Vectors and genes exhibiting increased expression

Abstract
Novel genes and vectors exhibiting increased expression and novel splicing patterns are disclosed. The gene can comprise one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites which have been corrected. The gene can alternatively or additionally comprise one or more introns within coding or noncoding sequences. The gene can still further comprise modified 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated regions optimized to provide high levels and duration of tissue-specific expression. In one embodiment, the gene comprises the coding region of a full-length Factor VIII gene modified by adding an intron within the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain, so that the gene is expressed as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein. The novel Factor VIII gene can also be modified to correct one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within or outside of the coding region.
Description




BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION




Recombinant DNA technology is currently the most valuable tool known for producing highly pure therapeutic proteins both in vitro and in vivo to treat clinical diseases. Accordingly, a vast number of genes encoding therapeutic proteins have been identified and cloned to date, providing valuable sources of protein. The value of these genes is, however, often limited by low expression levels.




This problem has traditionally been addressed using regulatory elements, such as optimal promoters and enhancers, which increase transcription/expression levels of genes. Additional techniques, particularly those which do not rely on foreign sequences (e.g., viral or other foreign regulatory elements) for increasing transcription efficiency of cloned genes, resulting in higher expression, would be of great value.




Accordingly, the present invention provides novel methods for increasing gene expression, and novel genes which exhibit such increased expression.




Gene expression begins with the process of transcription. Factors present in the cell nucleus bind to and transcribe DNA into RNA. This RNA (known as pre-mRNA) is then processed via splicing to remove non-coding regions, referred to as introns, prior to being exported out of the cell nucleus into the cytoplasm (where they are translated into protein). Thus, once spliced, pre-mRNA becomes mRNA which is free of introns and contains only coding sequences (i.e., exons) within its translated region.




Splicing of vertebrate pre-mRNAs occurs via a two step process involving splice site selection and subsequent excision of introns. Splice site selection is governed by definition of exons (Berget et al. (1995)


J. Biol. Chem


. 270(6):2411-2414), and begins with recognition by splicing factors, such as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), of consensus sequences located at the 3′ end of an intron (Green et al. (1986)


Annu. Rev. Genet


. 20:671-708). These sequences include a 3′ splice acceptor site, and associated branch and pyrimidine sequences located closely upstream of 3′ splice acceptor site (Langford et al. (1983)


Cell


33:519-527). Once bound to the 3′ splice acceptor site, splicing factors search downstream through the neighboring exon for a 5′ splice donor site. For internal introns, if a 5′ splice donor site is found within about 50 to 300 nucleotides downstream of the 3′ splice acceptor site, then the 5′ splice donor site will generally be selected to define the exon (Robberson et al. (1990)


Mol. Cell. Biol


. 10(1):84-94), beginning the process of spliceosome assembly.




Accordingly, splicing factors which bind to 3′ splice acceptor and 5′ splice donor sites communicate across exons to define these exons as the original units of spliceosome assembly, preceding excision of introns. Typically, stable exon complexes will only form and internal introns thereafter be defined if the exon is flanked by both a 3′ splice acceptor site and 5′ splice donor site, positioned in the correct orientation and within 50 to 300 nucleotides of one another.




It has also been shown that the searching mechanism defining exons is not a strict 5′ to 3′ (i.e., downstream) scan, but instead operates to find the “best fit” to consensus sequence (Robberson et al., supra. at page 92). For example, if a near-consensus 5′ splice donor site is located between about 50 to 300 nucleotides downstream of a 3′ splice acceptor site, it may still be selected to define an exon, even if it is not consensus. This may explain the variety of different splicing patterns (referred to as “alternative splicing”) which is observed for many genes.




SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




The present invention provides novel DNAs which exhibit increased expression of a protein of interest. The novel DNAs also can be characterized by increased levels of cytoplasmic mRNA accumulation following transcription within a cell, and by novel splicing patterns. The present invention also provides expression vectors which provide high tissue-specific expression of DNAs, and compositions for delivering such vectors to cells. The invention further provides methods of increasing gene expression and/or modifying the transcription pattern of a gene. The invention still further provides methods of producing a protein by recombinant expression of a novel DNA of the invention.




In one embodiment, a novel DNA of the invention comprises an isolated DNA (e.g., gene clone or cDNA) containing one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites (3′ splice acceptor or 5′ splice donor) which have been corrected. Such consensus or near consensus splice sites can be corrected by, for example, mutation (e.g., substitution) of at least one consensus nucleotide with a different, preferably non-consensus, nucleotide. These consensus nucleotides can be located within a consensus or near consensus splice site, or within an associated branch sequence (e.g., located upstream of a 3′ splice acceptor site). Preferred consensus nucleotides for correction include invariant (i.e., conserved) nucleotides, including one or both of the invariant bases (


AG


) present in a 3′ splice acceptor site; one or both of the invariant bases (


GT


) present in a 5′ splice donor site; or the invariant


A


present in the branch sequence of a 3′ splice acceptor site.




If the consensus or near consensus splice site is located within the coding region of a gene, then the correction is preferably achieved by conservative mutation. In a particularly preferred embodiment, all possible conservative mutations are made within a given consensus or near consensus splice site, so that the consensus or near consensus splice site is as far from consensus as possible (i.e., has the least homology to consensus as is possible) without changing the coding sequence of the consensus or near consensus splice site.




In another embodiment, a novel DNA of the invention comprises at least one non-naturally occurring intron, either within a coding sequence or within a 5′ and/or 3′ non-coding sequence of the DNA. Novel DNAs comprising one or more non-naturally occurring introns may further comprise one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites which have been corrected as previously summarized.




In a particular embodiment of the invention, the present invention provides a novel gene encoding a human Factor VIII protein. This novel gene comprises one or more non-naturally occurring introns which serve to increase transcription of the gene, or to alter splicing of the gene. The gene may alternatively or additionally comprise one or more consensus splice sites or near consensus splice sites which have been corrected, also to increase transcription of the gene, or to alter splicing of the gene. In one embodiment, the Factor VIII gene comprises the coding region of the full-length human Factor VIII gene, except that the coding region has been modified to contain an intron spanning, overlapping or within the region of the gene encoding the β-domain. This novel gene is therefore expressed as a β-domain deleted human Factor VIII protein, since all or a portion of the β-domain coding sequence (defined by an intron) is spliced out during transcription.




A particular novel human Factor VIII gene of the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1. Another particular novel human Factor VIII gene of the invention comprises the coding region of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3 (nucleotides 1006-8237). Particular novel expression vectors of the invention comprise the complete nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3 and 4. These vectors include novel 5′ untranslated regulatory regions designed to provide high liver-specific expression of human Factor VIII protein.




In still other embodiments, the invention provides a method of increasing expression of a DNA sequence (e.g., a gene, such as a human Factor VIII gene), and a method of increasing the amount of mRNA which accumulates in the cytoplasm following transcription of a DNA sequence. In addition, the invention provides a method of altering the transcription pattern (e.g., splicing) of a DNA sequence. The methods of the present invention each involve correcting one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within the nucleotide sequence of a DNA, and/or adding one or more non-naturally occurring introns into the nucleotide sequence of a DNA.




In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a method of simultaneously increasing expression of a gene encoding human Factor VIII protein, while also altering the gene's splicing pattern. The method involves inserting into the coding region of the gene an intron which spans, overlaps or is contained within the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain. The method may additionally or alternatively comprise correcting within either the coding sequence or the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the novel Factor VIII gene, one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites.




In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method of producing a human Factor VIII protein, such as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein, by introducing an expression vector containing a novel human Factor VIII gene of the invention into a host cell capable of expressing the vector, under conditions appropriate for expression, and allowing for expression of the vector to occur.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES





FIG. 1

shows the nucleotide sequence of an RNA intron. The


GU


of the 5′ splice donor site, the


AG


of the 3′ splice acceptor site, and the


A


of the Branch are invariant bases (100% conserved and essential for recognition as splice sites). U is T in a DNA intron. The Branch sequence is located upstream from the 3′ splice acceptor site at a distance sufficient to allow for lariat formation during spliceosome assembly (typically within 30-60 nucleotides). N is any nucleotide. Splicing will occur 5′ of the


GT


base pair within the 5′ splice donor site, and 3′ of the


AG


base pair.





FIG. 2

shows the conservative correction of a near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site. The correction is made by silently mutating the A of the invariant (conserved)


AG


base pair to C, G, or T which does not affect the coding sequence of the intron because Ser is encoded by three alternate codons.





FIG. 3

is a map of the coding region of a β-domain deleted human Factor VIII cDNA, showing the positions of the 99 silent point mutations which were made within the coding region (contained in plasmid pDJC) to conservatively correct all near consensus splice sites. Numbering of nucleotides begins with the ATG start coding of the coding sequence. Arrows above the map show positions mutated within near consensus 5′ splice donor sites. Arrows below the map show positions mutated within near consensus 3′ splice acceptor sites. Each “B” shown on the map shows a position mutated within a consensus branch sequence.





FIGS. 4A-4C

shows the silent nucleotide substitution made at each of the 99 positions maked by arrows in

FIG. 3

, as well as the codon containing the substitution and the amino acid encoded.





FIGS. 5A-5O

is a comparison of the coding sequence of (a) plasmid pDJC (top) containing the coding region of the human β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA modified by making 99 conservative point mutations to correct all near consensus splice sites within the coding region, and (b) plasmid p25D (bottom) containing the same coding sequence prior to making the 99 point mutations. Point mutations (substitions) are indicated by a “v” between the two aligned sequences and correspond to the positions within the pDJC coding sequence shown in FIG.


3


. Plasmid p25D contains the same coding region as does plasmid pCY-2 shown in FIG.


7


and referred to throughout the text.





FIG. 6

shows a map of plasmid pDJC including restriction sites used for cloning, regulatory elements within the 5′ untranslated region, and the corrected human β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA coding sequence.





FIG. 7

shows a map of plasmid pCY-2 including restriction sites used for cloning, regulatory elements within the 5′ untranslated region, and the uncorrected (i.e., naturally-occurring) human β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA coding sequence. pCY-2 and pDJC are identical except for their coding sequences.





FIG. 8

is a map of the human β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA coding region showing the five sections of the cDNA (delineated by restriction sites) which can be synthesized (using overlapping 60-mer oligonucleotides) to contain corrected near consensus splice sites, and then and assembled together to produce a new, corrected coding region.





FIG. 9

is a schematic illustration of the cloning procedure used to insert an engineered intron into the coding region of the human Factor VIII cDNA, spanning a majority of the region of the cDNA encoding the β-domain. PCR fragments were generated containing nucleotide sequences necessary to create consensus 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites when cloned into selected positions flanking the β-domain coding sequence. The fragments were then cloned into plasmid pBluescript and sequenced. Once sequences had been confirmed, the fragments creating the 5′ splice donor (SD) site were cloned into plasmid pCY-601 and pCY-6 (containing the full-length human Factor VIII cDNA coding region) immediatedly upstream of the β-domain coding sequence, and fragments creating the 30 3′ splice acceptor (SA) site were cloned into pCY-601 and pCY-6 immediately downstream of the β-domain coding sequence. The resulting plasmids are referred to as pLZ-601 and pLZ-6, respectively.





FIG. 10

is a map of the full-length human Factor VIII gene, showing the A1, A2, B, A3, C1 and C2 domains. Following expression of the gene, the β domain is naturally cleaved out of the protein. The map shows the 5′ and 3′ splice sites inserted within the B region of the gene (in plasmid pLZ-6) so that, during pre-mRNA processing of the gene, the majority of the B region will be spliced out. Segments A2 and A3 of the gene will then be juxtaposed, coding for amino acids SFSQNPPV at the juncture.





FIG. 11

shows the nucleotide sequences of the exon/intron boundaries (SEQ ID NO:5) flanking the β-domain coding region in plasmid pLZ-6 (containing the full-length human Factor VIII cDNA). The 5′ splice donor site was added so that splicing would occur 5′ of the “g” shown at position 2290. The 3′ splice acceptor site was added so that splicing would occur 3′ of the “g” shown at position 5147. Following splicing of the intron created by these splice sites, amino acids Gln-744 and Asn-1639 of the full-length human Factor VIII protein are brought together, resulting in a deletion of amino acids 745 to 1638 (numbering is in reference to Ala-1 of the mature human Factor VIII protein following cleavage of the 19 amino acid signal peptide). Capital letters represent nucleotide bases which remain within exons of the mRNA. Small case letters represent nucleotide bases which are spliced out of the mRNA as part of the intron.





FIG. 12

is a map of the coding region of the full-length human Factor VII gene showing (a) ATG (start) and TGA (stop) codons, (b) restriction sites within the coding region, (c) 5′ splice donor (SD) and 3′ splice acceptor (SA) sites of a rabbit β-globin intron positioned upstream of the coding region within the 5′ untranslated region, (d) 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites added within the coding region defining an internal intron spanning the β-domain.





FIG. 13

is a schematic illustration comparing the process of transcription, expression and post-translational modification for human Factor VIII produced from (a) a full-length human Factor VIII gene, (b) a β-domain deleted human Factor VIII gene, and (c) a full-length human Factor VIII gene containing an intron spanning the β-domain coding region.





FIG. 14

is a graphic comparison of human Factor VIII expression for (a) pCY-6 (containing the coding region of the full-length human Factor VIII cDNA, as well as a 5′ untranslated region derived from the second IVS of rabbit beta globin gene), (b) pCY-601 (containing the coding region of the full-length human Factor VIII cDNA, without the rabbit beta globin IVS), (c) pLZ-6 (containing the coding region of a full-length human Factor VIII cDNA with an intron spanning the β-domain, as well as the rabbit beta globin IVS), and (d) pLZ-601 (containing the coding region of a full-length human Factor VIII cDNA with an intron spanning the majority of the β-domain, without the rabbit beta globin IVS). Expression is given in nanograms. Transfection efficiencies were normalized to expression of human growth hormone (hGH). Each bar represents a summary of four separate transfection experiments.





FIG. 15

shows areas within the human Factor VIII transcription unit for sequence optimization.





FIG. 16

shows the optimized intron-split leader sequence within vectors pCY-2, pCY-6, PLZ-6 and pCY2-SRE5, as well as the secondary structure of the leader sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) predicted by the computer program RNAdraw™.





FIG. 17

is a schematic illustration showing two different RNA export pathways. The majority of mRNA's in higher eukaryotes contain intronic sequences which are removed within the nucleus (splicing pathway), follwed by export of the mRNA into the cytoplasm. Mammalian intronless genes, hepadnaviruses (e.g., HBV), and many retroviruses access a nonsplicing pathway which is facilitated by cellular RNA export proteins (facilitated pathway).





FIG. 18

is a graph showing the effect of a 5′ intron and 3′ post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE) on human Factor VIII expression levels in HuH-7 cells. Plasmid pCY-2 contains a 5′ intron but no PRE. Plasmid pCY-201 is identical to pCY-2, except that it lacks the 5′ intron. Plasmid pCY-401 and pCY-402 are identical to pCY-201, except that they contain one and two copies of the PRE, respectively. The levels of secreted active Factor VIII was measured from supernatants collected 48 hours (first bar of each group) or 72 hours (second bar of each group) after transfection by Coatest VIII: c/4 kit from Kabi Inc. The transfection efficiency of each plasmid was normalized by analysis of human growth hormone secreted levels.





FIG. 19

is a graph comparing human Factor VIII expression in vivo in mice for plasmids containing various regulatory elements upstream of either the β-domain deleted or full-length human Factor VIII gene. Plasmid pCY-2 has a 5′ untranslated region containing the liver-specific thyroxin binding globulin (TBG) promoter, two copies of the liver-specific alpha-1 microglobulin/bikunin (ABP) enhancer; and a modified rabbit β-globin IVS, all upstream of the human β-domain deleted Factor VIII gene. Plasmid pCY2-SE5 is identical to pCY-2 except that the TBG promoter was replaced by the endothelium-specific human endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene promoter, and the ABP enhancers (both copies) were replaced by one copy of the human c-fos gene (SRE) enhancer. Plasmid pCY-6 is identical to pCY-2, except that the human β-domain deleted Factor VIII gene was replaced by the full-length human Factor VIII gene. Plasmid pLZ-6 is identical to pCY-6, except that the full-length human Factor VIII gene contained an intron spanning the β-domain. Plasmid pLZ-6A is identical to pLZ-6, except that it contains one corrected near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site (A to C at base 3084 of pCY-6 (SEQ ID NO:3). Each bar represents an average of five mice.





FIG. 20

shows the nucleotide sequence of the human alpha-1 microglobulin/bikunin (ABP) enhancer. Clustered liver-specific elements are underlined and labeled HNF-1, HNF-3 and HNF-4.





FIG. 21

shows the nucleotide sequence of the human thyroxin binding globulin (TBG) promoter, also containing clustered liver-specific enhancer elements.





FIG. 22

shows the nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of an optimized leader sequence.





FIG. 23

is a comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the rabbit β-globin IVS before (top line) and after (bottom line) optimization to contain consensus 5′ splice donor, 3′ splice acceptor, branch, and translation initiation sites. Five nucleotides were also changed from purines to pyrimidines to optimize the pyrimidine track.





FIG. 24

contains a list of various endothelium-specific promoters and enhancers, and characteristics associated with these promoters and enhancers.





FIG. 25

is a graph comparing expression of plasmid pCY-2 and p25D in vivo in mice. Both plasmids contain the same coding sequence (for human β-domain deleted Factor VIII). Plasmid pCY-2 has an optimized 5′ UTR containing two copies of the ABP enhancer, one copy of the TBG promoter and a leader sequence split by an optimized 5′ rabbit β-globin intron. Plasmid p25D has a 5′ UTR containing one copy of the CMV enhancer, one copy of the CMV promoter, and a leader sequence containing a short (130 bp) chimeric human IgE intron. Each bar represents an average of 5 mice.











DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION




Definitions




The present invention is described herein using the following terms which shall be understood to have the following meanings:




An “isolated DNA” means a DNA molecule removed from its natural sequence context (i.e., from its natural genome). The isolated DNA can be any DNA which is capable of being transcribed in a cell, including for example, a cloned gene (genomic or cDNA clone) encoding a protein of interest, operably linked to a promoter. Alternatively, the isolated DNA can encode an antisense RNA.




A “5′ consensus splice site” means a nucleotide sequence comprising the following bases: MAG


GT


RAGT, wherein M is (C or A), wherein R is (A or G) and wherein


GT


is essential for recognition as a 5′ splice site (hereafter referred to as the “essential


GT


pair” or the “invariant


GT


pair”).




A “3′ consensus splice site” means a nucleotide sequence comprising the following bases (Y>8)NY


AG


G, wherein Y>8 is a pyrimidine track containing at least eight (most commonly twelve to fifteen or more) tandem pyrimidines (i.e., C or T (U if RNA)), wherein N comprises any nucleotide, wherein Y is a is a pyrimidine, and wherein the


AG


is essential for recognition as a 3′ splice site (hereafter referred to as the “essential


AG


pair” or the “invariant


AG


pair”). A “3′ consensus splice site” is also preceded upstream (at a sufficient distance to allow for lariat formation, typically at least about 40 bases) by a “branch sequence” comprising the following seven nucleotide bases: YNYTR


A


Y, wherein Y is a pyrimidine (C or T), N is any nucleotide, R is a purine (A or G), and A is essential for recognition as a branch sequence (hereafter referred to as “the essential


A


” or the “invariant


A


”). When all seven branch nucleotides are located consecutively in a row, the branch sequence is a “consensus branch sequence.”




A “near consensus splice site” means a nucleotide sequence which:




(a) comprises the essential 3′


AT


pair, and is at least about 50% homologous, more preferably at least about 60-70% homologous, and most preferably greater than 70% homologous to a 3′ consensus splice site, when aligned with the consensus splice site for purposes of comparison; or




(b) comprises the essential 5′


GT


pair, and is at least about 50% homologous, more preferably at least about 60-70% homologous, and most preferably greater than 70% homologous to a 5′ consensus splice site, when aligned with the consensus splice site for purposes of comparison.




Homology refers to sequence similarity between two nucleic acids. Homology can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide base, then the molecules are homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the sequences.




As will be described in more detail below, additional criteria for selecting “near consensus splice sites” can be used, adding to the definition provided above. For example, if a near consensus splice site shares homology with a 5′ consensus splice site in only 5 out of 9 bases (i.e., about 55% homology), then these bases can be required to be located consecutively in a row. It can additionally or alternatively be required that a 3′ near consensus splice site be preceded by a consensus branch sequence (i.e., no mismatches allowed), or followed downstream by a consensus or near consensus 5′ splice donor site, to make the selection more stringent.




The term “corrected” as used herein refers to a near consensus splice site mutated by substitution of at least one nucleotide shared with a consensus splice site, hereafter referred to as a “consensus nucleotide”. The consensus nucleotide within the near consensus splice site is substituted with a different, preferably non-consensus nucleotide. This makes the near consensus splice site “farther from consensus.”




If the near consensus splice site is within a coding region of a gene, then the correction is preferably a conservative mutation. A “conservative mutation” means a base mutation which does not affect the amino acid sequence coded for, also known as a “silent mutation.” Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, correction of a near consensus splice site located within the coding region of a gene includes making all possible conservative mutations to consensus nucleotides within the site, so that the near consensus splice site is as far from consensus as possible without changing the amino acid sequence it encodes.




A “Factor VIII gene” as used herein means a gene (e.g., a cloned genomic gene or a cDNA) encoding a functional human Factor VIII protein from any species (e.g., human or mouse). A Factor VIII gene which is “full-length” comprises the complete coding sequence of the human Factor VIII gene found in nature, including the region encoding the β-domain. A Factor VIII gene which “encodes a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein” or “a β-domain deleted Factor VIII gene” lacks all or a portion of the region of the full-length gene encoding the β-domain and, therefore, is transcribed and expressed as a “truncated” or “β-domain deleted” Factor VIII protein. A gene which “is expressed as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein” includes not only a gene which encodes a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein, but also a novel Factor VIII gene provided by the present invention which comprises the coding region of a full-length Factor VIII gene, except that it additionally contains an intron spanning the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain. The term “spans” means that the intron overlaps, encompasses, or is encompassed by the portion of the gene encoding the β domain. The portion of the gene spanned by the intron is then spliced out of the gene during transcription, so that the resulting mRNA is expressed as a truncated or β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein.




A “truncated” or “β-domain deleted” Factor VIII protein includes any active Factor VIII protein (human or otherwise) which contains a deletion of all or a portion of the β-domain.




A “non-naturally occurring intron” means an intron (defined by a 5′ splice donor site and a 3′ splice acceptor site) which has been engineered into a gene, and which is not present in the natural DNA or pre-mRNA nucleotide sequences of the gene.




An “expression vector” means any DNA vector (e.g., a plasmid vector) containing the necessary genetic elements for expression of a novel gene of the present invention. These elements, including a suitable promoter and preferably also a suitable enhancer, are “operably linked” to the gene, meaning that they are located at a position within the vector which enables them to have a functional effect on transcription of the gene.




Identification of Consensus and Near Consensus Splice Sites




A consensus or near consensus splice site can be identified within a DNA, or its corresponding RNA transcript, by evaluating the nucleotide sequence of the DNA for the presence of a sequence which is identical or highly homologous to either a 3′ consensus splice acceptor site or a 5′ consensus splice donor site (FIG.


1


). Such consensus and near consensus sites can be located within any portion of a given DNA (e.g., a gene), including the coding region of the DNA and any 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions.




To identify 3′ consensus and near consensus splice acceptor sites, a DNA (or corresponding RNA) sequence is analyzed for the presence of one or more nucleotide sequences which includes an


AG


base pair, and which is either identical to or at least about 50% homologous, more preferably at least about 60-70% sequence homologous, to the sequence: (T/C)≧8 N(C/T)


AG


G. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleotide sequence is also followed upstream, typically by about 40 bases, by a nucleotide sequence which is identical to or highly homologous (e.g., at least about 50%-95% homologous) to a branch consensus sequence comprising the following bases: (C/T)N(C/T)T(A/G)


A


(C/T), wherein N is any nucleotide, and


A


is invariant (i.e., essential). By way of example, in studies described herein, consensus and near consensus 3′ splice sites were selected for correction within a gene encoding Factor VIII using the following criteria: the consensus or near consensus site (a) contained an


AG


pair, and (b) contained no more than three mismatches to a 3′ consensus site.




To identify 5′ consensus and near consensus splice donor sites, a DNA (or corresponding RNA) sequence can be analyzed for the presence of one or more nucleotide sequences which contains a


GT


base pair, and which is either identical to or at least about 50% homologous, more preferably at least about 60-70% homologous, to the sequence: (A/C)AG


GT


(A/G)AGT. By way of example, in studies described herein, consensus and near consensus 5′ splice sites were selected for correction within a gene encoding Factor VIII using the following criteria: the consensus or near consensus site (a) contained a


GT


pair, and (b) contained no more than four mismatches to a 5′ consensus site, provided that if it contained four mismatches, they were located consecutively in a row.




Evaluation of DNA or RNA sequences for the presence of one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites can be performed in any suitable manner. For example, nucleotide sequences can be manually analyzed. Alternatively, a computer algorithm can be employed to search nucleotide sequences for specified base patterns (e.g., the MacVector™ program). The latter approach is preferred for large DNAs or RNAs, particularly because it allows for easy implementation of multiple search parameters.




Correction of Consensus and Near Consensus Splice Sites




In one embodiment of the invention, splice and branch sequences which are consensus, or near consensus, are corrected by substitution of one or more consensus nucleotides within the site. The consensus nucleotide within the site is preferably substituted with a non-consensus nucleotide. For example, if the nucleotide being substituted is a C (i.e., a pyrimidine) and the consensus sequence contains either C or T, then the nucleotide is preferably substituted by an A or G (i.e., a purine), thereby making the consensus or near consensus splice site “farther from consensus.”




In a preferred embodiment of the invention, consensus and near consensus sites which are located within a coding region of a gene are corrected by conservative substitution of one or more nucleotides so that the correction does not affect the amino acid sequence coded for. Such conservative or “silent” mutation of codons to preserve coding sequences is well known in the art. Accordingly, the skilled artisan will be able to select appropriate base substitutions to retain the coding sequence of any codon which forms all or part of a consensus or near consensus splice site. For example, as shown in

FIG. 2

, if a 3′ near consensus splice site contains a


TCA


codon encoding serine, and the


A


is a consensus nucleotide (e.g., part of the essential


AG


pair, then this nucleotide can be substituted with a C, G, or a T to correct the 3′ near consensus splice site (e.g., making it no longer near consensus because it does not contain the essential


AG


pair required for a 3′ near consensus splice site), without affecting the coding sequence of the codon.




Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, correction of consensus or near consensus splice sites which are specifically located within the coding region of a gene is achieved by substitution of one or both bases of an essential


AG


or


GT


pair within the consensus or near consensus splice site, with a base which does not alter the coding sequence of the site. Correction of consensus or near consensus branch sequences is similarly achieved by substitution of the essential


A


within the consensus or near consensus branch site, with a base which does not alter the coding sequence of the site. By correcting any of these essential bases, the splice or branch site will no longer be consensus or near consensus.




In another preferred embodiment, correction of consensus or near consensus splice sites which are specifically located within the coding region of a gene is achieved by making all possible conservative mutations to consensus nucleotides within the site, so that the consensus or near consensus splice site is as far from consensus as possible but encodes the same amino acid sequence.




Other preferred corrections of the invention include corrections of 3′ consensus and near consensus splice sites which are followed downstream (e.g., by approximately 50-350 nucleotides) by a consensus or near consensus 5′ splice donor site. Other preferred corrections of the invention include corrections of 5′ consensus and near consensus splice sites which are preceded upstream (e.g., by about 50-350 nucleotides) by a consensus or near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site.




For consensus or near consensus splice sites which are located outside the coding region of a gene, for example, in a 3′ or 5′ untranslated region (UTR), alternative approaches to correction can also be employed. For instance, because preservation of the coding sequence is not a consideration, the near consensus splice site can be corrected not only by any base substitution, but also by addition or deletion of one or more bases within the consensus or near consensus splice site, making the site farther from consensus.




Techniques for making nucleotide base substitutions, additions and deletions as described above are well known in the art. For example, standard point mutation may be employed to substitute one or more bases within a near consensus splice site with a different (e.g., non-consensus) base. Alternatively, as described in detail in the examples below, entire genes or portions thereof can be reconstructed (e.g., resynthesized using PCR), to correct multiple consensus and near consensus splice sites within a particular region of a gene. This approach is particularly advantageous if a gene contains a high concentration of consensus and/or near consensus splice sites within a given region.




