Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general Their relevant apparatus

BPERFORMING OPERATIONS TRANSPORTING B01Physical, chemical processing B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES

B01J2219/00Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general Their relevant apparatus

B01J2219/00002Chemical plants B01J2219/00004Scale aspects B01J2219/00006Large-scale industrial plants B01J2219/00009Pilot-scale plants B01J2219/00011Laboratory-scale plants B01J2219/00013Miniplants B01J2219/00015Scale-up B01J2219/00018Construction aspects B01J2219/0002Plants assembled from modules joined together B01J2219/00022Plants mounted on pallets or skids B01J2219/00024Revamping, retrofitting or modernisation of existing plants B01J2219/00027Process aspects B01J2219/00029Batch processes B01J2219/00031Semi-batch or fed-batch processes B01J2219/00033Continuous processes B01J2219/00036Intermittent processes B01J2219/00038Processes in parallel B01J2219/0004Processes in series B01J2219/00042Features relating to reactants and process fluids B01J2219/00045Green chemistry B01J2219/00047Ionic liquids B01J2219/00049Controlling or regulating processes B01J2219/00051Controlling the temperature B01J2219/00054Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system B01J2219/00056involving measured parameters B01J2219/00058Temperature measurement B01J2219/0006of the heat exchange medium B01J2219/00063of the reactants B01J2219/00065Pressure measurement B01J2219/00067Liquid level measurement B01J2219/00069Flow rate measurement B01J2219/00072Mathematical modelling B01J2219/00074by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids B01J2219/00076with heat exchange elements inside the reactor B01J2219/00078Fingers B01J2219/00081Tubes B01J2219/00083Coils B01J2219/00085Plates Jackets Cylinders B01J2219/00087with heat exchange elements outside the reactor B01J2219/0009Coils B01J2219/00092Tubes B01J2219/00094Jackets B01J2219/00096Plates B01J2219/00099the reactor being immersed in the heat exchange medium B01J2219/00101Reflux columns B01J2219/00103in a heat exchanger separate from the reactor B01J2219/00105part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling B01J2219/00108involving reactant vapours B01J2219/0011involving reactant liquids B01J2219/00112involving reactant solids B01J2219/00114involving reactant slurries B01J2219/00117with two or more reactions in heat exchange with each other, such as an endothermic reaction in heat exchange with an exothermic reaction B01J2219/00119Heat exchange inside a feeding nozzle or nozzle reactor B01J2219/00121by direct heating or cooling B01J2219/00123adding a temperature modifying medium to the reactants B01J2219/00126Cryogenic coolants B01J2219/00128by evaporation of reactants B01J2219/0013by condensation of reactants B01J2219/00132using electric heating or cooling elements B01J2219/00135Electric resistance heaters B01J2219/00137Peltier cooling elements B01J2219/00139using electromagnetic heating B01J2219/00141Microwaves B01J2219/00144Sunlight Visible light B01J2219/00146Infrared radiation B01J2219/00148Radiofrequency B01J2219/0015by thermal insulation means B01J2219/00153Vacuum spaces B01J2219/00155using insulating materials or refractories B01J2219/00157by means of a burner B01J2219/00159controlling multiple zones along the direction of flow B01J2219/00162controlling the pressure B01J2219/00164controlling the flow B01J2219/00166controlling the residence time inside the reactor vessel B01J2219/00168controlling the viscosity B01J2219/00171controlling the density B01J2219/00173Physical density B01J2219/00175Optical density B01J2219/00177controlling the pH B01J2219/0018controlling the conductivity B01J2219/00182controlling the level of reactants in the reactor vessel B01J2219/00184controlling the