Patent Grant
8289512
Certain examples disclosed herein relate generally to boost devices, for example, boost devices configured to provide radio frequencies. More particularly, certain examples relate to boost devices that may be used to provide additional energy to an atomization source, such as a flame or a plasma.
Atomization sources, such as flames, may be used for a variety of applications, such as welding, chemical analysis and the like. In some instances, flames used in chemical analyses are not hot enough to vaporize the entire liquid sample that is injected into the flame. In addition, introduction of a liquid sample may result in zonal temperatures that may provide mixed results.
Another approach to atomization is to use a plasma source. Plasmas have been used in many technological areas including chemical analysis. Plasmas are electrically conducting gaseous mixtures containing large concentrations of cations and electrons. The temperature of a plasma may be as high as around 6,000-10,000 Kelvin, depending on the region of the plasma, whereas the temperature of a flame is often about 1400-1900 Kelvin, depending on the region of the flame. Due to the higher temperatures of the plasma, more rapid vaporization, atomization and/or ionization of chemical species may be achieved.
Use of plasmas may have several drawbacks in certain applications. Viewing optical emissions from chemical species in the plasma may be hindered by a high background signal from the plasma. Also, in some circumstances, plasma generation may require high total flow rates of argon (e.g., about 11-17 L/min) to create the plasma, including a flow rate of about 5-15 L/min of argon to isolate the plasma thermally. In addition, injection of aqueous samples into a plasma may result in a decrease in plasma temperature due to evaporation of solvent, i.e., a decrease in temperature due to desolvation. This temperature reduction may reduce the efficiency of atomization and ionization of chemical species in some contexts.
Higher powers have been used in plasmas to attempt to lower the detection limits for certain species, such as hard-to-ionize species like arsenic, cadmium, selenium and lead, but increasing the power also results in an increase in the background signal from the plasma.
Certain aspects and examples of the present technology alleviate some of the above concerns with previous atomization sources. For example, a boost device is shown here as a way to assist other atomization sources, such as flames, plasmas, arcs and sparks. Certain of these embodiments may enhance atomization efficiency, ionization efficiency, decrease background noise and/or increase emission signals from atomized and ionized species.
In accordance with a first aspect, a boost device is disclosed. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “boost device” refers to a device that is configured to provide additional energy to another device, or region of that device, such as, for example, an atomization chamber, desolvation chamber, excitation chamber, etc. In certain examples, a radio frequency (RF) boost device may be configured to provide additional energy, e.g., in the form of radio frequency energy, to an atomization source, such as a flame, plasma, arc, spark or combinations thereof. Such additional energy may be used to assist in desolvation, atomization and/or ionization of species introduced into the atomization source, may be used to excite atoms or ions, may be used to extend optical path length, may be used to improve detection limits, may be used to increase sample size loading or may be used for many additional uses where it may be desirable or advantageous to provide additional energy to an atomization source. Other uses of the boost devices disclosed herein will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary additional uses of the boost devices in chemical analysis, welding, sputtering, vapor deposition, chemical synthesis and treatment of radioactive waste are provided below to illustrate some of the features and uses of certain illustrative boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with other aspects, an atomization device is provided. In certain examples, the atomization device may include a chamber configured with an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. The atomization source may be a device that may atomize and/or ionize species including but not limited to flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc. The boost device may be configured to provide additional energy to a suitable region or regions of the chamber such that species present in the chamber may be atomized, ionized and/or excited. Suitable devices and components for designing or assembling the atomization source and the boost device will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary devices and components are discussed below.
In accordance with yet other aspects, another example of an atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the atomization devices include a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber includes an atomization source. The atomization source may be a device that may atomize and/or ionize species including but not limited to flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber to provide additional energy to excite any atoms or ions that enter into the second chamber. In this embodiment, the first and second chambers may be in fluid communication such that species that are atomized or ionized in the first chamber may enter into the second chamber. Suitable examples of configurations for providing fluid communication between the first chamber and the second chamber are discussed below, and additional configurations may be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with other aspects, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (“OES”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the OES device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the OES device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber that may include a boost device configured to provide radio frequencies to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable devices that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species introduced into the first chamber. The OES device may further include a light detector configured to detect the amount of light and/or the wavelength of light emitted by species that are atomized and/or ionized using the OES device. Depending on the configuration of the OES device, the OES device may be used to detect atomic emission, fluorescence, phosphorescence and other light emissions. The OES device may further include suitable circuitry, algorithms and software. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable OES devices for an intended use. In certain examples, the OES device may include two or more plasma sources for atomization, ionization and/or detection of species.
