α36(+)) and ER-α66 positive (ER-α66(+)), ER-α36(+) and ER-α66 negative (ER-α66(−)), ER-α36 negative (ER-α36(−)) and ER-α66(+), or ER-α36(−) and ER-α66(−). Methods for determining whether a cell is ER-α36(+) or ER-α36(−) and ER-α66(+) or ER-α66(−) are known in the art and routine. For instance, real time PCR can be used to determine the amount of mRNA encoding either ER-α36 or ER-α66 (see Example 1 and 2). Another method includes the use of antibody that specifically binds ER-α66 polypeptide or ER-α36 polypeptide. Antibody that specifically binds ER-α66 is commercially available. Antibody that specifically binds ER-α36 can be easily produced using a synthetic polypeptide corresponding to the unique carboxy-terminal 20 amino acids of the ER-α36 polypeptide (see Wang, U.S. Patent Application Publication 20070258895). As used herein, an antibody that can specifically bind a polypeptide is an antibody that interacts only with the epitope of the antigen that induced the synthesis of the antibody, or interacts with a structurally related epitope. An antibody that specifically binds to an epitope will, under the appropriate conditions, interact with the epitope even in the presence of a diversity of potential binding targets. A cell is considered to be ER-α66(−) when the level of ER-α66 mRNA or ER-α66 polypeptide, measured using currently available techniques for the detection of mRNA or polypeptides, respectively, is equal to or less than the level of ER-α66 mRNA or ER-α66 polypeptide present in MDA-MB-231 cells. MDA-MB-231 cells are available from ATCC (ATCC number HTB-26). A cell is considered to be ER-α36(−) when the level of ER-α36 mRNA or ER-α36 polypeptide, measured using currently available techniques for the detection of mRNA or polypeptides, respectively, is equal to or less than the level of ER-α36 mRNA or ER-α36 polypeptide present in MCF7 cells. MCF7 cells are available from ATCC (ATCC number HTB-22).
Thus, in one embodiment, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is either ER-α36(+) or ER-α36(−). In one embodiment, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is either ER-α66(+) or ER-α66(−). In some embodiments, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is either ER-α36(+) and ER-α66(+), ER-α36(+) and ER-α66(−), ER-α36(−) and ER-α66(+), or ER-α36(−) and ER-α66(−), and administering to the subject a therapeutic agent, such as a polynucleotide described herein. Optionally, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is either progesterone receptor positive or progesterone receptor negative. Optionally, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is either Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) positive or HER2 negative. The cancer cells in a subject may have any combination of expression of ER-α66, ER-α36, progesterone receptor, and HER2. In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−) and ER-α36(+). In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−) and ER-α36(−). In another embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(+) and ER-α36(−). In another embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(+) and ER-α36(+). In one embodiment the cells are triple negative. As used herein, a cell is considered “triple negative” when it is ER-α66(−), progesterone receptor negative, and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) negative (Zhang et al., 2010, Oncogene, October 11, doi:10.1038/onc.2010.458). Such cells are often associated with aggressive forms of breast cancer, and are often resistant to an SERM. Most triple negative breast cancer cells express ER-α36. Thus, a triple negative cell may be ER-α36(+) or ER-α36(−). In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−) and ER-α36(+), progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 positive.
In another embodiment, a method may include determining whether a cell, such as a breast cancer cell, is resistant to antiestrogen agents. An example of an antiestrogen agent is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Examples of SERMs include tamoxifen, raloxifene, ormeloxifene, clomifene, femarelle, toremifene, afimoxifene, arzoxifene, lasofoxifene, and bazedoxifene. Another example of an antiestrogen agent is ICI-182,780. Methods for determining whether a cancer cell in a subject (in vivo) is tamoxifen resistant are known to the skilled person and are routine. For example, tamoxifen sensitive tumors regress (decrease in size) during treatment with tamoxifen. A subject with a tumor that does not decrease in size after 10-14 weeks of treatment with tamoxifen is considered to have a tamoxifen resistant tumor, and that the tumor contains tamoxifen resistant cancer cells. A subject may exhibit acquired resistance, e.g., a tumor may initially regress after tamoxifen treatment, but then become resistant and begin to increase in size. Likewise, ex vivo methods for determining if a cancer cell is tamoxifen resistant are known to the skilled person and are routine. Such methods include culturing the cell and contacting the cell with clinically relevant concentrations of tamoxifen. In one embodiment, if growth, replication, migration, proliferation, differentiation, or a combination thereof, of the cell does not decrease relative to a control cell not contacted with tamoxifen, the cell is considered to be tamoxifen resistant. In one embodiment, an ex vivo cancer cell, such as a breast cancer cell, is considered to be tamoxifen sensitive if the IC50 is less than or equal to 5 micromolar, less than or equal to 10 micromolar, less than or equal to 20 micromolar, or less than or equal to 30 micromolar, or less than or equal to 40 micromolar, or less than or equal to 50 micromolar, or less than or equal to 60 micromolar, or less than or equal to 70 micromolar. In one embodiment, an ex vivo cancer cell, such as a breast cancer cell, is considered to be tamoxifen resistant if the IC50 is greater than 5 micromolar, is greater than 10 micromolar, is greater than 20 micromolar, or is greater than 30 micromolar, or is greater than 40 micromolar, or is greater than 50 micromolar, or is greater than 60 micromolar, or is greater than 70 micromolar. Methods for determining an IC50 are known to the skilled person and are routine.
Thus, in some embodiments, a method of the present invention includes identifying a subject that has a cancer cell that is resistant to a SERM, such as tamoxifen, and administering to the subject an effective amount of therapeutic agent, such as a polynucleotide described herein. In one embodiment the subject has tamoxifen resistant cells that are ER-α36(+) and ER-α66(−). In one embodiment the subject has tamoxifen resistant cells that are ER-α66(−) and ER-α36(+). In one embodiment the subject has tamoxifen resistant cells that are ER-α66(−) and ER-α36(−). In another embodiment the subject has tamoxifen resistant cells that are ER-α66(+) and ER-α36(−). In another embodiment the subject has tamoxifen resistant cells that are ER-α66(+) and ER-α36(+). In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−), progesterone receptor negative, HER2 negative, and ER-α36(+). In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−), progesterone receptor negative, HER2 negative, and ER-α36(−). In one embodiment the subject has cells that are ER-α66(−), ER-α36(+), progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 positive. In one embodiment the cell is a breast cancer cell. The administration of an effective amount of a polynucleotide of the present invention is effective to decrease the tamoxifen resistance (increase tamoxifen sensitivity) of a cancer cell in the subject.
