Patent Grant
9196359
The entireties of any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.
1. Field
Subject matter disclosed herein relates to a memory device, and more particularly to read/write performance of phase change memory.
2. Information
Phase change memory (PCM) may operate based, at least in part, on behavior and properties of one or more particular phase change materials, such as chalcogenide alloy and/or germanium antimony telluride (GST), just to name a few examples. Crystalline and amorphous states of such materials may have different electrical resistivities, thus presenting a basis by which information may be stored. The amorphous, high resistance state may represent a stored first binary state and the crystalline, low resistance state may represent a stored second binary state. Of course, such a binary representation of stored information is merely an example: Phase change memory may also be used to store multiple memory states, represented by varying degrees of phase change material resistivity, for example.
A PCM memory cell may transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state by applying a bias signal to the memory cell. Characteristics of a bias signal, such as peak magnitude and/or pulse width, for example, may be selected to allow a transition to a crystalline state.
Over time, various parameters of a PCM memory cell, such as read current for particular memory cell states, may drift or change as a result of changing PCM temperature, re-crystallization of phase change material, drift, and/or cycling, just to name a few examples. Such effects may lead to read errors of the PCM memory cell.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments will be described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of claimed subject matter. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in one or more embodiments.
Embodiments described herein include processes and/or electronic architecture involving managing read distributions for single-level cell (SLC) or multi-level cell (MLC) phase change memory (PCM) devices. Managing read distributions of PCM cells may be used to avoid read errors in response to a shift in a state distribution of the PCM cells that may occur over time, as described below. A state distribution of a memory cell, for example, may correspond to one or more threshold voltages corresponding to a number of states or logic levels stored by the memory cell. In other words, such states or logic levels may correspond to voltage ranges separated by threshold voltages. For example, a first logic level may correspond to a first voltage range, a second logic level may correspond to a second voltage range, a third logic level may correspond to a third voltage range, and so on. Individual logic levels may correspond to two-bit data, such as “00” for a first logic level, “01” for a second logic level, “10” for a third logic level, and “11” for a fourth logic level, for example.
In an embodiment, a method of reading a memory cell programmed at a particular current may include compensating for a change in the particular current. Such a change, for example, may result from changes in various physical phenomena, such as resistivity drift of PCM material, temperature changes, retention, and so on, as described in detail below. Such a change in current may occur during a time span prior to reading the memory cell. In one implementation, such current compensation may be performed for each of one or more steps of an applied current staircase, as described in detail below.
Such a method of reading a memory cell may include a process of programming one or more reference cells into a set of different known states (e.g., current levels) at the same time that an array of memory cells (e.g., of a page of memory) is being written. Such a process may provide an opportunity to verify and/or determine, subsequent to programming the one or more reference cells, change or shift of the reference cells with respect to the original state in which the reference cell were programmed. Such verification and/or determination may be performed during a read operation of a memory cell. Information regarding change or shift of current values, for example, of the reference cells may be stored in a look-up table, as described in detail below.
In an embodiment, a method of reading a memory cell may include forcing current into a reference cell to determine a resulting voltage drop through the reference cell itself. Such a resulting voltage drop may be compared with a voltage drop resulting from current flowing into a particular memory cell of an array. If such a comparison indicates that the two voltages are substantially equal (e.g., a value of current flowing through the particular memory cell being the same as the current flowing through the reference cell of the array), then the particular memory cell may be considered to be within a particular range or distribution of the reference current. Due to environmental changes, process changes, and so on, a present value of current in the particular memory cell may have drifted from that of the original state at the time the particular reference cell was programmed. Accordingly, differences between original values of individual currents in a distribution and present values of individual currents in the distribution may be estimated and such difference values may be stored in a register, for example. To compensate for variations of current that may have occurred during a span of time, appropriate current differences may be retrieved from the register and applied to current in a memory cell.
In an implementation, compensating for a change in a particular current of a memory cell, as described above, may be performed in response to an error correction code (ECC) overflow event. For example, an ECC circuit may be designed for a particular capability to correct a number of errors in data. If the number of errors detected exceeds such a capability, the circuit may experience an ECC overflow event, wherein such errors in the data may not be corrected.
