Detector for X-rays with high spatial and high spectral resolution

Abstract

An x-ray spectrometer system comprising an x-ray imaging system with at least one achromatic imaging x-ray optic and an x-ray detection system. The optical train of the imaging system is arranged so that its object focal plane partially overlaps an x-ray emitting volume of an object. An image of a portion of the object is formed with a predetermined image magnification at the x-ray detection system. The x-ray detection system has both high spatial and spectral resolution, and converts the detected x-rays to electronic signals. In some embodiments, the detector system may have a small aperture placed in the image plane, and use a silicon drift detector to collect x-rays passing through the aperture. In other embodiments, the detector system has an energy resolving pixel array x-ray detector. In other embodiments, wavelength dispersive elements may be used in either the optical train or the detector system.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein relates to a method and apparatus for the detection and spectral analysis of x-rays emerging from specific locations within an object, and the subsequent inference of certain properties of the object, such as a mapping of the material composition or structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

X-ray spectrometers are used to characterize the composition of object under investigation by analyzing the x-rays emitted from the interaction of a beam of ionizing radiation (e.g. electrons, protons, x-rays) with the object. Two commonly used spectrometers are the energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive types, the first of which directly detects x-rays using an energy-sensitive detector system, and the second of which uses a crystal, a synthetic multilayer, or diffraction device to direct specific wavelengths toward an x-ray detector.

Often there is need to analyze a small volume within the object. In general, systems incorporating such spectrometers typically rely on the focusing of the ionizing beam to achieve high lateral resolution (the direction perpendicular to the ionizing beam axis). But, in some cases, the achievable lateral resolution is larger the incident beam size. For example, in the case of electron excitation, the beam itself may be focused to less than 200 nm, but electron scattering in the object can generate fluorescent x-rays from an interaction volume on the scale of microns.

In some approaches, x-ray optics, polycapillary light guides or collimating apertures are between the object under examination and the spectrometer to spatially limit the region from which x-rays are detected. Such approaches are frequently used to achieve high longitudinal resolution (the direction along the direction of the ionizing radiation), which is especially important when the ionizing radiation consists of x-rays which penetrates deep in the object.

Several limitations exist with such approaches. Polycapillary optics, are non-imaging optics that do not provide point-to-point imaging of the focal spot; instead, they act analogously to “wave guides” that transport x-rays generated from the first focal spot onto the second focal spot in an incoherent manner. As a consequence, resolution is still inherently limited to the “focal” spot of the polycapillary. Furthermore, the polycapillary optics are not achromatic, so any spectra of x-rays will need additional calibration for the chromatic distortion. And, although optics with smaller focal spots may be used, the collection efficiency of such smaller optics drops significantly, resulting in weak signals and very long acquisition times. Additionally, absolute quantification of material composition is difficult or impossible due to the optics not being achromatic. Other approaches include, the use of apertures or small non-imaging monocapillary x-ray optics, but these dramatically reduce the signal detected.

There is a need for a method and a spectrometer system that can efficiently collect and spatially resolve the x-rays emerging from specific region(s) within an object under examination.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein relates to a method and spectrometer for x-ray detection and analysis of a small volume with high spatial resolution.

In particular, the invention comprises an optical imaging system comprising at least one achromatic imaging x-ray optic that collects x-rays generated within a portion (sub-volume) of an x-ray emitting volume. The achromatic imaging x-ray system is capable of forming images of x-rays of different energies at the same image plane with a predetermined magnification, just as a lens can do for visible light. The optical train of the imaging system is arranged that its object focal plane overlaps partially with the x-ray emitting volume. This enables higher resolution than the object plane focal spot size of the imaging system. The x-rays at the image plane are analyzed by an x-ray detector system with both spatial and spectral resolution.

In some embodiments of the detector system, a small aperture is placed at the image plane and upstream of an x-ray detecting element. In other embodiments, the detector system has an energy resolving pixel array x-ray detector. In some embodiments, the detector system is both position and energy sensitive, such as 1D or 2D arrays of energy dispersive detector elements.

In embodiments where spatial sensitivity is provided by one or more apertures, the energy sensitive x-ray detection system may include a spectrally sensitive but not position sensitive detector, such as a silicon drift detector (SDD), a silicon lithium (Si(Li)) detector, or any type of x-ray detector used in combination with an x-ray wavelength-dispersive component, such as a diffractive crystal or synthetic multilayer. In some other embodiments, the detector system may comprise a diffractive element (e.g. crystal) that splits and diffracts the x-ray beam into multiple x-ray beams of different energies placed upstream of a position sensitive x-ray detector. In such embodiments, the aperture(s) are used for position sensitivity by further spatially refining the detected emitting volume of interest. Moreover, in some embodiments, the aperture(s) can be moved, which allows spatial mapping of different sub-volumes within the x-ray emitting volume.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram a fluorescence measurement system according to the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram an x-ray transmission measurement system according to the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram a combined x-ray fluorescence and x-ray transmission measurement system according to the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an x-ray measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an x-ray measurement system using a wavelength dispersive detector system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an alternative x-ray measurement system using a detector system comprised of a dispersive element in combination with a position-sensitive detector according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an x-ray measurement system using a position-sensitive x-ray detector according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an x-ray measurement system using a double crystal monochromator in the optical train according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of an x-ray measurement system using a selective x-ray rejection device in the optical train according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-section schematic diagram of a confocal x-ray measurement system according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic cross-section of paraboloid optics.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic cross-section schematic view of an optical train using a paraboloid optical element.