Identifying whether cells of a subject have certain characteristics may include non-invasive techniques. For instance, determining whether an in vivo cell is resistant to a SERM can be accomplished through the use of imaging technologies that measure tumor size. Other methods for identifying whether cells of a subject have certain characteristics may include obtaining a biological sample. As used herein, a “biological sample” refers to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from a subject, including but not limited to, for example, blood, plasma, serum, urine, bone marrow, bile, spinal fluid, lymph tissue and lymph fluid, samples of the skin, external secretions of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, and organs. Biological samples can also include sections of tissues such as biopsy and autopsy samples, and frozen sections taken for histologic purposes. Biological samples also include explants and primary and/or transformed cell cultures derived from patient tissues. A biological sample can be provided by removing a sample of cells from a subject, but can also be accomplished by using previously isolated cells (e.g., isolated by another person, at another time, and/or for another purpose). Archival tissues, such as those having treatment or outcome history can also be used.
The polynucleotides described herein can also be administered to a subject in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect. Therapeutic compounds useful for the treatment of the diseases described herein are known and used routinely. A wide variety of antitumor agents are available that may be used as a second, supplemental agent, to complement the activity of the polynucleotides described herein. In some embodiments, other therapeutic compounds are anti-cancer agents. In some embodiments, the therapeutic compounds are chemotherapeutic agents, for example cisplatin, paxicital, etc. In some embodiments, the therapeutic compounds are radiotherapeutic agents. Examples of useful chemotherapeutic agents include, for example, nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and melphalan; ethylenimines and methylmelamines such as hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa; pyrimidine analogs such as fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine; vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine; epipodophyllotoxins such as etoposide and teniposide; antibiotics such as actinomycin D, doxorubicin, bleomycin, and mithramycin; biological response modifiers such as interferon, platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin and carboplatin; estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol; antiandrogens such as flutamine; and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs such as leuprolide. Other compounds such as decarbazine, nitrosoureas, methotrexate, diticene, and procarbazine are also effective. In some embodiments, a SERM may be administered with the polynucleotide. Other chemotherapeutic agents which are known to those of ordinary skill in the art can readily be substituted, and this list should not be considered exhaustive or limiting.
The present invention also includes methods for determining whether SERM sensitivity of cancer cells in a subject may be increased using the methods described herein. In one embodiment, the method includes obtaining a biological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample includes an SERM resistant cancer cell, and determining the estrogen receptor status of the SERM resistant cancer cell. In one embodiment the SERM is tamoxifen. In one embodiment, determining the estrogen receptor status of the SERM resistant cancer cell includes determining expression of ER-α36. The presence of an SERM resistant cell that is ER-α36 positive indicates the SERM sensitivity of cancer cells in the subject may be increased using methods as described herein. In one embodiment, determining the estrogen receptor status of the SERM resistant cancer cell includes determining expression of ER-α66. The presence of an SERM resistant cell that is ER-α66 positive indicates the SERM sensitivity of cancer cells in the subject may be increased using methods as described herein. Such a method may be used to evaluate treatment options for a subject having a cancer. For instance, such a method may indicate that treatment with a therapeutic agent, such as a polynucleotide described herein, is appropriate.
Determining the estrogen receptor status of the SERM resistant cancer cell may also include determining expression of ER-α66, HER2, and/or progesterone receptor. Methods for detecting expression of ER-α66, HER2, and/or progesterone receptor are known to the skilled person and are routine. Any combination of expression of ER-α36, ER-α66, HER2, and progesterone receptor can be detected. Thus, in some embodiments, the method may include determining whether the SERM resistant cell is either ER-α36(+) and ER-α66(+), ER-α36(+) and ER-α66(−), or ER-α36(−) and ER-α66(+). In one embodiment the SERM resistant cell is ER-α36(+), ER-α66(−), progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 negative. In one embodiment the SERM resistant cell is ER-α36(+), ER-α66(−), progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 positive.
The present invention also includes methods for diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a cancer. The methods may include measuring the level of a let-7 miRNA in a biological sample from a subject. An increase in the level of let-7 miRNA in the biological sample relative to the level of the let-7 miRNA in a control sample, indicates the subject has, or is at risk for developing, cancer. The cancer may be an receptor positive cancer, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, or a colon cancer. In one embodiment the cancer is a breast cancer. In another embodiment the breast cancer is an early stage breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The subject may display one of more signs of a cancer, and may display one or more symptoms of a cancer. In one embodiment the method may also include administering to the subject a polynucleotide described herein in an amount effective to increase the level of the polynucleotide in a cancer cell of the subject.
The let-7 miRNA that is measured may be a primary transcript (“pri-miRNA”), an intermediate miRNA (“pre-miRNA”), or a processed (e.g., mature) RNA transcript from a let-7 miR gene. The pri-miRNA may include miRNA flanking sequences as described herein.
The level of a let-7 miRNA in a sample can be measured using techniques suitable for detecting RNA expression levels in a biological sample. Examples of suitable techniques include Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR, and are well known to the skilled person. In one embodiment, the level of a let-7 miRNA is detected using Northern blot analysis. For example, nucleic acids present in a biological sample, such as blood, plasma, serum, or urine, are precipitated, and DNA is removed by treatment with DNase and precipitation. The RNA molecules may then be separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels according to standard techniques, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Detection and quantification of specific RNA is accomplished using appropriately labeled DNA or RNA probes complementary to the RNA in question. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapter 7.
Suitable probes for Northern blot hybridization of a let-7 miRNA can be produced from the nucleic acid sequences and include, but are not limited to, probes that are complementary or substantially complementary to a let-7 miRNA. Methods for preparation of labeled DNA and RNA probes, and the conditions for hybridization thereof to target nucleotide sequences, are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapters 10 and 11. A nucleic acid probe can be labeled with, e.g., a radionuclide, such as 3H, 32P, 33P, 14C, or 35S; a heavy metal; a ligand capable of functioning as a specific binding pair member for a labeled ligand (e.g., biotin, avidin or an antibody); a fluorescent molecule; a chemiluminescent molecule; an enzyme or the like.
The relative number of let-7 miRNAs in a biological sample may be determined by reverse transcription of let-7 miRNAs, followed by amplification of the reverse-transcribed miRNAs by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of let-7 miRNAs can be quantified in comparison with an internal standard, for example, the level of mRNA from a “housekeeping” gene present in the same sample. A suitable “housekeeping” gene for use as an internal standard includes, e.g., RU48. Methods for performing quantitative and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and variations thereof, are well known to those of skill in the art.