In accordance with still other aspects, a device for absorption spectroscopy (“AS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the AS device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the AS device may include at least a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. The AS device may further include a light source configured to provide one or more wavelengths of light and a light detector configured to detect the amount of light absorbed by the species present in one or more of the chambers. The AS device may further include suitable circuitry, algorithms and software of the type known in the art for such devices.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for mass spectroscopy (“MS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the MS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a mass analyzer, a mass detector or a mass spectrometer. In some examples, the MS device includes an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the MS device includes a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the MS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, may be coupled or hyphenated to a mass analyzer, a mass detector or mass spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the mass analyzer, mass detector or mass spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the MS device may be configured such that species first enter into the mass analyzer, mass detector or mass spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable devices and methods to couple mass analyzers, mass detectors or mass spectrometers with the atomization devices disclosed herein to perform mass spectroscopy.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for infrared spectroscopy (“IRS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the IRS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an infrared detector or infrared spectrometer. In some examples, the IRS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the IRS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may also include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the IRS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, may be coupled or hyphenated to an infrared detector or infrared spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or the first and second chambers, may enter into the infrared detector for detection. In other examples, the IRS device may be configured such that species first enter into the infrared detector or infrared spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with additional aspects, a device for fluorescence spectroscopy (“FLS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the FLS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a fluorescence detector or fluorimeter. In some examples, the FLS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the FLS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the FLS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a fluorescence detector or fluorimeter such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the fluorescence detector for detection. In other examples, the FLS device may be configured such that species first enter into the fluorescence detector or fluorimeter and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with further aspects, a device for phosphorescence spectroscopy (“PHS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the PHS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter. In some examples, the PHS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the PHS device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the PHS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the phosphorescence detector for detection. In other examples, the PHS device may be configured such that species first enter into the phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with other embodiments, a device for Raman spectroscopy (“RAS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the RAS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a Raman detector or Raman spectrometer. In some examples, the RAS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the RAS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the RAS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a Raman detector or Raman spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the Raman detector or spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the RAS device may be configured such that species first enter into the Raman detector or Raman spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with other aspects, a device for X-ray spectroscopy (“XRS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the XRS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer. In some examples, the XRS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the XRS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the XRS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to an X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chamber, may enter into the X-ray detector or spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the XRS device may be configured such that species first enter into the X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with additional aspects, a device for gas chromatography (“GC”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the GC device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a gas chromatograph. In some examples, the GC device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the GC device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the GC device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a gas chromatograph such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the gas chromatograph for separation and/or detection. In other examples, the GC device may be configured such that species first enter into the gas chromatograph and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with other aspects, a device for liquid chromatography (“LC”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the LC device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a liquid chromatograph. In some examples, the LC device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the LC device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the LC device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a liquid chromatograph such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the liquid chromatograph for separation and/or detection. In other examples, the LC device may be configured such that species first enter into the liquid chromatograph and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with still other aspects, a device for nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the NMR device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a nuclear magnetic resonance detector or a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. In some examples, the NMR device includes an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the NMR device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the NMR device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a nuclear magnetic resonance detector or a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer may be configured such that species first enter into the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable devices and methods to couple nuclear magnetic resonance detectors or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers with the atomization devices disclosed here to perform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
In accordance with additional aspects, a device for electron spin resonance (“ESR”) is provided. In certain examples, the ESR device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an electron spin resonance detector or an electron spin resonance spectrometer. In some examples, the ESR device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the ESR device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the ESR device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to an electron spin resonance detector or an electron spin resonance spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first chamber and second chambers, may enter into the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer may be configured such that species first enter into the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques.
In accordance with other aspects, a welding device is disclosed. The welding device may include an electrode, a nozzle tip and at least one boost device surrounding at least some portion of the electrode and/or the nozzle tip and configured to provide radio frequencies. Welding devices which include a boost device may be used in suitable welding applications, for example, in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, plasma arc welding (PAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), laser welding, and high frequency welding. Exemplary configurations implementing the boost devices disclosed here in combination with torches for welding are discussed below and other suitable configurations will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with additional aspects, a plasma cutter is provided. In certain examples, the plasma cutter may include a chamber or channel that includes an electrode. The chamber or channel in this example may be configured such that a cutting gas may flow through the chamber and may be in fluid communication with the electrode and such that a shielding gas may flow around the cutting gas and the electrode to minimize interferences such as oxidation of the cutting surface. The plasma cutter of this example may further include at least one boost device configured to increase ionization of the cutting gas and/or increase the temperature of the cutting gas. Suitable cutting gases may be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary cutting gases include, for example, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and mixtures thereof.
In accordance with yet additional aspects, a vapor deposition device is disclosed. In certain examples, the vapor deposition device may include a material source, a reaction chamber, an energy source with at least one boost device, a vacuum system and an exhaust system. The vapor deposition device may be configured to deposit material onto a sample or substrate.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a sputtering device is disclosed. In certain examples, the sputtering device may include a target and a heat source including at least one boost device. The heat source may be configured to cause ejection of atoms and ions from the target. The ejected atoms and ions may be deposited, for example, on a sample or substrate.
In accordance with other aspects, a device for molecular beam epitaxy is disclosed. In certain examples, the device may include a growth chamber configured to receive a sample, at least one material source configured to provide atoms and ions to the growth chamber, and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the at least one material source. The molecular beam epitaxy device may be used, for example, to deposit materials onto a sample or substrate.
In accordance with further aspects, a chemical reaction chamber is disclosed. In certain examples, the chemical reaction chamber includes a reaction chamber with an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chemical reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may further include an inlet for introducing reactants and/or catalysts into the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may be used, for example, to control or promote reactions between products or to favor one or more products produced from the reactants.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for treatment of radioactive waste is disclosed. In certain examples, the device includes a chamber configured to receive radioactive waste, an atomization source configured to atomize and/or oxidize radioactive waste and an inlet for introducing additional reactants or species that may react with, or interact with, the radioactive materials to provide stabilized forms. The stabilized forms may be disposed of, for example, using suitable disposal techniques, e.g., burial, etc.
In accordance with additional aspects, a light source is disclosed. In certain examples, the light source may include an atomization source and at least one boost device. The atomization source may be configured to atomize a sample, and the boost device may be configured to excite the atomized sample, which may emit photons to provide a source of light, by providing radio frequency energy to the atomized sample.
In accordance with yet other aspects, an atomization device that includes an atomization source and a microwave source (e.g., a microwave oven among other things) is disclosed. In certain examples, the microwave source may be configured to provide microwaves to the atomization source to create a plasma plume or extend a plasma plume. Atomization devices including microwave sources may be used for numerous applications including, for example, chemical analysis, welding, cutting and the like.
In accordance with other aspects, a miniaturized atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the miniaturized atomization device may be configured to provide devices that may be taken for in-field analyses. In certain other examples, microplasmas including at least one boost device are disclosed.