FIG. 13A illustrates a schematic cross-section schematic view of an optical train using a double paraboloidal optical element.

FIG. 13B illustrates a conceptual perspective view of the embodiment of the optical train shown in FIG. 13A.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-section schematic view of an embodiment of an optical train using Wolter Type I optics.

FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-section schematic view of a portion of a dual wavelength optical train using a set of nested paraboloid optical elements.

Note: Elements shown in the drawings are meant to illustrate the functioning of embodiments of the invention, and should not be assumed to have been drawn in proportion or to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

1. A Basic Embodiment

The invention disclosed herein relates to a method and apparatus for x-ray detection with high spatial resolution and spectral energy resolution. Spatial resolution is achieved in part through the use of achromatic x-ray imaging optics between a object and a detector system placed at the image plane capable of spectral resolution while spatially resolving the image formed by the optics. Spectral resolution is achieved through the use of energy sensitive detectors or by using other x-ray spectroscopy techniques based on energy-selective elements, such as crystal monochromators, filters, or multilayer reflectors. Spatial sensitivity is achieved either through use of a spatially selective aperture or an array arrangement of the energy-resolving elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of the basic elements of a simple embodiment of the invention. An x-ray spectrometer system 3000 is placed to collect x-rays 2888 emitted within a sub-volume of an object 240. These x-rays are generated through the interaction of a source of x-ray excitation (e.g. electrons, protons, x-rays) 888 that may be focused, as shown, or unfocused with the object 240. The x-ray spectrometer system 3000 comprises an optical train 3100 and an x-ray detector system 3200. The optical train 3100 produces a converging wavefront 2889 that forms an x-ray image of the object at the x-ray detector system 3200.

The x-ray detector system 3200 detects a portion of the x-ray image and converts the detected x-rays to electronic signals. In general, a spatially sensitive method, such as the use of an aperture in combination with an energy-sensitive detector arrangement or by arranging multiple energy-sensitive elements in an array, is included in the x-ray detector system 3200 to enable position sensitivity. Such a detector may include a silicon drift detector that allows the determination of both x-ray count and energy. The electronic signals may be further processed by signal processing electronics 292 and passed to an analysis system 295, which may comprise a display 298.

By forming an image of the x-rays emerging from the object 240 onto the detector plane of the detector system, x-rays corresponding to a specific position in the object are converted into electronic signals by the x-ray detection system 3200. The exact position on the object being imaged may be adjusted in a number of ways to allow a “map” of the detected x-ray properties to be created. Translation and rotation controls 246 for the object 240 may be provided, to allow different positions on the object 240 to be detected in a systematic scan, and for the object 240 to be brought into the focus range of the optical train 3100. Likewise, translation and rotation controls 341 for the optical train 3100 itself and/or translation and rotation controls 342 for elements (such as spatially selective apertures) in the detection system 3200 may also be provided.

In this illustration, given a local surface normal N in the region of the object 240 to be observed, the axis of the optical train is aligned to be at an angle θ relative to the local surface normal N. As illustrated, θ is approximately 45° but may vary anywhere from near 0° to at or near 90° relative to the surface normal. This angle θ may be changed to larger angles (e.g. 60°-80°) so that the x-ray spectrometer system 3000 collects x-rays produced in planes that are near-parallel to the object surface. This allows mapping of x-rays emitted as a function of depth and may be useful for such applications as when thin films or sample layers are of interest. Alternatively, placing the detector system to have a smaller value of θ (e.g. 0°-20°) allows mapping laterally across the object.

Likewise, as illustrated, the source of excitation 888 is shown as being incident on the object 240 at an angle ψ of approximately 45°, but may vary anywhere from near 0° to at or near 90° relative to the surface normal. The source of excitation likewise can be focused, as shown, or not focused. This angle ψ may be changed to larger angles (e.g. 60°-80°) or smaller angles (e.g. 0°-20°), or may even excite the object 240 from the opposite side (i.e. with ψ ranging from 90° to 270°). This angle of incidence may or may not be in the same plane as the plane containing the local surface normal N and the collection angle θ. As illustrated, the geometry is one that would be used for fluorescence detection under excitation by higher energy x-rays or electrons; however, the excitation may be due to a number of sources (e.g. electrons, protons, x-rays, gamma rays, etc.), and the spectrometer system 3000 may be aligned to collect any of a number of x-rays emerging from the object (e.g. x-rays from fluorescence, transmitted or reflected x-rays, scattered or diffracted x-rays, etc.), depending on the information desired about the object.

In FIG. 2, another embodiment is shown, in which the initial x-rays 888-T are incident on the object 240 on the opposite side of the position of the x-ray spectrometer system 3000. In this embodiment, both transmission x-ray imaging information and x-ray fluorescence imaging information can be acquired simultaneously to enable complementary information on the structure and composition of a object. The x-rays that are of interest here are x-rays 2888-T, of which a portion 2888-T-C are collected by the x-ray spectrometer system 3000. These x-rays 2888-T may comprise x-rays arising from several phenomena, including x-ray transmission and x-ray fluorescence.

