Patent Grant
11581407
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-006880, filed on Jan. 20, 2020; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments of the invention generally relate to a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.
For example, it is desirable to improve the characteristics of a semiconductor device such as a transistor or the like.
According to one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a substrate, and a first semiconductor layer including magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The first semiconductor layer includes a first region, a second region, and a third region. The first region is between the substrate and the third region. The second region is between the first region and the third region. A first concentration of magnesium in the first region is greater than a third concentration of magnesium in the third region. A second concentration of magnesium in the second region decreases along a first orientation. The first orientation is from the substrate toward the first semiconductor layer. A second change rate of a logarithm of the second concentration with respect to a change of a position along the first orientation is greater than a third change rate of a logarithm of the third concentration with respect to the change of the position along the first orientation.
According to one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a substrate, and a first semiconductor layer including magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The first semiconductor layer includes a first region, a second region, and a third region. The first region is between the substrate and the third region. The second region is between the first region and the third region. A first concentration of magnesium in the first region is greater than a third concentration of magnesium in the third region. A second concentration of magnesium in the second region decreases along a first orientation. The first orientation is from the substrate toward the first semiconductor layer. The third region includes carbon, and the second region does not include carbon, or a concentration of carbon in the third region is greater than a concentration of carbon in the second region.
According to one embodiment, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device is disclosed. The method can include preparing a substrate, and forming a first semiconductor layer on the substrate by using a gas. The gas includes ammonia, a raw material including gallium, and a raw material including magnesium. The first semiconductor layer includes magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The forming of the first semiconductor layer includes forming a first region by using a first gas with a first partial pressure of ammonia. The first gas includes ammonia, a raw material including gallium, and a raw material including magnesium. The forming of the first semiconductor layer includes, after the forming of the first region, forming a second region by using a second gas with a second partial pressure of ammonia. The second gas includes ammonia and a raw material including gallium. The second partial pressure is greater than the first partial pressure. The forming of the first semiconductor layer includes, after the forming of the second region, forming a third region by using a third gas with a third partial pressure of ammonia. The third gas includes ammonia and a raw material including gallium. The third partial pressure is less than the second partial pressure.
Various embodiments are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The drawings are schematic and conceptual; and the relationships between the thickness and width of portions, the proportions of sizes among portions, etc., are not necessarily the same as the actual values. The dimensions and proportions may be illustrated differently among drawings, even for identical portions.
In the specification and drawings, components similar to those described previously in an antecedent drawing are marked with like reference numerals, and a detailed description is omitted as appropriate.
As shown in
The first semiconductor layer 10 includes magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The first semiconductor layer 10 includes, for example, GaN including Mg. The first semiconductor layer 10 is, for example, a p-type GaN layer.
The second semiconductor layer 20 includes Alx2Ga1-x2N (0<x2≤1 and x1<x2). The second semiconductor layer 20 includes, for example, AlGaN. The composition ratio of Al in the second semiconductor layer 20 is, for example, not less than 0.1 and not more than 0.4. The first semiconductor layer 10 is between the substrate 10s and the second semiconductor layer 20.
The third semiconductor layer 30 includes a nitride semiconductor including Al. The third semiconductor layer 30 includes, for example, AlN. The third semiconductor layer 30 may include multiple AlGaN films having different composition ratios of Al. The third semiconductor layer 30 is between the substrate 10s and the first semiconductor layer 10. The third semiconductor layer 30 is, for example, a buffer layer.
For example, the third semiconductor layer 30 is formed on the substrate 10s. The first semiconductor layer 10 is formed on the third semiconductor layer 30. The second semiconductor layer 20 is formed on the first semiconductor layer 10.
In the embodiment, the first semiconductor layer 10 includes a first region 11, a second region 12, and a third region 13. The first region 11 is between the substrate 10s and the third region 13. The second region 12 is between the first region 11 and the third region 13.
The concentration (a first concentration) of magnesium in the first region 11 is greater than the concentration (a third concentration) of magnesium in the third region 13. The concentration (a second concentration) of magnesium in the second region 12 decreases along a first orientation, which is from the substrate 10s toward the first semiconductor layer 10.