In accordance with additional aspects, a limited use atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the limited use atomization device may be configured with at least one boost device and may be further configured to provide sufficient power and/or fuel for one, two or three measurements. The limited use device may include a detector for measurement of species, such as, for example, arsenic, chromium, selenium, lead, etc.
In accordance with yet other aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized arsenic species for detection at levels of about 0.3 μg/L or lower.
In accordance with other aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.014 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized cadmium species for detection at levels of about 0.007 μg/L or lower.
In accordance with additional aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect lead at a level of about 0.28 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include an atomization device and a boost device that may excite atomized lead species for detection at levels of about 0.14 μg/L or lower.
In accordance with yet additional aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect selenium at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized selenium species for detection at levels of about 0.3 μg/L or lower.
In accordance with further aspects, a spectrometer including an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to increase a sample emission signal without significantly increasing background signal. In some examples, the spectrometer may be configured to increase the sample emission signal at least about five-times or more, when compared with the emission signal of a device not including a boost device or a device operating with a boost device turned off. In other examples, the emission signal may be increased, e.g., about five times or more, without a substantial increase in background signal using a boost device.
In accordance with more aspects, a device for OES that includes an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is disclosed. In certain examples the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 15:1. In certain other examples, the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 10:1. In yet other examples, the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 5:1.
In accordance with additional aspects, a spectrometer comprising an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is provided. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to at least partially block the signal from the primary plasma discharge.
In accordance with other aspects, a spectrometer including at least one boost device and configured for low UV measurements is provided. As used herein, “low UV” refers to measurements made by detecting light emitted or absorbed in the 90 nm to 200 nm wavelength range. In certain examples, the chamber comprising the boost device may be fluidically coupled to a vacuum pump to draw sample into the chamber. In other examples, the chamber comprising the boost device may also be optically coupled to a window or an aperture on a spectrometer such that substantially no air or oxygen may be in the optical path.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of enhancing atomization of species using a boost device is provided. Certain examples of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device during atomization of the sample to enhance atomization. The atomization device may include any of the atomization sources with boost devices disclosed herein or other suitable atomization sources that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with additional aspects, a method of enhancing excitation of atomized species using a boost device is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device, atomizing and/or exciting the sample using the atomization device, and enhancing excitation of the atomized sample by providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device. The atomization device may include any of the atomization sources with boost devices disclosed herein and other suitable atomization sources that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with further aspects, a method of enhancing detection of chemical species is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to increase a detection signal from the atomized sample.
In accordance with yet additional aspects, a method of detecting arsenic at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising arsenic into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising arsenic at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of detecting cadmium at levels below about 0.014 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising cadmium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising cadmium at levels less than about 0.014 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater.
In accordance with additional aspects, a method of detecting lead at levels below about 0.28 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising lead at levels less than about 0.28 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater.
In accordance with other aspects, a method of detecting selenium at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising selenium at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater.
In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of separating and analyzing a sample comprising two or more species is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into a separation device, eluting individual species from the separation device into an atomization device comprising at least one boost device, and detecting the eluted species. In some examples, the atomization device may be configured to desolvate and atomize the eluted species. In certain examples, the separation device may be a gas chromatograph, a liquid chromatograph (or both) or other suitable separation devices that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that the methods and devices disclosed herein provide a breakthrough in the ability to atomize, ionize and/or excite materials for various purposes such as materials analysis, welding, hazardous waste disposal, etc. For example, some embodiments disclosed herein permit devices to be constructed using a boost device as disclosed herein to provide chemical analyses, devices and instrumentation that may achieve detection limits that are substantially lower than those obtainable with existing analyses, devices and instrumentation, or such analyses, devices, and instrumentation may provide comparable detection limits at a lower cost (in equipment, time and/or energy). In addition, the devices disclosed herein may be used, or adapted for use, in numerous applications, including but not limited to chemical reactions, welding, cutting, assembly of portable and/or disposable devices for chemical analysis, disposal or treatment of radioactive waste, deposition of titanium on turbine engines, etc. These and other uses of the novel devices and methods disclosed herein will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary uses and configurations using the devices are described below to illustrate some of the uses and various aspects of certain embodiments of the technology described.
Certain examples are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
It will be apparent to the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that the exemplary electronic features, components, tubes, injectors, RF induction coils, boost coils, flames, plasmas, etc. shown in the figures are not necessarily to scale. For example, certain dimensions, such as the dimensions of the boost devices, may have been enlarged relative to other dimensions, such as the length and width of the chamber, for clarity of illustration and to provide a more user-friendly description of the illustrative examples discussed below. In addition, various shadings, dashes and the like may have been used to provide a more clear disclosure, and the use of such shadings, dashes and the like is not intended to refer to any particular material or orientation unless otherwise clear from the context.
The boost devices disclosed here represent a technological advance. Methods and/or devices including at least one boost device have numerous and widespread uses including, but not limited to, chemical analysis, chemical reaction chambers, welders, destruction of radioactive waste, plasma coating processes, vapor deposition processes, molecular beam epitaxy, assembly of pure light sources, low UV measurements, etc. Additional uses will be readily recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with certain examples (“certain examples” being intended to refer to some examples, but not all examples, of the present technology), atomization devices, spectrometers, welders and other devices disclosed below that include one or more boost devices may be configured with suitable shielding to prevent unwanted interference with other components included in the devices. For example, boost devices may be contained within lead chambers to shield other electrical components from the radio frequencies generated by the boost devices. In some examples, one or more ferrites may be used to minimize or reduce RF signals that might interfere with electronic circuitry. Other suitable shielding materials may be implemented including, but not limited to, aluminum, steel, and copper enclosures, honeycomb air filters, filtered connectors, RF gaskets and other RF shielding materials that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with certain examples, boost devices disclosed here may take numerous forms, such as, for example, a coil of wire electrically coupled to a radio frequency generator and/or radio frequency transmitter. In other examples, boost devices may include one or more circular plates or coils in electrical communication with a RF generator. In some examples, the boost device may be constructed by placing a coil of wire in electrical communication with a radio frequency generator. The coil of wire may be wrapped around a chamber to supply radio frequencies to the chamber.