weight of reactants in the reactor vessel B01J2219/00186controlling the composition of the reactive mixture B01J2219/00189controlling the stirring velocity B01J2219/00191Control algorithm B01J2219/00193Sensing a parameter B01J2219/00195of the reaction system B01J2219/00198at the reactor inlet B01J2219/002inside the reactor B01J2219/00202at the reactor outlet B01J2219/00204of the heat exchange system B01J2219/00207other than of the reactor heat exchange system B01J2219/00209transforming a sensed parameter B01J2219/00211comparing a sensed parameter with a pre-set value B01J2219/00213Fixed parameter value B01J2219/00216Parameter value calculated by equations B01J2219/00218Dynamically variable (in-line) parameter values B01J2219/0022calculating difference B01J2219/00222taking actions B01J2219/00225stopping the system or generating an alarm B01J2219/00227modifying the operating conditions B01J2219/00229of the reaction system B01J2219/00231at the reactor inlet B01J2219/00234inside the reactor B01J2219/00236at the reactor outlet B01J2219/00238of the heat exchange system B01J2219/0024other than of the reactor or heat exchange system B01J2219/00243Mathematical modelling B01J2219/00245Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects B01J2219/00247Fouling of the reactor or the process equipment B01J2219/0025Foam formation B01J2219/00252Formation of deposits other than coke B01J2219/00254Formation of unwanted polymer, such as "pop-corn" B01J2219/00256Leakage B01J2219/00259Preventing runaway of the chemical reaction B01J2219/00261Predicting runaway of the chemical reaction B01J2219/00263Preventing explosion of the chemical mixture B01J2219/00265Preventing flame propagation B01J2219/00268Detecting faulty operations B01J2219/0027Pressure relief B01J2219/00272Addition of reaction inhibitor B01J2219/00274Sequential or parallel reactions Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays Chemical library technology B01J2219/00277Apparatus B01J2219/00279Features relating to reactor vessels B01J2219/00281Individual reactor vessels B01J2219/00283Reactor vessels with top opening B01J2219/00286Reactor vessels with top and bottom openings B01J2219/00288in the shape of syringes B01J2219/0029with pistons or plungers B01J2219/00292in the shape of pipette tips B01J2219/00295the reactor vessels having pervious side walls B01J2219/00297"Tea bags" B01J2219/00299Generally cylindrical reactor vessels B01J2219/00301the reactor vessels having impervious side walls B01J2219/00304Pouches B01J2219/00306Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement B01J2219/00308interchangeably mounted in racks or blocks B01J2219/0031the racks or blocks being mounted in stacked arrangements B01J2219/00313the reactor vessels being formed by arrays of wells in blocks B01J2219/00315Microtiter plates B01J2219/00317Microwell devices B01J2219/00319the blocks being mounted in stacked arrangements B01J2219/00322the individual reactor vessels being arranged serially in stacks B01J2219/00324the reactor vessels or wells being arranged in plates moving in parallel to each other B01J2219/00326Movement by rotation B01J2219/00328Movement by linear translation B01J2219/00331Details of the reactor vessels B01J2219/00333Closures attached to the reactor vessels B01J2219/00335Septa B01J2219/00337Valves B01J2219/0034in the shape of a ball or sphere B01J2219/00342rotary B01J2219/00344Caps B01J2219/00346Screw-caps B01J2219/00349Spheres B01J2219/00351Means for dispensing and evacuation of reagents B01J2219/00353Pumps B01J2219/00355peristaltic B01J2219/00358electrode driven B01J2219/0036Nozzles B01J2219/00362Acoustic nozzles B01J2219/00364Pipettes B01J2219/00367capillary B01J2219/00369in multiple or parallel arrangements B01J2219/00371comprising electrodes B01J2219/00373Hollow needles B01J2219/00376in