A corresponding control biological sample may be obtained from a normal human individual or population of normal individuals. The control biological sample may then be processed along with the sample from the subject, so that the levels of let-7 miRNA in the subject's biological sample can be compared to the levels of let-7 miRNA in the control biological sample. A reference miRNA expression standard for the biological sample can also be used as a control.
The present invention also includes methods for identifying an agent that increases the amount of a let-7 miRNA in a cell. The method includes contacting a cell, such as a cancer cell, with an agent. The cell may be, for instance, a breast cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, an endometrial cancer cell, a lung cancer, or a colon cancer cell. The cancer cell may be ER-α36 positive or ER-α36 negative and ER-α66 positive or ER-α66 negative in any combination. In one embodiment, the cancer cell is a breast cancer cell that is ER-α36 positive. The cancer cell may be progesterone receptor positive or progesterone receptor negative, and may be HER2 positive or HER2 negative. In one embodiment, the cancer cell is a triple negative breast cancer cell (i.e., ER-α36 positive, ER-α66 negative, progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 negative).
The method further includes incubating the cell and the agent under conditions suitable for culturing the cell, and measuring the amount of let-7 miRNA present in the cell. The let-7 miRNA may be in the cytoplasm of the cell and/or in the nucleus of the cell. The cell contacted with the agent having more let-7 miRNA present when compared to let-7 miRNA present in a corresponding control cell that does not include the agent indicates the agent increases the amount of let-7 miRNA in a cell. The agent can be a chemical compound, including, for instance, an organic compound, an inorganic compound, a metal, a polypeptide, a non-ribosomal polypeptide, a polyketide, or a peptidomimetic compound. The sources for potential agents to be screened include, for instance, chemical compound libraries, cell extracts of plants and other vegetations.
The present invention also provides kits for practicing the methods described herein. A kit includes one or more of the polynucleotides described herein in a suitable packaging material in an amount sufficient for at least one use. Optionally, other reagents such as buffers and solutions needed to practice the invention are also included. Instructions for use of the packaged polynucleotide(s) or antibodies are also typically included.
As used herein, the phrase “packaging material” refers to one or more physical structures used to house the contents of the kit. The packaging material is constructed by well known methods, preferably to provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment. The packaging material has a label which indicates that the polynucleotide(s) or antibodies can be used for the methods described herein. In addition, the packaging material contains instructions indicating how the materials within the kit are employed to practice the methods. As used herein, the term “package” refers to a solid matrix or material such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like, capable of holding within fixed limits the polynucleotide(s) or antibodies. Thus, for example, a package can be a glass vial used to contain appropriate quantities of the polynucleotide(s) or antibodies. “Instructions for use” typically include a tangible expression describing the conditions for use of the polynucleotide(s) or antibodies.
The present invention is illustrated by the following examples. It is to be understood that the particular examples, materials, amounts, and procedures are to be interpreted broadly in accordance with the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth herein.
To understand how microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate breast cancer tumorigenesis, a RNA expression microarray screening was performed using RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tissues, which included benign (n=13), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n=16), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n=15). Twenty-five differentially expressed miRNAs (p<0.01) were identified, of which let-7 family miRNAs were down-regulated in human breast cancer tissues at stages of DCIS and IDC compared to benign stage. It was further found that there was an inverse correlation between ER-α expression and several members of let-7 family in the FFPE tissues. Next, bioinformatics analysis was performed and it was found that let-7 miRNA sequences match sequence in the 3′ UTR of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), suggesting ER-α may be a target of let-7, which was further confirmed by a number of experimental assays, including luciferase assay, protein expression, and mRNA expression. Overexpression of let-7 miRNAs in ER-positive breast cancer MCF7 cell line negatively affected ER-α activity. Dampening of the ER-α signaling by let-7 miRNAs inhibited cell proliferation, and subsequently triggered the cell apoptotic process in MCF7 cells. In conclusion, these findings not only indicate a new regulatory mechanism of let-7 miRNAs in ER-α mediated cellular malignant growth of breast cancer, but also provide potential biomarkers and/or surrogate therapeutic targets useful for early diagnosis and/or therapeutic options for breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
Cell culture. All breast cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. The normal breast cell line 184A1 was cultured in 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and MEGM (MEBM plus SingleQuots, Clonetics). Breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, ZR-75-1, T47D and HB3396 were kept in phenol-red free IMEM (Cellgro) plus 10% FBS, 1% nonessential amino acid, 10 mmol/L HEPES and 2 μg/mL insulin. For estrogen starvation, the medium was changed into IMEM medium with 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS instead of 10% FBS. BT474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-468, and SK-BR-3 were cultured in DMEM (Cellgro) plus 10% FBS. Cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2.
MiRNA microarray. We collected 13 benign, 16 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and 15 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tissues, which were cut into 50 μm thick sheets with a microtome. The benign tissues came from plastic surgery, or some operations for non-malignant tumors (ductal hyperplasia, fibrocystic diseases, adenosis, stromal fibrosis, fibroadenomas, and ruptured cyst). Therefore, these tissues have low levels of ER-α. Because we tried to select pure DCIS and IDC tissues, we did not apply further separation to pinpoint the cancer tissue. We extracted total RNA using the Qiagen miRNeasy FFPE Kit following the manufacturer's instructions, except that the tissues were de-waxed three times and homogenized before proteinase K treatment.
The microarray was a custom service from LC Sciences (Houston, Tex.) using the Sanger's version 11.0. Data adjustment included data filtering, log 2 transformation, and gene centering and normalization. Cluster analysis and visualization were done in Cluster and TreeView (Eisen et al., 1998, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14863-8).
Quantitative real-time PCR. For miRNA quantification in FFPE tissues, total RNA was extracted as described above; for miRNA quantification in cell lines, total RNA was isolated using mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion Inc.). cDNA was synthesized by using 100 ng total RNA in a reaction volume of 15 μL, by following the protocol of Taqman miRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). After 15 times dilution, 9 μL cDNA was used for real-time PCR in a 20 μL reaction volume, including 10 μL of master mix and 1 μL Taqman probe (Applied Biosystems). This reaction system only detects mature miRNAs not pre-miRNAs. The level of each miRNA was expressed following the 2−ΔΔCt or 2−αCt method using the small nuclear RNA, RNU48, as the internal reference.
For real-time PCR on the expression of ER-α, total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen). One microgram RNA was used for cDNA synthesis following the protocol of SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen). After 10 times dilution, 4 μL cDNA was used in a 20 μL reaction volume, which included 4 μL of 1.5 μM primers, 2 μL of 2 μM probes, and 10 μL master mix (Applied Biosystems). β-actin was the internal control. The oligos for ER-α are: forward primer, 5′-GCGGCCACGGACCAT (SEQ ID NO:17); reverse primer, 5′-TTCCCTTGGATCTGATGCAGTA (SEQ ID NO:18); probe, 5′-FAM-CCATGACCCTCCACACCAAAGCATC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO:19).