Suitable RF generators and transmitters will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary RF generators and transmitters include, but are not limited to, those commercially available from ENI, Trazar, Hunttinger and the like. In some examples, the boost devices may be in electrical communication with a primary RF generator, such as an RF source used to power a primary induction coil. That is, in certain examples, the devices disclosed herein may include a single RF generator that is used to power both a primary energy source, e.g., an atomization source such as a plasma, as well as one or more boost devices. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a boost device can be understood to be one or more secondary RF energy sources, that, for example, may be coupled to a RF generator that may also be coupled to one or more primary RF energy sources.
In accordance with certain examples, devices disclosed herein may include one or more stages. For example, a device may include a desolvation stage that removes liquid solvent from a sample, an ionization stage that may convert atoms to ions and/or one or more excitation stages that may provide energy to excite atoms. The boost devices disclosed herein may be used in any one or more of these stages to provide additional energy.
In accordance with certain examples, an example of a boost device is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices disclosed here may be configured to provide additional energy to “boost” or increase the energy already present in a chamber, such as the chamber of an atomization device that includes an atomization source. As used here, “atomization device” is used in the broad sense and is intended to include other processes that may take place in the chamber, such as desolvation, vaporization, ionization, excitation, etc. Atomization source refers to a heat source that is operative to atomize, desolvate, ionize, excite, etc. species introduced into the atomization source. Suitable atomization sources for various applications will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary atomization sources include, but are not limited to, flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or by this example, understanding of certain aspects may be had with reference to the introduction of a liquid sample. As liquid sample is introduced into an atomization device, an atomization source within the chamber may rapidly cool, due to desolvation. That is, a material amount of energy may be used to convert the liquid solvent into a gas, which may result in a decrease in temperature (or other loss of energy) of the atomization source. A result of this cooling is that less energy may be available to atomize, ionize and/or excite any species that were dissolved in the solvent. Using certain embodiments of boost devices disclosed here, additional energy may be provided to enhance atomization and/or ionization of any species present in the introduced sample and, in certain examples, the additional energy may be used to excite atoms and/or ions present in a sample. For example, referring to
In accordance with certain examples, an additional example of adding energy to enhance atomization and/or ionization of chemical species is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, may be able to extend the length of an atomization source by a selected or suitable amount. In certain examples, the length of the atomization source may be extended by using the boost devices. As one example, the atomization source may be extended by at least about three times its normal length along a longitudinal axis of a chamber using a boost device as disclosed herein. In other embodiments, the atomization source may be extended by at least about five times its normal length along the longitudinal axis of the chamber or at least about ten times it normal length along the longitudinal axis of the chamber using a boost device as disclosed herein.
In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices may be operated in a pulsed or continuous mode. As used here pulsed mode refers to providing radio frequencies in a non-continuous manner by providing radio frequencies followed by a delay before any subsequent radio frequencies are provided to the chamber. For example, referring to
In accordance with certain other examples, an additional example of a boost device is shown in
In certain examples, the first electrode 410 may be operated with a radio frequency of about 10 MHz to about 2.54 GHz, and in other examples the second electrode 420 may be operated with a radio frequency of about 100 kHz to about 2.54 GHz. In other examples, the first electrode 410 may be operated with radio frequencies from about 10 MHz to about 200 MHz, and second electrode 420 may be operated with radio frequencies from about 100 kHz to about 200 MHz. The first electrode 410 and the second electrode 420 may take the form of the induction coil shown below in
In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device is shown in
In addition, a flame may tolerate increased sample loading while leaving the RF power from the boost device available for sample ionization. To minimize the spectral background of the flame while maintaining high gas purity, a “water welder” may be used to decompose any produced water to its elements of hydrogen and oxygen. Suitable water welders are commercially available, for example, from SRA (Stan Rubinstein Assoc.) or KingMech Co., LTD. The flame (in certain embodiments) also preferably should not present significant additional background signal than the background observed with the desolvation of aqueous samples. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable atomization devices including flame sources and boost devices.
In accordance with certain examples, when using the device shown in
In accordance with certain examples, as sample is introduced through a nebulizer into the atomization device shown in
Another example of an atomization device is disclosed in
In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device using an electrothermal atomization source is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device using a plasma is shown in
Referring to
In accordance with certain examples, another example of an atomization device including a plasma is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the signal originating from excited atoms and/or ions may be viewed or detected at least two ways. An example of the ionization region of a chamber, such as those used in the atomization devices disclosed here, is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device that includes at least two boost devices is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a chamber comprising a manifold or interface is disclosed. Referring to
In accordance with certain examples, the chamber 1300 may include a vacuum pump (not shown) that may be operative to draw sample through the port 1320 into the secondary chamber for detection. In certain examples, the interface may be configured with a side port or outlet that is in fluid communication with the second chamber. A vacuum pump may be coupled to the side port to draw sample into the chamber 1300. In other examples, sample diffuses or flows into the secondary chamber, because the pressure in the secondary chamber may be less than the pressure in the atomization source chamber. For example, pressures in chambers including flames are higher than atmospheric pressure due to the high flow rates of gases introduced into the chamber. Pressures in plasmas may be higher than atmospheric pressure due to the high flow rates of gases through the chamber. In certain examples, the pressure of the chamber with the interface is approximately atmospheric pressure such that atoms and ions may flow down a pressure gradient from the high pressure chamber where atomization and/or ionization has occurred to a lower pressure chamber, e.g., where excitation may occur through the use of a boost device as disclosed herein. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to construct suitable chambers with interfaces for receiving and/or detecting atoms and ions generated using one or more atomization sources.