The first orientation is along a Z-axis direction. A direction perpendicular to the Z-axis direction is taken as an X-axis direction. A direction perpendicular to the Z-axis direction and the X-axis direction is taken as a Y-axis direction.
For example, the upper surface (the surface facing the first semiconductor layer 10) of the substrate 10s is substantially parallel to the X-Y plane. The first semiconductor layer 10 spreads along the X-Y plane. The second semiconductor layer 20 spreads along the X-Y plane. The third semiconductor layer 30 spreads along the X-Y plane.
The first orientation (the +Z orientation) corresponds to the stacking direction of the substrate 10s and the first semiconductor layer 10.
As described below, for example, a two-dimensional electron gas is generated at the vicinity of the interface between the first semiconductor layer 10 and the second semiconductor layer 20. The two-dimensional electron gas is used as a current path. For example, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a gate electrode are provided on the second semiconductor layer 20. A current that flows between the source electrode and the drain electrode can be controlled by controlling the potential of the gate electrode. For example, the semiconductor device 110 can function as a transistor. For example, by using the first semiconductor layer 10 including Mg in such an example, the threshold voltage can be increased. For example, a normally-off characteristic is more easily obtained.
In one example, a thickness t20 (the thickness along the first orientation) of the second semiconductor layer 20 is not less than 5 nm and not more than 40 nm.
In one example, a thickness t1 (the thickness along the first orientation) of the first region 11 is not less than 100 nm and not more than 1000 nm. In one example, a thickness t2 (the thickness along the first orientation) of the second region 12 is not less than 5 nm and not more than 200 nm. In one example, a thickness t3 (the thickness along the first orientation) of the third region 13 is not less than 10 nm and not more than 1000 nm. The first thickness t1 is the thickness of the first region 11 along the Z-axis direction. The second thickness t2 is the thickness of the second region 12 along the Z-axis direction. The third thickness t3 is the thickness of the third region 13 along the Z-axis direction.
In the embodiment as described above, the first semiconductor layer 10 (e.g., the GaN layer) includes three regions (the first to third regions 11 to 13) having different concentrations of Mg. An example of the concentrations of Mg of the semiconductor device 110 will now be described.
The horizontal axis of
As shown in
As shown in
The second change rate corresponds to the gradient of the logarithm CMg2 of the second concentration in the second region 12. The third change rate corresponds to the gradient of the logarithm CMg3 of the third concentration in the third region 13. The first change rate corresponds to the gradient of the logarithm CMg1 of the first concentration in the first region 11.
Thus, in the embodiment, a second region 12 in which the concentration of magnesium abruptly changes is provided, and the third region 13 in which the change rate of the magnesium concentration is small (or does not change) is provided.
As described above, the two-dimensional electron gas is formed in the first semiconductor layer 10 at the vicinity of the second semiconductor layer 20. The two-dimensional electron gas is provided in the third region 13 of the first semiconductor layer 10. If the magnesium concentration in the third region 13 is high, the movement of electrons is impeded by the Mg. The impedance by the Mg is suppressed by setting the magnesium concentration in the third region 13 to be low. High electron mobility is easily obtained thereby.
On the other hand, the threshold voltage can be effectively increased by setting the magnesium concentration in the first region 11 to be high. The second region 12 is a region in which the concentration of magnesium decreases from the first region 11 toward the third region 13.
For example, a first reference example may be considered in which the concentration of magnesium changes smoothly (e.g., linearly) from the position of the boundary between the first region 11 and the second region 12 (a point p1 in
In the embodiment, the magnesium concentration in the second region 12 changes in a step configuration with a high change rate. The change of the magnesium concentration is small in the third region 13. Thereby, for example, the threshold voltage is relatively resistant to change even when the thickness of the third region 13 changes.
For example, there are cases where the thickness of the third region 13 fluctuates due to fluctuation of the manufacturing processes, etc. According to the embodiment, the tolerance of the fluctuation of the thickness can be enlarged. In the embodiment, a practical semiconductor device in which the threshold voltage is stabilized is applicable. A semiconductor device can be provided in which the characteristics can be improved.
As described above, a high threshold voltage is obtained by providing the first region 11 having the high concentration of magnesium. According to the embodiment, a high threshold voltage is stably obtained even when the manufacturing conditions fluctuate.