As before, once the x-rays are collected, the optical train 3100 forms a converging wavefront 2889 that forms an image at the x-ray detection system 3200. As before, motion of the object 240, the optical train 3100, or the x-ray detection system 3200 (such as aperture placement) may be controlled by controllers 246, 341, 342 respectively separately or on combination. The position and energy sensitivity of the detection system is achieved either through the use of an aperture in combination with at least one energy resolving x-ray detector, or through the use of detectors with both spatial and energy resolving capabilities, such as arrayed detectors of energy-resolving elements.

In some embodiments, multiple detector systems may be used simultaneously to detect different properties of an object or to further refine the spatial resolution of the system by triangulating the signal from multiple angles. FIG. 3 illustrates an object 240 being irradiated with incident x-rays 888, and the simultaneous use of a first x-ray spectrometer system 3000-T according to the invention aligned to measure x-rays 2888-T and a second x-ray spectrometer system 3000-F according to the invention to measure fluorescent x-rays 2888-F radiated from the surface of the object 240. The various reference numbers in FIG. 3 correspond to their equivalents in the previous drawings, with the suffix “-T” added for components for the collection and measurement of x-rays 2888-T-C, and the suffix “-F” added for components for the collection and measurement of fluorescent x-rays 2888-F-C. As illustrated, translation and rotation controls 341 and 342 respectively control motions for the corresponding elements in both of the two detection systems, to better coordinate that both systems are observing x-rays emerging from the same position, and signal processing electronics 292 as shown now collects information from both detectors for processing. However, embodiments in which each detector is independently controlled and managed may also be designed.

Although FIG. 3 illustrates two detectors being deployed on opposite sides of an object, positioning multiple detectors on the same side of an object to measure, for example, fluorescence at different angles may be deployed in arrangements similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1, in which the value of θ is different for the two detectors. Likewise, embodiments with multiple detectors having the same value of θ relative to the surface normal, but viewing the object from different directions, may also be designed.

2. Additional Details for Embodiments of the Invention

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in more detail.

In FIG. 4, an object 240 radiates x-rays 2888 from an x-ray production region 248. As shown, the x-rays are fluorescence x-rays emerging from the object 240, as were also illustrated in FIG. 1, but the spectrometer system 3000 may be used for x-rays with other origins as well.

The x-ray spectrometer system 3000 is aligned to collect a portion 2888-C of the x-rays 2888 being radiated from the object 240. The x-ray spectrometer system 3000 comprises two main components: an optical train 3100, and an x-ray detection system 3200.

In this embodiment, the optical train 3100 comprises an axially symmetric achromatic x-ray reflecting optic 3010 having the topology of a portion of a hollow tube. The inner surface of the reflecting optic in general will be shaped in the form of a quadric surface, and in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the surface is an ellipsoid.

The x-ray reflecting optic 3010 is positioned such that one of the foci 258 of the ellipsoidal shape overlaps the x-ray production region 248 within the object 240, while the other of the foci is positioned at the entrance to the x-ray detection system 3200. Note that in some embodiments (not shown), the first focus and point spread function of the optic may encompass the entire x-ray generating volume 248, or as in the case of the figure, may be smaller. The ellipsoidal optic 3010 therefore collects x-rays 2888-C diverging from the object 240, and focuses them into a converging wavefront 2889 into an image at the x-ray detection system 3200.

As shown, the optical train 3100 also comprises a beam stop 1850 that blocks on- or nearly-on-axis x-rays that do not intersect with the quadric surface.

Although the optical train in FIG. 4 is shown creating a 1:1 mapping between the x-rays emerging from a point in the object and the corresponding point in the image plane, optical trains that produce magnified images may also be designed. Magnification factors from 1× to 20× may be used for a variety of x-ray analysis applications, and for some applications, magnification as large as 1000× may be used. Likewise, although an achromatic system of any resolution can be used, for better spatial selectivity, an optical train forming an image with a point spread function (measured at full-width half maximum (FWHM)) of 20 micrometers or less (e.g. <5 microns) is preferred. In some embodiments, the point spread function of an optical element in the optical train may range from less than 0.1 micrometers to 3 micrometers. The field of view of the image is ideally at least 2× the point spread function. And, although simple total external reflection from a glass surface or a coated surface (e.g. glass internally coated with platinum) may be the mechanism of reflection for the quadric surface of the optic, surfaces with multilayers may also be used to provide additional reflectivity and/or beam conditioning (e.g. monochromatization) benefits. More details on this and other x-ray optical systems that may be used to form x-ray images have been described in the co-pending U.S. Patent Application entitled X-RAY ILLUMINATORS WITH HIGH FLUX AND HIGH FLUX DENSITY by the inventors of the present invention (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/544,191 filed Dec. 5, 2014), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, along with the provisional Applications to which it claims priority.

The x-ray detection system 3200 comprises an aperture element 270 comprising an aperture 278, and an x-ray detector 290. In this figure, the aperture 278 is shown to be positioned corresponding to the second of the foci of the ellipsoidal surface of the x-ray reflecting optic 3010, which also corresponds to the image plane, so that only x-rays emerging from the point 248 within the object 240 corresponding to the first focus will pass through the aperture and produce a signal from the x-ray detector 290. The use of an aperture with a smaller point spread function than the optical train allows higher spatial resolution.