In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device comprising two or more chambers and a flame or primary plasma source is disclosed. Referring to
In accordance with certain examples, capacitive coupling may be used to provide additional energy in place of the boost devices. Referring to
In accordance with other examples, an atomization device comprising two or more chambers and a plasma source is provided. Referring to
In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device including a first chamber and a second chamber with multiple boost devices is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device including a single RF generator in electrical communication with a radio frequency induction coil and a boost device is disclosed. Examples using a single radio frequency generator, e.g. a single RF source, may allow for operation of the radio frequency induction coil and boost device at different inductances to tailor or to tune the radio frequency induction coil or boost device or both for a particular region or area of the device. A specific example of this configuration is described in more detail below with reference to
In accordance with certain examples, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is shown in
In accordance with certain examples and referring to
In accordance with certain examples, a single beam device for absorption spectroscopy (AS) is shown in
In accordance with certain examples and referring to
In accordance with certain examples and referring to
In accordance with certain examples, a device for mass spectroscopy (MS) is schematically shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the mass analyzer of MS device 2000 may take numerous forms depending on the desired resolution and the nature of the introduced sample. In certain examples, the mass analyzer is a scanning mass analyzer, a magnetic sector analyzer (e.g., for use in single and double-focusing MS devices), a quadrupole mass analyzer, an ion trap analyzer (e.g., cyclotrons, quadrupole ions traps), time-of-flight analyzers (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorbed ionization time of flight analyzers), and other suitable mass analyzers that may separate species with different mass-to-charge ratios. The atomization devices disclosed herein may be used with any one or more of the mass analyzers listed above and other suitable mass analyzers. In certain examples, the atomization device in an MS device is a single chamber inductively coupled plasma with a boost device. In other examples, the atomization device is a single chamber flame source with a boost device. In yet other examples, the atomization device may include two or more chambers in which at least one of the chambers comprises a boost device as disclosed herein.
In accordance with certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed here may be used with existing ionization methods used in mass spectroscopy. For example, electron impact sources with boost devices may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In other examples, chemical ionization sources with boost devices may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In yet other examples, field ionization sources with a boost device may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In still other examples, the boost devices may be used with desorption sources such as, for example, those sources configured for fast atom bombardment, field desorption, laser desorption, plasma desorption, thermal desorption, electrohydrodynamic ionization/desorption, etc. In yet other examples, the boost devices may be configured for use with thermospray ionization sources, electrospray ionization sources or other ionization sources and devices commonly used in mass spectroscopy. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable devices for ionization including boost devices for use in mass spectroscopy.
In accordance with certain other examples, the MS devices disclosed here may be hyphenated with one or more other analytical techniques. For example, MS devices may be hyphenated with devices for performing liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and other suitable separation techniques. When coupling an MS device that includes a boost device with a gas chromatograph, it may be desirable to include a suitable interface, e.g., traps, jet separators, etc., to introduce sample into the MS device from the gas chromatograph. When coupling an MS device to a liquid chromatograph, it may also be desirable to include a suitable interface to account for the differences in volume used in liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. For example, split interfaces may be used so that only a small amount of sample exiting the liquid chromatograph may be introduced into the MS device. Sample exiting from the liquid chromatograph may also be deposited in suitable wires, cups or chambers for transport to the atomization devices of the MS device. In certain examples, the liquid chromatograph may include a thermospray configured to vaporize and aerosolize sample as it passes through a heated capillary tube. In some examples, the thermospray may include its own boost device to increase ionization of species using the thermospray. Other suitable devices for introducing liquid samples from a liquid chromatograph into a MS device will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In certain examples, MS devices, at least one of which includes a boost device, are hyphenated with each other for tandem mass spectroscopy analyses. For example, one MS device may include a first type of mass analyzer and the second MS device may include a different or similar mass analyzer as the first MS device. In other examples, the first MS device may be operative to isolate the molecular ions, and the second MS device may be operative to fragment/detect the isolated molecular ions. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design hyphenated MS/MS devices at least one of which includes a boost device.
In accordance with certain examples, a device for infrared spectroscopy (IRS) is provided. An IRS device includes a sample introduction device and an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to the infrared spectrometer. The atomization device may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein or other suitable atomization devices including a boost device. The atomization device may be configured to provide atoms and/or ions to the infrared spectrometer for detection. The infrared spectrometer may be a single or double-beam spectrophotometer, an interferometer, such as those commonly used to perform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, etc. and exemplary infrared spectrometers and devices for use in infrared spectrometers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,419,575, 4,594,500, and 4,798,464, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. For illustrative purposes only, an example of a single-beam FTIR spectrometer 2110 coupled to an atomization device 2115 is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a device for fluorescence spectroscopy (FLS), phosphorescence spectroscopy (PHS) or Raman spectroscopy is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the sample chamber conditions may be varied depending on whether it is desirable to measure fluorescence, phosphorescence or Raman scattering. For many chemical species, the rate constant for internal conversion and/or fluorescence is typically much greater than the rate constant for phosphorescence and, as a result, either non-radiative emission or fluorescence emission dominates. By varying the sample conditions, it may be possible to favor phosphorescence, or scattering, over fluorescence. For example, the sample chamber 2220 may include a matrix or solid support, e.g., silica, cellulose, acrylamide, etc., that atoms and/or ions may be adsorbed to or trapped in. In other examples, the sample chamber 2220 may be operated at reduced temperatures, e.g., 77 Kelvin, such that atoms and ions entering into the sample chamber 2220 may be frozen in a matrix. For at least certain species, immobilization of the species in a matrix may result in increased intersystem crossing to populate triplet energy levels, which may favor phosphorescence emission over fluorescence emission. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable sampling conditions for monitoring fluorescence, phosphorescence and Raman scattering.