In an embodiment, PCM cells may be programmed with any one of two or more logic levels based, at least in part, on one or more threshold reference voltages or threshold reference currents that separate the two or more states or logic levels. Accordingly, logic levels stored in PCM cells may be subsequently read and determined based, at least in part, on the same one or more threshold reference currents used to previously program the PCM cells. In particular, verify reference currents may be used as thresholds to which a cell current during a read process of a PCM cell is compared. A cell current during a read process may result by applying a voltage across a PCM cell so that the cell current during the read process may depend, at least in part, on a resistance of the PCM cell. Accordingly, the state or logic value of a PCM cell, e.g., level of resistance, may be determined by comparing such a cell current during the read process to threshold reference currents. Over time, however, cell current for a particular voltage applied across a PCM cell may drift or change due to temperature changes of the PCM cell, for example (other reasons for such drift will be discussed below). Herein, drift of PCM cell parameters leading to such changes in cell current for a particular applied voltage may be referred to as state distribution drift. Because cell currents corresponding to stored logic levels may vary over time while threshold reference currents remain unchanged, a comparison of the cell and reference currents may lead to misreading of logic levels stored in the memory cells.
In an embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a memory device such as a program buffer that includes a PCM array and reference cells comprising a portion of the PCM array to store particular reference states. The reference cells and the PCM array may be programmed at the same time. In such a case, influences, such as temperature for example, on the PCM cells may affect stored reference states and stored memory states identically, possibly resulting in a drift and/or change in distribution of such states, as explained in further detail below. Such an apparatus may also comprise a controller to apply a particular voltage across a cell of the PCM array to produce a read current, and to modify the cell current based, at least in part, on a reference current resulting from at least one of the reference cells. In an implementation, an amount of state distribution drift of a reference cell at a particular time may be determined so that a read current of a PCM cell may be modified accordingly during a process to read the PCM cell. Accordingly, read errors resulting from state distribution drift of PCM cells may be reduced by modifying PCM cell read current during a read process. Determining an amount of state distribution drift may be made by comparing a read current of a reference cell at a particular time with a read current of the reference cell at an earlier time. Results of such a determination may be stored as a value of the current difference between the reference cell read currents at the different times. Such a current difference is herein called a “current delta”. Current deltas may be determined in such a fashion for one or more read currents, as discussed below. Subsequently, a read current of a PCM cell may then be modified during a process to read the PCM cell of the PCM array based, at least in part, on such current deltas.
Further, during such a read process to scan for a stored state, read current of a PCM cell may be incrementally increased by applying an incrementally increasing voltage across the PCM cell. In a particular implementation, incrementally increasing voltage (and the resulting cell current) may be performed in steps that are herein labeled with “N”, as described below. Accordingly, read current of a memory cell may be modified by particular amounts for individual read current steps N, thus taking into account the fact that state distribution drift may affect a memory cell differently for different cell voltages (and resulting read currents). For example, during such current stepping, a determination may be made for individual increment steps N as to whether or not to modify a read current. Such a determination may be based, at least in part, on a look-up table populated with current deltas corresponding to individual increment steps N. In one particular implementation, nonvolatile memory may be used to store current deltas as a function of N, for example.
In an implementation, distribution of states 405 may vary with time differently for one state compared to another state. For example, though state “01” may shift by an amount 450 to a lower current value, state “00” and state “10” may remain unchanged. As a result, window 415 may decrease, whereas window 435 may increase. Accordingly, modifying read currents of PCM cells for individual read current steps N may allow window 415 and/or window 435 to remain substantially constant despite a time-varying distribution of states.
Continuing with process 600, at block 630, values of differences, or current deltas, between currently measured reference cell states and values at which reference cell states were originally programmed may be determined and stored. At block 640, such current deltas may be added or subtracted to/from read currents of PCM cells for individual read-current step numbers N. For example, differences between currently measured reference cell states and values at which reference cell states were originally programmed may be determined to be 100 nano-amps (nA) for N=2, 200 nA for N=3, zero for N=4 through 8, −200 nA for N=9, and so on. In one implementation, such current deltas may be stored in a memory and applied at a later time, for example. To illustrate a particular example, for a particular voltage applied to a PCM cell for step N=3, a resulting read current may be about 3.6 micro-amps. In accordance with a measured current delta of 200 nA for N=3, 200 nA may be subtracted from the read current of 3.6 micro-amps so that a modified read current equals 3.4 micro-amps. After such a subtraction, the decrease of the modified read current may compensate for the fact that reference currents, which may be used as state threshold values to which the modified read currents of PCM cells are compared, may have drifted or changed over time from their original values at program time. For example, the current threshold between a “00” state and a “01” state may be defined to be 3.5 micro-amps. With no read current compensation, a drift of state distribution over time may result in an erroneous shift of the memory cell from the “00” state (e.g., the memory cell read current originally being 3.4 micro-amps for N=3 at program time) to the “01” state (e.g., the memory cell read current presently being 3.6 micro-amps for N=3 after drift). On the other hand, compensating a memory cell read current using stored current deltas may result in a subtraction of 200 nA from the memory cell read current. Thus a modified read current may equal 3.4 micro-amps, which is within the range of the “00” state, so that a drifting state distribution did not lead to a changed stored state of the memory cell. Of course, such details of a process to compensate for a changing state distribution are merely examples, and claimed subject matter is not so limited.