In a specific embodiment, the invention features a novel Factor VIII gene containing one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites which have been corrected by substitution of one or more consensus nucleotides within the site. As part of the present invention, the coding region of a gene (cDNA) encoding human β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein (nucleotides 1006-5379 of SEQ ID NO:2) was evaluated as described herein and found to contain 23 near consensus 5′ splice (donor) sequences, 22 near consensus 3′ splice (acceptor) sequences, and 18 consensus branch sequences (shown in FIG.


3


). A new coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) was then developed for this gene to correct all 3′ and 5′ near consensus splice sites by conservative mutation. In total, 99 point mutations were made to the coding region. The location of each of these point mutations is shown in FIG.


3


. The specific base substitution made in each of these point mutations is shown in FIGS.


4


(A-C).




A comparison of this new coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the original uncorrected sequence (nucleotides 1006-5379 of SEQ ID NO:2), also showing the positions and specific substitutions made in each of the ninety-nine point mutations, is shown in FIGS.


5


(A-O). A plasmid vector, referred to as pDJC, containing the new (i.e., corrected) Factor VIII gene coding sequence, including restriction sites used to synthesize the gene and regulatory elements used to express the gene, is shown in

FIG. 6. A

plasmid vector, referred to as pCY2, containing the original, uncorrected Factor VII gene, including restriction sites and regulatory elements used to express the gene, is shown in FIG.


7


.




As described in further detail in the examples below, all 99 consensus base corrections within the coding region of pDJC can be made by synthesizing overlapping oligonucleotides (based on the sequence of pCY2 shown in SEQ ID NO:2) which contain the desired corrections. A schematic illustration of this process is shown in FIG.


8


. In total, 185 overlapping 60-mer oligonucleotides can be synthesized, and assembled in five segments using the method of Stemmer et al. (1995)


Gene


164: 49-53. Prior to assembly, each segment can be sequenced and tested in in vitro transfection assays (e.g., nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA analysis) in pCY2.




As an alternative to the “correct all” approach described above, selective correction of consensus and near consensus splice sites can also be employed. This involves selecting only (a) consensus sites, and near consensus splice sites which are close to consensus, and/or (b) consensus sites and near consensus sites which are located at positions which render these sites more likely to function as a splice donor or acceptor site. To select only nucleotide sequences which are complete consensus or which are close to consensus, evaluation of a given nucleotide sequence is limited to analyzing the nucleotide sequence for sequences which are identical to or are highly homologous (e.g., greater than 70-80% homologous) to a 3′ or 5′ consensus splice site. To select only nucleotide sequences which are located at positions which render these sites more likely to function as a splice donor or acceptor site, the location of each 3′ consensus or near consensus splice site must be evaluated with respect to the position of any neighboring 5′ consensus or near consensus splice sites. If a 3′ consensus or near consensus splice site is located approximately 50-350 bases upstream from a 5′ consensus or near consensus splice site, then these 3′ and 5′ splice sites are likely to function as a splice acceptor and donor sites. Therefore, these sites are preferably, and selectively, removed.




By way of example, particular consensus and/or near consensus 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites, as shown in

FIG. 3

, can be selected within the coding region of the cDNA encoding human β-domain deleted Factor VIII (nucleotides 1006-5379 of SEQ ID NO:2) for preferred correction, based on their relative locations (i.e., 3′ splice acceptor site located approximately 50-350 bases upstream from 5′ near consensus splice site). Such preferred selective corrections can include, for instance, the near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site spanning nucleotide base 1851 of the coding region (see

FIG. 3

) and any of the near consensus 5′ splice donor sites located within 50-350 bases downstream of this near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site, such as those spanning positions 1956, 1959, 2115, 2178 and 2184.




Splice site correction as provided herein can be applied to any gene known in the art. For example, the complete nucleotide sequence of other (e.g., full-length and β-domain deleted) Factor VIII genes (both genomic clones and cDNAs) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,006, U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,789, U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,905, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,112, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The nucleotide sequences of these genes can be analyzed for consensus and near consensus splice sites, and thereafter corrected, using the guidelines and procedures provided herein.




In addition, other genes, particularly large genes containing several introns and exons, are also suitable candidates for splice site correction. Such genes, include, for example, the gene encoding Factor IX, or the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,846, or nucleic acids encoding CFTR monomers, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,661. The disclosures of both of these patents are accordingly incorporated by reference herein.




Addition of Introns




In another embodiment, a novel gene of the invention includes one or more non-naturally occurring introns which have been added to the gene to increase expression of the gene, or to alter the splicing pattern of the gene. The present invention provides the first known instance of gene engineering which involved adding a non-naturally-occurring intron within the coding sequence of a gene, particularly without affecting the activity of the protein encoded by the gene. The benefit of intron addition in this context is at least two-fold. First, as shown in

FIG. 14

in the context of the human Factor VIII gene, addition of one or more introns into a gene increases the expression of the gene compared to the same gene without the intron. Second, the intron, when placed within the coding sequence of the gene, can be used to beneficially alter the splicing pattern of the gene (e.g., so that a particular protein of interest is expressed), and/or to increase cytoplasmic accumulation of mRNA transcribed from the gene.




Novel genes of the present invention may also contain introns outside of the coding region of the gene. For example, introns may be added to the 3′ or 5′ non-coding regions of the gene (utranslated regions (UTRs)). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an intron is added upstream of the gene in the 5′ UTR, as shown in pDJC (

FIG. 6

) and pCY2 (FIG.


7


). Such introns may include newly engineered introns or pre-existing introns. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the intron is derived from the rabbit β-globin intron (IVS).




In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a novel human Factor VIII gene which includes within its coding region one or more introns. If the gene comprises the coding region of a full-length human Factor VIII gene, then at least one of these introns preferably spans (i.e., overlaps, encompasses or is encompassed by) the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain. This portion of the gene is then spliced out during transcription of the gene, so that the gene is expressed as a β-domain deleted protein (i.e., a Factor VIII protein lacking all or a portion of the β-domain).




A β-domain deleted human Factor VIII protein possesses known advantages over a full-length human Factor VIII protein (also known as human Factor VIII:C), including reduced immunogenicity (Toole et al. (1986)


PNAS


83: 5939-5942). Moreover, it is well known that the β-domain is not needed for activity of the Factor VIII protein. Thus, a novel Factor VIII gene of the invention provides the dual benefit of (1) increased and (2) preferred protein expression.




Addition of one or more introns into a gene can be achieved by adding a 5′ splice donor site and a 3′ splice acceptor site (

FIG. 1

) into the nucleotide sequence of the gene at a desired location. If the intron is being added to remove a portion of the coding sequence from the gene, then a 5′ splice donor site is placed at the 5′ end of the portion being removed (i.e., defined by the intron) and a 3′ splice acceptor site is placed at the 3′ end of the portion to be removed. Preferably, the 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sequences are consensus, including the branch sequence located upstream of the 3′ splice site, so that they will be favored (and more likely bound) by cellular splicing machinery over any surrounding near consensus splice sites.




As shown in

FIG. 1

, splicing will occur 5′ of the essential


GT


base pair within the 5′ splice donor site, and 3′ of the essential


AG


base pair within the 3′ splice acceptor site. Thus, for introns added to coding sequences of genes, the intron is preferably designed to that, upon splicing, the coding sequence is unaffected. This can be done by designing and adding 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites which include only conservative (i.e., silent) changes to the nucleotide sequence of the gene, so that addition of these splice sites does not alter the coding sequence.




For example, as part of the present invention, an intron was engineered into the coding sequence of a full-length cDNA encoding human Factor VIII (1006-8061 of SEQ ID NO:4). The intron spanned the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain (nucleotides 2290-5147 of SEQ ID NO:4, encoding amino acid residues 745-1638). As described in the examples below, this intron was created by adding a 5′ splice donor site (100% consensus) so that splicing would occur immediately 5′ of the coding sequence of the β-domain. A 3′ splice acceptor site was also added so that splicing would occur immediately 3′ of the coding sequence of the β-domain.

FIG. 11

shows the nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO:5) of the precise boundaries of the resulting intron that was added.




The nucleotide sequence for the 5′ splice donor site of the added intron was derived from the pre-existing splice donor sequence found at the 5′ end of IVS (Intron) 13 of genomic Factor VIII. This intron precedes exon 14, the exon which contains the sequence coding for the β-domain. The inserted sequence also contained the first nine bases of IVS 13 following the splice donor sequence.




The sequence for the 3′ splice acceptor site was derived from the pre-existing splice acceptor sequence found at the 3′ end of IVS 14 of genomic Factor VIII. This intron follows exon 14, the β-domain-containing exon. The inserted 3′ splice acceptor site also contained 130 bases upstream of the splice acceptor in IVS 14. This upstream region contains at least two near-consensus branch sequences.




Thus, both the 3′ and 5′ engineered splice sites were designed to take advantage of pre-existing nucleotide sequences within the β-domain region of the human Factor VIII gene.




The 5′ splice donor, 3′ splice acceptor, and branch sequences of the added intron were further modified so that they were 100% consensus (i.e., congruent to their respective consensus splicing sequences). Modifications (e.g., base substitutions) were chosen so as to not alter the coding sequence of bases located upstream of the 5′ splice site and downstream of the 3′ splice site (i.e., flanking the boundaries of the intron). A map showing the various domains of the full-length Factor VIII gene, along with the 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites inserted into the gene, is shown in FIG.


10


. The complete nucleotide sequences of the intron boundaries (i.e., 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor) are shown in

FIG. 11

(SEQ ID NO:5). A map showing the location of the location of the 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites with respect to various restriction sites (used to clone in the sites) is shown in FIG.


12


. As shown schematically in

FIG. 13

, the resulting novel Factor VIII gene, in contrast to a full-length Factor VIII gene or a gene encoding β-domain deleted Factor VIII, is transcribed as a pre-mRNA which contains the region encoding the β-domain, but is then spliced to remove the majority of this region, so that the resulting mRNA is expressed as a β-domain deleted protein. A complete expression plasmid (pLZ-6) containing the coding sequence of this novel Factor VIII gene, as well as an engineered 5′ untranslated region containing regulatory elements designed to provide high, liver-specific expression, comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3. Bases 1006-8237 of pLZ-6 (SEQ ID NO:3) correspond to the coding region of the novel Factor VIII gene.




Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a novel Factor VIII gene comprising a non-naturally occurring intron spanning all or a portion of the β-domain region of the gene. In one embodiment, the gene comprises the coding region of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3. The gene may also contain further modifications, such as additional introns, or one or more corrected consensus or near consensus splice sites as described herein. In particular, the gene may further comprise one or more introns upstream of the coding sequence of the gene, within the 5′ UTR. As shown in

FIGS. 6 and 7

, a preferred intron for insertion within this region is the rabbit β-globin intron (IVS). In addition, consensus and near consensus splice site corrections can be made to the gene, such as those shown in FIGS.


3


and


4


(A-C).




Optinization of 5′ and 3′ Untranalated Regions for High Tissue-Specific Gene Expression




Novel DNAs of the invention are preferably in a form suitable for transcription and/or expression by a cell. Generally, the DNA is contained in an appropriate vector (e.g., an expression vector), such as a plasmid, and is operably linked to appropriate genetic regulatory elements which are functional in the cell. Such regulatory sequences include, for example, enhancer and promoter sequences which drive transcription of the gene. The gene may also include appropriate signal and polyadenylation sequences which provide for trafficking of the encoded protein to intracellular destinations or export of the mRNA. The signal sequence may be a natural sequence of the protein or an exogenous sequence.




Suitable DNA vectors are known in the art and include, for example, DNA plasmids and transposable genetic elements containing the aforementioned genetic regulatory and processing sequences. Particular expression vectors which can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to, pUC vectors (e.g., pUC19) (University of California, San Francisco) pBR322, and pcDNAI (InVitrogen, Inc.). An expression plasmid, pMT2LA8, encoding a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein is described, for example, by Pitman et al. (1993)


Blood


81(11):2925-2935). Entire coding sequences for these plasmid vectors are also provided herein (SEQ ID NOS: 4 and 2, respectively).




Suitable regulatory sequences required for gene transcription, translation, processing and secretion are art-recognized, and are selected to direct expression of the desired protein in an appropriate cell. Accordingly, the term “regulatory sequence”, as used herein, includes any genetic element present 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of the translated region of a gene and which control or affect expression of the gene, such as enhancer and promoter sequences (e.g., viral promoters, such as SV40 and CMV promoters). Such regulatory sequences are discussed, for example, in Goeddel,


Gene expression Technology: Methods in Enzyamology


, page 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990), and can be selected by those of ordinary skill in the art for use in the present invention.




In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of a gene construct (e.g., a novel DNA of the invention) are optimized to provide high, tissue-specific expression. Such optimization can include, for example, selection of optimal tissue-specific promoters and enhancers, multerimization of genetic elements, insertion of one or more introns within or outside of the coding sequence, correction of near-consensus 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites within or outside of the coding sequence, optimization of transcription initiation and termination sites, insertion of RNA export elements, and addition of polyadenylation trimer cassettes to insulate transription. In preferred embodiments of the invention, a combination of the aforementioned elements and sequence modifications are selected and engineered into the gene construct to provide optimized expression.




For many applications of human gene therapy, it is desirable to express proteins in the liver, which has the highest rate of protein synthesis per gram of tissue. For example, effective gene therapy for human Factor VIII requires sufficient levels and duration of protein expression in hepatocytes where Factor VIII is naturally produced, and/or in endothelial cells (ECs) where von Willebrand factor is produced, a protein which stabilizes the secretion of Factor VIII. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides a gene construct (e.g., expression vector) optimized to produce high levels and duration of liver-specific protein expression. In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a human Factor VIII gene construct, optimized to produce high levels and duration of liver-specific or endothelium-specific protein expression. This is achieved, for example, by selecting optimal liver-specific and endothelium-specific promoters and enhancers, and by combining these tissue-specific elements with other genetic elements and modifications to increase gene transcription.




Accordingly, for high levels and duration of gene expression in the liver, suitable promoters include, for example, promoters known to contain liver-specific elements. In one embodiment, the invention employs the thyroid binding globulin (TBG) promoter described by Hayashi et al. (1993)


Molec. Endocrinol


. 7:1049-1060. As shown in

FIG. 21

, the TBG promoter contains hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) enhancer elements and provides the additional advantage of having a precisely mapped transcriptional start site. This allows insertion of a leader sequence, preferably optimized as described herein, between the promoter and the transcriptional start site.

FIG. 21

also shows the complete nucleotide sequence of the TBG promoter (SEQ ID NO:10).




For high levels and duration of gene expression in endothelium, suitable endothelium-specific promoters include, for example, the human endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene promoter described by Lee et al. (1990)


J. Biol. Chem


. 265(18), the fms-like tyrosine kinase promoter (Flt-1) described by Morishita et al. (1995)


J. Biol. Chem


. 270(46), the Tie-2 promoter described by Korhonen et al. (1995)


Blood


86(5):1828-1835, and the nitric oxide synthase promoter described by Zhang et al. (1995)


J. Biol. Chem


. 270(25)) (see FIG.


24


).




Promoters selected for use in the invention are preferably paired with a suitable ubiquitous or tissue-specific enhancer designed to augment transcription levels. For example, in one embodiment, a liver-specific promoter, such as the TBG promoter, is used in conjunction with a liver-specific enhancer. In a preferred embodiment, the invention employs one or more copies of the liver-specific alpha-1 microglobulin/bikunin (ABP) enhancer described by Rouet et al. (1992)


J. Biol. Chem


. 267:20765-20773, in combination with the TBG promoter. As shown in

FIG. 20

, the ABP enhancer contains a cluster of HNF enhancer elements common to many liver-specific genes within a short nucleotide sequence, making it suitable to multerimize. When multerimized, the ABP enhancer generally exhibits increased activity and functions in either orientation within a gene construct.




Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides an expression vector or DNA construct comprising one or more copies of a liver-specific or endothelium-specific promoter and a liver-specific or endothelium-specific enhancer, the promoter and enhancer being derived from different genes, such as thyroid binding globulin gene and the alpha-1 microglobulin/bikunin gene.




Alternatively, strong ubiquitous (i.e., non-tissue specific) enhancers can be used in conjunction with tissue-specific promoters, such as the TBG promoter or the ET-1 promoter, to achieve high levels and duration of tissue-specific expression. Such ubiquitous enhancers include, for example, the human c-fos (SRE) gene enhancer described by Treisman et al. (1986)


Cell


46 which, when used in combination with liver-specific promoters (e.g., TBG) or endothelium-specific promoters (e.g., ET-1), provide high levels of tissue-specific expression, as demonstrated in studies described herein.




Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the invention provides a gene construct which is optimized for specific expression in liver cells by inserting within its 5′ untranslated region one or more copies of the ABP enhancer (preferably two copies) coupled upstream with the TBG promoter, as shown in FIG.


15


. Specific gene constructs, such as pCY2 and pDJC, containing these elements inserted upstream of the coding region for human Factor VIII (β-domain deleted and full-length with intron spanning the β-domain), are shown in

FIGS. 6 and 7

, respectively. In another particular embodiment, the gene construct is optimized for specific expression in endothelial cells by inserting within its 5′ region one or more copies of the c-fos SRE enhancer, or an endothelial-specific enhancer (e.g., the human tissue factor (hTF/m) enhancer described by Parry et al. (1995)


Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol


. 15:612-621) coupled upstream with the ET-1 promoter.




In addition to selecting optimal promoters and enhancers, optimization of a gene construct can include the use of other genetic elements within the transcriptional unit of the gene to increase and/or prolong expression. In one embodiment, one or more introns (e.g., non-naturally occurring introns) are inserted into the 5′ or 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the gene. Introns from a broad variety of known genes (e.g., mammalian genes) can be used for this purpose. In one embodiment, the invention employs the first intron (IVS) from the rabbit β-globin gene comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in

FIG. 23

(SEQ ID NO:6).




In cases where the intron does not contain consensus 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites, or a consensus branch and pyrimidine track sequence, the intron is preferably optimized (modified) to render these sites completely consensus. This can be achieved, for example, by substituting one or more nucleotides within the 5′ or 3′ splice site, as previously described herein to render the site consensus. For example, when using the rabbit β-globin intron, the nucleotide sequence can be modified as shown in

FIG. 16

to render the 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites, and the pyrimidine track, entirely consensus. This can facilitate efficient transcription and export of the gene message out of the cell nucleus, thereby increasing expression. Exemplary nucleotide substitutions within the rabbit β-globin IVS which can be made to achieve this result are shown in

FIG. 23

which shows a comparison of the sequence for the unmodified (wild-type) rabbit β-globin intron (SEQ ID NO:6) and the same sequence modified to render the 5′ splice donor and 3′ splice acceptor sites, and the pyrimidine track, entirely consensus (SEQ ID NO:7).




When engineering one or more introns into the 5′ UTR of a gene construct, the intron can be inserted into the leader sequence of the gene, as shown in

FIGS. 15

,


16


and


22


. Accordingly, the intron can be inserted within the leader sequence, downstream from the promoter and enhancer elements. This can be done in conjunction with one or more additional modifications to the leader sequence, all of which serve to increase transcription, stability and export of mRNAs. Such additional modifications include, for example, optimizing the translation initiation site (Kozak et al. (1986)


Cell


44:283) and/or the secondary structure of the leader sequence (Kozak et al. (1994)


Molec. Biol


. 235:95).




Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a gene construct which contains within its transcriptional unit, one or a combination of the foregoing genetic elements and sequence modifications designed to provide high levels and duration of gene expression, optionally in a tissue-specific manner. In a particular embodiment, the construct contains a gene encoding human Factor VIII (e.g., β-domain deleted or full-length), having a 5′ untranslated region which is optimized to provide significant levels and duration of liver-specific or endothelium-specific expression.




Particularly preferred gene constructs of the invention include, for example, those comprising the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:4, referred to herein respectively as pCY-2 and pLZ-6. These constructs contain the coding sequences for human β-domain deleted Factor VIII (pCY-2) and full-length human Factor VIII (containing an intron spanning the β-domain) (pLZ-6) downstream from an optimized 5′ UTR designed to provide high levels and duration of human Factor VIII expression in liver cells. Other preferred gene constructs comprise the identical 5′ UTR of pCY-2 and pLZ-6, in conjunction with coding sequences for other proteins desired to be expressed in the liver (e.g., other blood coagulation factors, such as human Factor IX).




As shown in

FIGS. 7

,


15


and


16


, plasmids pCY-2 and pLZ-6 contain 5′ UTRs comprising a novel combination of regulatory elements and sequence modifications shown herein to provide high levels and duration of human Factor VIII expression, both in vitro and in vivo, in liver cells. Specifically, each construct comprises within its 5′ UTR sequentially from 5′ to 3′ (a) two copies of the ABP enhancer (SEQ ID NO:9), (b) one copy of the TBG promoter (SEQ ID NO:10), and (c) an optimized 71 nucleotide leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11) split by intron 1 of the rabbit β-globin gene. The intron is optimized to contain consensus splice acceptor, donor and pyrimidine track sites.




The leader sequence within the 5′ UTR of pCY-2 and pLZ-6 also contains an optimized translation initiation site (SEQ ID NO: 8). Specifically, the human Factor VIII gene contains a cytosine at the +4 position, following the AUG start codon. This base was changed to a guanine, resulting in an amino acid change within the signal sequence of the protein from a glutamine to a glutamic acid. The leader sequence was further designed to have no RNA secondary structure, as predetermined by an RNA-folding algorithm (

FIG. 16

) (Kozak et al. (1994)


J. Mol. Biol


. 235:95).




In addition to optimization of the 5′ UTR of a gene construct, the 3′ UTR can also be engineered to include one or more genetic elements or sequence modifications which increase and/or prolong expression of the gene. For example, the 3′ UTR can be modified to provide optimal RNA processing, export and mRNA stability. In one embodiment of the invention, this is done by increasing translational termination efficiency. In mammalian RNA's, translational termination is generally optimal if the base following the stop codon is a purine (McCaughan et al. (1995) PNAS 92:5431). In the case of the human Factor VIII gene, the UGA stop codon is followed by a guanine and is thus already optimal. However, in other gene constructs of the invention which do not naturally contain an optimized translational termination sequence, the termination sequence can be optimized using, for example, site directed mutagenesis, to substitute the base following the stop codon for a purine.




In particular gene constructs of the invention which contain the human Factor VIII gene, the 3′ UTR can further be modified to remove one or more of the three pentamer sequences AUUUA present in the 3′ UTR of the gene. This can increase the stability of the message. Alternatively, the 3′ UTR of the human Factor VIII gene, or any gene having a short-lived messenger RNA, can be switched with the 3′ UTR of a gene associated with a message having a longer lifespan.




Additional modifications for optimizing gene constructs of the invention include insertion of one or more poly A trimer cassettes for optimal polyadenylation and 3′ end formation. These can be inserted within the 5′ UTR or the 3′ UTR of the gene. In a preferred embodiment, the gene construct is flanked on either side by a poly A trimer cassette, as shown in FIG.


15


. These cassettes can inhibit transcription originating outside of the desired promoter in the transcriptional unit, ensuring that transcription of the gene occurs only in the tissue where the promoter is active (Maxwell et al. (1989)


Biotechniques


1989 3:276). Additionally, because the poly A trimer cassette functions in both orientations, i.e., on each DNA strand, it can be utilized at the 3′ end of the gene for transcriptional termination and polyadenylation, as well as to inhibit bottom strand transcription and production of antisense RNA.




In further embodiments of the invention, gene optimization includes the addition of viral elements for accessing non-splicing RNA export pathways. The majority of mRNAs in higher eukaryotes contain intronic sequences which are removed within the nucleus, followed by export of the mRNA into the cytoplasm. This is referred to as the splicing pathway. However, as shown in

FIG. 17

, mammalian intronless genes, hepadnaviruses (e.g., HBV), and many retroviruses access a nonsplicing pathway which is facilitated by cellular RNA export proteins and/or specific sequences within. This is referred to as the facilitated pathway.




In a particular embodiment, the gene construct is modified to include one or more copies of the post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE) from hepatitis B virus. This 587 base pair element and its function to facilitate export of mRNAs from the nucleus, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,326. Generally, the PRE element is placed within the 3′ UTR of the gene, and can be inserted as two or more copies to further increase expression, as shown in

FIG. 18

(plasmid pCY-401 verses plasmid pCY-402).




Gene constructs (e.g., expression vectors) of the invention can still further include sequence elements which impart both an autonomous replication activity (i.e., so that when the cell replicates, the plasmid replicates as well) and nuclear retention as an episome. Generally, these sequence elements are included outside of the transcriptional unit of the gene construct. Suitable sequences include those functional in mammalian cells, such as the oriP sequence and EBNA-1 gene from the Epstein-Barr virus (Yates et al. (1985)


Nature


313:812). Other suitable sequences include the


E. coli


origen of replication, as shown in

FIGS. 6 and 7

.




Gene constructs of the invention, such as pDJC, pCY-2, pCY-6, pLZ-6 and pCY2-SE5, have been described above, but are not intended to be limiting. Other novel constructs can be made in accordance with the guidelines provided herein, and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.




Increased Cytoplasmic RNA Accumulation and Expression




Novel DNAs (e.g., genes) of the present invention are modified to increase expression, for example, by facilitate cytoplasmic accumulation of mRNA transcribed from the DNA and by optimizing the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of the DNA. Accordingly, cytoplasmic mRNA accumulation and/or expression of the DNA is increased relative to the same DNA in unmodified form.




To evaluate (e.g., quantify) levels of nuclear or cytoplasmic mRNA accumulation obtained following transcription of novel DNAs and vectors of the invention, a variety of art recognized techniques can be employed, such as those described in Sambrook et al. “Molecular Cloning,” 2d ed., and in the examples below. Such techniques include, for instance, Northern blot analysis, using total nuclear or cytoplasmic RNA. This assay can, optionally, be normalized using mRNA transcribed from a control gene, such as a gene encoding glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA accumulation can then be compared for novel DNAs of the invention to determine whether an increase has occurred following correction of one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites, and/or by addition of one or more non-naturally occurring introns into the DNA.




Novel DNAs of the invention can also be assayed for altered splicing patterns using similar techniques. For example, as described in the examples below, to determine whether a non-naturally occurring intron has been successfully incorporated into a DNA so that it is correctly spliced during mRNA processing, cytoplasmic mRNA can be assayed by Northern blot analysis, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), or RNase protection assays. Such assays are used to determine the size of the mRNA produced from the novel DNA containing the non-naturally occurring intron. The size of the mRNA can then be compared to the size of the DNA with and without the intron to determine whether splicing has been achieved, and whether the splicing pattern corresponds to that expected based on the size of the added intron.




Alternatively, protein expressed from cytoplasmic RNA can be assayed by SDS-PAGE analysis and sequenced to confirm that correct splicing has been achieved.




To measure expression levels, novel DNAs of the invention can also be tested in a variety of art-recognized expression assays. Suitable expression assays, as illustrated in the examples provided below, include quantitative ELISA (Zatloukal et al. (1994)


PNAS


91: 5148-5152), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme activity assays. When expression of Factor VIII protein is being measured, in particular, Factor VIII activity assays such as the KabiCoATest, (Kabi Inc., Sweden) can be employed to quantify expression.




Gene Delivery to Cells




Following insertion into an appropriate vector, novel DNAs of the invention can be delivered to cells either in vitro or in vivo. For example, the DNA can be transfected into cells in vitro using standard transfection techniques, such as calcium phosphate precipitation (O'Mahoney et al. (1994)


DNA


&


Cell Biol


. 13(12): 1227-1232). Alternatively, the gene can be delivered to cells in vivo by, for example, intravenous or intramuscular injection.




In one embodiment of the invention, the gene is targeted for delivery to a specific cell by linking the plasmid to a carrier molecule containing a ligand which binds to a component on the surface of a cell, thereby forming a polynucleotide-carrier complex. The carrier can further comprise a nucleic acid binding agent which noncovalently mediates linkage of the DNA to the ligand of the carrier molecule.




The carrier molecule of the polynucleotide-carrier complex performs at least two functions: (1) it binds the polynucleotide (e.g., the plasmid) in a manner which is sufficiently stable (either in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro) to prevent significant uncoupling of the polynucleotide extracellularly prior to internalization by a target cell, and (2) it binds to a component on the surface of a target cell so that the polynucleotide-carrier complex is internalized by the cell. Generally, the carrier is made up of a cell-specific ligand and a cationic moiety which, for example are conjugated. The cell-specific ligand binds to a cell surface component, such as a protein, polypeptide, carbohydrate, lipid or combination thereof. It typically binds to a cell surface receptor. The cationic moiety binds, e.g., electrostatically, to the polynucleotide.