In accordance with certain examples, a device for performing X-ray spectroscopy that includes a boost device is disclosed. An atomization device including a boost device may be configured to provide atoms and ions to the sample chamber. Once in the sample chamber, the ions and atoms may be subjected to an X-ray source and X-ray absorption or emission may be monitored. Suitable instruments known in the art for performing X-ray spectroscopy include, for example, PHI 1800 XPS commercially available from Physical Electronics USA. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to adapt the boost devices disclosed here for use in X-ray spectroscopic techniques.
In accordance with certain examples, a gas chromatograph comprising a boost device is shown in
In accordance with certain other examples, a gas chromatograph may be hyphenated or coupled to an additional instrument. In some examples, the gas chromatograph may be coupled to an inductively coupled plasma that includes a boost device. For example, a gas chromatograph may be used to vaporize and separate species in a sample such that individual species elute from the gas chromatograph. The eluted species may be introduced into an inductively coupled plasma that is hyphenated to the gas chromatograph. The inductively coupled plasma may include one or more boost devices for providing radio frequencies to promote atomization and/or ionization efficiency or for providing radio frequencies to excite atomized and/or ionized species. In other examples, a gas chromatograph may be coupled to a mass spectrometer that includes a boost device. For example, a gas chromatograph may be used to vaporize and separate species in a sample, and the separated species may be introduced into a mass spectrometer for fragmentation and detection. In some examples, a gas chromatograph may be hyphenated to an inductively coupled plasma which itself is coupled to a mass spectrometer. Additional devices and instruments that include boost devices will be readily coupled to gas chromatographs by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with certain examples, a device for liquid chromatography (LC), e.g., for performing LC, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc., comprising a boost device is shown in
In accordance with certain other examples, an LC device may be hyphenated or coupled to an additional instrument. In some examples, the liquid chromatograph may be coupled to an inductively coupled plasma that includes a boost device. For example, a liquid chromatograph may be used to separate species dissolved in a liquid sample, and the eluted species may be introduced into an inductively coupled plasma that may be hyphenated to the liquid chromatograph and where atomization and/or detection may occur. The inductively coupled plasma may include one or more boost devices for providing radio frequencies to promote atomization and/or ionization efficiency or for providing radio frequencies to excite atomized and/or ionized species. In other examples, the liquid chromatograph may be coupled to a mass spectrometer that includes a boost device. For example, the liquid chromatograph may be used to separate species in a sample, and the separated species may be introduced into a mass spectrometer for fragmentation and detection. It may be desirable to vaporize, using, for example, an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device, a thermospray with a boost device, etc., the liquid sample prior to introduction into the mass spectrometer. Additional devices and instruments that include boost devices will be readily coupled to liquid chromatographs by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
In accordance with certain examples, a device for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) including a boost device is disclosed. In certain examples, the NMR is hyphenated to one or more additional devices that include the boost device. For example, species may be analyzed using NMR and then subsequent to NMR analysis may be introduced into an atomization device with a boost device for detection. In other examples, the species may first be atomized using the atomization device with a boost device and then the atoms and/or ions may be analyzed using NMR. For example, gas phase NMR studies may be performed to identify impurities with a high vapor pressure. In certain examples, it may be necessary to pressurize the sample chamber, e.g., to about 10-50 atm, to obtain good spectra for gas phase species. For illustrative purposes only, a block diagram of an NMR device suitable for pulsed NMR experiments is shown in
In accordance with additional example, a device for electron spin resonance (ESR) that is hyphenated to an additional device including a boost device is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, many metal species that may be detected by OES or AS may also be detected using ESR. For example, manganese with a spin number of 5/2 provides and ESR spectrum with 6 lines when free manganese is dissolved in water. The exact line shape and line widths of the ESR spectrum may provide some indication of the environment experienced by the manganese ions. The optical emission of atomic manganese may be detected at 257.610 nm. Using an ESR instrument hyphenated to an OES device, two measurements may be performed on the same sample. Suitable ESR instruments are commercially available from numerous manufacturers including, but not limited to, Bruker Instruments (Germany). The ESR may be coupled with an OES device using suitable tubing and connectors such that liquid sample from the ESR may be removed and delivered to the OES device without the need to manually inject sample into the OES device. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to couple ESR devices with additional devices and instruments including atomization devices with boost devices.
In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer configured for measurement in the low UV and that includes a boost device is provided. As used herein “low UV” refers to measurements taken at or around 90-200 nm or less. At wavelengths of less than about 200-210 nm, oxygen in the optical path may absorb emitted light (in the case of an OES device) or may absorb light used to excite atoms and ions (in the case of an AS device). This absorption by the oxygen may prevent detection of emission lines of atoms, such as chlorine, that emit in the low UV range. By using a boost device with an OES device or with an AS device, low UV measurements may be obtained by eliminating any oxygen present in the optical path. This result may be accomplished, for example, by coupling a first chamber, or a second chamber, to the spectrometer. For example, a first chamber may be used to contain the atomization source, and an interface may be used to draw atomized sample into a second chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device. The second chamber may be in fluid communication with a window or aperture on the spectrometer such that the optical path of the spectrometer is sealed off from any outside air or oxygen. The optical path may be purged with a gas that does not absorb in the low UV, e.g., nitrogen, such that light emissions in the low UV, or light absorptions using low UV, are not interfered with by oxygen. In certain examples, the device includes a boost device optically coupled to a window on a spectrometer such that substantially no oxygen or air exists in the light path of the spectrometer. In certain examples, the device may be configured for optical emission such that light emissions in the low UV may be detected. In other examples, the device may be configured for atomic absorption such that species that absorb low UV light may be detected. In certain examples, the detector may be optically coupled to a chamber comprising a boost device such that light emissions or absorptions in the chamber may be detected. In some examples, the chamber may also be optically coupled to a light source, e.g., a UV light source such as a laser, arc lamp or the like, such that light may be provided to the chamber to detect the presence of species that absorb the low UV light. Illustrative configurations of low UV devices are described in more detail below in Examples 7 and 8 herein.