multiple or parallel arrangements B01J2219/00378Piezo-electric or ink jet dispensers B01J2219/0038Drawing B01J2219/00382Stamping B01J2219/00385Printing B01J2219/00387Applications using probes B01J2219/00389Feeding through valves B01J2219/00391Rotary valves B01J2219/00394in multiple arrangements B01J2219/00396Membrane valves B01J2219/00398in multiple arrangements B01J2219/004Pinch valves B01J2219/00403in multiple arrangements B01J2219/00405Sliding valves B01J2219/00407In multiple arrangements B01J2219/00409Solenoids in combination with valves B01J2219/00412In multiple arrangements B01J2219/00414using suction B01J2219/00416Vacuum B01J2219/00418using pressure B01J2219/00421using centrifugation B01J2219/00423using filtration B01J2219/00425using decantation B01J2219/00427using masks B01J2219/0043for direct application of reagents B01J2219/00432Photolithographic masks B01J2219/00434Liquid crystal masks B01J2219/00436Maskless processes B01J2219/00439using micromirror arrays B01J2219/00441using lasers B01J2219/00443Thin film deposition B01J2219/00445Ion implantation B01J2219/00448using microlens arrays B01J2219/0045using optical fibres B01J2219/00452Means for the recovery of reactants or products B01J2219/00454by chemical cleavage from the solid support B01J2219/00457Dispensing or evacuation of the solid phase support B01J2219/00459Beads B01J2219/00461Beads and reaction vessel together B01J2219/00463Directed sorting B01J2219/00466in a slurry B01J2219/00468by manipulation of individual beads B01J2219/0047Pins B01J2219/00472Replaceable crowns B01J2219/00475Sheets B01J2219/00477Means for pressurising the reaction vessels B01J2219/00479Means for mixing reactants or products in the reaction vessels B01J2219/00481by the use of moving stirrers within the reaction vessels B01J2219/00484by shaking, vibrating or oscillating of the reaction vessels B01J2219/00486by sonication or ultrasonication B01J2219/00488by rotation of the reaction vessels B01J2219/0049by centrifugation B01J2219/00493by sparging or bubbling with gases B01J2219/00495Means for heating or cooling the reaction vessels B01J2219/00497Features relating to the solid phase supports B01J2219/005Beads B01J2219/00502Particles of irregular geometry B01J2219/00504Pins B01J2219/00506with removable crowns B01J2219/00509Microcolumns B01J2219/00511Walls of reactor vessels B01J2219/00513Essentially linear supports B01J2219/00515in the shape of strings B01J2219/00518in the shape of tapes B01J2219/0052in the shape of elongated tubes B01J2219/00522in a multiple parallel arrangement B01J2219/00524in the shape of fiber bundles B01J2219/00527Sheets B01J2219/00529DNA chips B01J2219/00531essentially square B01J2219/00533essentially rectangular B01J2219/00536in the shape of disks B01J2219/00538in the shape of cylinders B01J2219/0054Means for coding or tagging the apparatus or the reagents B01J2219/00542Alphanumeric characters B01J2219/00545Colours B01J2219/00547Bar codes B01J2219/005492-dimensional B01J2219/005513-dimensional B01J2219/00554Physical means B01J2219/00556Perforations B01J2219/00558Cuts-out B01J2219/0056Raised or sunken areas B01J2219/00563Magnetic means B01J2219/00565Electromagnetic means B01J2219/00567Transponder chips B01J2219/00569EEPROM memory devices B01J2219/00572Chemical means B01J2219/00574radioactive B01J2219/00576fluorophore B01J2219/00578electrophoric B01J2219/00581Mass B01J2219/00583Features relative to the processes being carried out B01J2219/00585Parallel processes B01J2219/00587High throughput processes B01J2219/0059Sequential processes B01J2219/00592Split-and-pool, mix-and-divide processes B01J2219/00594Gas-phase processes B01J2219/00596Solid-phase processes B01J2219/00599Solution-phase processes B01J2219/00601High-pressure processes B01J2219/00603Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces B01J2219/00605the compounds being directly bound or immobilised to solid supports B01J2219/00608DNA chips B01J2219/0061The surface being organic B01J2219/00612the surface being inorganic B01J2219/00614Delimitation of the attachment areas B01J2219/00617by chemical means B01J2219/00619using hydrophilic or hydrophobic regions B01J2219/00621by physical means B01J2219/00623Immobilisation or binding B01J2219/00626Covalent B01J2219/00628Ionic B01J2219/0063Other B01J2219/00632Introduction of reactive groups to the surface B01J2219/00635by reactive plasma treatment B01J2219/00637by coating it with another layer B01J2219/00639the compounds being trapped in or bound to a porous medium B01J2219/00641the porous medium being continuous B01J2219/00644the porous medium being present in discrete locations B01J2219/00646the compounds being bound to beads immobilised on the solid supports B01J2219/00648by the use of solid beads B01J2219/0065by the use of liquid beads B01J2219/00653the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports B01J2219/00655the compounds being bound to magnets embedded in or on the solid supports B01J2219/00657One-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00659Two-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00662Two-dimensional arrays within two-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00664Three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00666One-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00668Two-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00671Three-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00673Slice arrays B01J2219/00675In-situ synthesis on the substrate B01J2219/00677Ex-situ synthesis followed by deposition on the substrate B01J2219/0068Means for controlling the apparatus of the process B01J2219/00682Manual means B01J2219/00684Semi-automatic means B01J2219/00686Automatic B01J2219/00689using computers B01J2219/00691using robots B01J2219/00693Means for quality control B01J2219/00695Synthesis control routines B01J2219/00698Measurement and control of process parameters B01J2219/007Simulation or vitual synthesis B01J2219/00702Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products B01J2219/00704integrated with the reactor apparatus B01J2219/00707separated from the reactor apparatus B01J2219/00709Type of synthesis B01J2219/00711Light-directed synthesis B01J2219/00713Electrochemical synthesis B01J2219/00716Heat activated synthesis B01J2219/00718Type of compounds synthesised B01J2219/0072Organic compounds B01J2219/00722Nucleotides B01J2219/00725Peptides B01J2219/00727Glycopeptides B01J2219/00729Peptide nucleic acids [PNA] B01J2219/00731Saccharides B01J2219/00734Lipids B01J2219/00736Non-biologic macromolecules B01J2219/00738Organic catalysts B01J2219/0074Biological products B01J2219/00743Cells B01J2219/00745Inorganic compounds B01J2219/00747Catalysts B01J2219/0075Metal based compounds B01J2219/00752Alloys B01J2219/00754Metal oxides B01J2219/00756Compositions B01J2219/00759Purification of compounds synthesised B01J2219/00761Details of the reactor B01J2219/00763Baffles B01J2219/00765Baffles attached to the reactor wall B01J2219/00768vertical B01J2219/0077inclined B01J2219/00772in a helix B01J2219/00774in the form of cones B01J2219/00777horizontal B01J2219/00779Baffles attached to the stirring means B01J2219/00781Aspects relating to microreactors B01J2219/00783Laminate assemblies B01J2219/00786Geometry of the plates B01J2219/00788Three-dimensional assemblies B01J2219/0079Monolith-base structure B01J2219/00792One or more tube-shaped elements B01J2219/00795Spiral-shaped B01J2219/00797Concentric tubes B01J2219/00799Cup-shaped B01J2219/00801Means to assemble B01J2219/00804Plurality of plates B01J2219/00806Frames B01J2219/00808Sealing means