For FFPE tissues, there was the same repeat number as in microarray; for cell lines, there were three biological repeats. Each sample had three technical repeats on the PCR plate. Real-time PCR was performed on an Applied Biosystems 7900HT real-time PCR instrument. PCR was initiated by two holds of 52° C. 2 min and 94° C. 10 min each, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s at 95° C. and 1 min at 60° C.
Luciferase assay. A fragment of the 3′ UTR of human ER-α gene, which contains the putative let-7 target sites, was synthesized (IDT technology). With attached SpeI and HindIII restriction sites, the fragments are 48 by long. The sense strand was 5′-CTAGTTTAAAATTGTTTTCTAAGTAATTGCTGCCTCTATTATGGCACA (SEQ ID NO:39) while the antisense strand was 5′-AGCTTGTGCCATAATAGAGGCAGCAATTACTTAGAAAACAATTTTAAA (SEQ ID NO:40). The corresponding mutant sequences were generated as shown in
For checking on the genomic estrogen pathway, 105 MCF7 cells were first seeded into each well on a 24-well plate and cultured in IMEM with 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 2 days. Then the cells were transfected as described above except that the estrogen response element (ERE) construct (2 ERE-tk-Luc; obtained from Katarine Pettersson, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm) replaced the pMIR-REPORT plasmid for 1 day. After stimulation with 10 nmol/L E2 for 12 hours, luciferase activity was measured as described above.
Immunoblot analysis. For Western blot in FFPE tissues, an established method was followed (Addis et al., 2009, Proteomics 9:3815-23). For MCF7 cell line, let-7 mimics and negative control miRNA (60 nmol/L), or let-7 inhibitors and anti-miR negative control (60 nmol/L) were transfected following the protocol of siPORT NeoFX Transfection Agent (Applied Biosystems), The Western blot procedure was described before (Zhang et al., 2010, J Proteome Res., 9(2):980-989). Antibody information is as follows: ER-α, RB-9016-P1, Thermoscientific; Cyclin D1, sc-8396, Santa Cruz; pS2, ab80782 was Abeam; β-Actin, sc-69879, Santa Cruz.
MTT cell proliferation assay. MCF7 cells were transfected with let-7 mimics or negative controls (60 nmol/L) in normal growth medium for 1 day, or in medium with 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 2 days to exhaust endogenous estrogen, following the protocol of siPORT NeoFX Transfection Agent (Applied Biosystems). For the experiment in normal growth medium, 104 cells in the volume of 100 μL were seeded in a 96-well plate for 12 hours and assay lasted for another 4 days. For experiments in E2 free medium, 1.5 104 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate for 12 hours and then exposed to 10 nmol/L E2, or not, for up to 4 days. For both experiments, each treatment had 12 replicates on the plate. The cells were then incubated in 0.83 mg/mL 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) in growth medium at 37° C. for 4 h and lysed in 100 μL of DMSO at room temperature for 15 min. The absorbance in each well was measured at 490 nm by an ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader (Biotek). Cell proliferation was normalized to day 0.
Annexin-V binding assay for apoptosis. After transfection with let-7 mimics or negative control as in immunoblot analysis, MCF7 cells were cultured for 6 days. The staining followed the protocol of FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (Cat #556547, BD Biosciences). Cell populations were analyzed with a BD FACSAria™ flow cytometer. Approximately 20,000 cells were counted for each sample.
Statistical analysis. For miRNA microarray analyses, the ANOVA test was performed among benign, DCIS, and IDC groups. mRNAs with p-values below a critical p-value (<0.01) were selected for cluster analysis. All microarray data were based on four probe replicates for each miRNA prediction. For comparison among means, a one-way ANOVA with the Tukey's adjustment was used for multiple comparisons in SPSS16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used to test the correlation between ER-α protein expression and members of let-7 family, let-7a, let-7b, and let-7i, in FFPE tissues excluding the three ER-α negative cancer tissues (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.).
Results
MiRNA microarray of FFPE tissues. The results show that miRNAs are stable in FFPE tissues. We found that nine miRNAs are upregulated in DCIS and IDC breast cancer samples (p<0.01, Table 1). Among them, miR-21 and miR-155, as reported by other researchers, are associated with breast cancer development (Kong et al., 2008, Mol Cell Biol 28:6773-84, Zhu et al., 2008, Cell Res 18:350-9). The remaining seven miRNAs are oncomirs not reported previously in the development of breast cancer. The miRNAs down-regulated in breast tissues are listed in Table 2 (p<0.01). Down-regulation of let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, miR-125b, miR-145 have been reported in breast cancer (Scott 2007 J Biol Chem 282:1479-86, Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23, Wang et al., 2009, Int J Oncol 34:1461-6). The remaining 11 miRNAs were found for the first time to be down-regulated in breast cancer cells. A heat-map of up- and down-regulated miRNAs is shown in
asignificant difference between benign and DCIS;
bsignificant difference between benign and IDC;
csignificant difference between DCIS and IDC
asignificant difference between benign and DCIS;
bsignificant difference between benign and IDC;
csignificant difference between DCIS and IDC
Another heat-map was made of all let-7 family members and it was found that they tend to be down-regulated, although some of them did not reach the p<0.01 level (the p value of let-7d and let-7f was <0.05, but that of let-7e, let-7g, and let-7i was >0.05,
asignificant difference between benign and DCIS;
bsignificant difference between benign and IDC.
Let-7 miRNAs target ER-α. ER-α plays a crucial role in development of breast cancer. After reanalyzing the FFPE microarray data excluding ER-α negative breast cancer tissues (one in DCIS group and two in IDC group), We found that let-7a, let-7b, and let-7c were still among the downregulated miRNAs (p<0.01,
asignificant difference between benign and DCIS;
bsignificant difference between benign and IDC.
The MiRanda software (a web-accessible information resource produced and maintained at cBio, the Computational Biology Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) indicated that let-7 miRNAs complement with 3′-UTR of ER-α (
Next, we transfected miRNA mimics of let-7a, let-7b, and let-7i into MCF7 cells to determine the expression levels of ER-α. After 2 days, all three mimics significantly depressed the expression of ER-α. However, let-7b appeared the most effective (
In order to probe the reason for the relatively mild effect of let-7a on ER-α protein expression, the mature forms of the three miRNAs after transfection were quantified by real-time PCR (
ER-α is a transcription factor that induces expression of many downstream genes such as cyclin D1, pS2 and c-Myc (Oxelmark et al., 2006, Mol Cell Biol 26:5205-13). We checked the expression levels of cyclin D1 and pS2 after transfection of mimics of let-7a, let7-b, and let-7i in the MCF7 cell line (
On the other hand, let-7 inhibitors had the opposite effect on ER-α expression. We first checked the transfection efficiency by real-time PCR. As reported earlier (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23), inhibitor of one let-7 family member could inhibit the level of other members except that let-7i inhibitor did not inhibit the level of let-7b (
To examine the effects of these miRNAs on transcriptional activity of ER-α, we co-tranfected miRNA mimics with p2 ERE-tk-Luc.