In other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect metal species at levels at least about five-times less, more particularly at least ten times less, than detection levels obtainable using non-boosted ICP-OES devices is disclosed. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the area of the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold, 10-fold or more. In certain examples using the RF boost devices disclosed herein, the emission region of OES devices increases by about 5-fold, 10-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. While in some examples the background signal may increase, the increase in background signal may be proportionately lower than the increase in emission signal intensity to provide lower detection levels. Such an increase in signal area may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of metals by at least about 5-fold, 10-fold or more. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use OES devices that include boost devices to detect metal species at levels of at least about 5-times less than non boosted ICP-OES devices.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect aluminum at a level of about 0.18 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of aluminum (about 0.9 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect aluminum at levels of about 0.11 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.09 μg/L, 0.045 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of arsenic (about 3.0-3.6 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect arsenic at levels of about 0.4 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.3 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect boron at a level of about 0.05 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of boron (about 0.25-1.0 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect boron levels of about 0.033 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.025 μg/L, 0.0125 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect beryllium at a level of about 0.003 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of beryllium (about 0.017-1.0 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect beryllium levels of about 0.002 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.0017 μg/L, 0.00085 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.014 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cadmium (about 0.07-0.1 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cadmium levels of about 0.009 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.007 μg/L, 0.0035 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect cobalt at a level of about 0.05 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cobalt (about 0.25 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cobalt levels of about 0.033 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.025 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect chromium at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of chromium (about 0.20-0.25 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect chromium levels of about 0.03 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect copper at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of copper (about 0.4-0.9 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device is configured to detect copper levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect iron at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of iron (about 0.2-0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect iron levels of about 0.027 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect manganese at a level of about 0.006 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of manganese (about 0.03-0.10 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect manganese levels of about 0.004 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.003 μg/L, 0.0015 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect molybdenum at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of molybdenum (about 0.40-2 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect molybdenum levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect nickel at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of nickel (about 0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect nickel levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect lead at a level of about 0.28 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of lead (about 1.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect lead levels of about 0.19 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.14 μg/L, 0.007 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect antimony at a level of about 0.4 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of antimony (about 2-4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect antimony levels of about 0.3 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.2 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect selenium at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of selenium (about 3-4.5 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect selenium levels of about 0.4 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.3 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect tantalum at a level of about 0.4 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of tantalum (about 2-3.5 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect tantalum levels of about 0.27 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.2 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect vanadium at a level of about 0.03 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of vanadium (about 0.15-0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect vanadium levels of about 0.02 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.015 μg/L, 0.0075 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect zinc at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of zinc (about 0.2 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect zinc levels of about 0.027 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation.
In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer including an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is provided. The spectrometer may be configured to increase the detection region, e.g., the region where optical emissions are monitored or the region where absorption takes place, by at least about 5-fold, more particularly at least about 10-fold. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the detection region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. The spectrometer may be used for optical emissions and absorptions, fluorescence, phosphorescence, scattering, and other suitable techniques and may be hyphenated with one or more additional devices or instruments. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to assemble suitable spectrometers that are configured to increase the detection region by at least about 5-fold.
In accordance with additional examples, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) that includes an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is disclosed. In certain examples the OES device includes a first chamber comprising the inductively coupled plasma and a second chamber with at least one boost device for exciting atoms or species. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, in a conventional OES device, the analyte may be diluted by at least about 20:1 with a carrier gas. This dilution results in lower sensitivity and/or requires the use of more concentrated samples to detect the species. The second chamber in certain OES devices may be configured to extract atomized and ionized species to avoid the dilution effect caused by the carrier gas. For example, the second chamber may include a suitable interface or manifold such that sample from the interior portion of the plasma plume in the first chamber may be drawn into the second chamber and the carrier gas and cooling gas circulating near the outer portions of the first chamber may be removed. This process may result in concentrating the sample in the second chamber. For example, the OES device may be configured such that sample introduced into the second chamber may be diluted by less than about 15:1 with carrier gas, more particularly by less than about 10:1 with carrier gas, e.g., the sample may be diluted by less than about 5:1 with carrier gas. Such concentrating of sample in the second chamber due to less dilution with carrier gas may provide increased emissions which may provide improved detection limits. For example, the sample may be at least about 2-4 times more concentrated in the second chamber than in the first chamber. In addition, the flame or primary plasma background signal may be removed from axial viewing by placing an optical stop or filter between the first and second chamber. This may result in further improvement of detection limits to at least about 5-fold lower than detection limits obtained using ICP-OES devices without second chambers including a boost device. The exact improvement in the detection limit will depend on numerous factors including the size of the orifice or port in the manifold or interface, the amount of sample drawn into the second chamber, the length of the second chamber, the number of boost devices used in the second chamber, etc. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure to select and design suitable ICP-OES devices including second chambers with boost devices.