The ligand of the carrier molecule can be any natural or synthetic ligand which binds a cell surface receptor. The ligand can be a protein, polypeptide, glycoprotein, glycopeptide, glycolipid or synthetic carbohydrate which has functional groups that are exposed sufficiently to be recognized by the cell surface component. It can also be a component of a biological organism such as a virus, cells (e.g., mammalian, bacterial, protozoan).




Alternatively, the ligand can comprise an antibody, antibody fragment (e.g., an F(ab′)


2


fragment) or analogues thereof (e.g., single chain antibodies) which binds the cell surface component (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994)


FEBS Letters


338:167-169, Ferkol et al. (1993)


J. Clin. Invest


. 92:2394-2400, and Rojanasakul et al. (1994)


Pharmaceutical Res


. 11(12):1731-1736). Such antibodies can be produced by standard procedures.




Ligands useful in forming the carrier will vary according to the particular cell to be targeted. For targeting hepatocytes, proteins, polypeptides and synthetic compounds containing galactose-terminal carbohydrates, such as carbohydrate trees obtained from natural glycoproteins or chemically synthesized, can be used. For example, natural glycoproteins that either contain terminal galactose residues or can be enzymatically treated to expose terminal galactose residues (e.g., by chemical or enzymatic desialylation) can be used. In one embodiment, the ligand is an asialoglycoprotein, such as asialoorosomucoid, asialofetuin or desialylated vesicular stomatitis virus. In another embodiment, the ligand is a tri- or tetra-antennary carbohydrate moiety.




Alternatively, suitable ligands for targeting hepatocytes can be prepared by chemically coupling galactose-terminal carbohydrates (e.g., galactose, mannose, lactose, arabinogalactan etc.) to nongalactose-bearing proteins or polypeptides (e.g., polycations) by, for example, reductive lactosamination. Methods of forming a broad variety of other synthetic glycoproteins having exposed terminal galactose residues, all of which can be used to target hepatocytes, are described, for example, by Chen et al. (1994)


Human Gene Therapy


5:429-435 and Ferkol et al. (1993)


FASEB


7: 1081-1091 (galactosylation of polycationic histones and albumins using EDC); Perales et al. (1994)


PNAS


91:4086-4090 and Midoux et al. (1993)


Nucleic Acids Research


21(4):871-878 (lactosylation and galactosylation of polylysine using α-D-galactopyranosyl phenylisothiocyanate and 4-isothiocyanatophenyl β-D-lactoside); Martinez-Fong (1994)


Hepatology


20(6):1602-1608 (lactosylation of polylysine using sodium cyanoborohydride and preparation of asialofetuin-polylysine conjugates using SPDP); and Plank et al. (1992)


Bioconjugate Chem


. 3:533-539 (reductive coupling of four terminal galactose residues to a synthetic carrier peptide, followed by linking the carrier to polylysine using SPDP).




For targeting the polynucleotide-carrier complex to other cell surface receptors, the carrier component of the complex can comprise other types of ligands. For example, mannose can be used to target macrophages (lymphoma) and Kupffer cells, mannose 6-phosphate glycoproteins can be used to target fibroblasts (fibro- sarcoma), intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 and bile acids (See Kramer et al. (1992)


J. Biol. Chem


. 267:18598-18604) can be used to target enterocytes, insulin can be used to target fat cells and muscle cells (see e.g., Rosenkranz et al. (1992)


Experimental Cell Research


199:323-329 and Huckett et al. (1990)


Chemical Pharmacology


40(2):253-263), transferrin can be used to target smooth muscle cells (see e.g., Wagner et al. (1990)


PNAS


87:3410-3414 and U.S. Pat. No. 5, 354,844 (Beug et al.)), Apolipoprotein E can be used to target nerve cells, and pulmonary surfactants, such as Protein A, can be used to target epithelial cells (see e.g., Ross et al. (1995)


Human Gene Therapy


6:31-40).




The cationic moiety of the carrier molecule can be any positively charged species capable of electrostatically binding to negatively charged polynucleotides. Preferred cationic moieties for use in the carrier are polycations, such as polylysine (e.g., poly-L-lysine), polyarginine, polyomithine, spermine, basic proteins such as histones (Chen et al., supra.), avidin, protamines (see e.g., Wagner et al., supra.), modified albumin (i.e., N-acylurea albumin) (see e.g., Huckett et al., supra.) and polyamidoamine cascade polymers (see e.g., Haensler et al. (1993)


Bioconjugate Chem


. 4: 372-379). A preferred polycation is polylysine (e.g., ranging from 3,800 to 60,000 daltons). Other preferred cationic moieties for use in the carrier are cationic liposomes.




In one embodiment, the carrier comprises polylysine having a molecular weight of about 17,000 daltons (purchased as the hydrogen bromide salt having a MW of a 26,000 daltons), corresponding to a chain length of approximately 100-120 lysine residues. In another embodiment, the carrier comprises a polycation having a molecular weight of about 2,600 daltons (purchased as the hydrogen bromide salt having a MW of a 4,000 daltons), corresponding to a chain length of approximately 15-10 lysine residues.




The carrier can be formed by linking a cationic moiety and a cell-specific ligand using standard cross-linking reagents which are well known in the art. The linkage is typically covalent. A preferred linkage is a peptide bond. This can be formed with a water soluble carbodiimide, such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), as described by McKee et al (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5: 306-311 or Jung, G. et al. (1981)


Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun


. 101: 599-606 or Grabarek et al. (1990)


Anal. Biochem


. 185:131. Alternative linkages are disulfide bonds which can be formed using cross-linking reagents, such as N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester of chlorambucil, N-Succinimidyl-(4-Iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate) (SIAB), Sulfo-SIAB, and Sulfo-succinimidyl-4-maleimidophenyl-butyrate (Sulfo-SMPB). Strong noncovalent linkages, such as avidin-biotin interactions, can also be used to link cationic moieties to a variety of cell binding agents to form suitable carrier molecules.




The linkage reaction can be optimized for the particular cationic moiety and cell binding agent used to form the carrier. The optimal ratio (w:w) of cationic moiety to cell binding agent can be determined empirically. This ratio will vary with the size of the cationic moiety (e.g., polycation) being used in the carrier, and with the size of the polynucleotide to be complexed. However, this ratio generally ranges from about 0.2-5.0 (cationic moiety: ligand). Uncoupled components and aggregates can be separated from the carrier by molecular sieve or ion exchange chromatography (e.g., Aquapore™ cation exchange, Rainin).




In one embodiment of the invention, a carrier made up of a conjugate of asialoorosomucoid and polylysine is formed with the cross linking agent 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide. After dialysis, the conjugate can be separated from unconjugated components by preparative acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 4-5).




Following formation of the carrier molecule, the polynucleotide (e.g., plasmid) is linked to the carrier so that (a) the polynucleotide is sufficiently stable (either in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro) to prevent significant uncoupling of the polynucleotide extracellularly prior to internalization by the target cell, (b) the polynucleotide is released in functional form under appropriate conditions within the cell, (c) the polynucleotide is not damaged and (d) the carrier retains its capacity to bind to cells. Generally, the linkage between the carrier and the polynucleotide is noncovalent. Appropriate noncovalent bonds include, for example, electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, anti-polynucleotide antibody binding, linkages mediated by intercalating agents, and streptavidin or avidin binding to polynucleotide-containing biotinylated nucleotides. However, the carrier can also be directly (e.g., covalently) linked to the polynucleotide using, for example, chemical cross-linking agents (e.g., as described in WO-A-91/04753 (Cetus Corp.), entitled “Conjugates of Antisense Oligonucleotides and Therapeutic Uses Thereof”).




As described in Example 4, polynucleotide-carrier complexes can be formed by combining a solution containing carrier molecules with a solution containing a polynucleotide to be complexed, preferably so that the resulting composition is isotonic (see Example 4).




Administration




Novel DNAs of the invention can be administered to cells either in vitro or in vivo for transcription and/or expression therein.




For in vitro delivery, cultured cells can be incubated with the DNA in an appropriate medium under suitable transfection conditions, as is well known in the art.




For in vivo delivery (e.g., in methods of gene therapy) DNAs of the invention (preferably contained within a suitable expression vector) can be administered to a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”, as used herein, is intended to include any physiologically acceptable vehicle for stabilizing DNAs of the present invention for administration in vivo, including, for example, saline and aqueous buffer solutions, solvents, dispersion media, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media is incompatible with the polynucleotide-carrier complexes of the present invention, use thereof in a therapeutic composition is contemplated.




Accordingly, novel DNAs of the invention can be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to form a pharmaceutical composition. In all cases, the pharmaceutical composition must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action or microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Protection of the polynucleotide-carrier complexes from degradative enzymes (e.g., nucleases) can be achieved by including in the composition a protective coating or nuclease inhibitor. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.




Novel DNAs of the invention may be administered in vivo by any suitable route of administration. The appropriate dosage may vary according to the selected route of administration. The DNAs are preferably injected intravenously in solution containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as defined herein. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the DNA in the required amount in an appropriate buffer with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above or below, followed by filtered sterilization. Other suitable routes of administration include intravascular, subcutaneous (including slow-release implants), topical and oral.




Appropriate dosages may be determined empirically, as is routinely practiced in the art. For example, mice can be administered dosages of up to 1.0 mg of DNA per 20 g of mouse, or about 1.0 mL of DNA in solution per 1.4 mL of mouse blood.




Administration of a novel DNA, or protein expressed therefrom, to a subject can be in any pharmacological form including a therapeutically active amount of DNA or protein, in combination with another therapeutic molecule. Administration of a therapeutically active amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is defined as an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired result (e.g., an improvement in clinical symptoms). A therapeutically active amount of DNA or protein may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.




USES




Novel DNAs of the present invention can be used to efficiently express a desired protein within a cell. Accordingly, such DNAs can be used in any context in which gene transcription and/or expression is desired.




In one embodiment, the DNA is used in a method of gene therapy to treat a clinical disorder. In another embodiment, the DNA is used in antisense therapy to produce sufficient levels of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic mRNA to inhibit expression of a gene. In another embodiment, the DNA is used to study RNA processing and/or gene regulation in vitro or in vivo. In another embodiment, the DNA is used to produce therapeutic or diagnostic proteins which can then be administered to patients as exogenous proteins.




Methods for increasing levels of cytoplasmic RNA accumulation and gene expression provided by the present invention can also be used for any and all of the foregoing purposes.




In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method if increasing expression of a gene encoding human Factor VIII. Accordingly, the invention also provides an improved method of human Factor VIII gene therapy involving administering to a patient afflicted with a disease characterized by a deficiency in Factor VIII a novel Factor VIII gene in an amount sufficient to treat the disease.




In addition, the present invention provides a novel method for altering the transcription pattern of a DNA. By correcting one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within the DNA, or by adding one or more introns to the DNA, the natural splicing pattern of the DNA will be modified and, at the same time, expression may be increased. Accordingly, methods of the invention can be used to tailor the transcription of a DNA so that a greater amount of a particular desired RNA species is transcribed and ultimately expressed, relative to other RNA species transcribed from the DNA (i.e., alternatively spliced RNAs).




Methods of the invention can also be used to modify the coding sequence of a given DNA, so that the structure of the protein expressed from the DNA is altered in a beneficial manner. For example, introns can be added to the DNA so that portions of the gene will be removed during transcription and, thus, not be expressed. Preferred gene portions for removal in this manner include those encoding, e.g., antigenic regions of a protein and/or regions not required for activity. Alternatively or additionally, consensus or near consensus splice sites can be corrected within the DNA so that previously recognizable (i.e., operable) introns and exons are no longer recognized by a cells splicing machinery. This alters the coding sequence of the mRNA ultimately transcribed from the DNA, and can also facilitate its export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it can be expressed.




This invention is illustrated further by the following examples which should not be construed as further limiting the subject invention. The contents of all references and published patent applications cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.




EXAMPLES




Example 1




Construction of a Human Factor VIII Gene Containing an Intron Spanning the β-Domain




A full-length human Factor VIII cDNA containing an intron spanning the section of the cDNA encoding amino acids 745-1638 (

FIG. 11

) was constructed as described below. Amino acid numbering was designated starting with Met-i of the mature human Factor VIII protein and, thus, does not include the 19 amino acid signal peptide of the protein. The β-domain region of a human Factor VIII protein is made up of 983 amino acids (Vehar et al. (1984)


Nature


312: 337-342). Thus, the region of the cDNA spliced out during pre-mRNA processing corresponds to about 89% of the β-domain.




To select suitable sites for inserting the 5′ splice donor (SD) and 3′ splice acceptor (SA) sites, the sequence of the full-length Factor VIII cDNA expression plasmid pCY-6 (SEQ ID NO:4) was scanned for convenient restriction enzyme sites. Restriction sites were selected according to the following criteria: (a) they flanked and were in close proximity to the sites into which the splicing signals were to be introduced, so that any PCR fragment generated to fill in the region between these sites would have as little chance as possible for undesired point mutations introduced by the process of PCR; (b) they would cut the expression plasmid in as few places as possible, preferably only at the site flanking the region of splice site introduction.




The restriction sites chosen according to these criteria for cloning in the splice donor site were: Kpn I (base 2816 of the coding sequence of pCY-6, or base 3822 of the complete nucleotide sequence of pCY-6 provided in SEQ ID NO:4, since the first 1005 bases of this plasmid are non-coding bases), and Tth 1111 (base 3449 of the coding sequence of pCY-6, or base 4455 of the complete nucleotide sequence of pCY-6 shown in SEQ ID NO:4). The restriction sites chosen according to these criteria for cloning in the splice acceptor site were: Bcl I (bases 1407 and 5424 of the coding sequence of pCY-6, or bases 2413 and 6430 of the complete nucleotide sequence of pCY-6 shown in SEQ ID NO:4) and BspE 1 (base 7228 of the coding sequence of pCY-6, or base 8234 of the complete nucleotide sequence of pCY-6 shown in SEQ ID NO:4).




Generation of Splice Donor Site




A fragment containing the region of Factor VIII cDNA from the Kpn I site to the Tth 111 I site, with the above described splice donor sequence inserted at the appropriate spot, was then generated in the following manner:




A. PCR primers were designed, such that the top strand upstream primer (Fragment A top) would prime at the Kpn I site of full-length Factor VIII cDNA (FIG.


12


), and the bottom strand downstream primer (Fragment A bottom) would prime at the site of insertion for the 5′ splice donor. The bottom strand primer also contained the insertion sequence. These primers were used in a PCR reaction with pCIS-F8 (full-length Factor VIII cDNA expression plasmid) as template to yield “Fragment A,” which contains the sequence spanning the region of Factor VIII cDNA from Kpn I to the splice donor insertion site, located at the 3′ end of the fragment.




B. In similar fashion, “Fragment B” was generated using primer “Fragment B top,” which contains the insertion sequence, and would prime at the insertion site of full-length Factor VIII cDNA, and primer “Fragment B bottom,” which would prime at the Tth 111 I site of full-length Factor VIII cDNA. “Fragment B” contains the sequence spanning the region of Factor VIII cDNA from the splice donor insertion site to rTth111 I. The 5′ splice donor insertion sequence was located at the 5′ end of the fragment.




C. Fragments A and B were run on a horizontal agarose gel, excised, and extracted, in order to purify them away from unincorporated nucleotides and primers.




D. These fragments were then combined in a PCR reaction using as primers “Fragment A top” and “Fragment B bottom.” The regions at the 3′ end of Fragment A and the 5′ end of Fragment B overlapped because they were identical, and the final product of this reaction was a PCR fragment spanning the Factor VIII cDNA from Kpn I to Tth111 I, and containing the engineered splice donor at the insertion site, i.e., near the beginning of the coding region of the β-domain of Factor VIII. This fragment was designated “Fragment AB.”




E. Fragment AB (an overlap PCR product) was cloned into the EcoR V site of pBluescript II SK(+) to yield clone pBS-SD (FIG.


9


), and the sequence of the insertion was then confirmed.




Generation of Splice Acceptor Site




A fragment containing the region of Factor VIII cDNA from the second Bcl I site to the BspE I site, with the above described splice acceptor sequence inserted at the appropriate spot, was generated in the following manner:




A. PCR primers were designed, such that the top strand upstream primer (Primer A) would prime at the second Bcl I site, and the bottom strand downstream primer (Primer B2) would prime at the insertion site for the 3′ splice acceptor. The bottom strand primer also contained the restriction sites Mun I and BspE I. These primers were used in a PCR reaction with pCIS-F8 as template to yield “Fragment I,” which contains the sequence spanning the region of Factor VIII cDNA from the Bcl I site to the insertion site, with the Mun I and BspE I sites located at the 3′ end of the fragment.




B. In a similar fashion, “Fragment III” was generated using “Primer G3” which contains the restriction site BstE II, the splice acceptor recognition sequence (polypyrimidine tract followed by “CAG”), and primes at the insertion site for the splice acceptor; and “Primer H,” which would prime the bottom strand at the BspE I site, so that the resulting fragment would contain the restriction site BstE II, the splice acceptor recognition site and sequence spanning the region of Factor VIII cDNA from the insertion site to BspE I.




C. “Fragment II,” which contained the branch signals and IVS 14 sequence, was generated by designing four oligos (C2, D, E, and F3), two top and two bottom, which, when combined, would overlap each other by 21 to 22 bases, and when filled in and amplified under PCR conditions, would generate a fragment containing a Mun I site, 130 bases of the aforementioned IVS 14 sequence (including the 2 branch sequences at the 5′ end of the 130 bases), and the cloning sites BstE II and BspE I. In addition, two small primers (CX and FX2) were designed that would prime at the very ends of the expected fragment, in order to increase amplification of full-length PCR product. All oligonucleotide primers were combined in a single PCR reaction, and the desired fragment was generated.




D. All three fragments were cloned into the EcoR V site of pBluescript II SK(+), and their sequences were then confirmed.




E. Fragment II was isolated out of pBluescript as a Mun I to BspE I fragment, and cloned into the pBluescript-Fragment I clone at the corresponding sites, to yield clone pBS-FI/FII (FIG.


9


), Fragment III was isolated out of pBluescript as a BstE II to BspE I fragment, and cloned into the corresponding sites of pBS-FI/FII to yield pBS-FI/FII/FIII (FIG.


9


). This final bluescript clone contained the region spanning Factor VIII cDNA from the second Bcl I site to the BspE I site, and contained the IVS 14 and splice acceptor sequence inserted at the appropriate sites. The pBS-FI/FII/FIII clone was then sequenced. Cloning Splice Donor and Acceptor Sites into a Factor VIII cDNA Vector (pCY-6) Fragment AB and Fragment I/II/III were isolated out of pBluescript and cloned into pCY-6 in the following manner:




A. Fragment I/II/III was isolated from pBS-FI/FII/FIII as a Bcl I to BspE I fragment.




B. pCY-601 was digested to completion with BspE I, linearizing the plasmid. This linear DNA was partially digested with Bcl I for 5 minutes, and then immediately run on a gel. The band corresponding to a fragment which had been cut only at the BspE I and the second Bcl I site was isolated and extracted from the agarose gel. This isolated fragment was ligated to Fragment I/II/III and yielded pCY-601/FI/FII/FIII (FIG.


9


).




C. Fragment AB was isolated from pBS-SD as a Kpn I to Tth111 I fragment, and cloned into the corresponding sites of pCY-601/FI/FII/FIII to yield pLZ-601.




D. Plasmids pCY-6 and pLZ-601 were digested sequentially with enzymes Nco I and Sal I. The small fragment of the pCY-6 digest and the large fragment of the pLZ-601 digest were isolated and ligated together to yield plasmid pLZ-6, a second β-domain intron Factor VIII expression plasmid.




pCY-6 and pCY-601 are expression plasmids for full-length Factor VIII cDNA. The difference between the two is that the former contains an intron in the 5′ untranslated region of the Factor VIII transcript, derived from the second IVS of rabbit beta globin gene. The latter lacks this engineered IVS. In vitro experiments have shown that pCY-601 yields undetectable levels of Factor VIII, while pCY-6 yields low but detectable Factor VIII levels.




Expression Assays




To test expression of the various Factor VIII cDNA plasmids including those created as described above, plasmids were transfected at a concentration of 2.0-2.5 βg/ml into HuH-7 human carcinoma cells using the calcium phosphate precipitation method described by O'Mahoney et al. (1994)


DNA


&


Cell Biol


. 13(12): 1227-1232. Expression levels were measured using the KabiCoATest (Kabi Inc., Sweden). This is both a quantitative and a qualitative assay for measuring Factor VIII expression, because it measures enzymatic activity of Factor VIII.




Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Analysis of Cells Transfected With Factor VIII Expression Plasmids




To confirm that the engineered intron spanning the β-domain of the Factor VIII cDNA in plasmid pLZ-6 resulted in proper splicing of the β-domain coding region, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis was performed as follows:




HUH7 cells in T-75 flasks were transfected via CaPO


4


precipitation with 36 βg of each of the following DNA plasmids:




pCY-2β-domain deleted human Factor VIII cDNA




pCY-6 Full-length human Factor VIII cDNA




pLZ-6 Full length human Factor VIII cDNA with engineered β-domain intron




75 ng of pCMVhGH was co-transfected as a transfection control. Untransfected cells were grown alongside as a negative control.




Total RNA was isolated from cells 24 hours post-transfection using Gibco BRL Trizol reagent, according to the standard protocol included in product insert.




RT-PCR Experiments were performed as follows: RT-PCR was performed on all RNA preps to characterize RNA. “Minus RT” PCR was performed on all RNA preps as a negative control (without RT, only DNA is amplified). PCR was performed on plasmids used in transfection assays to compare with RT-PCRs of the RNA preps. All RT-PCR was performed with Access RT-PCR system (Promega, Cat. #A1250). In each 50 βl reaction, 1.0 βg total RNA was used as template. Primer pairs were designed according to Factor VIII sequences as follows: the 5′ primer anneals to the top strand of Factor VIII, about 250 base pairs upstream of the β-domain junction; while the 3′ primer anneals to the bottom strand of Factor VIII, about 250 base pairs downstream of the β-domain junction.




The nucleotide sequences of the primers used to characterize (i.e., confirm) the β-domain intron splicing were as follows:




5′ primer TS 2921-2940:


5


′TGG TCT ATG AAG ACA CAC TC


3







(20 mer)




3′ primer BS 6261-6280:






5


′TGA GCC CTG TTT CTT AGA AC


3







(20 mer)




RT-PCR files were set up according to manufacturer's recommendation:




48° C., 45 minutes;×1 cycle




94° C., 2 minutes;×1 cycle




94° C., 30 sec;×40 cycles




60° C., 1 min;×40 cycles




68° C., 2 min;×40 cycles




68° C., 7 min;×1 cycle




4° C., soak overnight




The data obtained from the RT-PCR assays demonstrated that engineered β-domain intron was spliced as predicted. The RT-PCR product (˜500 bp) generated from pLZ-6 (containing the β-domain intron) was similar to that obtained from pCY-2 (containing β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA). The RT-PCR product observed for pCY-6 (containing the full length Factor VIII cDNA) yielded a much larger band (˜3.3 kb).




In the control groups, it was confirmed that DNA from the Huh-7 cells transfected with various Factor VIII constructs were consistent with regular PCR results of the corresponding plasmids. Background bands from untransfected Huh-7 cells were presumably contributed by cross-over during sample handling. This can be further investigated by using polyA+RNA as template, as well as by setting up RT-PCR with different primer sets.




Example 2




Correction of Consensus and near Consensus Splice Sites Within a Human Factor VIII Gene




Plasmid pCY-2, containing the coding region of the β-domain deleted human Factor VIII cDNA (nucleotides 1006-5379 of SEQ ID NO:2), was analyzed using the MacVector™ program for consensus and near consensus (a) splice donor sites, (b) splice acceptor sites and (c) branch sequences. Near consensus 5′ splice donor sites were selected using the following criteria: sites were required to contain at least 5 out of the 9 splice donor consensus bases (i.e., (C/A)AG


GT


(A/G)AGT), including the invariant


GT


, provided that if only 5 out of 9 bases were present, these 5 bases were located consecutively in a row. Near consensus 3′ splice acceptor sites were selected using the following criteria: sites were required to contain at least 3 out of the following 14 splice acceptor consensus bases (Y=10)C


AG


G (wherein Y is a pyrimidine within the pyrimidine track), including the invariant


AG


. Only branch sequences which were 100% consensus were searched for.




Using these criteria, 23 near consensus 5′ splice donor sequences, 22 near consensus 3′ splice acceptor sequences, and 18 consensus branch sequences were identified. No consensus 5′ splice donor or 3′ splice acceptor sequences were identified. To correct these near consensus splice donor and acceptor sequences, and consensus branch sequences, it was first determined whether the invariant


GT


,


AG


, or


A


bases within the site could be substituted without changing the coding sequence of the site. If they could be, then these conservative (silent) substitutions were made, thereby rendering the site non-consensus (since the invariant bases are required for recognition as a splice site).




If the invariant bases within selected consensus and near consensus sites could not be substituted without changing the coding sequence of the site (i.e., if no degeneracy existed for the amino acid sequence coded for), then the maximum number of silent point mutations were made to render the site as far from consensus as possible. All bases which contributed to homology of the consensus or near consensus site with the corresponding consensus sequence, and which were able to be conservatively substituted (with non-consensus bases), were mutated.




Using these guidelines, 99 silent point mutations were selected, as shown in

FIGS. 4A-4C

. The positions of each of these silent point mutations is shown in FIG.


3


.




To prepare a new pCY-2 human β-domain deleted Factor VIII cDNA coding sequence which contains the above-described corrections, the following procedure can be used:




Overlapping 60-mer oligonucleotides can be synthesized based on the coding sequence of pCY2. Each of the 185 oligonucleotide contains the desired corrections. These oligonucleotides are then assembled in five segments (shown in

FIG. 9

) using the method of Stemmer et al. (1995)


Gene


164: 49-53. Prior to assembly, each segment can be sequenced and tested in in vitro transfection assays (nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA analysis) in pCY2. A schematic illustration of this process is shown in FIG.


8


. The plasmid containing the new corrected coding sequence is desginated “pDJC.”




To test expression levels of pDJC, the plasmid can be transfected at a concentration of 2.0-2.5 βg/ml into HuH-7 human carcinoma cells using any suitable transfection technique, such as the calcium phosphate precipitation method described by O'Mahoney et al. (1994)


DNA


&


Cell Biol


. 13(12): 1227-1232. Factor VIII expression can then be measured using the KabiCoATest (Kabi Inc., Sweden). This is both a quantitative and a qualitative assay for measuring Factor VIII expression, because it measures enzymatic activity of Factor VIII. Alternatively, plasmids such as pDJC can be tested for in vivo expression using the procedure described below in Example 4.




Example 3




Optimized Expression Vectors




Optimized expression vectors for liver-specific and endothelium-specific human Factor VIII expression were prepared and tested as follows:




The β-domain deleted human Factor VIII cDNA was obtained through Bayer Corporation in plasmid p25D, having a coding sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1006-5379 of SEQ ID NO:2. The human thyroid binding globulin promoter (TBG) (bases −382 to +3) was obtained by PCR from human liver genomic DNA (Hayashi et al. (1993)


Mol. Endo


. 7:1049). The human endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene promoter (Lee et al. (1990)


J. Biol. Chem


. 265(18) was synthesized by amplification of overlapping oligos in a PCR reaction.




After sequence confirmation, the TBG and ET-1 promoters were cloned into two separate vectors upstream of an optimized leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11), using standard cloning techniques. The leader sequence was designed in a similar manner to that reported by Kozak et al. (1994)


J. Mol. Biol


. 235:95) and synthesized (Retrogen Inc., San Diego, Calif.) as 71 base pair top and bottom strand oligos, annealed and cloned upstream of the Factor VIII ATG. The 126 base pair intron-1 of the rabbit β-globin gene, containing the nucleotide sequence modifications shown in

FIG. 23

(SEQ ID NO:7), was also synthesized and inserted into the leader sequence following base 42 of the 71 nucleotide sequence.




In the construct containing the TBG promoter, top and bottom strands of the human alpha-1 microglobulin/bikunin enhancer (ABP), sequences −2804 through −2704 (Rouet et al. (1992)


J. Biol. Chem


. 267:20765), were synthesized, annealed and cloned upstream of the promoter. Cloning sites flanking the enhancer were designed to facilitate easy multimerization. In the construct containing the ES-1 promoter, top and bottom strands of the human c-fos SRE enhancer (Treisman et al. (1986)


Cell


46) were synthesized, annealed and cloned upstream of the promoter.