Let-7 miRNAs inhibit cell proliferation in MCF7. ER-α is important for cell proliferation in ER-positive breast cancer. We studied the effect of let-7 miRNAs on cell proliferation in MCF7. First, we checked the effect in normal growth medium. Let-7a did not show a significant effect over the time course. However, let-7b and let-7i significantly inhibited cell proliferation (
Next, we examined cell proliferation with and without the exogenous estrogen addition. With addition of 10 nmol/L E2, all three mimics showed inhibition on cell growth. Again, let-7a showed the least inhibition and the inhibition even disappeared at the 4th day (
Let-7 miRNAs caused cell apoptosis in MCF7. To find out whether the inhibitory effect of let-7 miRNAs on the cell proliferation was caused by apoptosis, we checked the effect of let-7a, let-7b, and let-7i on cell apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Three days post-transfection, only let-7b significantly increased the apoptotic rate (7%) compared to controls (2.2%) (
Discussion
FFPE samples are widely available and precious for miRNA profiling studies (Table 1, 2, 3;
The connection between breast cancer and estrogen has been recognized for more than 100 years. ER-α is a ligand-regulated transcription factor with a broad range of physiological functions and its overexpression is an important prognostic factor for human breast cancer. The ER-α mRNA has a long 3′ UTR of about 4.3 kb, which has evolutionarily conserved miRNA target sites. Previous research has shown that ER-α expression is downregulated by miR-18a, miR-19b, miR20b (Castellano et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106:15732-15737). Another group identified 21 miRNAs that downregulate ER-α expression, among which miR-18a, miR-18b, miR-193b, miR-206, miR-302c were confirmed by luciferase assay (Leivonen et al., 2009, Oncogene, 28 (44):3926-3936). MiR-22 also strongly represses ER-α expression, compromising estrogen signaling as demonstrated by its inhibitory impact on the ER-α-dependent proliferation of breast cancer cells (Pandey and Picard 2009, Mol Cell Biol 29:3783-90). MiR-221 and miR-222 directly target ER-α (Zhao et al., 2008, J Biol Chem 283:31079-86), as does miR-206 (Adams et al., 2007, Mol Endocrinol 21:1132-47, Kondo et al., 2008, Cancer Res 68:5004-8).
Adding to this long list, we have shown that let-7 miRNAs targets ER-α and represses estrogen signaling. Multiple evidences are offered in this study. We further demonstrated that let-7 overexpression resulted in impaired ER-α-dependent genomic signal pathway based on two pieces of evidence. One is the effect of let-7 miRNAs on downstream targets of ER-α, cyclin D1, and pS2 (
Let-7 miRNAs are extremely important for cell differentiation and carcino genesis (Medina and Slack, 2008 Cell Cycle 7:2485-92). Let-7 family miRNAs are reported to be tumor suppressors that play critical roles in tumorigenesis and metastatic progression of many diseases such as lung, colon, ovarian, and breast cancers (Yu 2007, Cell 131:1109-23, Michael et al., 2003 Mol Cancer Res 1:882-91, Takamizawa et al., 2004 Cancer Res 64:3753-6, Dahiya et al., 2008, PLoS One 3:e2436). Although many target genes for let-7 family miRNAs have been found, our research led to the discovery of another important target, ER-α. Our result offers another explanation for the carcinogenesis of ER-α breast cancer, which is that the down-regulation of let-7 miRNAs caused the up-regulation of ER-α and caused a series of downstream events (
Our conclusion that let-7 targets ER-α does not contradict the two recent reports that let-7 levels are lower in ER-α negative breast cancer than in ER-α positive cancer (Mattie et al., 2006, Mol Cancer 5:24, Blenkiron et al., 2007, Genome Biol 8:R214). Because we have only a few ER-α negative tissues in our study, we cannot compare the let-7 levels between these two subtypes. However, we do observe similar decrease in let-7 level in breast cancer cell lines (
In summary, we have compelling evidence showing that let-7 miRNAs are greatly reduced in breast cancer as they are in other cancers. Let-7, especially let-7b, targets ER-α, which is a critical component in breast cancer initiation and progression, and cause a halt in cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. For ER-α-positive breast cancer let-7 miRNAs could be candidate targets for drug therapies in the future.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in breast tumorigenesis. Previously, we found that let-7 miRNAs were significantly downregulated in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer tissues (Example 1). In order to further understand the potential role of let-7 miRNAs in breast cancer tissues, we found that endogenous levels of let-7 family miRNAs are inversely correlated with levels of estrogen receptor (ER)-α36, a new variant of ER-α66, in the FFPE tissue set. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that ER-α36 may be also a target of let-7 miRNAs. To test this hypothesis further, cotransfection of let-7 mimics with ER-α36 3′ UTR luciferase construct was performed, and we found that let-7 mimics suppressed the activity of reporter gene significantly, which was restored remarkably by let-7 inhibitors. Transfection of let-7 mimics inhibited both mRNA and protein expression of ER-α36 and its mediated non-genomic estrogen signaling in triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and tamoxifen (Tam) resistant MCF7 cells. Transfection of let-7 mimics to Tam-resistant MCF7 cells enhanced the sensitivity of the MCF7 cells to Tam, resulting in apoptosis of Tam resistant MCF7 cells. Our results suggested a novel regulatory mechanism of let-7 miRNAs on ER-α36 mediated Tam resistance.