B01J2219/0081Plurality of modules B01J2219/00813Fluidic connections B01J2219/00815Electric connections B01J2219/00817Support structures B01J2219/00819Materials of construction B01J2219/00822Metal B01J2219/00824Ceramic B01J2219/00826Quartz B01J2219/00828Silicon wafers or plates B01J2219/00831Glass B01J2219/00833Plastic B01J2219/00835Comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/00837comprising coatings other than catalytically active coatings B01J2219/0084For changing surface tension B01J2219/00842For protection channel surface B01J2219/00844Comprising porous material B01J2219/00846comprising nano-structures B01J2219/00849comprising packing elements B01J2219/00851Additional features B01J2219/00853Employing electrode arrangements B01J2219/00855Surface features B01J2219/00858Aspects relating to the size of the reactor B01J2219/0086Dimensions of the flow channels B01J2219/00862Dimensions of the reaction cavity itself B01J2219/00864Channel sizes in the nanometer range B01J2219/00867Microreactors placed in series, on the same or on different supports B01J2219/00869Microreactors placed in parallel, on the same or on different supports B01J2219/00871Modular assembly B01J2219/00873Heat exchange B01J2219/00876Insulation elements B01J2219/00878Vacuum spaces B01J2219/0088Peltier-type elements B01J2219/00882Electromagnetic heating B01J2219/00885Thin film heaters B01J2219/00887Deflection means for heat or irradiation B01J2219/00889Mixing B01J2219/00891Feeding or evacuation B01J2219/00894More than two inlets B01J2219/00896Changing inlet or outlet cross-section B01J2219/00898Macro-to-Micro (M2M) B01J2219/009Pulsating flow B01J2219/00903Segmented flow B01J2219/00905Separation B01J2219/00907using membranes B01J2219/00909using filters B01J2219/00912by electrophoresis B01J2219/00914by dielectrophoresis B01J2219/00916by chromatography B01J2219/00918by adsorption B01J2219/00921by absorption B01J2219/00923by surface tension B01J2219/00925Irradiation B01J2219/00927Particle radiation or gamma-radiation B01J2219/0093Electric or magnetic energy B01J2219/00932Sonic or ultrasonic vibrations B01J2219/00934Electromagnetic waves B01J2219/00936UV-radiations B01J2219/00939X-rays B01J2219/00941Microwaves B01J2219/00943Visible light B01J2219/00945Infra-red light B01J2219/00948Radiofrequency B01J2219/0095Control aspects B01J2219/00952Sensing operations B01J2219/00954Measured properties B01J2219/00957Compositions or concentrations B01J2219/00959Flow B01J2219/00961Temperature B01J2219/00963Pressure B01J2219/00966pH B01J2219/00968Type of sensors B01J2219/0097Optical sensors B01J2219/00972Visible light B01J2219/00975Ultraviolet light B01J2219/00977Infrared light B01J2219/00979Acoustic sensors B01J2219/00981Gas sensors B01J2219/00984Residence time B01J2219/00986Microprocessor B01J2219/00988Leakage B01J2219/0099Cleaning B01J2219/00993Design aspects B01J2219/00995Mathematical modeling B01J2219/00997Strategical arrangements of multiple microreactor systems B01J2219/02Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties B01J2219/0204comprising coatings on the surfaces in direct contact with the reactive components B01J2219/0209of glass B01J2219/0213of enamel B01J2219/0218of ceramic B01J2219/0222of porcelain B01J2219/0227of graphite B01J2219/0231of diamond B01J2219/0236Metal based B01J2219/024Metal oxides B01J2219/0245of synthetic organic material B01J2219/025characterised by the construction materials of the reactor vessel proper B01J2219/0254Glass B01J2219/0259Enamel B01J2219/0263Ceramic B01J2219/0268Porcelain B01J2219/0272Graphite B01J2219/0277Metal based B01J2219/0281Metal oxides B01J2219/0286Steel B01J2219/029Non-ferrous metals B01J2219/0295Synthetic organic materials B01J2219/08Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation Apparatus therefor B01J2219/0801Controlling