The post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE) from hepatitis B virus, was isolated from plasmid Adw-HTD as a 587 base-pair Stu I-Stu I fragment. It was cloned into the 3′ UTR of the Factor VIII construct (at the Hpa I site) containing the TBG promoter and ABP enhancers, upstream of the polyadenylation sequence. A two copy PRE element was isolated as a Spe I-Spe I fragment from an early vector where two copies had ligated together. This fragment was converted to a blunt end fragment by the Klenow fragment of E-coli DNA polymerase I and also cloned into the Factor VIII construct at the same Hpa I site.




Thus, the following constructs were produced using the foregoing materials and methods:




Plasmid pCY-2 having a 5′ untranslated region containing the TBG promoter, two copies of the ABP enhancer; and the modified rabbit β-globin IVS, all upstream of the human β-domain deleted Factor VIII gene.




Plasmid pCY2-SE5 which was identical to pCY-2, except that the TBG promoter was replaced by the ET-1 gene promoter, and the ABP enhancers (both copies) were replaced by one copy of the SRE enhancer.




Plasmid pCY-201 which was identical to pCY-2, except that it lacked the 5′ intron.




Plasmid pCY-401 and pCY-402 which were identical to pCY-201, except that they contained one and two copies of the HBV PRE, respectively.




Expression levels for each of the foregoing gene constructs was compared in human hepatoma cells (HUH-7) maintained in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (GIBCO BRL), supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (10% FCS), penicillin (50 IU/ml), and streptomycin (50 βg/ml) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO


2


at 37° C. For experiments involving quantitation of human factor VIII protein, media was supplemented with an additional 10% FCS. DNA transfection was performed by a calcium phosphate coprecipitation method.




Other human Factor VIII gene constructs (shown below in Table I) tested for expression, prepared as described above, included constructs which were identical to pCY-2, except that they contained (a) the TBG promoter with no enhancer or 5′ intron, (b) the TBG promoter with a 5′ modified rabbit β-globin intron (present within the leader sequence), but no enhancer, (c) the TBG promoter with one copy of the ABP enhancer and a 5′ modified rabbit β-globin intron (present within the leader sequence), and (d) the TBG promoter with two copies of the ABP enhancer and a 5′ modified rabbit β-globin intron (present within the leader sequence).




Active Factor VIII protein was measured from tissue culture supernatants by COAtest VIII:c/4 kit assay specific for active Factor VIII protein. Transfection efficiencies were normalized to expression of cotransfected human growth hormone (hGH).




As shown below in Table I, liver-specific human Factor VIII expression is significantly increased by the combined use of the TBG promoter and a 5′ intron within the 5′ UTR of the gene construct. Expression is further increased (over 30 fold) by adding a copy of the ABP enhancer in the same construct. Expression is still further increased (over 60 fold) by using two copies of the ABP enhancer in the same construct. In addition, as shown in

FIG. 18

, expression is also significantly increased by adding one or more PRE sequences into the 3′ UTR of the gene construct, although, in this experiment, not as much as by adding a 5′ intron within the 5′ UTR.















TABLE I












Fold Increase in Factor







5′ Region Tested




VIII Expression in Vitro



























TBG Promoter




1







TBG Promoter, 5′ Intron




3.5







ABP Enhancer (1 copy),




30.1







TBG Promoter, 5′ Intron







ABP Enhancer (2 copies),




63.2







TBG Promoter, 5′ Intron







(pCY-2)















Expression of pCY2-SE5 was also tested and compared with pCY-2 in (a) bovine aortic endothelial cells and (b) HUH-7 cells. Transfections and Assays were performed as described above. Significantly more biologically active human Factor VIII was secreted from cells transfected with pCY2-SE5 than with pCY-2 (625 pg/ml vs. 280 pg/ml). While liver-specific pCY-2 expressed more than 10 ng/ml of human Factor VII from HUH-7 cells, no human Factor VIII could be detected from pCY2-SE5 transfected HUH-7 cells.




Constructs were also tested in vivo. Specifically, pCY-2 and pCY2-SE5 were tested in mouse models by injecting mice (tail vein) with 10 βg of DNA in one 1.0 ml of solution (0.3 M NaCl, pH 9). Plasmids pCY-6, pLZ-6 and pLZ-6A (described in Example I) were tested in the same experiment. Levels of human Factor VIII were measured in mouse serum.




The results are shown in FIG.


19


. Plasmid pCY-2, containing the TBG promoter, 2 copies of the ABP enhancer, and an optimized 5′ intron, had the highest expression, followed by pLZ-6A, pLZ-6, pCY2-SE5 and pCY-6.




Plasmid pCY-2 was also tested in vivo in mice, along with plasmid p25D which contained the same coding sequence (for human β-domain deleted Factor VIII) without an optimized 5′ UTR. Specifically, instead of 2 copies of the ABP enhancer, one copy of the TBG promoter and a leader sequence containing an optimized (i.e., modified to contain consensus splice donor and acceptor sites and a consensus branch and pyrimidine track sequence) 5′ rabbit β-globin intron (as contained in the 5′ UTR of pCY-2), p25D contained within its 5′ UTR one copy of the CMV enhancer, one copy of the CMV promoter, and a leader sequence containing an unmodified short (130 bp) chimeric human IgE intron (containing uncorrected near consensus splice donor and acceptor sites). Plasmids were injected into mice (tail vein) in the form of asialoorosomucoid/polylysine/DNA complexes formed as described below in Example 4. Mice were injected with 10 βg of DNA (complexed) in 1.0 of solution (0.3 M NaCl, pH 9).




The results are shown in FIG.


25


and demonstrate that optimization of gene constructs by modification of 5′ UTRs to contain novel combinations of strong tissue-specific promoters and enhancers, and optimized introns (e.g. modified to contain consensus splice donor and acceptor sites and a consensus branch and pyrimidine track sequence) significantly increases both levels and duration of gene expression. Notably, expression of p25D shut off after only 8 days, whereas expression of pCY-2 was maintained at nearly 100% of initial levels (well in the human therapeutic range of 10 ng/ml or more) for over 10 days. In the same experiment, expression was maintained well in the therapeutic range for greater than 30 days.




Overall, the results of the foregoing examples demonstrate that gene expression can be significantly increased and prolonged in vivo by optimizing untranslated regulatory regions and/or coding sequences in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.




Example 4




Targeted Delivery of Novel Genes to Cells




Novel genes of the invention, such as novel Factor VIII genes contained in appropriate expression vectors, can be selectively delivered to target cells either in vitro or in vivo as follows:




Formation of Targeted Molecular Complexes




I. Reagents




Protamine, poly-L-lysine (4 kD, 10 kD, 26 kD; mean MW) and ethidium bromide can be purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) can be purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, Wis. Synthetic polylysines can be purchased from Research Genetics (Huntsville, Ala.) or Dr. Schwabe (Protein Chemistry Facility at the Medical University of South Carolina). Orosomucoid (OR) can be purchased from Alpha Therapeutics, Los Angeles, Calif. Asialoorosomucoid (AsOR) can be prepared from orosomucoid (15 mg/ml) by hydrolysis with 0.1 N sulfuric acid at 76° C. for one hour. AsOR can then be purified from the reaction mixture by neutralization with 1.0 N NaOH to pH 5.5 and exhaustive dialysis against water at room temperature. AsOR concentration can be determined using an extinction coefficient of 0.92 ml mg


−1


, cm


−1


at 280 nm. The thiobarbituric acid assay of Warren (1959)


J. Biol. Chem


. 234:1971-1975 or of Uchida (1977)


J. Biochem


. 82:1425-1433 can be used to verify desialylation of the OR. AsOR prepared by the above method is typically 98% desialyated.




II. Formation of Carrier Molecules




Carrier molecules capable of electrostatically binding to DNA can be prepared as follows: AsOR-poly-L-lysine conjugate (AP26K) can be formed by carbodiimide coupling similar to that reported by McKee (1994)


Bioconj. Chem


. 5:306-311. AsOR, 26kD poly-L-lysine and EDC in a 1:1:0.5 mass ratio can be reacted as follows. EDC (dry) is added directly to a stirring aqueous AsOR solution. Polylysine (26 kD) is then added, the reaction mixture adjusted to pH 5.5-6.0, and stirred for two hours at ambient temperature. The reaction can be quenched by addition of Na


3


PO


4


(200 mM, pH 11) to a final concentration of 10 mM. The AP26K conjugate can be first purified on a Fast Flow Q Sepharose anion exchange chromatography column (Pharmacia) eluted with 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5; and then dialyzed against water.




III. Calculation of Charge Ratios (+/−)




Charge ratios of purified carrier molecules can be determined as follows: Protein-polylysine conjugates (e.g., AsOR-PL or OR-PL) are exhaustively dialyzed against ultra-pure water. An aliquot of the dialyzed conjugate solution is Iyophilized, weighed and dissolved in ultra-pure water at a specific concentration (w/v). Since polylysine has minimal absorbance at 280 nm, the AsOR component of AsOR-polylysine (w/v) is calculated using the extinction coefficient at 280 nm. The composition of the conjugate is estimated by comparison of the concentration of the conjugate (w/v) with the concentration of AsOR (w/v) as determined by UV absorbance. The difference between the two determinations can be attributed to the polylysine component of the conjugate. The composition of OR-polylysine can be calculated in the same manner. The ratio of conjugate to DNA (w/w) necessary for specific charge ratios then can be calculated using the determined conjugate composition. Charge ratios for molecular complexes made with, e.g., polylysine or protamine, can be calculated from the amino acid composition.




IV. Complexation With DNA




To form targeted DNA complexes, DNA (e.g., plasmid DNA) is preferably prepared in glycine (e.g., 0.44 M, pH 7), and is then rapidly added to an equal volume of carrier molecule, also in glycine (e.g., 0.44 M, pH 7), so that the final solution is isotonic.




V. Fluorescence Quenching Assay




Binding efficiencies of DNA to various polycationic carrier molecules can be examined using an ethidium bromide-based quenching assay. Solutions can be prepared containing 2.5 βg/ml EtBr and 10 βg/ml DNA (1:5 EtBr:DNA phosphates molar ratio) in a total volume of 1.0 ml. The polycation is added incrementally with fluorescence readings taken at each point using a fluorometer (e.g., a Sequoia-Turner 450), with excitation and emission wavelengths at 540 nm and 585 nm, respectively. Fluorescence readings are preferably adjusted to compensate for the change in volume due to the addition of polycation, if the polycation did not exceed 3% of the original volume. Results can be reported as the percentage of fluorescence relative to that of uncomplexed plasmid DNA (no polycation).




Cell Delivery In Vivo or In Vitro




DNA complexes prepared as described above can be administered in solution to subjects via injection. By way of example, a 0.1-1.0 ml dose of complex in solution can be injected intravenously via the tail vein into adult (e.g., 18-20 gm) BALB/C mice, at a dose ranging from <1.0-10.0 μg of DNA complex per mouse.




Alternatively, DNA complexes can be incubated with cells (e.g., HuH cells) in culture using any suitable transfection protocol known in the art for targeted uptake. Target cells for transfection must contain on their surface a component capable of binding to the cell-binding component of the DNA complex.




Equivalents




Although the invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are encompassed by the following claims.




Incorporation by Refreence




The contents of all references and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.







11





4374 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA




CDS


1..4374




1
ATG GAA ATA GAG CTC TCC ACC TGC TTC TTT CTG TGC CTT TTG CGA TTC 48
Met Glu Ile Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Phe Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Arg Phe
1 5 10 15
TGC TTT AGT GCC ACC AGA AGA TAC TAC CTG GGT GCA GTG GAA CTG TCA 96
Cys Phe Ser Ala Thr Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser
20 25 30
TGG GAC TAT ATG CAA AGT GAT CTC GGA GAG CTG CCT GTG GAC GCA AGA 144
Trp Asp Tyr Met Gln Ser Asp Leu Gly Glu Leu Pro Val Asp Ala Arg
35 40 45
TTT CCT CCT CGC GTG CCA AAA TCT TTT CCA TTC AAC ACC TCA GTC GTG 192
Phe Pro Pro Arg Val Pro Lys Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Val Val
50 55 60
TAC AAA AAG ACT CTG TTT GTA GAA TTC ACG GTT CAC CTT TTC AAC ATC 240
Tyr Lys Lys Thr Leu Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Val His Leu Phe Asn Ile
65 70 75 80
GCT AAG CCA AGG CCA CCC TGG ATG GGT CTG CTA GGT CCT ACC ATC CAA 288
Ala Lys Pro Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile Gln
85 90 95
GCT GAG GTT TAT GAT ACA GTG GTC ATT ACA CTT AAG AAC ATG GCT TCC 336
Ala Glu Val Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala Ser
100 105 110
CAT CCT GTC TCC CTT CAT GCT GTT GGT GTA TCC TAC TGG AAA GCT TCT 384
His Pro Val Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Ser
115 120 125
GAG GGA GCT GAA TAT GAT GAT CAG ACC AGT CAA AGG GAG AAA GAA GAT 432
Glu Gly Ala Glu Tyr Asp Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu Asp
130 135 140
GAT AAA GTC TTC CCT GGT GGA AGC CAT ACA TAT GTC TGG CAA GTC CTG 480
Asp Lys Val Phe Pro Gly Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val Leu
145 150 155 160
AAA GAG AAT GGT CCA ATG GCC TCC GAC CCA CTG TGC CTT ACC TAC TCA 528
Lys Glu Asn Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Leu Cys Leu Thr Tyr Ser
165 170 175
TAT CTT TCT CAT GTG GAC CTG GTT AAA GAC TTG AAT TCA GGC CTC ATT 576
Tyr Leu Ser His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu Ile
180 185 190
GGA GCC CTA CTA GTA TGT AGA GAA GGG AGT CTG GCC AAG GAA AAG ACA 624
Gly Ala Leu Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Glu Lys Thr
195 200 205
CAG ACC TTG CAC AAA TTT ATA CTA CTT TTT GCT GTA TTT GAT GAA GGG 672
Gln Thr Leu His Lys Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu Gly
210 215 220
AAA AGT TGG CAC TCA GAA ACA AAG AAC TCC CTC ATG CAA GAT AGG GAT 720
Lys Ser Trp His Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Ser Leu Met Gln Asp Arg Asp
225 230 235 240
GCT GCA TCT GCT CGG GCC TGG CCT AAA ATG CAC ACA GTC AAT GGT TAT 768
Ala Ala Ser Ala Arg Ala Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly Tyr
245 250 255
GTA AAC AGG AGC CTG CCA GGA CTG ATT GGA TGC CAC AGG AAA TCA GTC 816
Val Asn Arg Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser Val
260 265 270
TAT TGG CAT GTT ATA GGA ATG GGC ACC ACT CCT GAA GTG CAC TCA ATA 864
Tyr Trp His Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Val His Ser Ile
275 280 285
TTC CTC GAA GGA CAC ACA TTT CTT GTT AGA AAC CAT CGC CAG GCG TCC 912
Phe Leu Glu Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala Ser
290 295 300
TTG GAA ATC TCG CCA ATA ACT TTC CTT ACT GCT CAA ACA CTC CTC ATG 960
Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu Met
305 310 315 320
GAC CTT GGA CAG TTT CTA CTG TTT TGT CAT ATC TCT TCC CAC CAA CAT 1008
Asp Leu Gly Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Gln His
325 330 335
GAT GGC ATG GAA GCT TAT GTC AAA GTA GAC AGC TGT CCA GAG GAA CCC 1056
Asp Gly Met Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu Pro
340 345 350
CAA CTA CGA ATG AAA AAT AAT GAA GAA GCG GAA GAC TAT GAT GAT GAT 1104
Gln Leu Arg Met Lys Asn Asn Glu Glu Ala Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asp
355 360 365
CTT ACC GAT TCT GAA ATG GAT GTG GTC AGA TTT GAT GAT GAC AAC TCT 1152
Leu Thr Asp Ser Glu Met Asp Val Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Asp Asn Ser
370 375 380
CCT TCC TTT ATC CAA ATT CGC TCA GTT GCC AAG AAG CAT CCT AAA ACT 1200
Pro Ser Phe Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr
385 390 395 400
TGG GTA CAT TAC ATT GCT GCT GAA GAG GAG GAC TGG GAC TAT GCT CCC 1248
Trp Val His Tyr Ile Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro
405 410 415
TTA GTC CTC GCC CCC GAT GAC AGA AGT TAT AAA AGT CAA TAT TTG AAC 1296
Leu Val Leu Ala Pro Asp Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Asn
420 425 430
AAT GGC CCT CAG CGG ATT GGA AGG AAG TAC AAA AAA GTC CGA TTT ATG 1344
Asn Gly Pro Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Met
435 440 445
GCA TAC ACA GAT GAA ACC TTT AAG ACT CGT GAA GCT ATT CAG CAT GAA 1392
Ala Tyr Thr Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln His Glu
450 455 460
TCA GGA ATC TTG GGA CCT TTA CTT TAT GGG GAA GTT GGA GAC ACA CTG 1440
Ser Gly Ile Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu
465 470 475 480
CTC ATT ATA TTT AAG AAT CAA GCA AGC AGA CCA TAT AAC ATC TAC CCT 1488
Leu Ile Ile Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro
485 490 495
CAC GGA ATC ACC GAT GTC CGT CCT TTG TAT TCA CGC AGA TTA CCA AAA 1536
His Gly Ile Thr Asp Val Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ser Arg Arg Leu Pro Lys
500 505 510
GGA GTA AAA CAT TTG AAG GAT TTT CCA ATT CTG CCC GGA GAA ATA TTC 1584
Gly Val Lys His Leu Lys Asp Phe Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe
515 520 525
AAA TAT AAA TGG ACA GTG ACT GTA GAA GAT GGG CCA ACT AAA TCA GAT 1632
Lys Tyr Lys Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp
530 535 540
CCT CGG TGC CTG ACC CGC TAT TAC TCT AGT TTC GTC AAT ATG GAG AGA 1680
Pro Arg Cys Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Val Asn Met Glu Arg
545 550 555 560
GAT CTA GCT TCA GGA CTC ATT GGC CCT CTC CTC ATC TGC TAC AAA GAA 1728
Asp Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu
565 570 575
TCT GTA GAT CAA AGA GGA AAC CAG ATA ATG TCA GAC AAG AGG AAT GTC 1776
Ser Val Asp Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ile Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val
580 585 590
ATC CTG TTT TCT GTA TTT GAT GAG AAC CGA AGC TGG TAC CTC ACA GAG 1824
Ile Leu Phe Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Arg Ser Trp Tyr Leu Thr Glu
595 600 605
AAT ATA CAA CGC TTT CTC CCC AAT CCC GCT GGA GTG CAG CTT GAG GAT 1872
Asn Ile Gln Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Ala Gly Val Gln Leu Glu Asp
610 615 620
CCA GAG TTC CAA GCC TCC AAC ATC ATG CAC AGC ATC AAT GGC TAT GTT 1920
Pro Glu Phe Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val
625 630 635 640
TTC GAT AGT TTG CAG TTG TCA GTT TGT TTG CAT GAA GTA GCA TAC TGG 1968
Phe Asp Ser Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp
645 650 655
TAC ATT CTA AGC ATT GGA GCA CAG ACT GAC TTC CTT TCT GTC TTC TTC 2016
Tyr Ile Leu Ser Ile Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe
660 665 670
TCT GGA TAT ACC TTC AAA CAC AAA ATG GTC TAT GAA GAC ACA CTC ACC 2064
Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr
675 680 685
CTA TTC CCA TTC TCC GGA GAA ACT GTC TTC ATG TCG ATG GAA AAC CCA 2112
Leu Phe Pro Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro
690 695 700
GGA CTA TGG ATT CTG GGG TGC CAC AAC TCA GAC TTT CGG AAC AGA GGC 2160
Gly Leu Trp Ile Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Asn Arg Gly
705 710 715 720
ATG ACC GCC TTA CTG AAA GTT TCC AGT TGT GAC AAG AAC ACT GGA GAT 2208
Met Thr Ala Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Asn Thr Gly Asp
725 730 735
TAT TAC GAG GAC AGT TAT GAA GAT ATT TCA GCA TAC TTG CTG AGT AAA 2256
Tyr Tyr Glu Asp Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ser Ala Tyr Leu Leu Ser Lys
740 745 750
AAC AAT GCC ATT GAA CCA AGA AGC TTC TCC CAG AAC CCA CCA GTC TTG 2304
Asn Asn Ala Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ser Gln Asn Pro Pro Val Leu
755 760 765
AAA CGC CAT CAA CGG GAA ATA ACT CGT ACT ACT CTT CAA TCA GAT CAA 2352
Lys Arg His Gln Arg Glu Ile Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu Gln Ser Asp Gln
770 775 780
GAG GAA ATT GAC TAT GAT GAT ACC ATA TCA GTT GAA ATG AAG AAG GAA 2400
Glu Glu Ile Asp Tyr Asp Asp Thr Ile Ser Val Glu Met Lys Lys Glu
785 790 795 800
GAT TTC GAC ATT TAT GAT GAG GAT GAA AAT CAG AGC CCC CGC AGC TTT 2448
Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr Asp Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Pro Arg Ser Phe
805 810 815
CAA AAG AAA ACA CGA CAC TAT TTT ATT GCT GCA GTG GAG AGG CTC TGG 2496
Gln Lys Lys Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp
820 825 830
GAT TAT GGG ATG AGT AGC TCC CCA CAT GTT CTA AGA AAC AGG GCT CAG 2544
Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser Ser Ser Pro His Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Ala Gln
835 840 845
AGT GGC AGT GTC CCT CAG TTC AAG AAA GTA GTA TTC CAG GAA TTT ACC 2592
Ser Gly Ser Val Pro Gln Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr
850 855 860
GAT GGC TCC TTT ACT CAA CCC TTA TAC CGT GGA GAA CTA AAT GAA CAT 2640
Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Gln Pro Leu Tyr Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His
865 870 875 880
TTG GGA CTC CTG GGG CCA TAT ATA AGA GCA GAA GTT GAA GAT AAT ATC 2688
Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile
885 890 895
ATG GTT ACC TTC AGA AAT CAG GCC TCT CGT CCC TAT TCC TTC TAT TCT 2736
Met Val Thr Phe Arg Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser
900 905 910
TCC CTC ATA TCA TAT GAG GAA GAT CAG AGG CAA GGA GCA GAA CCT AGA 2784
Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr Glu Glu Asp Gln Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Pro Arg
915 920 925
AAA AAC TTT GTC AAG CCT AAT GAA ACC AAA ACT TAC TTT TGG AAA GTG 2832
Lys Asn Phe Val Lys Pro Asn Glu Thr Lys Thr Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val
930 935 940
CAA CAT CAT ATG GCA CCC ACT AAA GAT GAG TTT GAC TGC AAA GCC TGG 2880
Gln His His Met Ala Pro Thr Lys Asp Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp
945 950 955 960
GCT TAT TTC TCC GAT GTC GAC CTG GAA AAA GAT GTG CAC TCA GGC CTG 2928
Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val His Ser Gly Leu
965 970 975
ATT GGA CCC CTT CTG GTC TGC CAC ACC AAC ACA CTG AAC CCT GCT CAT 2976
Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Val Cys His Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His
980 985 990
GGG AGA CAA GTG ACA GTA CAG GAA TTT GCT CTG TTT TTC ACC ATC TTC 3024
Gly Arg Gln Val Thr Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe Phe Thr Ile Phe
995 1000 1005
GAT GAG ACC AAA AGC TGG TAC TTC ACT GAA AAT ATG GAA AGA AAC TGC 3072
Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Met Glu Arg Asn Cys
1010 1015 1020
AGG GCT CCC TGC AAT ATC CAG ATG GAA GAT CCC ACT TTT AAA GAG AAT 3120
Arg Ala Pro Cys Asn Ile Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn
1025 1030 1035 1040
TAT CGC TTC CAT GCA ATC AAT GGC TAC ATA ATG GAT ACA CTA CCT GGC 3168
Tyr Arg Phe His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ile Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly
1045 1050 1055
TTA GTA ATG GCT CAG GAT CAA AGG ATT CGA TGG TAT CTG CTC AGC ATG 3216
Leu Val Met Ala Gln Asp Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met
1060 1065 1070
GGC AGC AAT GAA AAC ATC CAT TCT ATT CAT TTC TCC GGA CAT GTG TTC 3264
Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe
1075 1080 1085
ACT GTA CGA AAA AAA GAG GAG TAT AAA ATG GCA CTG TAC AAT CTC TAT 3312
Thr Val Arg Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Leu Tyr Asn Leu Tyr
1090 1095 1100
CCC GGA GTT TTC GAG ACA GTG GAA ATG TTA CCA TCC AAA GCT GGA ATT 3360
Pro Gly Val Phe Glu Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser Lys Ala Gly Ile
1105 1110 1115 1120
TGG CGG GTG GAA TGC CTT ATT GGC GAG CAT CTA CAT GCT GGG ATG AGC 3408
Trp Arg Val Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu His Ala Gly Met Ser
1125 1130 1135
ACA CTT TTT CTG GTG TAC TCC AAT AAG TGT CAG ACT CCC CTG GGA ATG 3456
Thr Leu Phe Leu Val Tyr Ser Asn Lys Cys Gln Thr Pro Leu Gly Met
1140 1145 1150
GCT TCT GGA CAC ATT AGA GAT TTT CAG ATT ACA GCT TCA GGA CAA TAT 3504
Ala Ser Gly His Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly Gln Tyr
1155 1160 1165
GGA CAG TGG GCC CCA AAG CTG GCC AGA CTT CAT TAT TCC GGA TCA ATC 3552
Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile
1170 1175 1180
AAT GCC TGG AGC ACC AAG GAG CCC TTT TCT TGG ATC AAA GTT GAC CTG 3600
Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr Lys Glu Pro Phe Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu
1185 1190 1195 1200
TTG GCA CCA ATG ATT ATT CAC GGC ATC AAG ACC CAG GGT GCC CGT CAG 3648
Leu Ala Pro Met Ile Ile His Gly Ile Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln
1205 1210 1215
AAG TTC TCC AGC CTC TAC ATC TCT CAA TTT ATC ATC ATG TAT AGT CTC 3696
Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu
1220 1225 1230
GAT GGG AAG AAG TGG CAG ACT TAT CGA GGA AAT TCC ACT GGA ACC CTC 3744
Asp Gly Lys Lys Trp Gln Thr Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu
1235 1240 1245
ATG GTC TTC TTT GGC AAT GTG GAT TCA TCT GGG ATA AAA CAC AAT ATT 3792
Met Val Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ser Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ile
1250 1255 1260
TTC AAC CCT CCA ATT ATT GCT CGA TAC ATC CGT TTG CAC CCA ACT CAT 3840
Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile Ile Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His
1265 1270 1275 1280
TAT AGC ATT CGC AGC ACT CTT CGC ATG GAG TTG ATG GGC TGT GAT TTA 3888
Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu
1285 1290 1295
AAT AGT TGC AGC ATG CCA TTG GGA ATG GAG AGT AAA GCA ATA TCA GAT 3936
Asn Ser Cys Ser Met Pro Leu Gly Met Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Ser Asp
1300 1305 1310
GCA CAG ATT ACT GCT TCA TCC TAC TTT ACC AAT ATG TTT GCC ACC TGG 3984
Ala Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp
1315 1320 1325
TCT CCT TCA AAA GCT CGA CTA CAC CTA CAA GGG AGG AGT AAT GCC TGG 4032
Ser Pro Ser Lys Ala Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Trp
1330 1335 1340
AGA CCT CAA GTT AAC AAT CCA AAA GAG TGG CTG CAA GTG GAC TTC CAG 4080
Arg Pro Gln Val Asn Asn Pro Lys Glu Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln
1345 1350 1355 1360
AAG ACA ATG AAA GTC ACA GGA GTA ACT ACT CAG GGA GTA AAA TCT CTG 4128
Lys Thr Met Lys Val Thr Gly Val Thr Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu
1365 1370 1375
CTT ACC TCT ATG TAC GTG AAG GAG TTC CTC ATA TCG TCG TCG CAA GAT 4176
Leu Thr Ser Met Tyr Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp
1380 1385 1390
GGC CAT CAG TGG ACT CTC TTT TTT CAA AAT GGC AAA GTA AAA GTT TTC 4224
Gly His Gln Trp Thr Leu Phe Phe Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe
1395 1400 1405
CAG GGA AAT CAA GAC TCC TTC ACA CCT GTC GTG AAC TCT CTA GAC CCA 4272
Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp Ser Phe Thr Pro Val Val Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro
1410 1415 1420
CCG TTA CTC ACT CGC TAC CTT CGA ATT CAC CCC CAG AGT TGG GTG CAC 4320
Pro Leu Leu Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Gln Ser Trp Val His
1425 1430 1435 1440
CAG ATT GCC CTG AGG ATG GAG GTT CTG GGC TGC GAG GCA CAG GAC CTC 4368
Gln Ile Ala Leu Arg Met Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu
1445 1450 1455
TAC TGA 4374
Tyr