Material and Methods
Cell Culture
All breast cancer cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). The normal breast cell line 184A1 was cultured in 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and MEGM (MEBM plus SingleQuots, Clonetics). ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, ZR-75-1, T47D and HB3396 were maintained in phenol-red free IMEM (Cellgro, Manassas, Va.) plus 10% FBS, 1% nonessential amino acid, 10 mmol/L HEPES and 2 μg/mL insulin. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-468, and SKBR-3 were cultured in DMEM (Cellgro, Manassas, Va.) plus 10% FBS. Tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cell line (MCF7-Tam) was established by culturing ER-positive breast cancer MCF7 cells in 1 μmol/L tamoxifen over 6 months. All cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR
To analyze mature let-7 miRNAs with real-time PCR, total RNA was isolated from the cell lines using mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) or from FFPE tissues using the miRNeasy FFPE Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's instructions. We collected FFPE breast tissues from 13 benign, 16 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and 15 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), all of which were prepared as 50 μm thick sheets. The benign breast tissues were from surgical resections of abnormal breast lesions with non-neoplastic phenotypes such as calcification, fibrocystic changes or stromal fibrosis. cDNA was synthesized using 100 ng total RNA in a reaction volume of 15 μL and following the protocol of Taqman microRNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). After 15 dilution, 9 μl, cDNA mixture was used for real-time PCR in 20 μL reaction volume, including 10 μL of TaqMan universal PCR master mix (no ampErase UNG) and 1 μL Taqman probe (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Real-time PCR was performed on 7900HT realtime PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems). PCR was initiated by two holds of 52° C. 2 min and 94° C. 10 min each, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s at 95° C. and 1 min at 60° C. The level of each miRNA was expressed following the 2−ΔCt method using the small nuclear RNA RNU48 as the internal reference.
To assess the expression levels of ER-α66 and ER-α36 with real-time PCR, total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carsbad, Calif.). One microgram RNA was used for cDNA synthesis with the SuperScript III first-strand synthesis system (Invitrogen, Carsbad, Calif.). After 10 dilution, 4 μL cDNA was used in 20 μL reaction volume, which includes 4 μL of 1.5 μmol/L primers, 2 μL of 2 μmol/L probes, and 10 μL TaqMan universal PCR master mix with ampErase UNG (Applied Biosystems). The reaction condition was the same as miRNA real-time PCR. β-Actin was the internal control (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The primers for ER-α66 are: 5′-GCGGCCACGGACCAT (forward) (SEQ ID NO:20); 5′-TTCCCTTGGATCTGATGCAGTA (SEQ ID NO:21) (reverse); 5′-FAM-CCATGACCCTCCACACCAAAGCATC-TAMRA-3′ (probe) (SEQ ID NO:22). The primers for ER-α36 are: 5′-CAAGTGGTTTCCTCGTGTCTAAAG (forward) (SEQ ID NO:23); 5′-ACGTCCACACACGGATTTGA (reverse) (SEQ ID NO:24); 5′-FAMTGGTCATAAGGCCTCACAGTATCCTGCA TAMRA-3′ (probe) (SEQ ID NO:43).
miRNA Transfection
Let-7 miRNA or negative control #1 miRNA of 60 nmol/L (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) was transfected into cells with the siPORT NeoFX reagent (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's protocol.
Immunoblotting Analysis
Cells were lysed with NP40 cell lysis buffer (250 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1% Nonidet P40, 1 mM PMSF, proteinase and phosphoproteinase inhibitor cocktails). The protein was also extracted from FFPE sections. FFPE sections (50 μm thick) were transferred into a microcentrifuge tube and treated with xylene, followed by vortexing vigorously for 10 seconds. After centrifugation and removal of supernatant, the sections were washed with xylene two more times, followed by one more wash with 1 mL of 100% ethanol. The resultant pellets were vacuum dried, then resuspended in 300 μL of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 2% SDS and homogenized. The samples were then boiled at 100° C. for 20 minutes and incubated at 60° C. for 1 hour. After centrifugation at 10,000 g for 15 min at 4° C., the supernatant protein was saved for immunoblot analysis.
After mixed with gel-loading buffer and boiled for 5 minutes, the protein samples were separated with 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). The blots were probed with specific first antibodies and appropriate second antibodies. The blots were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents (Pierce, Minneapolis, Minn.) and documented with a Fluor Chem FC2 (Alpha Innotech, Santa Clara, Calif.) image system. Gel density was quantified with Quantity One and expressed as a relative value against β-actin. The anti-ERK1/2 (#9102) and antipERK1/2 (#9106) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, Mass.). Anti-ER-α66 (RB-9016) was obtained from Thermoscientific (Rockford, Ill.). Anti-ER-α36 antibody was an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal anti-ER-36 antibody generated as a custom service from Pacific Immunology Corp (Ramona, Calif.). The ER-α36 antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide antigen corresponding to the unique C-terminal 20 aa of ER-α36.
Luciferase Assay
A fragment of the 3′ UTR of human ER-α36 gene, which harbors the putative let-7 target sites, was synthesized (IDT, Coralville, Iowa). With the SpeI and HindIII restriction sites at the ends, respectively, the sense strand is 5′-ctagTGTTCCCTAGAAACACCAGGAAGGCCTACCTCAAATAGCAACAA (SEQ ID NO:41) and the antisense strand is 5′-agctTTGTTGCTATTTGAGGTAGGCCTTCCTGGTGTTTCTAGGGAACA (SEQ ID NO:42). The corresponding mutant sequences were generated as shown in
MTT Cell Proliferation Assay
MCF7-Tam cells were transfected with let-7 mimics or negative control in normal growth medium for 1 day, or in medium with 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 2 days to exhaust endogenous estrogen. Ten thousand cells in the volume of 100 μL were seeded in a 96-well plate for 12 hours and assay lasted for another 4 days. For tamoxifen treatment, 1 μmol/L tamoxifen was added to each well of 96-well plate. Each treatment had 12 replicates on the plate. Medium volume was increased to 200 μL after the assay began. The cells were then incubated in 0.83 mg/mL 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) in growth medium at 37° C. for 4 hours and lysed in 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature for 15 minutes. The absorbance in each well was measured at 490 nmol/L with an ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader (Biotek, Winooski, Vt.). Cell growth was expressed as a fraction of absorbance at day 0.
Statistical Analysis
The correlation between let-7 miRNA expression and ER-α36 was analyzed in SPSS16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.). For comparison among means of different treatments, oneway ANOVA with the Tukey's adjustment was used for multiple comparisons in SPSS 16.0. * represents p<0.05; ** represents p<0.01.