the process B01J2219/0803employing electric or magnetic energy B01J2219/0805giving rise to electric discharges B01J2219/0807involving electrodes B01J2219/0809employing two or more electrodes B01J2219/0811employing three electrodes B01J2219/0813employing four electrodes B01J2219/0815involving stationary electrodes B01J2219/0816involving moving electrodes B01J2219/0818Rotating electrodes B01J2219/082Sliding electrodes B01J2219/0822The electrode being consumed B01J2219/0824Details relating to the shape of the electrodes B01J2219/0826essentially linear B01J2219/0828Wires B01J2219/083cylindrical B01J2219/0832essentially toroidal B01J2219/0833forming part of a full circle B01J2219/0835substantially flat B01J2219/0837Details relating to the material of the electrodes B01J2219/0839Carbon B01J2219/0841Metal B01J2219/0843Ceramic B01J2219/0845Details relating to the type of discharge B01J2219/0847Glow discharge B01J2219/0849Corona pulse discharge B01J2219/085creating magnetic fields B01J2219/0852employing permanent magnets B01J2219/0854employing electromagnets B01J2219/0856employing a combination of permanent and electromagnets B01J2219/0858employing moving elements B01J2219/086Moving (electro)magnets B01J2219/0862employing multiple (electro)magnets B01J2219/0864Three (electro)magnets B01J2219/0866Four (electro)magnets B01J2219/0867Six or more (electro)magnets B01J2219/0869Feeding or evacuating the reactor B01J2219/0871Heating or cooling of the reactor B01J2219/0873Materials to be treated B01J2219/0875Gas B01J2219/0877Liquid B01J2219/0879Solid B01J2219/0881Two or more materials B01J2219/0883Gas-gas B01J2219/0884Gas-liquid B01J2219/0886Gas-solid B01J2219/0888Liquid-liquid B01J2219/089Liquid-solid B01J2219/0892involving catalytically active material B01J2219/0894Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma B01J2219/0896Cold plasma B01J2219/0898Hot plasma B01J2219/12Processes employing electromagnetic waves B01J2219/1203Incoherent waves B01J2219/1206Microwaves B01J2219/1209Features relating to the reactor or vessel B01J2219/1212Arrangements of the reactor or the reactors B01J2219/1215Single reactor B01J2219/1218Multiple reactors B01J2219/1221the reactor per se B01J2219/1224Form of the reactor B01J2219/1227Reactors comprising tubes with open ends B01J2219/123Vessels in the form of a cup B01J2219/1233Closure means, such as lids, caps, seals B01J2219/1236Frames for holding the lid in place B01J2219/1239Means for feeding and evacuation B01J2219/1242Materials of construction B01J2219/1245Parts of the reactor being microwave absorbing, dielectric B01J2219/1248Features relating to the microwave cavity B01J2219/1251Support for the reaction vessel B01J2219/1254Static supports B01J2219/1257Rotating supports B01J2219/126in the form of a closed housing B01J2219/1263in the form of a open housing or stand B01J2219/1266Microwave deflecting parts B01J2219/1269Microwave guides B01J2219/1272Materials of construction B01J2219/1275Controlling the microwave irradiation variables B01J2219/1278Time B01J2219/1281Frequency B01J2219/1284Intensity B01J2219/1287Features relating to the microwave source B01J2219/129Arrangements thereof B01J2219/1293Single source B01J2219/1296Multiple sources B01J2219/18Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor B01J2219/182horizontal B01J2219/185vertical B01J2219/187inclined at an angle to the horizontal or to the vertical plane B01J2219/19Details relating to the geometry of the reactor B01J2219/192polygonal B01J2219/1921triangular B01J2219/1923square or square-derived B01J2219/1925prismatic B01J2219/1926pyramidal B01J2219/1928hexagonal B01J2219/194round B01J2219/1941circular or disk-shaped B01J2219/1942spherical B01J2219/1943cylindrical B01J2219/1944spiral B01J2219/1945toroidal B01J2219/1946conical B01J2219/1947oval or ellipsoidal