9164 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA




CDS


1006..5376




2
GTCGACGGTA TCGATAAGCT TGATATCGAA TTCCTGCAGC CCGGGGGATC CACTAGTACT 60
CGAGACCTAG GAGTTAATTT TTAAAAAGCA GTCAAAAGTC CAAGTGGCCC TTGCGAGCAT 120
TTACTCTCTC TGTTTGCTCT GGTTAATAAT CTCAGGAGCA CAAACATTCC TTACTAGTCC 180
TAGAAGTTAA TTTTTAAAAA GCAGTCAAAA GTCCAAGTGG CCCTTGCGAG CATTTACTCT 240
CTCTGTTTGC TCTGGTTAAT AATCTCAGGA GCACAAACAT TCCTTACTAG TTCTAGAGCG 300
GCCGCCAGTG TGCTGGAATT CGGCTTTTTT AGGGCTGGAA GCTACCTTTG ACATCATTTC 360
CTCTGCGAAT GCATGTATAA TTTCTACAGA ACCTATTAGA AAGGATCACC CAGCCTCTGC 420
TTTTGTACAA CTTTCCCTTA AAAAACTGCC AATTCCACTG CTGTTTGGCC CAATAGTGAG 480
AACTTTTTCC TGCTGCCTCT TGGTGCTTTT GCCTATGGCC CCTATTCTGC CTGCTGAAGA 540
CACTCTTGCC AGCATGGACT TAAACCCCTC CAGCTCTGAC AATCCTCTTT CTCTTTTGTT 600
TTACATGAAG GGTCTGGCAG CCAAAGCAAT CACTCAAAGT TCAAACCTTA TCATTTTTTG 660
CTTTGTTCCT CTTGGCCTTG GTTTTGTACA TCAGCTTTGA AAATACCATC CCAGGGTTAA 720
TGCTGGGGTT AATTTATAAC TAAGAGTGCT CTAGTTTTGC AATACAGGAC ATGCTATAAA 780
AATGGAAAGA TGTTGCTTTC TGAGAGATCT CGAGGAAGCT AACAACAAAG AACAACAAAC 840
AACAATCAGG TAAGTATCCT TTTTACAGCA CAACTTAATG AGACAGATAG AAACTGGTCT 900
TGTAGAAACA GAGTAGTCGC CTGCTTTTCT GCCAGGTGCT GACTTCTCTC CCCTTCTCTT 960
TTTTCCTTTT CTCAGGATAA CAAGAACGAA ACAATAACAG CCACC ATG GAA ATA 1014
Met Glu Ile
1
GAG CTC TCC ACC TGC TTC TTT CTG TGC CTT TTG CGA TTC TGC TTT AGT 1062
Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Phe Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Arg Phe Cys Phe Ser
5 10 15
GCC ACC AGA AGA TAC TAC CTG GGT GCA GTG GAA CTG TCA TGG GAC TAT 1110
Ala Thr Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser Trp Asp Tyr
20 25 30 35
ATG CAA AGT GAT CTC GGT GAG CTG CCT GTG GAC GCA AGA TTT CCT CCT 1158
Met Gln Ser Asp Leu Gly Glu Leu Pro Val Asp Ala Arg Phe Pro Pro
40 45 50
AGA GTG CCA AAA TCT TTT CCA TTC AAC ACC TCA GTC GTG TAC AAA AAG 1206
Arg Val Pro Lys Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Val Val Tyr Lys Lys
55 60 65
ACT CTG TTT GTA GAA TTC ACG GTT CAC CTT TTC AAC ATC GCT AAG CCA 1254
Thr Leu Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Val His Leu Phe Asn Ile Ala Lys Pro
70 75 80
AGG CCA CCC TGG ATG GGT CTG CTA GGT CCT ACC ATC CAG GCT GAG GTT 1302
Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile Gln Ala Glu Val
85 90 95
TAT GAT ACA GTG GTC ATT ACA CTT AAG AAC ATG GCT TCC CAT CCT GTC 1350
Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala Ser His Pro Val
100 105 110 115
AGT CTT CAT GCT GTT GGT GTA TCC TAC TGG AAA GCT TCT GAG GGA GCT 1398
Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Ser Glu Gly Ala
120 125 130
GAA TAT GAT GAT CAG ACC AGT CAA AGG GAG AAA GAA GAT GAT AAA GTC 1446
Glu Tyr Asp Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu Asp Asp Lys Val
135 140 145
TTC CCT GGT GGA AGC CAT ACA TAT GTC TGG CAG GTC CTG AAA GAG AAT 1494
Phe Pro Gly Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val Leu Lys Glu Asn
150 155 160
GGT CCA ATG GCC TCT GAC CCA CTG TGC CTT ACC TAC TCA TAT CTT TCT 1542
Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Leu Cys Leu Thr Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Ser
165 170 175
CAT GTG GAC CTG GTA AAA GAC TTG AAT TCA GGC CTC ATT GGA GCC CTA 1590
His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Ala Leu
180 185 190 195
CTA GTA TGT AGA GAA GGG AGT CTG GCC AAG GAA AAG ACA CAG ACC TTG 1638
Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Glu Lys Thr Gln Thr Leu
200 205 210
CAC AAA TTT ATA CTA CTT TTT GCT GTA TTT GAT GAA GGG AAA AGT TGG 1686
His Lys Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu Gly Lys Ser Trp
215 220 225
CAC TCA GAA ACA AAG AAC TCC TTG ATG CAG GAT AGG GAT GCT GCA TCT 1734
His Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Ser Leu Met Gln Asp Arg Asp Ala Ala Ser
230 235 240
GCT CGG GCC TGG CCT AAA ATG CAC ACA GTC AAT GGT TAT GTA AAC AGG 1782
Ala Arg Ala Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly Tyr Val Asn Arg
245 250 255
TCT CTG CCA GGT CTG ATT GGA TGC CAC AGG AAA TCA GTC TAT TGG CAT 1830
Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser Val Tyr Trp His
260 265 270 275
GTG ATT GGA ATG GGC ACC ACT CCT GAA GTG CAC TCA ATA TTC CTC GAA 1878
Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Val His Ser Ile Phe Leu Glu
280 285 290
GGT CAC ACA TTT CTT GTG AGG AAC CAT CGC CAG GCG TCC TTG GAA ATC 1926
Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala Ser Leu Glu Ile
295 300 305
TCG CCA ATA ACT TTC CTT ACT GCT CAA ACA CTC TTG ATG GAC CTT GGA 1974
Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Gly
310 315 320
CAG TTT CTA CTG TTT TGT CAT ATC TCT TCC CAC CAA CAT GAT GGC ATG 2022
Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Gln His Asp Gly Met
325 330 335
GAA GCT TAT GTC AAA GTA GAC AGC TGT CCA GAG GAA CCC CAA CTA CGA 2070
Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu Pro Gln Leu Arg
340 345 350 355
ATG AAA AAT AAT GAA GAA GCG GAA GAC TAT GAT GAT GAT CTT ACT GAT 2118
Met Lys Asn Asn Glu Glu Ala Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asp Leu Thr Asp
360 365 370
TCT GAA ATG GAT GTG GTC AGG TTT GAT GAT GAC AAC TCT CCT TCC TTT 2166
Ser Glu Met Asp Val Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Phe
375 380 385
ATC CAA ATT CGC TCA GTT GCC AAG AAG CAT CCT AAA ACT TGG GTA CAT 2214
Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr Trp Val His
390 395 400
TAC ATT GCT GCT GAA GAG GAG GAC TGG GAC TAT GCT CCC TTA GTC CTC 2262
Tyr Ile Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro Leu Val Leu
405 410 415
GCC CCC GAT GAC AGA AGT TAT AAA AGT CAA TAT TTG AAC AAT GGC CCT 2310
Ala Pro Asp Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Asn Asn Gly Pro
420 425 430 435
CAG CGG ATT GGT AGG AAG TAC AAA AAA GTC CGA TTT ATG GCA TAC ACA 2358
Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Met Ala Tyr Thr
440 445 450
GAT GAA ACC TTT AAG ACT CGT GAA GCT ATT CAG CAT GAA TCA GGA ATC 2406
Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln His Glu Ser Gly Ile
455 460 465
TTG GGA CCT TTA CTT TAT GGG GAA GTT GGA GAC ACA CTG TTG ATT ATA 2454
Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu Leu Ile Ile
470 475 480
TTT AAG AAT CAA GCA AGC AGA CCA TAT AAC ATC TAC CCT CAC GGA ATC 2502
Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro His Gly Ile
485 490 495
ACT GAT GTC CGT CCT TTG TAT TCA AGG AGA TTA CCA AAA GGT GTA AAA 2550
Thr Asp Val Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ser Arg Arg Leu Pro Lys Gly Val Lys
500 505 510 515
CAT TTG AAG GAT TTT CCA ATT CTG CCA GGA GAA ATA TTC AAA TAT AAA 2598
His Leu Lys Asp Phe Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe Lys Tyr Lys
520 525 530
TGG ACA GTG ACT GTA GAA GAT GGG CCA ACT AAA TCA GAT CCT CGG TGC 2646
Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp Pro Arg Cys
535 540 545
CTG ACC CGC TAT TAC TCT AGT TTC GTT AAT ATG GAG AGA GAT CTA GCT 2694
Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Val Asn Met Glu Arg Asp Leu Ala
550 555 560
TCA GGA CTC ATT GGC CCT CTC CTC ATC TGC TAC AAA GAA TCT GTA GAT 2742
Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu Ser Val Asp
565 570 575
CAA AGA GGA AAC CAG ATA ATG TCA GAC AAG AGG AAT GTC ATC CTG TTT 2790
Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ile Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val Ile Leu Phe
580 585 590 595
TCT GTA TTT GAT GAG AAC CGA AGC TGG TAC CTC ACA GAG AAT ATA CAA 2838
Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Arg Ser Trp Tyr Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln
600 605 610
CGC TTT CTC CCC AAT CCA GCT GGA GTG CAG CTT GAG GAT CCA GAG TTC 2886
Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Ala Gly Val Gln Leu Glu Asp Pro Glu Phe
615 620 625
CAA GCC TCC AAC ATC ATG CAC AGC ATC AAT GGC TAT GTT TTT GAT AGT 2934
Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Phe Asp Ser
630 635 640
TTG CAG TTG TCA GTT TGT TTG CAT GAG GTG GCA TAC TGG TAC ATT CTA 2982
Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp Tyr Ile Leu
645 650 655
AGC ATT GGA GCA CAG ACT GAC TTC CTT TCT GTC TTC TTC TCT GGA TAT 3030
Ser Ile Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe Ser Gly Tyr
660 665 670 675
ACC TTC AAA CAC AAA ATG GTC TAT GAA GAC ACA CTC ACC CTA TTC CCA 3078
Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr Leu Phe Pro
680 685 690
TTC TCA GGA GAA ACT GTC TTC ATG TCG ATG GAA AAC CCA GGT CTA TGG 3126
Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro Gly Leu Trp
695 700 705
ATT CTG GGG TGC CAC AAC TCA GAC TTT CGG AAC AGA GGC ATG ACC GCC 3174
Ile Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Asn Arg Gly Met Thr Ala
710 715 720
TTA CTG AAG GTT TCT AGT TGT GAC AAG AAC ACT GGT GAT TAT TAC GAG 3222
Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Asn Thr Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Glu
725 730 735
GAC AGT TAT GAA GAT ATT TCA GCA TAC TTG CTG AGT AAA AAC AAT GCC 3270
Asp Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ser Ala Tyr Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Asn Ala
740 745 750 755
ATT GAA CCA AGA AGC TTC TCC CAG AAC CCA CCA GTC TTG AAA CGC CAT 3318
Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ser Gln Asn Pro Pro Val Leu Lys Arg His
760 765 770
CAA CGG GAA ATA ACT CGT ACT ACT CTT CAG TCA GAT CAA GAG GAA ATT 3366
Gln Arg Glu Ile Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu Gln Ser Asp Gln Glu Glu Ile
775 780 785
GAC TAT GAT GAT ACC ATA TCA GTT GAA ATG AAG AAG GAA GAT TTT GAC 3414
Asp Tyr Asp Asp Thr Ile Ser Val Glu Met Lys Lys Glu Asp Phe Asp
790 795 800
ATT TAT GAT GAG GAT GAA AAT CAG AGC CCC CGC AGC TTT CAA AAG AAA 3462
Ile Tyr Asp Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Lys
805 810 815
ACA CGA CAC TAT TTT ATT GCT GCA GTG GAG AGG CTC TGG GAT TAT GGG 3510
Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly
820 825 830 835
ATG AGT AGC TCC CCA CAT GTT CTA AGA AAC AGG GCT CAG AGT GGC AGT 3558
Met Ser Ser Ser Pro His Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Ala Gln Ser Gly Ser
840 845 850
GTC CCT CAG TTC AAG AAA GTT GTT TTC CAG GAA TTT ACT GAT GGC TCC 3606
Val Pro Gln Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr Asp Gly Ser
855 860 865
TTT ACT CAG CCC TTA TAC CGT GGA GAA CTA AAT GAA CAT TTG GGA CTC 3654
Phe Thr Gln Pro Leu Tyr Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His Leu Gly Leu
870 875 880
CTG GGG CCA TAT ATA AGA GCA GAA GTT GAA GAT AAT ATC ATG GTA ACT 3702
Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr
885 890 895
TTC AGA AAT CAG GCC TCT CGT CCC TAT TCC TTC TAT TCT AGC CTT ATT 3750
Phe Arg Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile
900 905 910 915
TCT TAT GAG GAA GAT CAG AGG CAA GGA GCA GAA CCT AGA AAA AAC TTT 3798
Ser Tyr Glu Glu Asp Gln Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Asn Phe
920 925 930
GTC AAG CCT AAT GAA ACC AAA ACT TAC TTT TGG AAA GTG CAA CAT CAT 3846
Val Lys Pro Asn Glu Thr Lys Thr Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His
935 940 945
ATG GCA CCC ACT AAA GAT GAG TTT GAC TGC AAA GCC TGG GCT TAT TTC 3894
Met Ala Pro Thr Lys Asp Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe
950 955 960
TCT GAT GTT GAC CTG GAA AAA GAT GTG CAC TCA GGC CTG ATT GGA CCC 3942
Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro
965 970 975
CTT CTG GTC TGC CAC ACT AAC ACA CTG AAC CCT GCT CAT GGG AGA CAA 3990
Leu Leu Val Cys His Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His Gly Arg Gln
980 985 990 995
GTG ACA GTA CAG GAA TTT GCT CTG TTT TTC ACC ATC TTT GAT GAG ACC 4038
Val Thr Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr
1000 1005 1010
AAA AGC TGG TAC TTC ACT GAA AAT ATG GAA AGA AAC TGC AGG GCT CCC 4086
Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Met Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro
1015 1020 1025
TGC AAT ATC CAG ATG GAA GAT CCC ACT TTT AAA GAG AAT TAT CGC TTC 4134
Cys Asn Ile Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe
1030 1035 1040
CAT GCA ATC AAT GGC TAC ATA ATG GAT ACA CTA CCT GGC TTA GTA ATG 4182
His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ile Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met
1045 1050 1055
GCT CAG GAT CAA AGG ATT CGA TGG TAT CTG CTC AGC ATG GGC AGC AAT 4230
Ala Gln Asp Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn
1060 1065 1070 1075
GAA AAC ATC CAT TCT ATT CAT TTC AGT GGA CAT GTG TTC ACT GTA CGA 4278
Glu Asn Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe Thr Val Arg
1080 1085 1090
AAA AAA GAG GAG TAT AAA ATG GCA CTG TAC AAT CTC TAT CCA GGT GTT 4326
Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Leu Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val
1095 1100 1105
TTT GAG ACA GTG GAA ATG TTA CCA TCC AAA GCT GGA ATT TGG CGG GTG 4374
Phe Glu Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser Lys Ala Gly Ile Trp Arg Val
1110 1115 1120
GAA TGC CTT ATT GGC GAG CAT CTA CAT GCT GGG ATG AGC ACA CTT TTT 4422
Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu His Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Leu Phe
1125 1130 1135
CTG GTG TAC AGC AAT AAG TGT CAG ACT CCC CTG GGA ATG GCT TCT GGA 4470
Leu Val Tyr Ser Asn Lys Cys Gln Thr Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly
1140 1145 1150 1155
CAC ATT AGA GAT TTT CAG ATT ACA GCT TCA GGA CAA TAT GGA CAG TGG 4518
His Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp
1160 1165 1170
GCC CCA AAG CTG GCC AGA CTT CAT TAT TCC GGA TCA ATC AAT GCC TGG 4566
Ala Pro Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp
1175 1180 1185
AGC ACC AAG GAG CCC TTT TCT TGG ATC AAG GTG GAT CTG TTG GCA CCA 4614
Ser Thr Lys Glu Pro Phe Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro
1190 1195 1200
ATG ATT ATT CAC GGC ATC AAG ACC CAG GGT GCC CGT CAG AAG TTC TCC 4662
Met Ile Ile His Gly Ile Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser
1205 1210 1215
AGC CTC TAC ATC TCT CAG TTT ATC ATC ATG TAT AGT CTT GAT GGG AAG 4710
Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Lys
1220 1225 1230 1235
AAG TGG CAG ACT TAT CGA GGA AAT TCC ACT GGA ACC TTA ATG GTC TTC 4758
Lys Trp Gln Thr Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe
1240 1245 1250
TTT GGC AAT GTG GAT TCA TCT GGG ATA AAA CAC AAT ATT TTT AAC CCT 4806
Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ser Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro
1255 1260 1265
CCA ATT ATT GCT CGA TAC ATC CGT TTG CAC CCA ACT CAT TAT AGC ATT 4854
Pro Ile Ile Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile
1270 1275 1280
CGC AGC ACT CTT CGC ATG GAG TTG ATG GGC TGT GAT TTA AAT AGT TGC 4902
Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys
1285 1290 1295
AGC ATG CCA TTG GGA ATG GAG AGT AAA GCA ATA TCA GAT GCA CAG ATT 4950
Ser Met Pro Leu Gly Met Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Ser Asp Ala Gln Ile
1300 1305 1310 1315
ACT GCT TCA TCC TAC TTT ACC AAT ATG TTT GCC ACC TGG TCT CCT TCA 4998
Thr Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser
1320 1325 1330
AAA GCT CGA CTT CAC CTC CAA GGG AGG AGT AAT GCC TGG AGA CCT CAG 5046
Lys Ala Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Gln
1335 1340 1345
GTG AAT AAT CCA AAA GAG TGG CTG CAA GTG GAC TTC CAG AAG ACA ATG 5094
Val Asn Asn Pro Lys Glu Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln Lys Thr Met
1350 1355 1360
AAA GTC ACA GGA GTA ACT ACT CAG GGA GTA AAA TCT CTG CTT ACC AGC 5142
Lys Val Thr Gly Val Thr Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser
1365 1370 1375
ATG TAT GTG AAG GAG TTC CTC ATC TCC AGC AGT CAA GAT GGC CAT CAG 5190
Met Tyr Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly His Gln
1380 1385 1390 1395
TGG ACT CTC TTT TTT CAG AAT GGC AAA GTA AAG GTT TTT CAG GGA AAT 5238
Trp Thr Leu Phe Phe Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn
1400 1405 1410
CAA GAC TCC TTC ACA CCT GTG GTG AAC TCT CTA GAC CCA CCG TTA CTG 5286
Gln Asp Ser Phe Thr Pro Val Val Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Leu
1415 1420 1425
ACT CGC TAC CTT CGA ATT CAC CCC CAG AGT TGG GTG CAC CAG ATT GCC 5334
Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Gln Ser Trp Val His Gln Ile Ala
1430 1435 1440
CTG AGG ATG GAG GTT CTG GGC TGC GAG GCA CAG GAC CTC TAC 5376
Leu Arg Met Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr
1445 1450 1455
TGAGGGTGGC CACTGCAGCA CCTGCCACTG CCGTCACCTC TCCCTCCTCA GCTCCAGGGC 5436
AGTGTCCCTC CCTGGCTTGC CTTCTACCTT TGTGCTAAAT CCTAGCAGAC ACTGCCTTGA 5496
AGCCTCCTGA ATTAACTATC ATCAGTCCTG CATTTCTTTG GTGGGGGGCC AGGAGGGTGC 5556
ATCCAATTTA ACTTAACTCT TACCTATTTT CTGCAGCTGC TCCCAGATTA CTCCTTCCTT 5616
CCAATATAAC TAGGCAAAAA GAAGTGAGGA GAAACCTGCA TGAAAGCATT CTTCCCTGAA 5676
AAGTTAGGCC TCTCAGAGTC ACCACTTCCT CTGTTGTAGA AAAACTATGT GATGAAACTT 5736
TGAAAAAGAT ATTTATGATG TTAACTTGTT TATTGCAGCT TATAATGGTT ACAAATAAAG 5796
CAATAGCATC ACAAATTTCA CAAATAAAGC ATTTTTTTCA CTGCATTCTA GTTGTGGTTT 5856
GTCCAAACTC ATCAATGTAT CTTATCATGT CTGGATCCCC GGGTGGCATC CCTGTGACCC 5916
CTCCCCAGTG CCTCTCCTGG CCCTGGAAGT TGCCACTCCA GTGCCCACCA GCCTTGTCCT 5976
AATAAAATTA AGTTGCATCA TTTTGTCTGA CTAGGTGTCC TTCTATAATA TTATGGGGTG 6036
GAGGGGGGTG GTATGGAGCA AGGGGCAAGT TGGGAAGACA ACCTGTAGGG CCTGCGGGGT 6096
CTATTCGGGA ACCAAGCTGG AGTGCAGTGG CACAATCTTG GCTCACTGCA ATCTCCGCCT 6156
CCTGGGTTCA AGCGATTCTC CTGCCTCAGC CTCCCGAGTT GTTGGGATTC CAGGCATGCA 6216
TGACCAGGCT CAGCTAATTT TTGTTTTTTT GGTAGAGACG GGGTTTCACC ATATTGGCCA 6276
GGCTGGTCTC CAACTCCTAA TCTCAGGTGA TCTACCCACC TTGGCCTCCC AAATTGCTGG 6336
GATTACAGGC GTGAACCACT GCTCCCTTCC CTGTCCTTCT GATTTTAAAA TAACTATACC 6396
AGCAGGAGGA CGTCCAGACA CAGCATAGGC TACCTGCCAT GCCCAACCGG TGGGACATTT 6456
GAGTTGCTTG CTTGGCACTG TCCTCTCATG CGTTGGGTCC ACTCAGTAGA TGCCTGTTGA 6516
ATTCGTAATC ATGGTCATAG CTGTTTCCTG TGTGAAATTG TTATCCGCTC ACAATTCCAC 6576
ACAACATACG AGCCGGAAGC ATAAAGTGTA AAGCCTGGGG TGCCTAATGA GTGAGCTAAC 6636
TCACATTAAT TGCGTTGCGC TCACTGCCCG CTTTCCAGTC GGGAAACCTG TCGTGCCAGC 6696
TGCATTAATG AATCGGCCAA CGCGCGGGGA GAGGCGGTTT GCGTATTGGG CGCTCTTCCG 6756
CTTCCTCGCT CACTGACTCG CTGCGCTCGG TCGTTCGGCT GCGGCGAGCG GTATCAGCTC 6816
ACTCAAAGGC GGTAATACGG TTATCCACAG AATCAGGGGA TAACGCAGGA AAGAACATGT 6876
GAGCAAAAGG CCAGCAAAAG GCCAGGAACC GTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTG GCGTTTTTCC 6936
ATAGGCTCCG CCCCCCTGAC GAGCATCACA AAAATCGACG CTCAAGTCAG AGGTGGCGAA 6996
ACCCGACAGG ACTATAAAGA TACCAGGCGT TTCCCCCTGG AAGCTCCCTC GTGCGCTCTC 7056
CTGTTCCGAC CCTGCCGCTT ACCGGATACC TGTCCGCCTT TCTCCCTTCG GGAAGCGTGG 7116
CGCTTTCTCA TAGCTCACGC TGTAGGTATC TCAGTTCGGT GTAGGTCGTT CGCTCCAAGC 7176
TGGGCTGTGT GCACGAACCC CCCGTTCAGC CCGACCGCTG CGCCTTATCC GGTAACTATC 7236
GTCTTGAGTC CAACCCGGTA AGACACGACT TATCGCCACT GGCAGCAGCC ACTGGTAACA 7296
GGATTAGCAG AGCGAGGTAT GTAGGCGGTG CTACAGAGTT CTTGAAGTGG TGGCCTAACT 7356
ACGGCTACAC TAGAAGGACA GTATTTGGTA TCTGCGCTCT GCTGAAGCCA GTTACCTTCG 7416
GAAAAAGAGT TGGTAGCTCT TGATCCGGCA AACAAACCAC CGCTGGTAGC GGTGGTTTTT 7476
TTGTTTGCAA GCAGCAGATT ACGCGCAGAA AAAAAGGATC TCAAGAAGAT CCTTTGATCT 7536
TTTCTACGGG GTCTGACGCT CAGTGGAACG AAAACTCACG TTAAGGGATT TTGGTCATGA 7596
GATTATCAAA AAGGATCTTC ACCTAGATCC TTTTAAATTA AAAATGAAGT TTTAAATCAA 7656
TCTAAAGTAT ATATGAGTAA ACTTGGTCTG ACAGTTACCA ATGCTTAATC AGTGAGGCAC 7716
CTATCTCAGC GATCTGTCTA TTTCGTTCAT CCATAGTTGC CTGACTCCCC GTCGTGTAGA 7776
TAACTACGAT ACGGGAGGGC TTACCATCTG GCCCCAGTGC TGCAATGATA CCGCGAGACC 7836
CACGCTCACC GGCTCCAGAT TTATCAGCAA TAAACCAGCC AGCCGGAAGG GCCGAGCGCA 7896
GAAGTGGTCC TGCAACTTTA TCCGCCTCCA TCCAGTCTAT TAATTGTTGC CGGGAAGCTA 7956
GAGTAAGTAG TTCGCCAGTT AATAGTTTGC GCAACGTTGT TGCCATTGCT ACAGGCATCG 8016
TGGTGTCACG CTCGTCGTTT GGTATGGCTT CATTCAGCTC CGGTTCCCAA CGATCAAGGC 8076
GAGTTACATG ATCCCCCATG TTGTGCAAAA AAGCGGTTAG CTCCTTCGGT CCTCCGATCG 8136
TTGTCAGAAG TAAGTTGGCC GCAGTGTTAT CACTCATGGT TATGGCAGCA CTGCATAATT 8196
CTCTTACTGT CATGCCATCC GTAAGATGCT TTTCTGTGAC TGGTGAGTAC TCAACCAAGT 8256
CATTCTGAGA ATAGTGTATG CGGCGACCGA GTTGCTCTTG CCCGGCGTCA ATACGGGATA 8316
ATACCGCGCC ACATAGCAGA ACTTTAAAAG TGCTCATCAT TGGAAAACGT TCTTCGGGGC 8376
GAAAACTCTC AAGGATCTTA CCGCTGTTGA GATCCAGTTC GATGTAACCC ACTCGTGCAC 8436
CCAACTGATC TTCAGCATCT TTTACTTTCA CCAGCGTTTC TGGGTGAGCA AAAACAGGAA 8496
GGCAAAATGC CGCAAAAAAG GGAATAAGGG CGACACGGAA ATGTTGAATA CTCATACTCT 8556
TCCTTTTTCA ATATTATTGA AGCATTTATC AGGGTTATTG TCTCATGAGC GGATACATAT 8616
TTGAATGTAT TTAGAAAAAT AAACAAATAG GGGTTCCGCG CACATTTCCC CGAAAAGTGC 8676
CACCTGACGT CTAAGAAACC ATTATTATCA TGACATTAAC CTATAAAAAT AGGCGTATCA 8736
CGAGGCCCTT TCGTCTCGCG CGTTTCGGTG ATGACGGTGA AAACCTCTGA CACATGCAGC 8796
TCCCGGAGAC GGTCACAGCT TGTCTGTAAG CGGATGCCGG GAGCAGACAA GCCCGTCAGG 8856
GCGCGTCAGC GGGTGTTGGC GGGTGTCGGG GCTGGCTTAA CTATGCGGCA TCAGAGCAGA 8916
TTGTACTGAG AGTGCACCAT ATGCGGTGTG AAATACCGCA CAGATGCGTA AGGAGAAAAT 8976
ACCGCATCAG GCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGC TGCGCAACTG TTGGGAAGGG CGATCGGTGC 9036
GGGCCTCTTC GCTATTACGC CAGCTGGCGA AAGGGGGATG TGCTGCAAGG CGATTAAGTT 9096
GGGTAACGCC AGGGTTTTCC CAGTCACGAC GTTGTAAAAC GACGGCCAGT GCCAAGCTTG 9156
GGCTGCAG 9164