Read-distribution management portion 700 may comprise analog sensor 740 to compare read currents of individual PCM cells to read reference currents provided by block 745. Values of such read reference currents may be sequentially stepped up during a process of reading individual PCM cells, wherein such steps may correspond to individual read-current step numbers N, as described above. Analog sensor 740 may determine states of individual PCM cells by comparing the memory cells' read currents with threshold values of read reference currents. A cell current during a read process may result by applying a voltage across a PCM cell so that the cell current during read may depend, at least in part, on a resistance of the PCM cell. Accordingly, the state of a PCM cell, e.g., its value of resistance, may be determined by comparing such a cell current during read to a read reference current value provided by block 745. In an implementation, such a read reference current value may be sequentially stepped up during a process of reading a PCM cell. In an implementation, block 720 may provide current deltas via line 728 to be combined with read currents of individual PCM cells at circuit node 733. By combining currents in such a fashion, read currents measured by analog sensor 740 may be modified to compensate for drift of state distribution of program buffer 710. For example, a negative current delta provided by block 720 for N=7 may result in analog sensor 740 measuring a reduced read current (e.g., a modified read current) of a memory cell for N=7. Consequently, analog sensor 740 may compare the reduced read current to a reference current for N=7 provided by block 745. Such a reduced read current may more accurately reflect the distribution of states of program buffer 710 upon comparison with reference currents. Of course, such details of read-distribution management are merely examples, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect.
It is recognized that all or part of the various devices shown in system 800, and the processes and methods as further described herein, may be implemented using or otherwise including hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Thus, by way of example but not limitation, computing device 804 may include at least one processing unit 820 that is operatively coupled to memory 822 through a bus 840 and a host or memory controller 815. Processing unit 820 is representative of one or more circuits configurable to perform at least a portion of a data computing procedure or process. By way of example but not limitation, processing unit 820 may include one or more processors, controllers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, application specific integrated circuits, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, field programmable gate arrays, and the like, or any combination thereof. Processing unit 820 may include an operating system configured to communicate with memory controller 815. Such an operating system may, for example, generate commands to be sent to memory controller 815 over bus 840. In one implementation, memory controller 815 may comprise an internal memory controller or an internal write state machine, wherein an external memory controller (not shown) may be external to memory device 810 and may act as an interface between the system processor and the memory itself, for example. Such commands may comprise read and/or write commands. In response to a write command, for example, memory controller 815 may provide a bias signal, such as bias signal 410 comprising a series of set pulses having individual peak amplitudes that sequentially decrease from one pulse to the next, shown in
Memory 822 is representative of any data storage mechanism. Memory 822 may include, for example, a primary memory 824 and/or a secondary memory 826. Memory 822 may comprise PCM, for example. Primary memory 824 may include, for example, a random access memory, read only memory, etc. While illustrated in this example as being separate from processing unit 820, it should be understood that all or part of primary memory 824 may be provided within or otherwise co-located/coupled with processing unit 820.
In one embodiment, computing system 800 may comprise a program buffer including a PCM array and a PCM reference cell portion to store one or more particular reference states. System 800 may also include a controller to apply a bias pulse to a cell of the PCM array to produce a cell current in response to a read operation, and to modify the cell current based, at least in part, on a reference current resulting from the one or more particular reference states. System 800 may further include a processor to host one or more applications and to initiate the read operation.
Secondary memory 826 may include, for example, the same or similar type of memory as primary memory and/or one or more data storage devices or systems, such as, for example, a disk drive, an optical disc drive, a tape drive, a solid state memory drive, etc. In certain implementations, secondary memory 826 may be operatively receptive of, or otherwise configurable to couple to, a computer-readable medium 828. Computer-readable medium 828 may include, for example, any medium that can carry and/or make accessible data, code, and/or instructions for one or more of the devices in system 800.
Computing device 804 may include, for example, an input/output 832. Input/output 832 is representative of one or more devices or features that may be configurable to accept or otherwise introduce human and/or machine inputs, and/or one or more devices or features that may be configurable to deliver or otherwise provide for human and/or machine outputs. By way of example but not limitation, input/output device 832 may include an operatively configured display, speaker, keyboard, mouse, trackball, touch screen, data port, etc.
While there has been illustrated and described what are presently considered to be example embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted, without departing from claimed subject matter. Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of claimed subject matter without departing from the central concept described herein. Therefore, it is intended that claimed subject matter not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that such claimed subject matter may also include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.
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