In the embodiment, the second change rate (the second change rate of the logarithm CMg2 of the second concentration of Mg in the second region 12 with respect to the change of the position pZ along the first orientation) is, for example, not less than 0.01 and not more than 0.2. The absolute value of the second change rate is, for example, not less than 0.01 and not more than 0.2. In the example, the units of the second change rate are (log10(1/cm3))/nm. Thereby, for example, the controllability of the threshold voltage is improved.
As shown in
The second change rate ΔCMg2 is represented by
ΔCMg2=(log10(CMg(p1))−log10(CMg(p3)))/(pZ(p1)−pZ(p3)).
The units of the second change rate ΔCMg2 are (log10(1/cm3))/nm.
In the embodiment, the third change rate (the third change rate of the logarithm CMg3 of the third concentration of Mg in the third region 13 with respect to the change of the position pZ along the first orientation) is, for example, not less than 0.0001 and not more than 0.002. The absolute value of the third change rate is, for example, not less than 0.0001 and not more than 0.002. In the example, the units of the third change rate are (log10(1/cm3))/nm. Thereby, for example, the change of the threshold voltage when the thickness of the third region 13 changes can be reduced.
For example, a third change rate ΔCMg3 is represented using the magnesium concentration at the point p2 of
The third change rate ΔCMg3 is represented by
ΔCMg3=(log10(CMg(p3))−log10(CMg(p2)))/(pZ(p3)−pZ(p2))
The units of the third change rate ΔCMg3 are (log10(1/cm3))/nm.
In the embodiment, the magnesium concentration in the second region 12 decreases in a step configuration. As described below, for example, such a profile is easily obtained using ingenuity of practical manufacturing conditions, etc. Examples of experiment results relating to manufacturing conditions of a GaN layer including magnesium (Mg) will now be described.
For example, GaN including Mg is grown using a gas including ammonia, a raw material including Ga (gallium), and a raw material including Mg. For example, the growth is performed by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)). The raw material that includes Ga is, for example, TMG (trimethylgallium). The raw material that includes Mg is, for example, Cp2Mg (bis cyclopentadienyl magnesium). In the example of
As shown in
Generally, it is considered that Mg remains inside the deposition apparatus (e.g., on the apparatus wall surfaces, etc.) after a GaN layer including Mg is grown. Therefore, there are cases where the remaining Mg is unintentionally incorporated into the GaN of a GaN layer not to include Mg that is grown after growing the GaN layer including Mg. In such a case, the Mg is unintentionally introduced to the GaN layer if the growth of the GaN layer that is not to include Mg is performed by employing conditions at which Mg is easily incorporated. Conversely, the introduction of Mg to the GaN layer can be suppressed if the growth of the GaN layer that is not to include Mg is performed by employing conditions at which Mg is not easily incorporated.
For example, by employing conditions that consider the efficiency of incorporating Mg, a GaN layer that does not include Mg (or has an appropriately low Mg concentration) is more easily obtained.
On the other hand, when the efficiency of incorporating Mg is not considered, Mg is unintentionally introduced to the GaN layer. Therefore, it is difficult to appropriately reduce the Mg concentration. In such a case, for example, the thickness of the GaN layer that is grown is increased until the Mg that remains inside the deposition apparatus is consumed and the concentration of Mg becomes low. Or, it is difficult to reduce the concentration of Mg.
For example, by employing conditions that consider the efficiency of incorporating Mg, a GaN layer that does not include Mg (or has an appropriately low Mg concentration) is more easily obtained.
The substrate 10s is prepared as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
For example, by using such manufacturing conditions, a profile is easily obtained in which the Mg concentration in the second region 12 decreases in a step configuration.
As shown in
In
In the first sample SP1 as shown in
In the second sample SP2 as shown in
An example of a characteristic of a transistor formed using such a first sample SP1 will now be described.
For the condition of the first sample SP1 as shown in
In the embodiment, for example, it is favorable for the condition of the first sample SP1 described above to be employed. Thereby, the concentration CMg0 of Mg in the second region 12 changes in a step configuration having a high change rate. Thereby, a high threshold voltage Vth is stably obtained even when the thickness t3 of the third region 13 fluctuates. For example, a normally-off operation is stably obtained. For example, the tolerance of the fluctuation of the thickness can be enlarged. A practical semiconductor device that has a high threshold voltage Vth is applicable. Thereby, a semiconductor device can be provided in which the characteristics can be improved.