12022 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA




CDS


1006..3294





CDS


6153..8234




3
GTCGACGGTA TCGATAAGCT TGATATCGAA TTCCTGCAGC CCGGGGGATC CACTAGTACT 60
CGAGACCTAG GAGTTAATTT TTAAAAAGCA GTCAAAAGTC CAAGTGGCCC TTGCGAGCAT 120
TTACTCTCTC TGTTTGCTCT GGTTAATAAT CTCAGGAGCA CAAACATTCC TTACTAGTCC 180
TAGAAGTTAA TTTTTAAAAA GCAGTCAAAA GTCCAAGTGG CCCTTGCGAG CATTTACTCT 240
CTCTGTTTGC TCTGGTTAAT AATCTCAGGA GCACAAACAT TCCTTACTAG TTCTAGAGCG 300
GCCGCCAGTG TGCTGGAATT CGGCTTTTTT AGGGCTGGAA GCTACCTTTG ACATCATTTC 360
CTCTGCGAAT GCATGTATAA TTTCTACAGA ACCTATTAGA AAGGATCACC CAGCCTCTGC 420
TTTTGTACAA CTTTCCCTTA AAAAACTGCC AATTCCACTG CTGTTTGGCC CAATAGTGAG 480
AACTTTTTCC TGCTGCCTCT TGGTGCTTTT GCCTATGGCC CCTATTCTGC CTGCTGAAGA 540
CACTCTTGCC AGCATGGACT TAAACCCCTC CAGCTCTGAC AATCCTCTTT CTCTTTTGTT 600
TTACATGAAG GGTCTGGCAG CCAAAGCAAT CACTCAAAGT TCAAACCTTA TCATTTTTTG 660
CTTTGTTCCT CTTGGCCTTG GTTTTGTACA TCAGCTTTGA AAATACCATC CCAGGGTTAA 720
TGCTGGGGTT AATTTATAAC TAAGAGTGCT CTAGTTTTGC AATACAGGAC ATGCTATAAA 780
AATGGAAAGA TGTTGCTTTC TGAGAGATCT CGAGGAAGCT AACAACAAAG AACAACAAAC 840
AACAATCAGG TAAGTATCCT TTTTACAGCA CAACTTAATG AGACAGATAG AAACTGGTCT 900
TGTAGAAACA GAGTAGTCGC CTGCTTTTCT GCCAGGTGCT GACTTCTCTC CCCTTCTCTT 960
TTTTCCTTTT CTCAGGATAA CAAGAACGAA ACAATAACAG CCACC ATG GAA ATA 1014
Met Glu Ile
1
GAG CTC TCC ACC TGC TTC TTT CTG TGC CTT TTG CGA TTC TGC TTT AGT 1062
Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Phe Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Arg Phe Cys Phe Ser
5 10 15
GCC ACC AGA AGA TAC TAC CTG GGT GCA GTG GAA CTG TCA TGG GAC TAT 1110
Ala Thr Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser Trp Asp Tyr
20 25 30 35
ATG CAA AGT GAT CTC GGT GAG CTG CCT GTG GAC GCA AGA TTT CCT CCT 1158
Met Gln Ser Asp Leu Gly Glu Leu Pro Val Asp Ala Arg Phe Pro Pro
40 45 50
AGA GTG CCA AAA TCT TTT CCA TTC AAC ACC TCA GTC GTG TAC AAA AAG 1206
Arg Val Pro Lys Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Val Val Tyr Lys Lys
55 60 65
ACT CTG TTT GTA GAA TTC ACG GTT CAC CTT TTC AAC ATC GCT AAG CCA 1254
Thr Leu Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Val His Leu Phe Asn Ile Ala Lys Pro
70 75 80
AGG CCA CCC TGG ATG GGT CTG CTA GGT CCT ACC ATC CAG GCT GAG GTT 1302
Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile Gln Ala Glu Val
85 90 95
TAT GAT ACA GTG GTC ATT ACA CTT AAG AAC ATG GCT TCC CAT CCT GTC 1350
Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala Ser His Pro Val
100 105 110 115
AGT CTT CAT GCT GTT GGT GTA TCC TAC TGG AAA GCT TCT GAG GGA GCT 1398
Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Ser Glu Gly Ala
120 125 130
GAA TAT GAT GAT CAG ACC AGT CAA AGG GAG AAA GAA GAT GAT AAA GTC 1446
Glu Tyr Asp Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu Asp Asp Lys Val
135 140 145
TTC CCT GGT GGA AGC CAT ACA TAT GTC TGG CAG GTC CTG AAA GAG AAT 1494
Phe Pro Gly Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val Leu Lys Glu Asn
150 155 160
GGT CCA ATG GCC TCT GAC CCA CTG TGC CTT ACC TAC TCA TAT CTT TCT 1542
Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Leu Cys Leu Thr Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Ser
165 170 175
CAT GTG GAC CTG GTA AAA GAC TTG AAT TCA GGC CTC ATT GGA GCC CTA 1590
His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Ala Leu
180 185 190 195
CTA GTA TGT AGA GAA GGG AGT CTG GCC AAG GAA AAG ACA CAG ACC TTG 1638
Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Glu Lys Thr Gln Thr Leu
200 205 210
CAC AAA TTT ATA CTA CTT TTT GCT GTA TTT GAT GAA GGG AAA AGT TGG 1686
His Lys Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu Gly Lys Ser Trp
215 220 225
CAC TCA GAA ACA AAG AAC TCC TTG ATG CAG GAT AGG GAT GCT GCA TCT 1734
His Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Ser Leu Met Gln Asp Arg Asp Ala Ala Ser
230 235 240
GCT CGG GCC TGG CCT AAA ATG CAC ACA GTC AAT GGT TAT GTA AAC AGG 1782
Ala Arg Ala Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly Tyr Val Asn Arg
245 250 255
TCT CTG CCA GGT CTG ATT GGA TGC CAC AGG AAA TCA GTC TAT TGG CAT 1830
Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser Val Tyr Trp His
260 265 270 275
GTG ATT GGA ATG GGC ACC ACT CCT GAA GTG CAC TCA ATA TTC CTC GAA 1878
Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Val His Ser Ile Phe Leu Glu
280 285 290
GGT CAC ACA TTT CTT GTG AGG AAC CAT CGC CAG GCG TCC TTG GAA ATC 1926
Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala Ser Leu Glu Ile
295 300 305
TCG CCA ATA ACT TTC CTT ACT GCT CAA ACA CTC TTG ATG GAC CTT GGA 1974
Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Gly
310 315 320
CAG TTT CTA CTG TTT TGT CAT ATC TCT TCC CAC CAA CAT GAT GGC ATG 2022
Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Gln His Asp Gly Met
325 330 335
GAA GCT TAT GTC AAA GTA GAC AGC TGT CCA GAG GAA CCC CAA CTA CGA 2070
Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu Pro Gln Leu Arg
340 345 350 355
ATG AAA AAT AAT GAA GAA GCG GAA GAC TAT GAT GAT GAT CTT ACT GAT 2118
Met Lys Asn Asn Glu Glu Ala Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asp Leu Thr Asp
360 365 370
TCT GAA ATG GAT GTG GTC AGG TTT GAT GAT GAC AAC TCT CCT TCC TTT 2166
Ser Glu Met Asp Val Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Phe
375 380 385
ATC CAA ATT CGC TCA GTT GCC AAG AAG CAT CCT AAA ACT TGG GTA CAT 2214
Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr Trp Val His
390 395 400
TAC ATT GCT GCT GAA GAG GAG GAC TGG GAC TAT GCT CCC TTA GTC CTC 2262
Tyr Ile Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro Leu Val Leu
405 410 415
GCC CCC GAT GAC AGA AGT TAT AAA AGT CAA TAT TTG AAC AAT GGC CCT 2310
Ala Pro Asp Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Asn Asn Gly Pro
420 425 430 435
CAG CGG ATT GGT AGG AAG TAC AAA AAA GTC CGA TTT ATG GCA TAC ACA 2358
Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Met Ala Tyr Thr
440 445 450
GAT GAA ACC TTT AAG ACT CGT GAA GCT ATT CAG CAT GAA TCA GGA ATC 2406
Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln His Glu Ser Gly Ile
455 460 465
TTG GGA CCT TTA CTT TAT GGG GAA GTT GGA GAC ACA CTG TTG ATT ATA 2454
Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu Leu Ile Ile
470 475 480
TTT AAG AAT CAA GCA AGC AGA CCA TAT AAC ATC TAC CCT CAC GGA ATC 2502
Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro His Gly Ile
485 490 495
ACT GAT GTC CGT CCT TTG TAT TCA AGG AGA TTA CCA AAA GGT GTA AAA 2550
Thr Asp Val Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ser Arg Arg Leu Pro Lys Gly Val Lys
500 505 510 515
CAT TTG AAG GAT TTT CCA ATT CTG CCA GGA GAA ATA TTC AAA TAT AAA 2598
His Leu Lys Asp Phe Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe Lys Tyr Lys
520 525 530
TGG ACA GTG ACT GTA GAA GAT GGG CCA ACT AAA TCA GAT CCT CGG TGC 2646
Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp Pro Arg Cys
535 540 545
CTG ACC CGC TAT TAC TCT AGT TTC GTT AAT ATG GAG AGA GAT CTA GCT 2694
Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Val Asn Met Glu Arg Asp Leu Ala
550 555 560
TCA GGA CTC ATT GGC CCT CTC CTC ATC TGC TAC AAA GAA TCT GTA GAT 2742
Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu Ser Val Asp
565 570 575
CAA AGA GGA AAC CAG ATA ATG TCA GAC AAG AGG AAT GTC ATC CTG TTT 2790
Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ile Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val Ile Leu Phe
580 585 590 595
TCT GTA TTT GAT GAG AAC CGA AGC TGG TAC CTC ACA GAG AAT ATA CAA 2838
Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Arg Ser Trp Tyr Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln
600 605 610
CGC TTT CTC CCC AAT CCA GCT GGA GTG CAG CTT GAG GAT CCA GAG TTC 2886
Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Ala Gly Val Gln Leu Glu Asp Pro Glu Phe
615 620 625
CAA GCC TCC AAC ATC ATG CAC AGC ATC AAT GGC TAT GTT TTT GAT AGT 2934
Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Phe Asp Ser
630 635 640
TTG CAG TTG TCA GTT TGT TTG CAT GAG GTG GCA TAC TGG TAC ATT CTA 2982
Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp Tyr Ile Leu
645 650 655
AGC ATT GGA GCA CAG ACT GAC TTC CTT TCT GTC TTC TTC TCT GGA TAT 3030
Ser Ile Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe Ser Gly Tyr
660 665 670 675
ACC TTC AAA CAC AAA ATG GTC TAT GAA GAC ACA CTC ACC CTA TTC CCA 3078
Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr Leu Phe Pro
680 685 690
TTC TCA GGA GAA ACT GTC TTC ATG TCG ATG GAA AAC CCA GGT CTA TGG 3126
Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro Gly Leu Trp
695 700 705
ATT CTG GGG TGC CAC AAC TCA GAC TTT CGG AAC AGA GGC ATG ACC GCC 3174
Ile Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Asn Arg Gly Met Thr Ala
710 715 720
TTA CTG AAG GTT TCT AGT TGT GAC AAG AAC ACT GGT GAT TAT TAC GAG 3222
Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Asn Thr Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Glu
725 730 735
GAC AGT TAT GAA GAT ATT TCA GCA TAC TTG CTG AGT AAA AAC AAT GCC 3270
Asp Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ser Ala Tyr Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Asn Ala
740 745 750 755
ATT GAA CCA AGA AGC TTC TCC CAG GTAAGTTATT ATATAAATTC AAGACACCCT 3324
Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ser Gln
760
AGCACTAGGC AAAAGCAATT TAATGCCACC ACAATTCCAG AAAATGACAT AGAGAAGACT 3384
GACCCTTGGT TTGCACACAG AACACCTATG CCTAAAATAC AAAATGTCTC CTCTAGTGAT 3444
TTGTTGATGC TCTTGCGACA GAGTCCTACT CCACATGGGC TATCCTTATC TGATCTCCAA 3504
GAAGCCAAAT ATGAGACTTT TTCTGATGAT CCATCACCTG GAGCAATAGA CAGTAATAAC 3564
AGCCTGTCTG AAATGACACA CTTCAGGCCA CAGCTCCATC ACAGTGGGGA CATGGTATTT 3624
ACCCCTGAGT CAGGCCTCCA ATTAAGATTA AATGAGAAAC TGGGGACAAC TGCAGCAACA 3684
GAGTTGAAGA AACTTGATTT CAAAGTTTCT AGTACATCAA ATAATCTGAT TTCAACAATT 3744
CCATCAGACA ATTTGGCAGC AGGTACTGAT AATACAAGTT CCTTAGGACC CCCAAGTATG 3804
CCAGTTCATT ATGATAGTCA ATTAGATACC ACTCTATTTG GCAAAAAGTC ATCTCCCCTT 3864
ACTGAGTCTG GTGGACCTCT GAGCTTGAGT GAAGAAAATA ATGATTCAAA GTTGTTAGAA 3924
TCAGGTTTAA TGAATAGCCA AGAAAGTTCA TGGGGAAAAA ATGTATCGTC AACAGAGAGT 3984
GGTAGGTTAT TTAAAGGGAA AAGAGCTCAT GGACCTGCTT TGTTGACTAA AGATAATGCC 4044
TTATTCAAAG TTAGCATCTC TTTGTTAAAG ACAAACAAAA CTTCCAATAA TTCAGCAACT 4104
AATAGAAAGA CTCACATTGA TGGCCCATCA TTATTAATTG AGAATAGTCC ATCAGTCTGG 4164
CAAAATATAT TAGAAAGTGA CACTGAGTTT AAAAAAGTGA CACCTTTGAT TCATGACAGA 4224
ATGCTTATGG ACAAAAATGC TACAGCTTTG AGGCTAAATC ATATGTCAAA TAAAACTACT 4284
TCATCAAAAA ACATGGAAAT GGTCCAACAG AAAAAAGAGG GCCCCATTCC ACCAGATGCA 4344
CAAAATCCAG ATATGTCGTT CTTTAAGATG CTATTCTTGC CAGAATCAGC AAGGTGGATA 4404
CAAAGGACTC ATGGAAAGAA CTCTCTGAAC TCTGGGCAAG GCCCCAGTCC AAAGCAATTA 4464
GTATCCTTAG GACCAGAAAA ATCTGTGGAA GGTCAGAATT TCTTGTCTGA GAAAAACAAA 4524
GTGGTAGTAG GAAAGGGTGA ATTTACAAAG GACGTAGGAC TCAAAGAGAT GGTTTTTCCA 4584
AGCAGCAGAA ACCTATTTCT TACTAACTTG GATAATTTAC ATGAAAATAA TACACACAAT 4644
CAAGAAAAAA AAATTCAGGA AGAAATAGAA AAGAAGGAAA CATTAATCCA AGAGAATGTA 4704
GTTTTGCCTC AGATACATAC AGTGACTGGC ACTAAGAATT TCATGAAGAA CCTTTTCTTA 4764
CTGAGCACTA GGCAAAATGT AGAAGGTTCA TATGAGGGGG CATATGCTCC AGTACTTCAA 4824
GATTTTAGGT CATTAAATGA TTCAACAAAT AGAACAAAGA AACACACAGC TCATTTCTCA 4884
AAAAAAGGGG AGGAAGAAAA CTTGGAAGGC TTGGGAAATC AAACCAAGCA AATTGTAGAG 4944
AAATATGCAT GCACCACAAG GATATCTCCT AATACAAGCC AGCAGAATTT TGTCACGCAA 5004
CGTAGTAAGA GAGCTTTGAA ACAATTCAGA CTCCCACTAG AAGAAACAGA ACTTGAAAAA 5064
AGGATAATTG TGGATGACAC CTCAACCCAG TGGTCCAAAA ACATGAAACA TTTGACCCCG 5124
AGCACCCTCA CACAGATAGA CTACAATGAG AAGGAGAAAG GGGCCATTAC TCAGTCTCCC 5184
TTATCAGATT GCCTTACGAG GAGTCATAGC ATCCCTCAAG CAAATAGATC TCCATTACCC 5244
ATTGCAAAGG TATCATCATT TCCATCTATT AGACCTATAT ATCTGACCAG GGTCCTATTC 5304
CAAGACAACT CTTCTCATCT TCCAGCAGCA TCTTATAGAA AGAAAGATTC TGGGGTCCAA 5364
GAAAGCAGTC ATTTCTTACA AGGAGCCAAA AAAAATAACC TTTCTTTAGC CATTCTAACC 5424
TTGGAGATGA CTGGTGATCA AAGAGAGGTT GGCTCCCTGG GGACAAGTGC CACAAATTCA 5484
GTCACATACA AGAAAGTTGA GAACACTGTT CTCCCGAAAC CAGACTTGCC CAAAACATCT 5544
GGCAAAGTTG AATTGCTTCC AAAAGTTCAC ATTTATCAGA AGGACCTATT CCCTACGGAA 5604
ACTAGCAATG GGTCTCCTGG CCATCTGGAT CTCGTGGAAG GGAGCCTTCT TCAGGGAACA 5664
GAGGGAGCGA TTAAGTGGAA TGAAGCAAAC AGACCTGGAA AAGTTCCCTT TCTGAGAGTA 5724
GCAACAGAAA GCTCTGCAAA GACTCCCTCC AAGCTATTGG ATCCTCTTGC TTGGGATAAC 5784
CACTATGGTA CTCAGATACC AAAAGAAGAG TGGAAATCCC AAGAGAAGTC ACCAGAAAAA 5844
ACAGCTTTTA AGAAAAAGGA TACCATTTTG TCCCTGAACG CTTGTGAAAG CAATCATGCA 5904
ATAGCAGCAA TAAATGAGGG ACAAAATAAG CCCGAAATAG AAGTCACCTG GGCAAAGCAA 5964
GGTAGGACTG AAAGGCTGTG CTCTCAATTG TGCTAATAAA GCTTGGCAAG AGTATTTCAA 6024
GGAAGATGAA GTCATTAACT ATGCAAAATG CTTCTCAGGC ACCTAGGAAA ATGAGGATGT 6084
GAGGCATTTC TACCCACTTG GTACATAAAA TTATTGGGTC ACCCTTTTCC TCTTCTTTTT 6144
TTCTCCAG AAC CCA CCA GTC TTG AAA CGC CAT CAA CGG GAA ATA ACT CGT 6194
Asn Pro Pro Val Leu Lys Arg His Gln Arg Glu Ile Thr Arg
1 5 10
ACT ACT CTT CAG TCA GAT CAA GAG GAA ATT GAC TAT GAT GAT ACC ATA 6242
Thr Thr Leu Gln Ser Asp Gln Glu Glu Ile Asp Tyr Asp Asp Thr Ile
15 20 25 30
TCA GTT GAA ATG AAG AAG GAA GAT TTT GAC ATT TAT GAT GAG GAT GAA 6290
Ser Val Glu Met Lys Lys Glu Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr Asp Glu Asp Glu
35 40 45
AAT CAG AGC CCC CGC AGC TTT CAA AAG AAA ACA CGA CAC TAT TTT ATT 6338
Asn Gln Ser Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Lys Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile
50 55 60
GCT GCA GTG GAG AGG CTC TGG GAT TAT GGG ATG AGT AGC TCC CCA CAT 6386
Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser Ser Ser Pro His
65 70 75
GTT CTA AGA AAC AGG GCT CAG AGT GGC AGT GTC CCT CAG TTC AAG AAA 6434
Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Ala Gln Ser Gly Ser Val Pro Gln Phe Lys Lys
80 85 90
GTT GTT TTC CAG GAA TTT ACT GAT GGC TCC TTT ACT CAG CCC TTA TAC 6482
Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Gln Pro Leu Tyr
95 100 105 110
CGT GGA GAA CTA AAT GAA CAT TTG GGA CTC CTG GGG CCA TAT ATA AGA 6530
Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg
115 120 125
GCA GAA GTT GAA GAT AAT ATC ATG GTA ACT TTC AGA AAT CAG GCC TCT 6578
Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr Phe Arg Asn Gln Ala Ser
130 135 140
CGT CCC TAT TCC TTC TAT TCT AGC CTT ATT TCT TAT GAG GAA GAT CAG 6626
Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr Glu Glu Asp Gln
145 150 155
AGG CAA GGA GCA GAA CCT AGA AAA AAC TTT GTC AAG CCT AAT GAA ACC 6674
Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Asn Phe Val Lys Pro Asn Glu Thr
160 165 170
AAA ACT TAC TTT TGG AAA GTG CAA CAT CAT ATG GCA CCC ACT AAA GAT 6722
Lys Thr Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His Met Ala Pro Thr Lys Asp
175 180 185 190
GAG TTT GAC TGC AAA GCC TGG GCT TAT TTC TCT GAT GTT GAC CTG GAA 6770
Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu
195 200 205
AAA GAT GTG CAC TCA GGC CTG ATT GGA CCC CTT CTG GTC TGC CAC ACT 6818
Lys Asp Val His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Val Cys His Thr
210 215 220
AAC ACA CTG AAC CCT GCT CAT GGG AGA CAA GTG ACA GTA CAG GAA TTT 6866
Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His Gly Arg Gln Val Thr Val Gln Glu Phe
225 230 235
GCT CTG TTT TTC ACC ATC TTT GAT GAG ACC AAA AGC TGG TAC TTC ACT 6914
Ala Leu Phe Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr
240 245 250
GAA AAT ATG GAA AGA AAC TGC AGG GCT CCC TGC AAT ATC CAG ATG GAA 6962
Glu Asn Met Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro Cys Asn Ile Gln Met Glu
255 260 265 270
GAT CCC ACT TTT AAA GAG AAT TAT CGC TTC CAT GCA ATC AAT GGC TAC 7010
Asp Pro Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr
275 280 285
ATA ATG GAT ACA CTA CCT GGC TTA GTA ATG GCT CAG GAT CAA AGG ATT 7058
Ile Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met Ala Gln Asp Gln Arg Ile
290 295 300
CGA TGG TAT CTG CTC AGC ATG GGC AGC AAT GAA AAC ATC CAT TCT ATT 7106
Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn Ile His Ser Ile
305 310 315
CAT TTC AGT GGA CAT GTG TTC ACT GTA CGA AAA AAA GAG GAG TAT AAA 7154
His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe Thr Val Arg Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys
320 325 330
ATG GCA CTG TAC AAT CTC TAT CCA GGT GTT TTT GAG ACA GTG GAA ATG 7202
Met Ala Leu Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val Phe Glu Thr Val Glu Met
335 340 345 350
TTA CCA TCC AAA GCT GGA ATT TGG CGG GTG GAA TGC CTT ATT GGC GAG 7250
Leu Pro Ser Lys Ala Gly Ile Trp Arg Val Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu
355 360 365
CAT CTA CAT GCT GGG ATG AGC ACA CTT TTT CTG GTG TAC AGC AAT AAG 7298
His Leu His Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Leu Phe Leu Val Tyr Ser Asn Lys
370 375 380
TGT CAG ACT CCC CTG GGA ATG GCT TCT GGA CAC ATT AGA GAT TTT CAG 7346
Cys Gln Thr Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly His Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln
385 390 395
ATT ACA GCT TCA GGA CAA TAT GGA CAG TGG GCC CCA AAG CTG GCC AGA 7394
Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro Lys Leu Ala Arg
400 405 410
CTT CAT TAT TCC GGA TCA ATC AAT GCC TGG AGC ACC AAG GAG CCC TTT 7442
Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr Lys Glu Pro Phe
415 420 425 430
TCT TGG ATC AAG GTG GAT CTG TTG GCA CCA ATG ATT ATT CAC GGC ATC 7490
Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro Met Ile Ile His Gly Ile
435 440 445
AAG ACC CAG GGT GCC CGT CAG AAG TTC TCC AGC CTC TAC ATC TCT CAG 7538
Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln
450 455 460
TTT ATC ATC ATG TAT AGT CTT GAT GGG AAG AAG TGG CAG ACT TAT CGA 7586
Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Trp Gln Thr Tyr Arg
465 470 475
GGA AAT TCC ACT GGA ACC TTA ATG GTC TTC TTT GGC AAT GTG GAT TCA 7634
Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ser
480 485 490
TCT GGG ATA AAA CAC AAT ATT TTT AAC CCT CCA ATT ATT GCT CGA TAC 7682
Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile Ile Ala Arg Tyr
495 500 505 510
ATC CGT TTG CAC CCA ACT CAT TAT AGC ATT CGC AGC ACT CTT CGC ATG 7730
Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met
515 520 525
GAG TTG ATG GGC TGT GAT TTA AAT AGT TGC AGC ATG CCA TTG GGA ATG 7778
Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Met Pro Leu Gly Met
530 535 540
GAG AGT AAA GCA ATA TCA GAT GCA CAG ATT ACT GCT TCA TCC TAC TTT 7826
Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Ser Asp Ala Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe
545 550 555
ACC AAT ATG TTT GCC ACC TGG TCT CCT TCA AAA GCT CGA CTT CAC CTC 7874
Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Lys Ala Arg Leu His Leu
560 565 570
CAA GGG AGG AGT AAT GCC TGG AGA CCT CAG GTG AAT AAT CCA AAA GAG 7922
Gln Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Gln Val Asn Asn Pro Lys Glu
575 580 585 590
TGG CTG CAA GTG GAC TTC CAG AAG ACA ATG AAA GTC ACA GGA GTA ACT 7970
Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln Lys Thr Met Lys Val Thr Gly Val Thr
595 600 605
ACT CAG GGA GTA AAA TCT CTG CTT ACC AGC ATG TAT GTG AAG GAG TTC 8018
Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser Met Tyr Val Lys Glu Phe
610 615 620
CTC ATC TCC AGC AGT CAA GAT GGC CAT CAG TGG ACT CTC TTT TTT CAG 8066
Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly His Gln Trp Thr Leu Phe Phe Gln
625 630 635
AAT GGC AAA GTA AAG GTT TTT CAG GGA AAT CAA GAC TCC TTC ACA CCT 8114
Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp Ser Phe Thr Pro
640 645 650
GTG GTG AAC TCT CTA GAC CCA CCG TTA CTG ACT CGC TAC CTT CGA ATT 8162
Val Val Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Leu Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile
655 660 665 670
CAC CCC CAG AGT TGG GTG CAC CAG ATT GCC CTG AGG ATG GAG GTT CTG 8210
His Pro Gln Ser Trp Val His Gln Ile Ala Leu Arg Met Glu Val Leu
675 680 685
GGC TGC GAG GCA CAG GAC CTC TAC TGAGGGTGGC CACTGCAGCA CCTGCCACTG 8264
Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr
690
CCGTCACCTC TCCCTCCTCA GCTCCAGGGC AGTGTCCCTC CCTGGCTTGC CTTCTACCTT 8324
TGTGCTAAAT CCTAGCAGAC ACTGCCTTGA AGCCTCCTGA ATTAACTATC ATCAGTCCTG 8384
CATTTCTTTG GTGGGGGGCC AGGAGGGTGC ATCCAATTTA ACTTAACTCT TACCTATTTT 8444
CTGCAGCTGC TCCCAGATTA CTCCTTCCTT CCAATATAAC TAGGCAAAAA GAAGTGAGGA 8504
GAAACCTGCA TGAAAGCATT CTTCCCTGAA AAGTTAGGCC TCTCAGAGTC ACCACTTCCT 8564
CTGTTGTAGA AAAACTATGT GATGAAACTT TGAAAAAGAT ATTTATGATG TTAACTTGTT 8624
TATTGCAGCT TATAATGGTT ACAAATAAAG CAATAGCATC ACAAATTTCA CAAATAAAGC 8684
ATTTTTTTCA CTGCATTCTA GTTGTGGTTT GTCCAAACTC ATCAATGTAT CTTATCATGT 8744
CTGGATCCCC GGGTGGCATC CCTGTGACCC CTCCCCAGTG CCTCTCCTGG CCCTGGAAGT 8804
TGCCACTCCA GTGCCCACCA GCCTTGTCCT AATAAAATTA AGTTGCATCA TTTTGTCTGA 8864
CTAGGTGTCC TTCTATAATA TTATGGGGTG GAGGGGGGTG GTATGGAGCA AGGGGCAAGT 8924
TGGGAAGACA ACCTGTAGGG CCTGCGGGGT CTATTCGGGA ACCAAGCTGG AGTGCAGTGG 8984
CACAATCTTG GCTCACTGCA ATCTCCGCCT CCTGGGTTCA AGCGATTCTC CTGCCTCAGC 9044
CTCCCGAGTT GTTGGGATTC CAGGCATGCA TGACCAGGCT CAGCTAATTT TTGTTTTTTT 9104
GGTAGAGACG GGGTTTCACC ATATTGGCCA GGCTGGTCTC CAACTCCTAA TCTCAGGTGA 9164
TCTACCCACC TTGGCCTCCC AAATTGCTGG GATTACAGGC GTGAACCACT GCTCCCTTCC 9224
CTGTCCTTCT GATTTTAAAA TAACTATACC AGCAGGAGGA CGTCCAGACA CAGCATAGGC 9284
TACCTGCCAT GCCCAACCGG TGGGACATTT GAGTTGCTTG CTTGGCACTG TCCTCTCATG 9344
CGTTGGGTCC ACTCAGTAGA TGCCTGTTGA ATTCGTAATC ATGGTCATAG CTGTTTCCTG 9404
TGTGAAATTG TTATCCGCTC ACAATTCCAC ACAACATACG AGCCGGAAGC ATAAAGTGTA 9464
AAGCCTGGGG TGCCTAATGA GTGAGCTAAC TCACATTAAT TGCGTTGCGC TCACTGCCCG 9524
CTTTCCAGTC GGGAAACCTG TCGTGCCAGC TGCATTAATG AATCGGCCAA CGCGCGGGGA 9584
GAGGCGGTTT GCGTATTGGG CGCTCTTCCG CTTCCTCGCT CACTGACTCG CTGCGCTCGG 9644
TCGTTCGGCT GCGGCGAGCG GTATCAGCTC ACTCAAAGGC GGTAATACGG TTATCCACAG 9704
AATCAGGGGA TAACGCAGGA AAGAACATGT GAGCAAAAGG CCAGCAAAAG GCCAGGAACC 9764
GTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTG GCGTTTTTCC ATAGGCTCCG CCCCCCTGAC GAGCATCACA 9824
AAAATCGACG CTCAAGTCAG AGGTGGCGAA ACCCGACAGG ACTATAAAGA TACCAGGCGT 9884
TTCCCCCTGG AAGCTCCCTC GTGCGCTCTC CTGTTCCGAC CCTGCCGCTT ACCGGATACC 9944
TGTCCGCCTT TCTCCCTTCG GGAAGCGTGG CGCTTTCTCA TAGCTCACGC TGTAGGTATC 10004
TCAGTTCGGT GTAGGTCGTT CGCTCCAAGC TGGGCTGTGT GCACGAACCC CCCGTTCAGC 10064
CCGACCGCTG CGCCTTATCC GGTAACTATC GTCTTGAGTC CAACCCGGTA AGACACGACT 10124
TATCGCCACT GGCAGCAGCC ACTGGTAACA GGATTAGCAG AGCGAGGTAT GTAGGCGGTG 10184
CTACAGAGTT CTTGAAGTGG TGGCCTAACT ACGGCTACAC TAGAAGGACA GTATTTGGTA 10244
TCTGCGCTCT GCTGAAGCCA GTTACCTTCG GAAAAAGAGT TGGTAGCTCT TGATCCGGCA 10304
AACAAACCAC CGCTGGTAGC GGTGGTTTTT TTGTTTGCAA GCAGCAGATT ACGCGCAGAA 10364
AAAAAGGATC TCAAGAAGAT CCTTTGATCT TTTCTACGGG GTCTGACGCT CAGTGGAACG 10424
AAAACTCACG TTAAGGGATT TTGGTCATGA GATTATCAAA AAGGATCTTC ACCTAGATCC 10484
TTTTAAATTA AAAATGAAGT TTTAAATCAA TCTAAAGTAT ATATGAGTAA ACTTGGTCTG 10544
ACAGTTACCA ATGCTTAATC AGTGAGGCAC CTATCTCAGC GATCTGTCTA TTTCGTTCAT 10604
CCATAGTTGC CTGACTCCCC GTCGTGTAGA TAACTACGAT ACGGGAGGGC TTACCATCTG 10664
GCCCCAGTGC TGCAATGATA CCGCGAGACC CACGCTCACC GGCTCCAGAT TTATCAGCAA 10724
TAAACCAGCC AGCCGGAAGG GCCGAGCGCA GAAGTGGTCC TGCAACTTTA TCCGCCTCCA 10784
TCCAGTCTAT TAATTGTTGC CGGGAAGCTA GAGTAAGTAG TTCGCCAGTT AATAGTTTGC 10844
GCAACGTTGT TGCCATTGCT ACAGGCATCG TGGTGTCACG CTCGTCGTTT GGTATGGCTT 10904
CATTCAGCTC CGGTTCCCAA CGATCAAGGC GAGTTACATG ATCCCCCATG TTGTGCAAAA 10964
AAGCGGTTAG CTCCTTCGGT CCTCCGATCG TTGTCAGAAG TAAGTTGGCC GCAGTGTTAT 11024
CACTCATGGT TATGGCAGCA CTGCATAATT CTCTTACTGT CATGCCATCC GTAAGATGCT 11084
TTTCTGTGAC TGGTGAGTAC TCAACCAAGT CATTCTGAGA ATAGTGTATG CGGCGACCGA 11144
GTTGCTCTTG CCCGGCGTCA ATACGGGATA ATACCGCGCC ACATAGCAGA ACTTTAAAAG 11204
TGCTCATCAT TGGAAAACGT TCTTCGGGGC GAAAACTCTC AAGGATCTTA CCGCTGTTGA 11264
GATCCAGTTC GATGTAACCC ACTCGTGCAC CCAACTGATC TTCAGCATCT TTTACTTTCA 11324
CCAGCGTTTC TGGGTGAGCA AAAACAGGAA GGCAAAATGC CGCAAAAAAG GGAATAAGGG 11384
CGACACGGAA ATGTTGAATA CTCATACTCT TCCTTTTTCA ATATTATTGA AGCATTTATC 11444
AGGGTTATTG TCTCATGAGC GGATACATAT TTGAATGTAT TTAGAAAAAT AAACAAATAG 11504
GGGTTCCGCG CACATTTCCC CGAAAAGTGC CACCTGACGT CTAAGAAACC ATTATTATCA 11564
TGACATTAAC CTATAAAAAT AGGCGTATCA CGAGGCCCTT TCGTCTCGCG CGTTTCGGTG 11624
ATGACGGTGA AAACCTCTGA CACATGCAGC TCCCGGAGAC GGTCACAGCT TGTCTGTAAG 11684
CGGATGCCGG GAGCAGACAA GCCCGTCAGG GCGCGTCAGC GGGTGTTGGC GGGTGTCGGG 11744
GCTGGCTTAA CTATGCGGCA TCAGAGCAGA TTGTACTGAG AGTGCACCAT ATGCGGTGTG 11804
AAATACCGCA CAGATGCGTA AGGAGAAAAT ACCGCATCAG GCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGC 11864
TGCGCAACTG TTGGGAAGGG CGATCGGTGC GGGCCTCTTC GCTATTACGC CAGCTGGCGA 11924
AAGGGGGATG TGCTGCAAGG CGATTAAGTT GGGTAACGCC AGGGTTTTCC CAGTCACGAC 11984
GTTGTAAAAC GACGGCCAGT GCCAAGCTTG GGCTGCAG 12022