The aperture element 270 may be a simple metal film with a hole to form the aperture, or may be a patterned material, in which certain regions have been thinned or comprise materials with low x-ray absorption properties (e.g. carbon fiber, aluminum, etc.) to provide regions that transmit more x-rays. The size and shape of the aperture may be selected to correspond to the size and shape of the region of interest in the object under examination. The dimensions of the aperture may be as small or smaller than the point spread function of the optical train 3100, and may be as small as 0.1 micrometers, or may be larger if larger areas of the object are under examination. The aperture may have the shape of a circle, a slit, a square, a cross, a diamond, an annulus, or a custom designed shape to match particular predetermined shapes that may be anticipated to be found in the object. The aperture may be positioned to be along the optical axis of the achromatic optical train 3100, but embodiments in which the aperture is placed off-axis may also be designed to only select the portion of the image formed at the second focus 278. An example may be to select only x-rays corresponding to the surface of a sample for thin film or corrosion analysis. Embodiments in which the aperture is also moved to sample different positions in the image plane may also be designed. The aperture may be displaced to allow mapping of x-rays along or orthogonal to the optical axis of the achromatic optical train 3100. Additionally or alternatively, the relative distance between the object and the aperture is varied while the configuration of the aperture and the energy dispersive detector or the wavelength spectrometer is unchanged, to map the x-ray spectra of the x-ray emitting volume along the axis of the achromatic optical train 3100. Effectively varying the distance between the object and the aperture is equivalent to changing the image conjugate of the achromatic optical train 3100, or changing the distance between the object plane and the image plane.

In some embodiments, the detector 290 may be an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), such as a silicon drift detector, lithium drifted silicon (SiLi) detector, germanium (GeLi), silicon PIN, or x-ray microcalorimeter, placed downstream of the aperture to receive, analyze, and generate a spectrum of the x-rays passing through the aperture. Such detectors are well known in the art and are capable of energy resolution.

Detector geometries and arrangements for x-ray fluorescence may be known to those skilled in the art. For more on x-ray detectors, see Albert C. Thompson, “X-Ray Detectors”, Section 4.5 of the X-ray Data Booklet (xdb.lbl.gov/Section4/Sec_4-5.pdf).

3. Wavelength Selective Detector Systems

FIG. 5 represents another embodiment having x-ray spectrometer system 3006 in which the optical train 3100 remains the same as in FIG. 4, but the x-ray detection system 3206 now has a wavelength dispersive element (in this example, a curved Bragg reflector) instead of a silicon drift detector. In this embodiment, the aperture 278 is placed at one position on a Rowland Circle 3900, a configuration known to those skilled in the art of x-ray spectroscopy, and a curved reflector 3600 is also placed along the Rowland circle. The diffractive element 3600 will take x-rays 2890 diverging from the aperture 278, intersect them and redirect those intersecting the crystal at the Bragg angle to converge on a point at a second location on the Rowland circle 3900. Exemplary diffractive elements include crystals of Johansson curvature (as shown) or of Johann curvature. As illustrated, this second location may have an additional aperture element 291 and detector 292. Relative motion of the aperture 278, diffractive element 3600, and detector 292 along the Rowland Circle allows for x-rays of different wavelengths diffracting from the curved reflector to be detected. The detector 292 may be any detector capable of detecting x-rays, but is most commonly a gas proportional counter type. In some embodiments, the detector 292 may be a position sensitive detector such as a CCD-based detector.

An alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 6. In this embodiment of the x-ray spectrometer system 3007, a wavelength dispersive element 3700 is also used in the detector system 3207. In this embodiment, the dispersive element 3700, is a concave spherical Bragg reflector that disperses the x-ray beam so that different wavelengths propagate at different angles. This dispersed x-ray beam 2897 falls on a position sensitive detector 294, in which different positions correspond to different wavelengths, and the signals from pixels at these positions correspond to the intensities of the associated wavelength.

Although the dispersive element 3700 is illustrated as a concave reflector, in some embodiments, a planar Bragg diffractive reflector may be more suitable, and in other embodiments, a convex reflector may be used. In other embodiments, a von Hamos wavelength spectrometer comprising a cylindrically bent crystal may be used as the diffractive element.

FIG. 7 illustrates an additional embodiment of an x-ray spectrometer system 3001, in which the optical train 3100 is the same as in previous embodiments, such as illustrated in FIG. 4, but the x-ray detection system 3206 comprises a position and energy sensitive detector 290-D, such as a 2-D x-ray array detector of energy dispersive elements. In this embodiment, the image from the optical train 3100 is formed directly on the position x-ray array detector 290-D. Each pixel serves to detect x-rays from a specific position in the object, and there is therefore no need to use an additional aperture to provide spatial selectivity.

For such a detector, a pixel-array energy dispersive spectrometer, such as a pnCCD x-ray color camera, such as that produced by PNDetector GmbH of Munich, Germany, the Maia detector array system, or a micro-array calorimeter, may be used. Each pixel in such a detector is capable of detecting and analyzing the spectrum of x-rays incident upon it, and there is no need for an additional aperture to provide spatial selectivity.

As in the previously described embodiments, the optical train 3100 in this embodiment may provide a 1:1 size ratio between the object and the image, or may be designed to produce a magnified image, with a magnification factor from 1× to 20×.

4. Wavelength Selective Optical Trains

In some embodiments of the invention, the optical train may be modified to also include spectral selectivity. FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which a double crystal monochromator 3303 has been used in the optical train to provide spectral selectivity.

As in the previously described embodiments of the invention, an object 240 radiates x-rays 2888 from an x-ray production region 248.