Results
ER-α36 is Widely Expressed in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
After the cloning and identification of ER-α36 in 2005 (Wang et al., 2005, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336:1023-7), its important function has just begun to be recognized. We first checked the ER-α36 expression in some established breast cancer cell lines (
Let-7 miRNAs Target ER-α36
Recently, we reported that the let-7 family miRNAs are involved in regulation of ER-α66 expression (Zhao Y et al., 2010, Breast Cancer Res. Treat, DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0972-2). To examine if let-7 miRNAs also regulate ER-α36 expression, we extracted proteins and total RNAs from 45 cases of FFPE breast cancer samples and assessed the expression levels of ER-α36 and let-7 miRNAs with Western blot and realtime PCR 25 analysis, respectively. We found an inverse correlation between ER-α36 expression and two members of let-7 family miRNAs (let-7b and let-7i) (
To further determine the inhibitory effects of let-7b and let-7i on expression of endogenous ER-α36, we transfected their miRNA mimics separately into ER-α66 negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells that express high levels of ER-α36. We found that transfection of both let-7b and let-7i strongly inhibited ER-α36 at the protein level compared to cells transfected with negative control miRNA (
ER-α36 is mainly localized on the plasma membrane and mediates the non-genomic estrogen pathways (Wang et al., 2005, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336:1023-7, Wang et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103:9063-8). We reasoned that the inhibition on ER-α36 expression by let-7 family miRNAs might dampen the non-genomic estrogen pathway. To test this, we examined the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling by estrogen in cells transfected with let-7 miRNAs. The MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with let-7b and let-7i mimics or negative control were cultured in 2.5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 48 h and starved in serum free medium for 24 h. The transfected cells were then treated with 10 nmol/L of E2 and the activation of ERK1/2 was examined with Western blot analysis using phos-ERK specific antibody. Transfection of let-7b and let-7i significantly inhibited estrogen induced activation of the ERK1/2 (
To confirm the result, normal mammary epithelial 184A1 cells were transfected with anti-let-7b, anti-let-7i inhibitor, or negative control miRNA.
Let-7 miRNA and ER-α36 Expression in the MCF7-Tam Cell Line
Anti-estrogen resistance is a major obstacle in clinical breast cancer treatment. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. In a tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cell line, MCF-Tam, we found that ER-α36 protein level was greatly increased, whereas ER-α66 protein was greatly reduced to trace level (
Recently, we reported that the enhanced expression of ER-α36 is involved in tamoxifen resistance (Shi et al., 2009, J. Clin. Oncol., 27:3423-9). We then examined the tamoxifen sensitivity in tamoxifen resistant MCF7-Tam cells transfected with let-7 miRNAs or negative control miRNA. When grown in complete medium, which contained estrogen, no difference was detected between let-7 transfection and negative control transfection (
Discussion
ER-α36 is the product of a transcript initiated from the promoter located in the first intron of ER-α66 gene. ER-α36 is expressed in tumor tissues from ER-α66 positive and negative breast cancer patients (Shi et al., 2009, J. Clin. Oncol., 27:3423-9). Thus, breast cancer patients who are clinically characterized as ER-negative (lack of the nuclear ER-α66 expression) may still express ER-α36 (Wang et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103:9063-8, Shi et al., 2009, J. Clin. Oncol., 27:3423-9). ER-α36 inhibits the transcription regulatory function of ER-α66 and ER-β (Wang et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 103:9063-8) while ER-α66 down-regulates the promoter activity of ER-α36 (Zou et al., 2009, FEBS Lett. 583:1368-74). We also found that ER-α36 was expressed in both ER-α66 positive and -negative cell lines (
Let-7 family miRNAs are the first miRNAs discovered in human (Roush and Slack, 2008, Trends Cell Biol. 18:505-16), and play important roles in maintaining sternness (Yu et al. 2007, Cell 131:1109-23). Dysregulated let-7 miRNA expression is involved in carcinogenesis (Jerome et al., 2007, Curr. Genomics 8:229-33). The expression of let-7 miRNAs increases with differentiation and cancer development (Yu et al. 2007, Cell 131:1109-23). The low level of let-7 miRNAs in stem cell is caused by uridylation mediated by Lin28 in concert with TUT4 (Heo et al., 2008, Mol. Cell. 32:276-84, Heo et al., 2009, Cell 138:696-708). Because cancer cells have similar sternness with stem cells, let-7 miRNAs are downregulated in many types of cancers, including breast cancer (Michael et al., 2003, Mol. Cancer. Res. 1:882-91, Takamizawa et al., 2004, Cancer Res., 64:3753-6, Dahiya et al., 2008, PLoS. One. 3:e2436, Yu et al. 2007, Cell 131:1109-23, Kumar et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 105:3903-8). Some targets of let-7 family have been found, including Ras, HMGA2, and c-Myc (Johnson et al., 2005, Cell, 120:635-47, Lee and Dutta, 20007, Genes Dev. 21:1025-30, Mayr et al., 2007, Science 315:1576-9, Kim et al., 2009, Genes Dev. 23:1743-8). Previously, we found that let-7 family miRNAs target ER-α66 and down-regulate its expression (Zhao Y et al., 2010, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0972-2]) suggesting let-7 miRNA play an important role in development of ER-α66 positive breast cancer. In this study, we present strong evidence to demonstrate that let-7 miRNAs also regulate a variant of ER-α66, ER-α36. The luciferase assay with the report gene harboring 3′UTR of ER-α36 indicated that let-7 miRNAs directly regulate ER-α36 expression (
Tamoxifen is the most successful adjuvant therapy drug for ER-positive breast cancer patients. It is well-known that tamoxifen acts as both agonist and antagonist of estrogen signaling. The acquired and de novo tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer patients is a significant clinical problem. Our current study revealed that MCF7-Tam cells exhibits enhanced expression of ER-α36 and decreased expression of ER-α66 (
In conclusion, Let-7 miRNAs regulate the expression of ER-α36, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer. Let-7 could be therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
Results from our previous studies and others showed that endogenous miRNAs are expressed differentially in breast cancer tissues at various stages, suggesting that these miRNAs can be developed as potential biomarkers useful for early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of breast cancer (Zhao et al., 2010, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0972-2, Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 29; 105:10513-8, Heneghan et al., 2010, Ann. Surg. 251:499-505). Recent reports confirmed the association between differentially expressed miRNAs and several clinicopathologic features, including mRNA expression-based classification (Blenkiron et al., 2007, Hum. Mol. Genet. April 15; 16 Spec No 1:R106-R113), tumor grade, and clinical stage scoring (Iorio et al., 2005, Cancer Res. 65:7065-70). Generally, these miRNAs related to cancer can be classified into two categories: tumor suppressors (e.g. let-7, miR-335) and oncogenic enhancers (e.g. miR-375, miR-155) (Zhao et al., 2010, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0972-2, and also Table 6). The ideal biomarker should be easily accessible such that it can be sampled relatively noninvasively (e.g. blood draw), sensitive enough to detect early presence of tumors in almost all patients and absent or minimal present in healthy, tumor-free individuals. Although the diagnostic and prognostic use of circulating miRNAs as blood-based biomarkers has recently been revealed (Gilad et al., 2008, PLoS. One. 3 (9):e3148, Ng et al., 2009, Gut 58 (10):1375-81, Wang et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 106:4402-7), challenge for this field still remains regarding the feasibility and reliability of serum miRNAs use as surrogate diagnostic markers of cancer or asymptomatic population screening tool (Wang et al., 2010, Gynecol. Oncol. 119 (3):586-593).