11846 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA




CDS


1006..8058




4
GTCGACGGTA TCGATAAGCT TGATATCGAA TTCCTGCAGC CCGGGGGATC CACTAGTACT 60
CGAGACCTAG GAGTTAATTT TTAAAAAGCA GTCAAAAGTC CAAGTGGCCC TTGCGAGCAT 120
TTACTCTCTC TGTTTGCTCT GGTTAATAAT CTCAGGAGCA CAAACATTCC TTACTAGTCC 180
TAGAAGTTAA TTTTTAAAAA GCAGTCAAAA GTCCAAGTGG CCCTTGCGAG CATTTACTCT 240
CTCTGTTTGC TCTGGTTAAT AATCTCAGGA GCACAAACAT TCCTTACTAG TTCTAGAGCG 300
GCCGCCAGTG TGCTGGAATT CGGCTTTTTT AGGGCTGGAA GCTACCTTTG ACATCATTTC 360
CTCTGCGAAT GCATGTATAA TTTCTACAGA ACCTATTAGA AAGGATCACC CAGCCTCTGC 420
TTTTGTACAA CTTTCCCTTA AAAAACTGCC AATTCCACTG CTGTTTGGCC CAATAGTGAG 480
AACTTTTTCC TGCTGCCTCT TGGTGCTTTT GCCTATGGCC CCTATTCTGC CTGCTGAAGA 540
CACTCTTGCC AGCATGGACT TAAACCCCTC CAGCTCTGAC AATCCTCTTT CTCTTTTGTT 600
TTACATGAAG GGTCTGGCAG CCAAAGCAAT CACTCAAAGT TCAAACCTTA TCATTTTTTG 660
CTTTGTTCCT CTTGGCCTTG GTTTTGTACA TCAGCTTTGA AAATACCATC CCAGGGTTAA 720
TGCTGGGGTT AATTTATAAC TAAGAGTGCT CTAGTTTTGC AATACAGGAC ATGCTATAAA 780
AATGGAAAGA TGTTGCTTTC TGAGAGATCT CGAGGAAGCT AACAACAAAG AACAACAAAC 840
AACAATCAGG TAAGTATCCT TTTTACAGCA CAACTTAATG AGACAGATAG AAACTGGTCT 900
TGTAGAAACA GAGTAGTCGC CTGCTTTTCT GCCAGGTGCT GACTTCTCTC CCCTTCTCTT 960
TTTTCCTTTT CTCAGGATAA CAAGAACGAA ACAATAACAG CCACC ATG GAA ATA 1014
Met Glu Ile
1
GAG CTC TCC ACC TGC TTC TTT CTG TGC CTT TTG CGA TTC TGC TTT AGT 1062
Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Phe Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Arg Phe Cys Phe Ser
5 10 15
GCC ACC AGA AGA TAC TAC CTG GGT GCA GTG GAA CTG TCA TGG GAC TAT 1110
Ala Thr Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser Trp Asp Tyr
20 25 30 35
ATG CAA AGT GAT CTC GGT GAG CTG CCT GTG GAC GCA AGA TTT CCT CCT 1158
Met Gln Ser Asp Leu Gly Glu Leu Pro Val Asp Ala Arg Phe Pro Pro
40 45 50
AGA GTG CCA AAA TCT TTT CCA TTC AAC ACC TCA GTC GTG TAC AAA AAG 1206
Arg Val Pro Lys Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Val Val Tyr Lys Lys
55 60 65
ACT CTG TTT GTA GAA TTC ACG GTT CAC CTT TTC AAC ATC GCT AAG CCA 1254
Thr Leu Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Val His Leu Phe Asn Ile Ala Lys Pro
70 75 80
AGG CCA CCC TGG ATG GGT CTG CTA GGT CCT ACC ATC CAG GCT GAG GTT 1302
Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile Gln Ala Glu Val
85 90 95
TAT GAT ACA GTG GTC ATT ACA CTT AAG AAC ATG GCT TCC CAT CCT GTC 1350
Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala Ser His Pro Val
100 105 110 115
AGT CTT CAT GCT GTT GGT GTA TCC TAC TGG AAA GCT TCT GAG GGA GCT 1398
Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Ser Glu Gly Ala
120 125 130
GAA TAT GAT GAT CAG ACC AGT CAA AGG GAG AAA GAA GAT GAT AAA GTC 1446
Glu Tyr Asp Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu Asp Asp Lys Val
135 140 145
TTC CCT GGT GGA AGC CAT ACA TAT GTC TGG CAG GTC CTG AAA GAG AAT 1494
Phe Pro Gly Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val Leu Lys Glu Asn
150 155 160
GGT CCA ATG GCC TCT GAC CCA CTG TGC CTT ACC TAC TCA TAT CTT TCT 1542
Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Leu Cys Leu Thr Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Ser
165 170 175
CAT GTG GAC CTG GTA AAA GAC TTG AAT TCA GGC CTC ATT GGA GCC CTA 1590
His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Ala Leu
180 185 190 195
CTA GTA TGT AGA GAA GGG AGT CTG GCC AAG GAA AAG ACA CAG ACC TTG 1638
Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Glu Lys Thr Gln Thr Leu
200 205 210
CAC AAA TTT ATA CTA CTT TTT GCT GTA TTT GAT GAA GGG AAA AGT TGG 1686
His Lys Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu Gly Lys Ser Trp
215 220 225
CAC TCA GAA ACA AAG AAC TCC TTG ATG CAG GAT AGG GAT GCT GCA TCT 1734
His Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Ser Leu Met Gln Asp Arg Asp Ala Ala Ser
230 235 240
GCT CGG GCC TGG CCT AAA ATG CAC ACA GTC AAT GGT TAT GTA AAC AGG 1782
Ala Arg Ala Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly Tyr Val Asn Arg
245 250 255
TCT CTG CCA GGT CTG ATT GGA TGC CAC AGG AAA TCA GTC TAT TGG CAT 1830
Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser Val Tyr Trp His
260 265 270 275
GTG ATT GGA ATG GGC ACC ACT CCT GAA GTG CAC TCA ATA TTC CTC GAA 1878
Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Val His Ser Ile Phe Leu Glu
280 285 290
GGT CAC ACA TTT CTT GTG AGG AAC CAT CGC CAG GCG TCC TTG GAA ATC 1926
Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala Ser Leu Glu Ile
295 300 305
TCG CCA ATA ACT TTC CTT ACT GCT CAA ACA CTC TTG ATG GAC CTT GGA 1974
Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Gly
310 315 320
CAG TTT CTA CTG TTT TGT CAT ATC TCT TCC CAC CAA CAT GAT GGC ATG 2022
Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Gln His Asp Gly Met
325 330 335
GAA GCT TAT GTC AAA GTA GAC AGC TGT CCA GAG GAA CCC CAA CTA CGA 2070
Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu Pro Gln Leu Arg
340 345 350 355
ATG AAA AAT AAT GAA GAA GCG GAA GAC TAT GAT GAT GAT CTT ACT GAT 2118
Met Lys Asn Asn Glu Glu Ala Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asp Leu Thr Asp
360 365 370
TCT GAA ATG GAT GTG GTC AGG TTT GAT GAT GAC AAC TCT CCT TCC TTT 2166
Ser Glu Met Asp Val Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Phe
375 380 385
ATC CAA ATT CGC TCA GTT GCC AAG AAG CAT CCT AAA ACT TGG GTA CAT 2214
Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr Trp Val His
390 395 400
TAC ATT GCT GCT GAA GAG GAG GAC TGG GAC TAT GCT CCC TTA GTC CTC 2262
Tyr Ile Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro Leu Val Leu
405 410 415
GCC CCC GAT GAC AGA AGT TAT AAA AGT CAA TAT TTG AAC AAT GGC CCT 2310
Ala Pro Asp Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Asn Asn Gly Pro
420 425 430 435
CAG CGG ATT GGT AGG AAG TAC AAA AAA GTC CGA TTT ATG GCA TAC ACA 2358
Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Met Ala Tyr Thr
440 445 450
GAT GAA ACC TTT AAG ACT CGT GAA GCT ATT CAG CAT GAA TCA GGA ATC 2406
Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln His Glu Ser Gly Ile
455 460 465
TTG GGA CCT TTA CTT TAT GGG GAA GTT GGA GAC ACA CTG TTG ATT ATA 2454
Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu Leu Ile Ile
470 475 480
TTT AAG AAT CAA GCA AGC AGA CCA TAT AAC ATC TAC CCT CAC GGA ATC 2502
Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro His Gly Ile
485 490 495
ACT GAT GTC CGT CCT TTG TAT TCA AGG AGA TTA CCA AAA GGT GTA AAA 2550
Thr Asp Val Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ser Arg Arg Leu Pro Lys Gly Val Lys
500 505 510 515
CAT TTG AAG GAT TTT CCA ATT CTG CCA GGA GAA ATA TTC AAA TAT AAA 2598
His Leu Lys Asp Phe Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe Lys Tyr Lys
520 525 530
TGG ACA GTG ACT GTA GAA GAT GGG CCA ACT AAA TCA GAT CCT CGG TGC 2646
Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp Pro Arg Cys
535 540 545
CTG ACC CGC TAT TAC TCT AGT TTC GTT AAT ATG GAG AGA GAT CTA GCT 2694
Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Val Asn Met Glu Arg Asp Leu Ala
550 555 560
TCA GGA CTC ATT GGC CCT CTC CTC ATC TGC TAC AAA GAA TCT GTA GAT 2742
Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu Ser Val Asp
565 570 575
CAA AGA GGA AAC CAG ATA ATG TCA GAC AAG AGG AAT GTC ATC CTG TTT 2790
Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ile Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val Ile Leu Phe
580 585 590 595
TCT GTA TTT GAT GAG AAC CGA AGC TGG TAC CTC ACA GAG AAT ATA CAA 2838
Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Arg Ser Trp Tyr Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln
600 605 610
CGC TTT CTC CCC AAT CCA GCT GGA GTG CAG CTT GAG GAT CCA GAG TTC 2886
Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Ala Gly Val Gln Leu Glu Asp Pro Glu Phe
615 620 625
CAA GCC TCC AAC ATC ATG CAC AGC ATC AAT GGC TAT GTT TTT GAT AGT 2934
Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Phe Asp Ser
630 635 640
TTG CAG TTG TCA GTT TGT TTG CAT GAG GTG GCA TAC TGG TAC ATT CTA 2982
Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp Tyr Ile Leu
645 650 655
AGC ATT GGA GCA CAG ACT GAC TTC CTT TCT GTC TTC TTC TCT GGA TAT 3030
Ser Ile Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe Ser Gly Tyr
660 665 670 675
ACC TTC AAA CAC AAA ATG GTC TAT GAA GAC ACA CTC ACC CTA TTC CCA 3078
Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr Leu Phe Pro
680 685 690
TTC TCA GGA GAA ACT GTC TTC ATG TCG ATG GAA AAC CCA GGT CTA TGG 3126
Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro Gly Leu Trp
695 700 705
ATT CTG GGG TGC CAC AAC TCA GAC TTT CGG AAC AGA GGC ATG ACC GCC 3174
Ile Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Asn Arg Gly Met Thr Ala
710 715 720
TTA CTG AAG GTT TCT AGT TGT GAC AAG AAC ACT GGT GAT TAT TAC GAG 3222
Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Asn Thr Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Glu
725 730 735
GAC AGT TAT GAA GAT ATT TCA GCA TAC TTG CTG AGT AAA AAC AAT GCC 3270
Asp Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ser Ala Tyr Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Asn Ala
740 745 750 755
ATT GAA CCA AGA AGC TTC TCC CAG AAT TCA AGA CAC CCT AGC ACT AGG 3318
Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ser Gln Asn Ser Arg His Pro Ser Thr Arg
760 765 770
CAA AAG CAA TTT AAT GCC ACC ACA ATT CCA GAA AAT GAC ATA GAG AAG 3366
Gln Lys Gln Phe Asn Ala Thr Thr Ile Pro Glu Asn Asp Ile Glu Lys
775 780 785
ACT GAC CCT TGG TTT GCA CAC AGA ACA CCT ATG CCT AAA ATA CAA AAT 3414
Thr Asp Pro Trp Phe Ala His Arg Thr Pro Met Pro Lys Ile Gln Asn
790 795 800
GTC TCC TCT AGT GAT TTG TTG ATG CTC TTG CGA CAG AGT CCT ACT CCA 3462
Val Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Met Leu Leu Arg Gln Ser Pro Thr Pro
805 810 815
CAT GGG CTA TCC TTA TCT GAT CTC CAA GAA GCC AAA TAT GAG ACT TTT 3510
His Gly Leu Ser Leu Ser Asp Leu Gln Glu Ala Lys Tyr Glu Thr Phe
820 825 830 835
TCT GAT GAT CCA TCA CCT GGA GCA ATA GAC AGT AAT AAC AGC CTG TCT 3558
Ser Asp Asp Pro Ser Pro Gly Ala Ile Asp Ser Asn Asn Ser Leu Ser
840 845 850
GAA ATG ACA CAC TTC AGG CCA CAG CTC CAT CAC AGT GGG GAC ATG GTA 3606
Glu Met Thr His Phe Arg Pro Gln Leu His His Ser Gly Asp Met Val
855 860 865
TTT ACC CCT GAG TCA GGC CTC CAA TTA AGA TTA AAT GAG AAA CTG GGG 3654
Phe Thr Pro Glu Ser Gly Leu Gln Leu Arg Leu Asn Glu Lys Leu Gly
870 875 880
ACA ACT GCA GCA ACA GAG TTG AAG AAA CTT GAT TTC AAA GTT TCT AGT 3702
Thr Thr Ala Ala Thr Glu Leu Lys Lys Leu Asp Phe Lys Val Ser Ser
885 890 895
ACA TCA AAT AAT CTG ATT TCA ACA ATT CCA TCA GAC AAT TTG GCA GCA 3750
Thr Ser Asn Asn Leu Ile Ser Thr Ile Pro Ser Asp Asn Leu Ala Ala
900 905 910 915
GGT ACT GAT AAT ACA AGT TCC TTA GGA CCC CCA AGT ATG CCA GTT CAT 3798
Gly Thr Asp Asn Thr Ser Ser Leu Gly Pro Pro Ser Met Pro Val His
920 925 930
TAT GAT AGT CAA TTA GAT ACC ACT CTA TTT GGC AAA AAG TCA TCT CCC 3846
Tyr Asp Ser Gln Leu Asp Thr Thr Leu Phe Gly Lys Lys Ser Ser Pro
935 940 945
CTT ACT GAG TCT GGT GGA CCT CTG AGC TTG AGT GAA GAA AAT AAT GAT 3894
Leu Thr Glu Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Ser Leu Ser Glu Glu Asn Asn Asp
950 955 960
TCA AAG TTG TTA GAA TCA GGT TTA ATG AAT AGC CAA GAA AGT TCA TGG 3942
Ser Lys Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Leu Met Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser Ser Trp
965 970 975
GGA AAA AAT GTA TCG TCA ACA GAG AGT GGT AGG TTA TTT AAA GGG AAA 3990
Gly Lys Asn Val Ser Ser Thr Glu Ser Gly Arg Leu Phe Lys Gly Lys
980 985 990 995
AGA GCT CAT GGA CCT GCT TTG TTG ACT AAA GAT AAT GCC TTA TTC AAA 4038
Arg Ala His Gly Pro Ala Leu Leu Thr Lys Asp Asn Ala Leu Phe Lys
1000 1005 1010
GTT AGC ATC TCT TTG TTA AAG ACA AAC AAA ACT TCC AAT AAT TCA GCA 4086
Val Ser Ile Ser Leu Leu Lys Thr Asn Lys Thr Ser Asn Asn Ser Ala
1015 1020 1025
ACT AAT AGA AAG ACT CAC ATT GAT GGC CCA TCA TTA TTA ATT GAG AAT 4134
Thr Asn Arg Lys Thr His Ile Asp Gly Pro Ser Leu Leu Ile Glu Asn
1030 1035 1040
AGT CCA TCA GTC TGG CAA AAT ATA TTA GAA AGT GAC ACT GAG TTT AAA 4182
Ser Pro Ser Val Trp Gln Asn Ile Leu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu Phe Lys
1045 1050 1055
AAA GTG ACA CCT TTG ATT CAT GAC AGA ATG CTT ATG GAC AAA AAT GCT 4230
Lys Val Thr Pro Leu Ile His Asp Arg Met Leu Met Asp Lys Asn Ala
1060 1065 1070 1075
ACA GCT TTG AGG CTA AAT CAT ATG TCA AAT AAA ACT ACT TCA TCA AAA 4278
Thr Ala Leu Arg Leu Asn His Met Ser Asn Lys Thr Thr Ser Ser Lys
1080 1085 1090
AAC ATG GAA ATG GTC CAA CAG AAA AAA GAG GGC CCC ATT CCA CCA GAT 4326
Asn Met Glu Met Val Gln Gln Lys Lys Glu Gly Pro Ile Pro Pro Asp
1095 1100 1105
GCA CAA AAT CCA GAT ATG TCG TTC TTT AAG ATG CTA TTC TTG CCA GAA 4374
Ala Gln Asn Pro Asp Met Ser Phe Phe Lys Met Leu Phe Leu Pro Glu
1110 1115 1120
TCA GCA AGG TGG ATA CAA AGG ACT CAT GGA AAG AAC TCT CTG AAC TCT 4422
Ser Ala Arg Trp Ile Gln Arg Thr His Gly Lys Asn Ser Leu Asn Ser
1125 1130 1135
GGG CAA GGC CCC AGT CCA AAG CAA TTA GTA TCC TTA GGA CCA GAA AAA 4470
Gly Gln Gly Pro Ser Pro Lys Gln Leu Val Ser Leu Gly Pro Glu Lys
1140 1145 1150 1155
TCT GTG GAA GGT CAG AAT TTC TTG TCT GAG AAA AAC AAA GTG GTA GTA 4518
Ser Val Glu Gly Gln Asn Phe Leu Ser Glu Lys Asn Lys Val Val Val
1160 1165 1170
GGA AAG GGT GAA TTT ACA AAG GAC GTA GGA CTC AAA GAG ATG GTT TTT 4566
Gly Lys Gly Glu Phe Thr Lys Asp Val Gly Leu Lys Glu Met Val Phe
1175 1180 1185
CCA AGC AGC AGA AAC CTA TTT CTT ACT AAC TTG GAT AAT TTA CAT GAA 4614
Pro Ser Ser Arg Asn Leu Phe Leu Thr Asn Leu Asp Asn Leu His Glu
1190 1195 1200
AAT AAT ACA CAC AAT CAA GAA AAA AAA ATT CAG GAA GAA ATA GAA AAG 4662
Asn Asn Thr His Asn Gln Glu Lys Lys Ile Gln Glu Glu Ile Glu Lys
1205 1210 1215
AAG GAA ACA TTA ATC CAA GAG AAT GTA GTT TTG CCT CAG ATA CAT ACA 4710
Lys Glu Thr Leu Ile Gln Glu Asn Val Val Leu Pro Gln Ile His Thr
1220 1225 1230 1235
GTG ACT GGC ACT AAG AAT TTC ATG AAG AAC CTT TTC TTA CTG AGC ACT 4758
Val Thr Gly Thr Lys Asn Phe Met Lys Asn Leu Phe Leu Leu Ser Thr
1240 1245 1250
AGG CAA AAT GTA GAA GGT TCA TAT GAG GGG GCA TAT GCT CCA GTA CTT 4806
Arg Gln Asn Val Glu Gly Ser Tyr Glu Gly Ala Tyr Ala Pro Val Leu
1255 1260 1265
CAA GAT TTT AGG TCA TTA AAT GAT TCA ACA AAT AGA ACA AAG AAA CAC 4854
Gln Asp Phe Arg Ser Leu Asn Asp Ser Thr Asn Arg Thr Lys Lys His
1270 1275 1280
ACA GCT CAT TTC TCA AAA AAA GGG GAG GAA GAA AAC TTG GAA GGC TTG 4902
Thr Ala His Phe Ser Lys Lys Gly Glu Glu Glu Asn Leu Glu Gly Leu
1285 1290 1295
GGA AAT CAA ACC AAG CAA ATT GTA GAG AAA TAT GCA TGC ACC ACA AGG 4950
Gly Asn Gln Thr Lys Gln Ile Val Glu Lys Tyr Ala Cys Thr Thr Arg
1300 1305 1310 1315
ATA TCT CCT AAT ACA AGC CAG CAG AAT TTT GTC ACG CAA CGT AGT AAG 4998
Ile Ser Pro Asn Thr Ser Gln Gln Asn Phe Val Thr Gln Arg Ser Lys
1320 1325 1330
AGA GCT TTG AAA CAA TTC AGA CTC CCA CTA GAA GAA ACA GAA CTT GAA 5046
Arg Ala Leu Lys Gln Phe Arg Leu Pro Leu Glu Glu Thr Glu Leu Glu
1335 1340 1345
AAA AGG ATA ATT GTG GAT GAC ACC TCA ACC CAG TGG TCC AAA AAC ATG 5094
Lys Arg Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Thr Ser Thr Gln Trp Ser Lys Asn Met
1350 1355 1360
AAA CAT TTG ACC CCG AGC ACC CTC ACA CAG ATA GAC TAC AAT GAG AAG 5142
Lys His Leu Thr Pro Ser Thr Leu Thr Gln Ile Asp Tyr Asn Glu Lys
1365 1370 1375
GAG AAA GGG GCC ATT ACT CAG TCT CCC TTA TCA GAT TGC CTT ACG AGG 5190
Glu Lys Gly Ala Ile Thr Gln Ser Pro Leu Ser Asp Cys Leu Thr Arg
1380 1385 1390 1395
AGT CAT AGC ATC CCT CAA GCA AAT AGA TCT CCA TTA CCC ATT GCA AAG 5238
Ser His Ser Ile Pro Gln Ala Asn Arg Ser Pro Leu Pro Ile Ala Lys
1400 1405 1410
GTA TCA TCA TTT CCA TCT ATT AGA CCT ATA TAT CTG ACC AGG GTC CTA 5286
Val Ser Ser Phe Pro Ser Ile Arg Pro Ile Tyr Leu Thr Arg Val Leu
1415 1420 1425
TTC CAA GAC AAC TCT TCT CAT CTT CCA GCA GCA TCT TAT AGA AAG AAA 5334
Phe Gln Asp Asn Ser Ser His Leu Pro Ala Ala Ser Tyr Arg Lys Lys
1430 1435 1440
GAT TCT GGG GTC CAA GAA AGC AGT CAT TTC TTA CAA GGA GCC AAA AAA 5382
Asp Ser Gly Val Gln Glu Ser Ser His Phe Leu Gln Gly Ala Lys Lys
1445 1450 1455
AAT AAC CTT TCT TTA GCC ATT CTA ACC TTG GAG ATG ACT GGT GAT CAA 5430
Asn Asn Leu Ser Leu Ala Ile Leu Thr Leu Glu Met Thr Gly Asp Gln
1460 1465 1470 1475
AGA GAG GTT GGC TCC CTG GGG ACA AGT GCC ACA AAT TCA GTC ACA TAC 5478
Arg Glu Val Gly Ser Leu Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Asn Ser Val Thr Tyr
1480 1485 1490
AAG AAA GTT GAG AAC ACT GTT CTC CCG AAA CCA GAC TTG CCC AAA ACA 5526
Lys Lys Val Glu Asn Thr Val Leu Pro Lys Pro Asp Leu Pro Lys Thr
1495 1500 1505
TCT GGC AAA GTT GAA TTG CTT CCA AAA GTT CAC ATT TAT CAG AAG GAC 5574
Ser Gly Lys Val Glu Leu Leu Pro Lys Val His Ile Tyr Gln Lys Asp
1510 1515 1520
CTA TTC CCT ACG GAA ACT AGC AAT GGG TCT CCT GGC CAT CTG GAT CTC 5622
Leu Phe Pro Thr Glu Thr Ser Asn Gly Ser Pro Gly His Leu Asp Leu
1525 1530 1535
GTG GAA GGG AGC CTT CTT CAG GGA ACA GAG GGA GCG ATT AAG TGG AAT 5670
Val Glu Gly Ser Leu Leu Gln Gly Thr Glu Gly Ala Ile Lys Trp Asn
1540 1545 1550 1555
GAA GCA AAC AGA CCT GGA AAA GTT CCC TTT CTG AGA GTA GCA ACA GAA 5718
Glu Ala Asn Arg Pro Gly Lys Val Pro Phe Leu Arg Val Ala Thr Glu
1560 1565 1570
AGC TCT GCA AAG ACT CCC TCC AAG CTA TTG GAT CCT CTT GCT TGG GAT 5766
Ser Ser Ala Lys Thr Pro Ser Lys Leu Leu Asp Pro Leu Ala Trp Asp
1575 1580 1585
AAC CAC TAT GGT ACT CAG ATA CCA AAA GAA GAG TGG AAA TCC CAA GAG 5814
Asn His Tyr Gly Thr Gln Ile Pro Lys Glu Glu Trp Lys Ser Gln Glu
1590 1595 1600
AAG TCA CCA GAA AAA ACA GCT TTT AAG AAA AAG GAT ACC ATT TTG TCC 5862
Lys Ser Pro Glu Lys Thr Ala Phe Lys Lys Lys Asp Thr Ile Leu Ser
1605 1610 1615
CTG AAC GCT TGT GAA AGC AAT CAT GCA ATA GCA GCA ATA AAT GAG GGA 5910
Leu Asn Ala Cys Glu Ser Asn His Ala Ile Ala Ala Ile Asn Glu Gly
1620 1625 1630 1635
CAA AAT AAG CCC GAA ATA GAA GTC ACC TGG GCA AAG CAA GGT AGG ACT 5958
Gln Asn Lys Pro Glu Ile Glu Val Thr Trp Ala Lys Gln Gly Arg Thr
1640 1645 1650
GAA AGG CTG TGC TCT CAA AAC CCA CCA GTC TTG AAA CGC CAT CAA CGG 6006
Glu Arg Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn Pro Pro Val Leu Lys Arg His Gln Arg
1655 1660 1665
GAA ATA ACT CGT ACT ACT CTT CAG TCA GAT CAA GAG GAA ATT GAC TAT 6054
Glu Ile Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu Gln Ser Asp Gln Glu Glu Ile Asp Tyr
1670 1675 1680
GAT GAT ACC ATA TCA GTT GAA ATG AAG AAG GAA GAT TTT GAC ATT TAT 6102
Asp Asp Thr Ile Ser Val Glu Met Lys Lys Glu Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr
1685 1690 1695
GAT GAG GAT GAA AAT CAG AGC CCC CGC AGC TTT CAA AAG AAA ACA CGA 6150
Asp Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Lys Thr Arg
1700 1705 1710 1715
CAC TAT TTT ATT GCT GCA GTG GAG AGG CTC TGG GAT TAT GGG ATG AGT 6198
His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser
1720 1725 1730
AGC TCC CCA CAT GTT CTA AGA AAC AGG GCT CAG AGT GGC AGT GTC CCT 6246
Ser Ser Pro His Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Ala Gln Ser Gly Ser Val Pro
1735 1740 1745
CAG TTC AAG AAA GTT GTT TTC CAG GAA TTT ACT GAT GGC TCC TTT ACT 6294
Gln Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr
1750 1755 1760
CAG CCC TTA TAC CGT GGA GAA CTA AAT GAA CAT TTG GGA CTC CTG GGG 6342
Gln Pro Leu Tyr Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly
1765 1770 1775
CCA TAT ATA AGA GCA GAA GTT GAA GAT AAT ATC ATG GTA ACT TTC AGA 6390
Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr Phe Arg
1780 1785 1790 1795
AAT CAG GCC TCT CGT CCC TAT TCC TTC TAT TCT AGC CTT ATT TCT TAT 6438
Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr
1800 1805 1810
GAG GAA GAT CAG AGG CAA GGA GCA GAA CCT AGA AAA AAC TTT GTC AAG 6486
Glu Glu Asp Gln Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Asn Phe Val Lys
1815 1820 1825
CCT AAT GAA ACC AAA ACT TAC TTT TGG AAA GTG CAA CAT CAT ATG GCA 6534
Pro Asn Glu Thr Lys Thr Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His Met Ala
1830 1835 1840
CCC ACT AAA GAT GAG TTT GAC TGC AAA GCC TGG GCT TAT TTC TCT GAT 6582
Pro Thr Lys Asp Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp
1845 1850 1855
GTT GAC CTG GAA AAA GAT GTG CAC TCA GGC CTG ATT GGA CCC CTT CTG 6630
Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu
1860 1865 1870 1875
GTC TGC CAC ACT AAC ACA CTG AAC CCT GCT CAT GGG AGA CAA GTG ACA 6678
Val Cys His Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His Gly Arg Gln Val Thr
1880 1885 1890
GTA CAG GAA TTT GCT CTG TTT TTC ACC ATC TTT GAT GAG ACC AAA AGC 6726
Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser
1895 1900 1905
TGG TAC TTC ACT GAA AAT ATG GAA AGA AAC TGC AGG GCT CCC TGC AAT 6774
Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Met Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro Cys Asn
1910 1915 1920
ATC CAG ATG GAA GAT CCC ACT TTT AAA GAG AAT TAT CGC TTC CAT GCA 6822
Ile Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe His Ala
1925 1930 1935
ATC AAT GGC TAC ATA ATG GAT ACA CTA CCT GGC TTA GTA ATG GCT CAG 6870
Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ile Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met Ala Gln
1940 1945 1950 1955
GAT CAA AGG ATT CGA TGG TAT CTG CTC AGC ATG GGC AGC AAT GAA AAC 6918
Asp Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn
1960 1965 1970
ATC CAT TCT ATT CAT TTC AGT GGA CAT GTG TTC ACT GTA CGA AAA AAA 6966
Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe Thr Val Arg Lys Lys
1975 1980 1985
GAG GAG TAT AAA ATG GCA CTG TAC AAT CTC TAT CCA GGT GTT TTT GAG 7014
Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Leu Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val Phe Glu
1990 1995 2000
ACA GTG GAA ATG TTA CCA TCC AAA GCT GGA ATT TGG CGG GTG GAA TGC 7062
Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser Lys Ala Gly Ile Trp Arg Val Glu Cys
2005 2010 2015
CTT ATT GGC GAG CAT CTA CAT GCT GGG ATG AGC ACA CTT TTT CTG GTG 7110
Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu His Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Leu Phe Leu Val
2020 2025 2030 2035
TAC AGC AAT AAG TGT CAG ACT CCC CTG GGA ATG GCT TCT GGA CAC ATT 7158
Tyr Ser Asn Lys Cys Gln Thr Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly His Ile
2040 2045 2050
AGA GAT TTT CAG ATT ACA GCT TCA GGA CAA TAT GGA CAG TGG GCC CCA 7206
Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro
2055 2060 2065
AAG CTG GCC AGA CTT CAT TAT TCC GGA TCA ATC AAT GCC TGG AGC ACC 7254
Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr
2070 2075 2080
AAG GAG CCC TTT TCT TGG ATC AAG GTG GAT CTG TTG GCA CCA ATG ATT 7302
Lys Glu Pro Phe Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro Met Ile
2085 2090 2095
ATT CAC GGC ATC AAG ACC CAG GGT GCC CGT CAG AAG TTC TCC AGC CTC 7350
Ile His Gly Ile Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu
2100 2105 2110 2115
TAC ATC TCT CAG TTT ATC ATC ATG TAT AGT CTT GAT GGG AAG AAG TGG 7398
Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Trp
2120 2125 2130
CAG ACT TAT CGA GGA AAT TCC ACT GGA ACC TTA ATG GTC TTC TTT GGC 7446
Gln Thr Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe Phe Gly
2135 2140 2145
AAT GTG GAT TCA TCT GGG ATA AAA CAC AAT ATT TTT AAC CCT CCA ATT 7494
Asn Val Asp Ser Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile
2150 2155 2160
ATT GCT CGA TAC ATC CGT TTG CAC CCA ACT CAT TAT AGC ATT CGC AGC 7542
Ile Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser
2165 2170 2175
ACT CTT CGC ATG GAG TTG ATG GGC TGT GAT TTA AAT AGT TGC AGC ATG 7590
Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Met
2180 2185 2190 2195
CCA TTG GGA ATG GAG AGT AAA GCA ATA TCA GAT GCA CAG ATT ACT GCT 7638
Pro Leu Gly Met Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Ser Asp Ala Gln Ile Thr Ala
2200 2205 2210
TCA TCC TAC TTT ACC AAT ATG TTT GCC ACC TGG TCT CCT TCA AAA GCT 7686
Ser Ser Tyr Phe Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Lys Ala
2215 2220 2225
CGA CTT CAC CTC CAA GGG AGG AGT AAT GCC TGG AGA CCT CAG GTG AAT 7734
Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Gln Val Asn
2230 2235 2240
AAT CCA AAA GAG TGG CTG CAA GTG GAC TTC CAG AAG ACA ATG AAA GTC 7782
Asn Pro Lys Glu Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln Lys Thr Met Lys Val
2245 2250 2255
ACA GGA GTA ACT ACT CAG GGA GTA AAA TCT CTG CTT ACC AGC ATG TAT 7830
Thr Gly Val Thr Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser Met Tyr
2260 2265 2270 2275
GTG AAG GAG TTC CTC ATC TCC AGC AGT CAA GAT GGC CAT CAG TGG ACT 7878
Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly His Gln Trp Thr
2280 2285 2290
CTC TTT TTT CAG AAT GGC AAA GTA AAG GTT TTT CAG GGA AAT CAA GAC 7926
Leu Phe Phe Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp
2295 2300 2305
TCC TTC ACA CCT GTG GTG AAC TCT CTA GAC CCA CCG TTA CTG ACT CGC 7974
Ser Phe Thr Pro Val Val Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Leu Thr Arg
2310 2315 2320
TAC CTT CGA ATT CAC CCC CAG AGT TGG GTG CAC CAG ATT GCC CTG AGG 8022
Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Gln Ser Trp Val His Gln Ile Ala Leu Arg
2325 2330 2335
ATG GAG GTT CTG GGC TGC GAG GCA CAG GAC CTC TAC TGAGGGTGGC 8068
Met Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr
2340 2345 2350
CACTGCAGCA CCTGCCACTG CCGTCACCTC TCCCTCCTCA GCTCCAGGGC AGTGTCCCTC 8128
CCTGGCTTGC CTTCTACCTT TGTGCTAAAT CCTAGCAGAC ACTGCCTTGA AGCCTCCTGA 8188
ATTAACTATC ATCAGTCCTG CATTTCTTTG GTGGGGGGCC AGGAGGGTGC ATCCAATTTA 8248
ACTTAACTCT TACCTATTTT CTGCAGCTGC TCCCAGATTA CTCCTTCCTT CCAATATAAC 8308
TAGGCAAAAA GAAGTGAGGA GAAACCTGCA TGAAAGCATT CTTCCCTGAA AAGTTAGGCC 8368
TCTCAGAGTC ACCACTTCCT CTGTTGTAGA AAAACTATGT GATGAAACTT TGAAAAAGAT 8428
ATTTATGATG TTAACTTGTT TATTGCAGCT TATAATGGTT ACAAATAAAG CAATAGCATC 8488
ACAAATTTCA CAAATAAAGC ATTTTTTTCA CTGCATTCTA GTTGTGGTTT GTCCAAACTC 8548
ATCAATGTAT CTTATCATGT CTGGATCCCC GGGTGGCATC CCTGTGACCC CTCCCCAGTG 8608
CCTCTCCTGG CCCTGGAAGT TGCCACTCCA GTGCCCACCA GCCTTGTCCT AATAAAATTA 8668
AGTTGCATCA TTTTGTCTGA CTAGGTGTCC TTCTATAATA TTATGGGGTG GAGGGGGGTG 8728
GTATGGAGCA AGGGGCAAGT TGGGAAGACA ACCTGTAGGG CCTGCGGGGT CTATTCGGGA 8788
ACCAAGCTGG AGTGCAGTGG CACAATCTTG GCTCACTGCA ATCTCCGCCT CCTGGGTTCA 8848
AGCGATTCTC CTGCCTCAGC CTCCCGAGTT GTTGGGATTC CAGGCATGCA TGACCAGGCT 8908
CAGCTAATTT TTGTTTTTTT GGTAGAGACG GGGTTTCACC ATATTGGCCA GGCTGGTCTC 8968
CAACTCCTAA TCTCAGGTGA TCTACCCACC TTGGCCTCCC AAATTGCTGG GATTACAGGC 9028
GTGAACCACT GCTCCCTTCC CTGTCCTTCT GATTTTAAAA TAACTATACC AGCAGGAGGA 9088
CGTCCAGACA CAGCATAGGC TACCTGCCAT GCCCAACCGG TGGGACATTT GAGTTGCTTG 9148
CTTGGCACTG TCCTCTCATG CGTTGGGTCC ACTCAGTAGA TGCCTGTTGA ATTCGTAATC 9208
ATGGTCATAG CTGTTTCCTG TGTGAAATTG TTATCCGCTC ACAATTCCAC ACAACATACG 9268
AGCCGGAAGC ATAAAGTGTA AAGCCTGGGG TGCCTAATGA GTGAGCTAAC TCACATTAAT 9328
TGCGTTGCGC TCACTGCCCG CTTTCCAGTC GGGAAACCTG TCGTGCCAGC TGCATTAATG 9388
AATCGGCCAA CGCGCGGGGA GAGGCGGTTT GCGTATTGGG CGCTCTTCCG CTTCCTCGCT 9448
CACTGACTCG CTGCGCTCGG TCGTTCGGCT GCGGCGAGCG GTATCAGCTC ACTCAAAGGC 9508
GGTAATACGG TTATCCACAG AATCAGGGGA TAACGCAGGA AAGAACATGT GAGCAAAAGG 9568
CCAGCAAAAG GCCAGGAACC GTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTG GCGTTTTTCC ATAGGCTCCG 9628
CCCCCCTGAC GAGCATCACA AAAATCGACG CTCAAGTCAG AGGTGGCGAA ACCCGACAGG 9688
ACTATAAAGA TACCAGGCGT TTCCCCCTGG AAGCTCCCTC GTGCGCTCTC CTGTTCCGAC 9748
CCTGCCGCTT ACCGGATACC TGTCCGCCTT TCTCCCTTCG GGAAGCGTGG CGCTTTCTCA 9808
TAGCTCACGC TGTAGGTATC TCAGTTCGGT GTAGGTCGTT CGCTCCAAGC TGGGCTGTGT 9868
GCACGAACCC CCCGTTCAGC CCGACCGCTG CGCCTTATCC GGTAACTATC GTCTTGAGTC 9928
CAACCCGGTA AGACACGACT TATCGCCACT GGCAGCAGCC ACTGGTAACA GGATTAGCAG 9988
AGCGAGGTAT GTAGGCGGTG CTACAGAGTT CTTGAAGTGG TGGCCTAACT ACGGCTACAC 10048
TAGAAGGACA GTATTTGGTA TCTGCGCTCT GCTGAAGCCA GTTACCTTCG GAAAAAGAGT 10108
TGGTAGCTCT TGATCCGGCA AACAAACCAC CGCTGGTAGC GGTGGTTTTT TTGTTTGCAA 10168
GCAGCAGATT ACGCGCAGAA AAAAAGGATC TCAAGAAGAT CCTTTGATCT TTTCTACGGG 10228
GTCTGACGCT CAGTGGAACG AAAACTCACG TTAAGGGATT TTGGTCATGA GATTATCAAA 10288
AAGGATCTTC ACCTAGATCC TTTTAAATTA AAAATGAAGT TTTAAATCAA TCTAAAGTAT 10348
ATATGAGTAA ACTTGGTCTG ACAGTTACCA ATGCTTAATC AGTGAGGCAC CTATCTCAGC 10408
GATCTGTCTA TTTCGTTCAT CCATAGTTGC CTGACTCCCC GTCGTGTAGA TAACTACGAT 10468
ACGGGAGGGC TTACCATCTG GCCCCAGTGC TGCAATGATA CCGCGAGACC CACGCTCACC 10528
GGCTCCAGAT TTATCAGCAA TAAACCAGCC AGCCGGAAGG GCCGAGCGCA GAAGTGGTCC 10588
TGCAACTTTA TCCGCCTCCA TCCAGTCTAT TAATTGTTGC CGGGAAGCTA GAGTAAGTAG 10648
TTCGCCAGTT AATAGTTTGC GCAACGTTGT TGCCATTGCT ACAGGCATCG TGGTGTCACG 10708
CTCGTCGTTT GGTATGGCTT CATTCAGCTC CGGTTCCCAA CGATCAAGGC GAGTTACATG 10768
ATCCCCCATG TTGTGCAAAA AAGCGGTTAG CTCCTTCGGT CCTCCGATCG TTGTCAGAAG 10828
TAAGTTGGCC GCAGTGTTAT CACTCATGGT TATGGCAGCA CTGCATAATT CTCTTACTGT 10888
CATGCCATCC GTAAGATGCT TTTCTGTGAC TGGTGAGTAC TCAACCAAGT CATTCTGAGA 10948
ATAGTGTATG CGGCGACCGA GTTGCTCTTG CCCGGCGTCA ATACGGGATA ATACCGCGCC 11008
ACATAGCAGA ACTTTAAAAG TGCTCATCAT TGGAAAACGT TCTTCGGGGC GAAAACTCTC 11068
AAGGATCTTA CCGCTGTTGA GATCCAGTTC GATGTAACCC ACTCGTGCAC CCAACTGATC 11128
TTCAGCATCT TTTACTTTCA CCAGCGTTTC TGGGTGAGCA AAAACAGGAA GGCAAAATGC 11188
CGCAAAAAAG GGAATAAGGG CGACACGGAA ATGTTGAATA CTCATACTCT TCCTTTTTCA 11248
ATATTATTGA AGCATTTATC AGGGTTATTG TCTCATGAGC GGATACATAT TTGAATGTAT 11308
TTAGAAAAAT AAACAAATAG GGGTTCCGCG CACATTTCCC CGAAAAGTGC CACCTGACGT 11368
CTAAGAAACC ATTATTATCA TGACATTAAC CTATAAAAAT AGGCGTATCA CGAGGCCCTT 11428
TCGTCTCGCG CGTTTCGGTG ATGACGGTGA AAACCTCTGA CACATGCAGC TCCCGGAGAC 11488
GGTCACAGCT TGTCTGTAAG CGGATGCCGG GAGCAGACAA GCCCGTCAGG GCGCGTCAGC 11548
GGGTGTTGGC GGGTGTCGGG GCTGGCTTAA CTATGCGGCA TCAGAGCAGA TTGTACTGAG 11608
AGTGCACCAT ATGCGGTGTG AAATACCGCA CAGATGCGTA AGGAGAAAAT ACCGCATCAG 11668
GCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGC TGCGCAACTG TTGGGAAGGG CGATCGGTGC GGGCCTCTTC 11728
GCTATTACGC CAGCTGGCGA AAGGGGGATG TGCTGCAAGG CGATTAAGTT GGGTAACGCC 11788
AGGGTTTTCC CAGTCACGAC GTTGTAAAAC GACGGCCAGT GCCAAGCTTG GGCTGCAG 11846