The x-ray spectrometer system 3003 is aligned to collect a portion 2888-C of the x-rays 2888 being radiated from the object 240 and, as in the previous embodiments, the x-ray spectrometer system 3003 comprises two main components: an optical train 3300 and an x-ray detection system 3200.

However, in this embodiment, the optical train comprises two axially symmetric achromatic x-ray reflecting optics 3026 and 3028 each having an inner surface in the form of a paraboloid.

The first paraboloidal optic 3026 is positioned such that the focus 259 of the paraboloid is within the region 248 radiating x-rays. X-rays 2888-C collected from this focus by the paraboloid optic 3026 then form a collimated x-ray beam 2900. As shown, the optical train 3300 also comprises a beam stop 1853 that blocks on- or nearly-on-axis x-rays that do not intersect with the paraboloidal surface, and are therefore will not be aligned with the collimated x-rays 2900.

The collimated beam 2900 is then diffracted through a double crystal monochromator 3303. This monochromator 3303 comprises two planar Bragg diffraction crystals 3033 and 3035 arranged with respect to the collimated beam such that only x-rays of a certain wavelength are reflected from both of the crystals and emerge as a collimated monochromatic beam 2905. Adjusting the angle of the crystals relative to the collimated beam 2900 allows the selection of a particular wavelength. Although a double crystal monochromator is shown, other wavelength selective elements may be used in the optical train, such as channel cut crystals or even single crystals (curved or planar) or a single multilayer reflector. However, in the latter cases, the two optical elements would not have parallel optical axes.

The collimated monochromatic x-rays 2903 are then collected by a second paraboloidal reflecting optic 3028, focusing the x-rays into a converging beam 2908 that forms an image on the x-ray detection system 3200.

As in previous embodiments, the x-ray detection system 3200 comprises an aperture element 270 comprising an aperture 279, and an x-ray detector 290. This aperture 279 is positioned in front of the x-ray detector 290. The detector is positioned to correspond to the focus of the paraboloidal surface of the second x-ray reflecting optic 3028, so that only monochromatic x-rays emerging from the point 249 within the object 240 corresponding to the first focus will pass through the monochromater and the aperture to produce a signal from the x-ray detector 290.

As before, in some embodiments, the detector 290 may be an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), such as a silicon drift detector, or x-ray microcalorimeter, placed downstream of the aperture to receive, analyze, and generate a spectrum of the x-rays passing through the aperture. In some embodiments, this detector 290 may be a wavelength dispersive detector system comprising a diffractive element and an x-ray detector, such as the one illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 5.

The embodiment comprising a monochromator as illustrated in FIG. 8 is useful for selecting a particular wavelength of x-rays for observation, and for scanning the wavelength to produce spectra of the x-rays collected from the focus spot 259. However, in other embodiments, instead of selecting only a particular x-ray wavelength for observation, it may be desirable detect a broad spectrum of x-rays, with only a few wavelengths rejected. For example, if viewing x-ray fluorescence from a material comprising iron and other elements, the iron fluorescence can dominate the signal and saturate the detectors. Therefore, a “notch” filter to reject only the iron fluorescence may be desirable.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of an x-ray spectrometer system 3004 incorporating a spectral conditioning element 3024 in the optical train 3400.

As in the embodiment incorporating the monochromator described above, an object 240 radiates x-rays 2888 from an x-ray production region 248. As discussed above, this x-ray production region 248 may be radiating transmitted x-rays, or fluorescence x-rays, or x-rays from any number of phenomena.

The optical train 3400 is aligned to collect a portion 2888-C of the x-rays 2888 being radiated from the object 240 using an achromatic first paraboloidal optic 3026 positioned such that the focus 259 of the paraboloid is within the region 248 radiating x-rays. X-rays 2888-C collected from this focus by the paraboloid optic 3026 then form a collimated x-ray beam 2900. As shown, the optical train 3300 also comprises a beam stop 1853 that blocks on- or nearly-on-axis x-rays that do not intersect with the parabolic surface.

The collimated beam 2900 then propagates through an x-ray conditioning element 3024. This conditioning element 3024 may comprise an x-ray spectral filter placed between the x-ray emitting volume and the aperture that rejects a predetermined wavelength of x-rays with a certain spectral bandwidth from reaching the x-ray detection system. The x-ray spectral filter may be a thin film (foil) filter that contains an element that has an x-ray absorption edge slightly below the predetermined x-ray wavelength. The x-ray spectral filter may be a low-Z, high transmission material, such as silicon (Si), lithium (Li), or diamond or graphite (C). Alternatively, the x-ray spectral conditioning element may comprise a wavelength dispersive component, such as a crystal or synthetic multilayer, which is configured to diffract a narrow bandwidth of x-rays centered on the predetermined wavelength of x-rays to be rejected, and is sufficiently thin to have high transmission for the x-rays of other wavelengths. For such a diffractive element, a means for turning the angle of the filter relative to the direction of collimated x-ray propagation may also be provided. As shown in FIG. 9, the rejected x-rays 2944 are diffracted away from the optical train 3400 to remove them from detection.

The collimated filtered x-rays 2907 are then collected by a second achromatic paraboloidal reflecting optic 3028, which focuses the x-rays into a converging beam 2908 that forms a focus on the x-ray detection system 3200.