B01J2219/1948ovoid or egg-shaped B01J2219/24Stationary reactors without moving elements inside B01J2219/2401Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels B01J2219/2402Monolithic-type reactors B01J2219/2403Geometry of the channels B01J2219/2404Polygonal B01J2219/2406Rectangular B01J2219/2407Square B01J2219/2408Circular or ellipsoidal B01J2219/2409Heat exchange aspects B01J2219/2411The reactant being in indirect heat exchange with a non reacting heat exchange medium B01J2219/2412Independent temperature control in various sections of the monolith B01J2219/2413Two reactions in indirect heat exchange B01J2219/2414The same reactant stream undergoing different reactions, endothermic or exothermic B01J2219/2416Additional heat exchange means B01J2219/2417Direct heat exchange B01J2219/2418Feeding means B01J2219/2419for the reactants B01J2219/242for the catalysts B01J2219/2422Mixing means B01J2219/2423Separation means B01J2219/2424Wall-flow filter B01J2219/2425Construction materials B01J2219/2427Catalysts B01J2219/2428Catalysts coated on the surface of the monolith channels B01J2219/2429Nanocatalysts B01J2219/243Catalyst in granular form in the channels B01J2219/2432Monoliths having catalytic activity on its own B01J2219/2433of the monoliths B01J2219/2434Metals or alloys B01J2219/2435Steel B01J2219/2437Metal oxides B01J2219/2438Ceramics B01J2219/2439Glass B01J2219/244Plastics B01J2219/2441Other constructional details B01J2219/2443Assembling means of monolith modules B01J2219/2444Size aspects B01J2219/2445Sizes B01J2219/2446Cell density B01J2219/2448Additional structures inserted in the channels B01J2219/2449Moving elements in the monolith reactor B01J2219/245Plate-type reactors B01J2219/2451Geometry of the reactor B01J2219/2453Plates arranged in parallel B01J2219/2454Plates arranged concentrically B01J2219/2455Plates arranged radially B01J2219/2456Geometry of the plates B01J2219/2458Flat plates, i.e. plates which are not corrugated or otherwise structured B01J2219/2459Corrugated plates B01J2219/246Perforated plates B01J2219/2461Heat exchange aspects B01J2219/2462the reactants being in indirect heat exchange with a non reacting heat exchange medium B01J2219/2464Independent temperature control in various sections of the reactor B01J2219/2465Two reactions in indirect heat exchange with each other B01J2219/2466The same reactant stream undergoing different reactions, endothermic or exothermic B01J2219/2467Additional heat exchange means B01J2219/2469Feeding means B01J2219/247Feeding means for the reactants B01J2219/2471Feeding means for the catalyst B01J2219/2472the catalyst being exchangeable on inserts other than plates B01J2219/2474Mixing means B01J2219/2475Separation means B01J2219/2476Construction materials B01J2219/2477of the catalysts B01J2219/2479Catalysts coated on the surface of plates or inserts B01J2219/248Nanocatalysts B01J2219/2481Catalysts in granular from between plates B01J2219/2482Catalytically active foils Plates having catalytically activity on their own B01J2219/2483of the plates B01J2219/2485Metals or alloys B01J2219/2486Steel B01J2219/2487Ceramics B01J2219/2488Glass B01J2219/249Plastics B01J2219/2491Other constructional details B01J2219/2492Assembling means B01J2219/2493Means for assembling plates together B01J2219/2495the plates being assembled interchangeably or in a disposable way B01J2219/2496Means for assembling modules together B01J2219/2497Size aspects B01J2219/2498Additional structures inserted in the channels B01J2219/30Details relating to random packing elements B01J2219/302Basic shape of the elements B01J2219/30203Saddle B01J2219/30207Sphere B01J2219/30211Egg, ovoid or ellipse B01J2219/30215Toroid or ring B01J2219/30219Disk B01J2219/30223Cylinder B01J2219/30226Cone or truncated cone B01J2219/3023Triangle