211 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



5
ATTGAACCAA GAAGCTTCTC CCAGGTAAGT TGCTAATAAA GCTTGGCAAG AGTATTTCAA 60
GGAAGATGAA GTCATTAACT ATGCAAAATG CTTCTCAGGC ACCTAGGAAA ATGAGGATGT 120
GAGGCATTTC TACCCACTTG GTACATAAAA TTATTGCTTT TCCTCTTCTT TTTTTCTCCA 180
GAACCCACCA GTCTTGAAAC GCCATCAACG G 211






126 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



6
GTTGGTATCC TTTTTACAGC ACAACTTAAT GAGACAGATA GAAACTGGTC TTGTAGAAAC 60
AGAGTAGTCG CCTGCTTTTC TGCCAGGTGC TGACTTCTCT CCCCTGGGCT GTTTTCATTT 120
TCTCAG 126






126 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



7
GTAAGTATCC TTTTTACAGC ACAACTTAAT GAGACAGATA GAAACTGGTC TTGTAGAAAC 60
AGAGTAGTCG CCTGCTTTTC TGCCAGGTGC TGACTTCTCT CCCCTTCTCT TTTTTCCTTT 120
TCTCAG 126






10 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



8
GCCACCAUGG 10






100 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



9
AGGTTAATTT TTAAAAAGCA GTCAAAAGTC CAAGTGGCCC TTGCGAGCAT TTACTCTCTC 60
TGTTTGCTCT GGTTAATAAT CTCAGGAGCA CAAACATTCC 100






223 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



10
CTTTCTCTTT TCTTTTACAT GAAGGGTCTG GCAGCCAAAG CAATCACTCA AAGTTCAAAC 60
CTTATCATTT TTTGCTTTGT TCCTCTTGGC CTTGGTTTTG TACATCAGCT TTGAAAATAC 120
CATCCCAGGG TTAATGCTGG GGTTAATTTA TAACTAAGAG TGCTCTAGTT TTGCAATACA 180
GGACATGCTA TAAAAATGGA AAGATGTTGC TTTCTGAGAG ATA 223






90 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




cDNA



11
AGAUCUCGAG AAAGCUAACA ACAAAGAACA ACAAACAACA AUCAGGAUAA CAAGAACGAA 60
ACAAUAACAG CCACCAUGGA AAUAGAGCUC 90







Claims
  • 1. An isolated DNA encoding a Factor VIII protein, wherein the DNA comprises one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites which have been corrected relative to the consensus or near consensus splice sites occurring in the factor VIII sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, wherein the correction results in increased expression of the DNA.
  • 2. The isolated DNA of claim 1 comprising a cDNA clone.
  • 3. The isolated DNA of claim 1 wherein the one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites comprises a 5′ splice donor site which is corrected by mutating one or both of the nucleotides within the essential GT pair.
  • 4. The isolated DNA of claim 1 wherein the one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites comprises a 3′ splice acceptor site which is corrected by mutating one or both of the nucleotides within the essential AG pair.
  • 5. The isolated DNA of claim 1 comprising a cDNA which is expressed as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein.
  • 6. An expression vector comprising the isolated DNA of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • 7. The isolated DNA of claim 1, wherein the one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites contain either:(A) at least five out of nine bases of a consensus 5′ splice donor site, (C/A)AGGT(A/G)AGT, including the invariant GT, provided that if only five out of nine bases are present, the five bases are located consecutively in a row; or (B) at least three out of fourteen bases of a consensus 3′ splice acceptor site, (Y=10)CAGG (wherein Y is a pyrimidine within the pyrimidine track), including the invariant AG.
  • 8. An isolated DNA comprising the coding region of a full-length Factor VIII gene, wherein the coding region contains an intron spanning the portion of the gene encoding the β-domain.
  • 9. An expression vector comprising the isolated DNA of claim 8 perably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • 10. A method of producing Factor VIII comprising introducing the expression vector of claim 9 into a host cell capable of expressing the vector, and allowing for expression of the vector.
  • 11. A method of increasing expression of a gene encoding a Factor VIII protein comprising correcting one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within the nucleotide sequence of the gene and expressing the gene in a cell.
  • 12. The method of claim 11 comprising mutating one or both of the nucleotides within the essential GT pair, if the consensus or near consensus splice site is a 5′ splice site, or mutating one or both of the nucleotides within the essential AG pair, if the consensus or near consensus splice site is a 3′ splice site.
  • 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the gene is expressed as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein.
  • 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising identifying the one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites using the following algorithm:(A) the site contains at least five out of nine bases of a consensus 5′ splice donor site, (C/A)AGGT(A/G)AGT, including the invariant GT, provided that if only five out of nine bases are present, the five bases are located consecutively in a row; or (B) the site contains at least three out of fourteen bases of a consensus 3′ splice acceptor site, (Y=10)CAGG (wherein Y is a pyrimidine within the pyrimidine track), including the invariant AG.
  • 15. A method of increasing expression of a gene comprising identifying one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within the gene using the following algorithm:(A) the site contains at least five out of nine bases of a consensus 5′ splice donor site, (C/A)AGGT(A/G)AGT, including the invariant GT, provided that if only five out of nine bases are present, the five bases are located consecutively in a row; or (B) the site contains at least three out of fourteen bases of a consensus 3′ splice acceptor site, (Y=10)CAGG (wherein Y is a pyrimidine within the pyrimidine track), including the invariant AG, and correcting multiple consensus or near consensus splice sites within the gene which meet the requirements of the algorithm, wherein the algorithm further requires that the consensus or near consensus splice site include a consensus branch sequence, (C/T)N(C/T)T(A/G)A(C/T), wherein N is any nucleotide, located upstream from a consensus or near consensus 3′ splice acceptor site.
  • 16. A method of increasing expression of a gene encoding a Factor VIII protein comprising identifying one or more consensus or near consensus splice sites within the gene using the following algorithm:(A) the site contains at least five out of nine bases of a consensus 5′ splice donor site, (C/A)AGGT(A/G)AGT, including the invariant GT, provided that if only five out of nine bases are present, the five bases are located consecutively in a row; or (B) the site contains at least three out of fourteen bases of a consensus 3′ splice acceptor site, (Y=10)CAGG (wherein Y is a pyrimidine within the pyrimidine track), including the invariant AG, and correcting multiple consensus or near consensus splice sites within the gene which meet the requirements of the algorithm.
  • 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the gene is expressed as a β-domain deleted Factor VIII protein.
RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of PCT US 98/25354, filed Nov. 25, 1998. This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/071,596, filed on Jan. 16, 1998, and to U.S. Ser. No. 60/067,614, filed Dec. 5, 1997, the entire contents both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

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4868112 Toole et al. Sep 1989 A
4886876 Zimmerman et al. Dec 1989 A
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5108909 Haigwood Apr 1992 A
5171844 Van Ooyen et al. Dec 1992 A
5240846 Collins et al. Aug 1993 A
5439824 Brantly et al. Aug 1995 A
5618788 Capon et al. Apr 1997 A
5618789 Capon et al. Apr 1997 A
5639661 Welsh et al. Jun 1997 A
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Provisional Applications (2)
Number Date Country
60/071596 Jan 1998 US
60/067614 Dec 1997 US
Continuations (1)
Number Date Country
Parent PCT/US98/25354 Nov 1998 US
Child 09/205817 US