In the embodiment as shown in
As shown in
In the embodiment, for example, the average value in the third region 13 of the third concentration (the concentration CMg0 of Mg in the third region 13) is not more than 1/10 of the average value in the first region of the first concentration (the concentration CMg0 of Mg in the first region 11). By setting the average value of the third concentration to be low, for example, high electron mobility is easily obtained.
The average value in the third region 13 of the third concentration is, for example, 5×1016/cm3 or less. The average value in the third region 13 of the third concentration may be, for example, 2×1016/cm3 or less. The average value in the third region 13 of the third concentration may be, for example, 1×1016/cm3 or less.
In the embodiment, for example, the average value in the first region 11 of the first concentration (the concentration CMg0 of Mg in the first region 11) is, for example, 5×1016/cm3 or more. The average value in the first region 11 of the first concentration may be, for example, 1×1019/cm3 or less. The average value in the first region 11 of the first concentration may be, for example, 5×1018/cm3 or less.
In the embodiment, the first semiconductor layer 10 may include carbon. An example of a profile of the carbon concentration in the first semiconductor layer 10 will now be described.
The horizontal axis of
As shown in
For example, the incorporation of Mg into the third region 13 can be suppressed by incorporating carbon into the third region 13. For example, in a p-type region, carbon acts as an n-type impurity. For example, carbon suppresses the function of Mg as a p-type impurity. For example, the Mg can be compensated by the carbon existing in the third region 13.
For example, by setting the carbon concentration in the second region 12 to be low, the concentration of Mg can change in a step configuration with a high change rate. For example, the controllability of the threshold voltage is improved, and a stable threshold is easily obtained.
For example, the carbon concentration in the third region 13 is not less than 3×1016/cm3 and not more than 5×1017/cm3. Thereby, for example, the Mg concentration in the third region 13 is more easily controlled.
For example, the carbon concentration in the second region 12 is not less than 2×1015/cm3 and not more than 2×1016/cm3. Thereby, for example, the concentration of Mg can change in a step configuration with a high change rate. For example, the controllability of the threshold voltage is improved, and a stable threshold is easily obtained.
In one example as shown in
For example, the carbon concentration in the first region 11 may be less than the carbon concentration in the second region 12. For example, the carbon concentration in the first region 11 is not less than 1×1014/cm3 and not more than 2×1016/cm3. The carbon concentration in the first region 11 may be not less than 1×1014/cm3 and not more than 9×1015/cm3.
In the first sample SP1 as shown in
For the first sample SP1 described above, the third partial pressure is less than the second partial pressure. It is considered that carbon is easily incorporated when the third partial pressure is less than the second partial pressure. It is considered that carbon is more easily incorporated into the third region 13 by setting the third partial pressure to be less than the second partial pressure.
Thus, the semiconductor device according to the embodiment includes the substrate 10s, and the first semiconductor layer 10 that includes magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The first semiconductor layer 10 includes the first region 11, the second region 12, and the third region 13. The first region 11 is between the substrate 10s and the third region 13. The second region 12 is between the first region 11 and the third region 13. The concentration CMg0 of magnesium in the first region 11 is greater than the concentration CMg0 of magnesium in the third region 13. The concentration CMg0 of magnesium in the second region 12 decreases along the first orientation (the +Z orientation), which is from the substrate toward the first semiconductor layer 10. The third region 13 includes carbon, and the second region 12 does not include carbon. Or, the carbon concentration in the third region 13 is greater than the carbon concentration in the second region 12.
As shown in
As shown in
For example, in the example, a portion of the second semiconductor layer 20 is between the third electrode 53 and a portion 10c of the first semiconductor layer 10. An insulating film 80 is between the second semiconductor layer 20 and the third electrode 53.
For example, the first electrode 51 functions as a source electrode. For example, the second electrode 52 functions as a drain electrode. For example, the third electrode 53 functions as a gate electrode. The semiconductor device 120 is, for example, a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor).