More detailed descriptions of x-ray gratings and monochromators may be may be known to those skilled in the art. For more on x-ray gratings and monochromators, see Malcolm R. Howells, “Gratings and Monochromators”, Section 4.3 of the X-ray Data Booklet (xdb.lbl.gov/Section4/Sec_4-3Extended.pdf).

5. Position Selectivity by Selective Object Illumination

For the embodiments described so far, the optical train forms an image of x-rays collected by optics with a quadric surface from a specific point of focus in the x-ray radiating region, and forms an image of that spot at the detector. The embodiments are therefore selective in lateral position, allowing 2-D “maps” of object properties to be formed as the object and/or spectrometer are laterally translated to view different spots on the object.

However, although there is some lateral selectivity with the use of x-ray imaging optics, x-rays not only from the point of focus, but from anywhere along the collection cone of the quadric optic may be collected and passed on to the detector, even if only in the form of an out of focus image.

Selectivity in depth may be additionally achieved if the x-ray emitting region is limited by selective excitation at certain depths within the object.

This may be achieved by forming a spectroscopy system including both an x-ray source and a spectrometer, arranged in a confocal geometry to create a focused x-ray beam that excites the x-rays radiated from the object that are collected by the optical train

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a compact high brightness source being used to selectively illuminate a portion of an object 240 to be examined. In this illustration, the x-ray spectrometer system 3000 is the same as was illustrated in FIG. 4: an optical train 3100 comprising ellipsoidal optics 3010 collects x-rays from a point of focus 258 and forms an image onto an x-ray detection system 3200.

However, in this embodiment, the x-ray radiating region is not the large spot 248 as illustrated in FIG. 4, but is the tightly focused beam 255 from a compact high brightness x-ray source 2000, in combination with an optical train that comprises at least one x-ray optical element 2001 having the topology of an axially symmetric hollow tube comprising a quadric inner surface (in this example, an ellipsoidal surface). In some embodiments, this optical train may be a mirrored pair of paraboloidal optics while in others a mirrored pair of Wolter-type optics may be used.

The source 2000 comprises a vacuum chamber, in which electrons 111 bombard a specially constructed x-ray target comprising a substrate 1000 and several small discrete structures of x-ray generating material 1700 configured such that there is efficient heat transfer from the x-ray generating material to the substrate. This allows bombardment with higher currents and higher energy electrons, as the heat so generated may be effectively managed. This is partly achieved by using a substrate with high thermal conductivity, such as diamond.

The generated x-rays 888 pass through a window 1040 in the vacuum chamber and are collected by the ellipsoidal x-ray optical element 2001. On-axis and near-on-axis x-rays that are not collected by the optical element may be blocked using a beam stop 1850. The converging x-ray beam 889 from the x-ray source 2000 is positioned to focus onto the same position 258 in the object 240 where the optical train 3100 of the x-ray spectrometer system 3000 is aligned. By selectively illuminating only portions of the object 240 at a particular depth, the x-rays 2888-C collected by the x-ray spectrometer system 3000 are known to have originated from a particular lateral position (selected by the optics of the x-ray spectrometer system 3000) and a particular depth (selected by positioning the point of focus of the converging x-rays 889).

By adjusting the selected lateral and depth positions systematically, 3-D profiles of the object 240 may also be obtained.

Target designs and high brightness x-ray source configurations as may be used in embodiments of the present invention are described more fully in the following U.S. Patents and Patent Applications by the inventors and co-inventors of the present invention: STRUCTURED TARGETS FOR X-RAY GENERATION (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/465,816, filed Aug. 21, 2014), along with the provisional Applications incorporated therein and to which it claims benefit; X-RAY SOURCES USING LINEAR ACCUMULATION (U.S. Pat. No. 9,390,881, issued Jul. 12, 2016) along with the provisional Applications incorporated therein and to which it claims benefit; X-RAY SOURCES USING LINEAR ACCUMULATION (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/999,147 filed Apr. 1, 2016) along with the provisional Applications incorporated therein and to which it claims benefit; DIVERGING X-RAY SOURCES USING LINEAR ACCUMULATION (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/166,274 filed May 27, 2016), along with the provisional Applications incorporated therein and to which it claims benefit; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Any of the x-ray source designs and configurations disclosed in the above referenced Patents and Patent Applications may be considered for use as a component in any or all of the methods or systems disclosed herein.

6. Variations in the Optical Train

As described in the examples above, the optical train for forming the x-ray image may comprise achromatic x-ray optical elements having the topology of a hollow tube, with an interior x-ray reflecting surface having a quadric profile. Quadric profiles include forms such as a spheroid, an ellipsoid, a paraboloid, a hyperboloid, an elliptic cylinder, a circular cylinder, an elliptic cone, and a circular cone.

The embodiment described above and illustrated in FIGS. 4-7, the quadric surface was an ellipsoidal surface having two foci, and the optical element is placed such that one of the foci is within the x-ray radiating region, and the other placed onto the detector, so that the x-rays radiated from the first focus are collected and converge to the second focus at the detector.

Another quadric surface that may be used is a paraboloid. Optical trains using optical elements having a paraboloidal surfaces were illustrated in the examples of FIGS. 8 and 9, and are shown in more detail in FIGS. 11-13B. The cross section of a paraboloid is a parabola that has a single focus point F_p such that any photons radiated from the focus will be reflected emerge as a parallel (collimated) beam. By configuring the inner surface of a tube-shaped optical element 3020 to have a paraboloid surface, and choosing the coating for the reflecting portion of the tube such that the angle of incidence for the x-rays is smaller than the critical angle, total external reflection is achieved. Then, at least a portion of the x-rays generated by a source placed at the focus will emerge as a collimated beam of x-rays.