In the development of a clinical blood-based biomarker, the following factors should be generally considered: 1) whether miRNAs expressed in breast tumor are correlated with those in the circulation; 2) whether circulating miRNA biomarkers are stable enough to withstand storage conditions e.g. temperature variations (including freezing and thawing and potential influence of physiological conditions of women such as menstrual cycle, age, and menopausal status; 3) and whether data obtained from the individuals with same status of the disease is identical. Recently, results from several studies regarding development of clinical accessible assays using miRNAs showed that: a) A high correlation of miRNAs expression level was found between breast tumor tissues and sera (Wang et al., 2010, Gynecol. Oncol., 119 (3):586-593); b) A high correlation of miRNAs expression level was found between plasma and sera (Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 29; 105:10513-8); c) serum miRNAs were found stable in numbers of clinical lab conditions such as temperature and freeze/thaw (Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 29; 105:10513-8); d) spiked unrelated exogenous miRNAs as external control were found useful for enhancing reliability of qRT-PCR assays (Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 29; 105:10513-8). Although several other studies have confirmed this protocol in clinic (Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 29; 105:10513-8), how women's physiological conditions such as menstrual cycle and age, affect on clinical assays are still not clear. In this aim, using the established conditions in our lab, we performed analysis of the correlation of expression level of several dysregulated miRNAs (from Table 6 and additional significant miRNAs) associated with breast cancer, at precancerous and early invasive carcinoma, between tissue and matching serum samples.
Material and Methods
Plasma samples. Blood samples were obtained from 20 healthy female subjects and 20 breast cancer female subjects. After centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 30 min, the plasma was collected and frozen at −80° C.
RNA isolation from human plasma samples. Three hundred μl of plasma was thawed on ice and lysed with an equal volume of 2× Denaturing Solution (Ambion). For the purpose of normalization of sample-to-sample variation in RNA isolation, synthetic C. elegans miRNAs cel-miR-39, cel-miR-54, and cel-miR-238 (synthesized by Sigma) were added (as a mixture of 25 fmol of each oligonucleotide in a 7.5 μl total volume) to each sample after Denaturing Solution was added. RNA was isolated using the mirVana PARIS kit following the manufacturer's protocol for liquid samples (Ambion). RNA was eluted with 50 μl of nuclease-free water.
QRT-PCR. RNA was reverse transcribed using the TaqMan miRNA Reverse Transcription Kit and miRNA-specific stem-loop primers (Applied BioSystems) in a 15 μl reaction volume (6.16 μl of H2O, 1.5 μl of 10× Reverse-Transcription Buffer, 0.19 μl of RNase-Inhibitor, 0.15 μl of 100 mM dNTPs, 1 μl of Multiscribe Reverse-Transcriptase, and 3 μl of total RNA) using a GeneAmp PCR Systems 9700 at 16° C. for 30 min, 42° C. for 30 min and 85° C. for 5 min.
For realtime PCR, 9 μl of diluted RT product (prepared by combining 15 μl of RT product with 60 μl of H2O) was combined with 10 μl of TaqMan 2× Universal PCR Master Mix, No AmpErase UNG and 1 μl of TaqMan miRNA probe in 20 μl of total volume. Real-time PCR was carried out on an Applied BioSystems 7900HT thermocycler at 95° C. for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 s and 60° C. for 1 min.
Data Analysis. The Ct values obtained for the three spiked-in C. elegans miRNAs were averaged to generate SpikeIn_Average_Ct value. The mean value of the SpikeIn_Average_Ct values obtained from all of the samples to be compared was designated as the Mean_SpikeIn_Ct value. Normalized_Ct value for the miRNA in the sample=Raw Ct value−[(SpikeIn_Average_Ct value of the given sample)−(Mean_SpikeIn_Ct value)].
Number of copies per microliter plasma=[2^(Ct(SpikeIn_Average_Ct value of the sample)−Ct(sample))](25 fmol (10^−15 mole) 6.02 10^23/300 μL).
Results
First, Correlation analysis of miRNAs expression level in tissues and matching sera: Although a recent study reported a positive relationship between miRNA level in tissues and sera, we needed to establish assay conditions in our own laboratory. We selected FFPE breast tissue specimens from twenty women with breast cancer at the stage of DCIS and matching serum samples, and twenty serum samples from healthy women (age-matched to subjects with breast cancer) to perform qRT-PCR analysis of the selected miRNAs (tumor suppressors, let-7b and miR-335) (
Second, we wanted to know whether our lab conditions such as temperature and freezing and thawing affect the stability of miRNAs. We selected a serum sample from healthy woman, and incubated in room temperature for a series of time points (spiked three exogenous miRNAs as external controls) (
Third, we tested whether frequent freeze/thaw affects stability of miRNAs. We performed the freeze/thaw for the spiked serum sample for up to eight times, and RNA was extracted from it and used for analysis of the selected miRNAs (i.e. let-7b/7i, miR-181c and miR-130a) (
Fourth, we tested sera for the endogenous level of the selected miRNAs in the stages of women's menstrual cycle. We recruited ten healthy non-pregnant Asian women rageing in age between 22-24 years. Blood draw was performed four times in a month with 10 ml each time. RNA was extracted from sera with the spiked external miRNAs (see above) standard, and used for analysis of the selected miRNAs (tumor suppressor let-7b and oncogenic miR-375) (
Fifth, to find out whether age or menopausal status affects the stability of miRNAs, we selected 20 serum samples from healthy women in the age range of 23-65, and 20 serum samples from women with breast cancer at early invasive carcinoma in the age range of 38-78. RNA was extracted from pre-spiked sera and used for analysis of the selected miRNAs (let-7b/7i, miR-335 and miR-375) (
The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications, and electronically available material (including, for instance, nucleotide sequence submissions in, e.g., GenBank and RefSeq, and amino acid sequence submissions in, e.g., SwissProt, PIR, PRF, PDB, and translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank and RefSeq) cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Supplementary materials referenced in publications (such as supplementary tables, supplementary figures, supplementary materials and methods, and/or supplementary experimental data) are likewise incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that any inconsistency exists between the disclosure of the present application and the disclosure(s) of any document incorporated herein by reference, the disclosure of the present application shall govern. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described, for variations obvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the invention defined by the claims.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. All numerical values, however, inherently contain a range necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not be used to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unless so specified.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/338,704, filed Feb. 23, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20110224149 A1 | Sep 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 61338704 | Feb 2010 | US |