B01J2219/30234Hexagon B01J2219/30238Tetrahedron B01J2219/30242Star B01J2219/30246Square or square-derived B01J2219/30249Cube B01J2219/30253Pyramid B01J2219/30257Wire B01J2219/30261twisted B01J2219/30265Spiral B01J2219/30269Brush B01J2219/30273Cross B01J2219/30276Sheet B01J2219/3028stretched B01J2219/30284twisted B01J2219/30288folded B01J2219/30292rolled up B01J2219/30296Other shapes B01J2219/304Composition or microstructure of the elements B01J2219/30408Metal B01J2219/30416Ceramic B01J2219/30425Carbon B01J2219/30433Glass B01J2219/30441Wood B01J2219/3045Cork B01J2219/30458Rubber B01J2219/30466Plastics B01J2219/30475comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/30483Fibrous materials B01J2219/30491Foam like materials B01J2219/308filling or discharging the elements into or from packed columns B01J2219/3081Orientation of the packing elements within the column or vessel B01J2219/3083Random or dumped packing elements B01J2219/3085Ordered or stacked packing elements B01J2219/3086Filling of the packing elements into the column or vessel B01J2219/3088Emptying of the packing elements from the column or vessel B01J2219/31Size details B01J2219/312Sizes B01J2219/315Two or more types of packing elements or packing elements of different sizes present in the column B01J2219/318Manufacturing aspects B01J2219/3181Pleating B01J2219/3183Molding B01J2219/3185Pressing B01J2219/3186Sintering B01J2219/3188Extruding B01J2219/319Mathematical modelling B01J2219/32Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer B01J2219/322Basic shape of the elements B01J2219/32203Sheets B01J2219/32206Flat sheets B01J2219/3221Corrugated sheets B01J2219/32213Plurality of essentially parallel sheets B01J2219/32217with sheets having corrugations which intersect at an angle of 90 degrees B01J2219/3222with sheets having corrugations which intersect at an angle different from 90 degrees B01J2219/32224characterised by the orientation of the sheet B01J2219/32227Vertical orientation B01J2219/32231Horizontal orientation B01J2219/32234Inclined orientation B01J2219/32237Sheets comprising apertures or perforations B01J2219/32241Louvres B01J2219/32244Essentially circular apertures B01J2219/32248Sheets comprising areas that are raised or sunken from the plane of the sheet B01J2219/32251Dimples, bossages, protrusions B01J2219/32255Other details of the sheets B01J2219/32258Details relating to the extremities of the sheets, such as a change in corrugation geometry or sawtooth edges B01J2219/32262Dimensions or size aspects B01J2219/32265characterised by the orientation of blocks of sheets B01J2219/32268relating to blocks in the same horizontal level B01J2219/32272relating to blocks in superimposed layers B01J2219/32275Mounting or joining of the blocks or sheets within the column or vessel B01J2219/32279Tubes or cylinders B01J2219/32282Rods or bars B01J2219/32286Grids or lattices B01J2219/32289Stretched materials B01J2219/32293Cubes or cubic blocks B01J2219/32296Honeycombs B01J2219/324Composition or microstructure of the elements B01J2219/32408Metal B01J2219/32416fibrous B01J2219/32425Ceramic B01J2219/32433Carbon B01J2219/32441Glass B01J2219/3245Wood B01J2219/32458Paper B01J2219/32466comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/32475involving heat exchange B01J2219/32483Plastics B01J2219/32491Woven or knitted materials B01J2219/326Mathematical modelling B01J2219/328Manufacturing aspects B01J2219/3281Pleating B01J2219/3282Molding B01J2219/3284Pressing B01J2219/3285Sintering B01J2219/3287Extruding B01J2219/3288Punching B01J2219/33Details relating to the packing elements in general B01J2219/3306Dimensions or size aspects B01J2219/3313Revamping B01J2219/332Details relating to the flow of the phases B01J2219/3322Co-current flow B01J2219/3325Counter-current flow B01J2219/3327Cross-current flow