FIG. 12 illustrates a portion of an embodiment an optical train utilizing a paraboloidal reflector 3020. X-rays 2888 radiate from a point at the focus of the paraboloid, and a portion of the x-rays 2888-C enter the optical element 3020. A portion of the x-rays experience total external reflection from the inner paraboloidal surface of the tube-like optical element 3020, and become collimated x-rays 2900.

Once collimated, a second optical element 3022 with a tube-shaped topology and paraboloidal inner surface, as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, may be aligned with the optical axis of the first optical element 3020 so that the collimated x-rays 2900 that are incident on the inner surface of the second optical element 3022 at angles smaller than the critical angle for the surface. The reflected x-rays form a bundle of converging x-rays 2902 that converge to a focus at the focus 269 of the second paraboloid. An aperture element 270 with the aperture overlapping the focus 269 and a detector 290 to detect x-rays that pass through the aperture provide elements of an x-ray detector for this embodiment.

Although the illustration shows a second paraboloidal optical element 3022 of the same size and shape as the initial paraboloidal optical element 3020, these need not be the same dimensions, but may have paraboloidal surfaces with different curvature and relative focus positions.

In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 13A and the corresponding FIG. 13B, the on-axis x-rays may be blocked with a beam stop 1852.

FIG. 14 illustrates a portion of an embodiment an optical train utilizing a Wolter Type I optical design, in which one portion of the optic inner surface is ellipsoidal and one portion of the inner surface is hyperboloidal. X-rays 2888 radiate from a point at the focus of the paraboloid, and a portion of the x-rays 2888-W enter the optical element 3030. A portion of the x-rays experience total external reflection from the inner hyperboloidal surface of tube-like optical element 3030, and subsequently experience total external reflection from the inner elliptical surface of a tube-like optical element 3040, and become collimated x-rays 2909. These may then be used as in the other configurations for optical trains using collimated x-rays, in which a second set of optical elements focus the collimated beam. The focusing optic may comprise paraboloidal optical elements, as previously discussed, or may be Wolter Type I optics, in a mirror image of the collimating optics [see H. Wolter, Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen, Annalen der Physik, vol. 10 (1952), pp. 94-114]. Such optical elements are further discussed in previously mentioned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/544,191, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 15 illustrates the use of a nested set of co-axial optical elements aligned to provide two collimated beams of x-rays, each having different energies. As illustrated, the outer set of optics is a set of paraboloidal collimating optics 3020-1 designed collect x-rays at a larger angle, and will therefore provide total external reflection only for the lower energy x-rays (e.g. the Cu x-rays at 8.048 keV), producing a collimated beam of the lower energy x-rays 2900-1. The inner set of optics is also a set of paraboloidal collimating optics 3020-2 designed collect x-rays at a smaller angle, and will therefore provide total external reflection for both the low and high energy x-rays.

As in the previously described embodiments, a beam stop 1852 may be used to block the on-axis un-collimated x-rays. As shown in FIG. 15, however, this may be combined with a filter that 1853 that blocks the lower energy x-rays for the inner set of optics, allowing only the collimated beam of higher energy x-rays 2900-2 reflected from the second set of optics 3020-2 to be transmitted. This segregated spectral purity may be appropriate for many uses, depending on the downstream focusing optics that are used and the relative brightness of the different x-ray wavelengths generated.

The reflective coatings for the various x-ray optical elements used in embodiments of the invention as described above may be a single elemental material, to take advantage of the total external reflection for angles of incidence smaller than the critical angle, and preferably may be coated with a layer of higher mass density material (mass density greater than 2.5 g/cm³) at least 25 nm thick. Or, the reflective coatings may be multilayer coatings, with alternating periodic layers of two or more materials, that provide constructive interference in reflection for certain wavelengths. The reflection efficiency depends on the wavelength and angle of incidence of the x-rays, and the thickness of the alternating layers, so this has limited use as a broadband reflector, but may be used if specific wavelengths are desired. Combinations that may be used for multilayer reflectors may be tungsten/carbon (W/C), tungsten/tungsten silicide (W/WSi₂), molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si), nickel/carbon (Ni/C), chromium/scandium (Cr/Sc), and lanthanum/boron carbide (La/B₄C), and tantalum/silicon (Ta/Si), among others. The surface may also be a compound coating comprising an alloy or mixture of several materials. Individual optical elements may have one kind of coating, while other optical elements have other types of coatings. Quadric optical elements such as those disclosed herein can, with the appropriate surface and coating, have an x-ray throughput efficiency above 50%, and in some cases, greater than 60%.

7. Limitations and Extensions

With this application, several embodiments of the invention, including the best mode contemplated by the inventors, have been disclosed. It will be recognized that, while specific embodiments may be presented, elements discussed in detail only for some embodiments may also be applied to others. Also, details and various elements described as part of the prior art, or in the Applications incorporated by reference into the present Application, may also be applied to various embodiments of the invention.