In the semiconductor devices 121 and 122, the direction from at least a portion of the third electrode 53 toward the second semiconductor layer 20 is along the X-axis direction. The semiconductor devices 121 and 122 include, for example, recessed gate electrodes. In the semiconductor device 121, the direction from at least a portion of the third electrode 53 toward a portion of the second semiconductor layer 20 is along the X-axis direction. In the semiconductor device 122, the direction from at least a portion of the third electrode 53 toward a portion of the first semiconductor layer 10 is along the X-axis direction.
In the semiconductor devices 120, 121, and 122, the first semiconductor layer 10 includes the first region 11, the second region 12, and the third region 13 described above. Thereby, for example, a stable threshold voltage Vth is obtained.
A second embodiment relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
In the manufacturing method as shown in
The first semiconductor layer 10 is formed on the substrate 10s (step S110). The first semiconductor layer 10 includes magnesium and Alx1Ga1-x1N (0≤x1<1). The formation of the first semiconductor layer 10 is performed using a gas including ammonia, a raw material including gallium, and a raw material including magnesium.
As shown in
In the formation of the first region 11, the first region 11 is formed using the first gas that includes ammonia with the first partial pressure, a raw material including gallium, and a raw material including magnesium.
The formation of the second region 12 is performed after the formation of the first region 11. In the formation of the second region 12, the second region 12 is formed using the second gas that includes ammonia with the second partial pressure and a raw material including gallium. The second partial pressure is greater than the first partial pressure.
The formation of the third region 13 is performed after the formation of the second region 12. In the formation of the third region 13, the third region 13 is formed using the third gas that includes ammonia with the third partial pressure and a raw material including gallium. In one example, the third partial pressure is less than the second partial pressure. In one other example, the third partial pressure is equal to the second partial pressure.
In the manufacturing method according to the embodiment, the second partial pressure is greater than the first partial pressure. Thereby, the Mg concentration in the second region 12 can be reduced (in a step configuration) with a high change rate. On the other hand, the third partial pressure is not more than the second partial pressure. The change of the Mg concentration in the third region 13 can be reduced thereby. Thereby, for example, the fluctuation of the threshold voltage Vth can be suppressed. In the embodiment, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device can be provided in which the characteristics can be improved.
In the embodiment, the first partial pressure is, for example, not less than 5 kPa and not more than 15 kPa. The second partial pressure is, for example, not less than 36 kPa and not more than 60 kPa. The third partial pressure is, for example, not less than 20 kPa and not more than 35 kPa.
In the embodiment, the substrate 10s includes, for example, silicon. The substrate 10s may include, for example, sapphire, SiC, or GaN. The third semiconductor layer 30 includes, for example, AlN. The third semiconductor layer 30 may include, for example, a stacked body in which multiple AlGaN layers are stacked. The third semiconductor layer 30 may have, for example, a superlattice structure in which a GaN layer and an AlN layer are periodically stacked.
According to the embodiments, a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device can be provided in which the characteristics can be improved. In the embodiment, “nitride semiconductor” includes all compositions of semiconductors of the chemical formula BxInyAlzGa1-x-y-zN (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤z≤1, and x+y+z≤1) for which the composition ratios x, y, and z are changed within the ranges respectively. “Nitride semiconductor” further includes group V elements other than N (nitrogen) in the chemical formula recited above, various elements added to control various properties such as the conductivity type and the like, and various elements included unintentionally.
Hereinabove, exemplary embodiments of the invention are described with reference to specific examples. However, the embodiments of the invention are not limited to these specific examples. For example, one skilled in the art may similarly practice the invention by appropriately selecting specific configurations of components included in semiconductor devices such as substrates, semiconductor layers, electrodes, insulating films, etc., from known art. Such practice is included in the scope of the invention to the extent that similar effects thereto are obtained.
Further, any two or more components of the specific examples may be combined within the extent of technical feasibility and are included in the scope of the invention to the extent that the purport of the invention is included.
Moreover, all semiconductor devices, and methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices practicable by an appropriate design modification by one skilled in the art based on the semiconductor devices, and the methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices described above as embodiments of the invention also are within the scope of the invention to the extent that the purport of the invention is included.
Various other variations and modifications can be conceived by those skilled in the art within the spirit of the invention, and it is understood that such variations and modifications are also encompassed within the scope of the invention.
While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| JP2020-006880 | Jan 2020 | JP | national |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20210226016 A1 | Jul 2021 | US |