While specific materials, designs, configurations and fabrication steps have been set forth to describe this invention and the preferred embodiments, such descriptions are not intended to be limiting. Modifications and changes may be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An x-ray spectrometer system, comprising: an x-ray imaging system having an object plane and an image plane, said x-ray imaging system comprising at least one achromatic x-ray optical element having an optical axis and an x-ray reflective surface, at least a portion of the x-ray reflective surface shaped in the form of a portion of a quadric surface, said x-ray imaging system positioned to collect fluorescence x-rays emitted from a portion of an object such that the object plane overlaps with a predetermined x-ray emitting volume and to form a fluorescence x-ray image of the collected fluorescence x-rays in the image plane; andan x-ray detector system configured to detect x-rays of at least one predetermined spatially distinct sub-portion of the fluorescence x-ray image corresponding to a predetermined volume within the x-ray emitting volume of the object and to produce electronic signals that are related to the number of x-rays having specific energy values detected for said predetermined spatially distinct sub-portion of the fluorescence x-ray image, the x-ray detector system comprising at least one aperture configured to transmit x-rays corresponding to the predetermined spatially distinct sub-portion of the fluorescence x-ray image while attenuating other x-rays, the at least one aperture configured to be controllably moved relative to the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element.

2. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is positioned to be at the image plane.

3. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray detector system comprises an x-ray detector element.

4. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 3, wherein the x-ray detector element is selected from the group consisting of: a silicon drift detector, a Si(Li) detector, a Ge(Li) detector, and a PIN-diode.

5. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray detector system comprises an energy resolving pixel array detector.

6. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray imaging system has a point spread function with a full-width half maximum value greater than or equal to 0.1 micrometer and less than 20 micrometers.

7. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray imaging system has a magnification greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 20.

8. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, in which the quadric surface is selected from the group consisting of: a spheroid, an ellipsoid, a paraboloid, a hyperboloid, an elliptic cylinder, a circular cylinder, an elliptic cone, and a circular cone.

9. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, in which the quadric surface has a reflecting surface layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: boron carbide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, quartz, glass, chromium, copper, nickel, rhodium, palladium, gold, nickel, iridium, and platinum.

10. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, in which the quadric surface has a reflecting surface comprising multilayers of pairs of materials, said pairs of materials selected from the group of material pairs consisting of: tungsten/carbon (W/C), tungsten/silicon (W/Si), tungsten/tungsten silicide (W/WSi2), molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si), nickel/carbon (Ni/C), chromium/scandium (Cr/Sc), lanthanum/boron carbide (La/B4C), and tantalum/silicon (Ta/Si).

11. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 6, in which the x-ray transmission efficiency for the x-ray imaging system is greater than 50%.

12. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray detector system additionally comprises: at least one wavelength dispersive element to diffract the x-rays that have been transmitted through the at least one aperture; andan x-ray detector to detect the intensity of the diffracted x-rays.

13. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 12, wherein the at least one wavelength dispersive element diffracts x-rays in different directions depending on their energy, and said x-ray detector is a position sensitive x-ray detector that detects the intensity of the x-rays diffracted at different directions by the at least one wavelength dispersive element.

14. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is configured to be controllably moved among different positions within the image plane of the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element.

15. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is configured to be controllably moved orthogonal to the optical axis of the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element.

16. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is configured to be controllably moved along the optical axis of the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element.

17. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is configured to be controllably moved relative to the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element for spatial mapping of different sub-volumes within the x-ray emitting volume.

18. The x-ray spectrometer system of claim 1, wherein the at least one achromatic x-ray optical element comprises an axially symmetric optic and the x-ray reflective surface comprises an inner surface of the axially symmetric optic.

19. An x-ray spectroscopy system, comprising: an x-ray source comprising: a vacuum chamber;a window transparent to x-rays attached to the wall of the vacuum chamber;at least one electron beam emitter within the vacuum chamber; andan anode target within the vacuum chamber, the anode target comprising: a substrate comprising a first selected material, anda planar first surface, from which thickness is measured in a direction perpendicular to the first planar surface, and two orthogonal lateral dimensions are measured parallel to the first planar surface; anda plurality of discrete structures embedded into the first planar surface of the substrate such that each of the plurality of discrete structures is in thermal contact with the substrate, the plurality of discrete structures comprising one or more materials selected for its x-ray generation properties in which at least two of the plurality of discrete structures are arranged on an axis parallel to the first planar surface of the substrate and passing through the first window, in which each of the discrete microstructures has a thickness of less than 20 microns, and a lateral dimension in the direction of the axis of less than 50 microns,the at least one electron beam emitter configured to direct electrons onto the at least two arranged discrete structures such that x-rays are generated from each of the at least two arranged discrete structures and at least a portion of the generated x-rays propagating on the axis from each of the at least two arranged discrete structures is transmitted through the window;a first optical train having an optical axis positioned to correspond to the axis on which the at least two discrete structures are arranged, the first optical train positioned to collect x-rays generated by the anode target and to produce an x-ray beam focused to a predefined position within an object;an x-ray imaging system having an object plane and an image plane, said x-ray imaging system comprising at least one achromatic x-ray optical element, said x-ray imaging system positioned to collect x-rays emitted from a portion of an object such that the object plane overlaps with a predetermined x-ray emitting volume and to form an image of the collected x-rays in the image plane; andan x-ray detector system configured to detect x-rays of at least one predetermined spatially distinct sub-portion of the x-ray image corresponding to a predetermined volume within the x-ray emitting volume of the object and to produce electronic signals that are related to the number of x-rays having specific energy values detected for said predetermined spatially distinct sub-portion of the x-ray image.