In accordance with other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect aluminum at a level of about 0.7 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. This may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of aluminum (about 0.9 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect aluminum at levels of about 0.45 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.225 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 2.25 μg/L or less is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of arsenic (about 3.0-3.6 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect arsenic at levels of about 1.5 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.75 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect boron at a level of about 0.18 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of boron (about 0.25-1.0 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect boron levels of about 0.125 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.06 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect beryllium at a level of about 0.013 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of beryllium (about 0.017-1.0 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect beryllium levels of about 0.085 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.045 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.0525 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cadmium (about 0.07-0.1 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cadmium levels of about 0.035 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.0175 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect cobalt at a level of about 0.19 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cobalt (about 0.25 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cobalt levels of about 0.125 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.0625 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect chromium at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of chromium (about 0.20-0.25 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect chromium levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect copper at a level of about 0.30 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of copper (about 0.4-0.9 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect copper levels of about 0.20 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.1 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect iron at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of iron (about 0.2-0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect iron levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect manganese at a level of about 0.023 μg/L or less is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of manganese (about 0.03-0.10 μg/L) by at least 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device is configured to detect manganese levels of about 0.015 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.008 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect molybdenum at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of molybdenum (about 0.40-2 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect molybdenum levels of about 0.2 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.1 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect nickel at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of nickel (about 0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect nickel levels of about 0.20 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.10 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect lead at a level of about 1.0 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of lead (about 1.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect lead levels of about 0.014 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.7 μg/L, 0.35 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect antimony at a level of about 1.5 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of antimony (about 2-4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect antimony levels of about 1 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.5 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect selenium at a level of about 2.25 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of selenium (about 3-4.5 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect selenium levels of about 1.5 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.75 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect tantalum at a level of about 1.5 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of tantalum (about 2-3.5 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect tantalum levels of about 1.0 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.5 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect vanadium at a level of about 0.11 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of vanadium (about 0.15-0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect vanadium levels of about 0.075 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.038 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect zinc at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of zinc (about 0.2 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect zinc levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein.
In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer comprising an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is provided. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to substantially block the signal from the primary discharge so that the detection limit of the instrument may be improved, e.g., lowered, by at least about 3-fold or greater. In certain examples, the detection limit may be lowered by at least about 5-fold, 10-fold or more using the boost devices provided herein.
In accordance with certain examples, a welding device with a boost device is provided. The welding device typically includes a torch and a boost device surrounding at least some portion of the torch plume. The boost devices may be used in combination with torches for tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, plasma arc welding (PAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), laser welding, high frequency welding and other types of welding that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary plasma arc welder with boost device is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an additional configuration of a DC or AC arc welder is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, yet another configuration of a DC or AC arc welder is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an example of a device configured for use in soldering or brazing is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a plasma cutter including a boost device is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary plasma cutter with boost device is shown in
In accordance with yet an additional aspect, a vapor deposition device that includes a boost device is disclosed. The exact configuration of the vapor deposition device may take numerous forms and illustrative configurations may be found in vapor deposition devices commercially available from, for example, Veeco Instruments (Woodbury, N.Y.) and other vapor deposition device manufacturers. In certain examples, the vapor deposition device may be configured for atomic layer deposition (ALD), diamond like carbon deposition (DLC), ion beam deposition (IBD), physical vapor deposition, etc. In other examples, the vapor deposition device may be configured for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary vapor deposition device is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a sputtering device that includes a boost device is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary sputtering device is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a device for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) that includes a boost device is provided. The boost device may be used to increase the vaporization, sublimation, atomization of species such as gallium, aluminum, arsenic, arsenides, beryllium, silicon etc., for deposition onto surfaces, such as a GaAs wafer. For illustrative purposes only, an exemplary MBE device is shown in
In accordance with another aspect, a chemical reaction chamber is disclosed. An exemplary chemical reaction chamber is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a device for treatment of radioactive waste is disclosed. In certain examples, the device is configured to dispose of tritiated waste. For example, tritiated waste may be introduced into a chamber, such as chamber 3200 shown in
In accordance with certain examples, a light source is provided. An illustrative light source is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device that includes a microwave source or microwave oven is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary atomization device including a microwave source is shown in
In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may be adapted for use in plasma displays. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, plasma displays operate using noble gases and electrodes. Noble gases, such as xenon and neon, are contained within microstructures or cells positioned between at least two glass plates. On both sides of each microstructure or cell are long electrodes. A first set of electrodes, referred to as the address electrodes, are arranged to sit behind the microstructures along the rear or back glass plate and are arranged vertically on the display. Transparent glass electrodes are mounted on top of the microstructures along the front glass plate and are arranged horizontally on the display. The transparent glass electrodes typically are surrounded by a dielectric material and are covered with a protective layer, such as magnesium oxide, for example. The boost devices disclosed here may be adapted for use with plasma displays to enhance or increase ionization of the noble gases. For example, in a typical plasma display, the noble gas in a particular microstructure or cell is ionized by charging the electrodes that intersect at that microstructure. The electrodes are charged thousands or millions of times per second, charging each microstructure in turn. As intersecting electrodes are charged, a voltage differential is created between the electrodes such that an electric current flows through the noble gas in the microstructure. This current creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the noble gas atoms and/or ions to release ultraviolet photons. The ultraviolet photons in turn cause phosphors coated on the display to emit visible light. By varying the pulses of current flowing through the different microstructures, the intensity of each sub-pixel color may be increased or decreased to create hundreds of different combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the entire spectrum of colors may be produced. In certain examples, miniaturized boost devices may be included that surround a portion or all of each microstructure. For example, each microstructure in a plasma display may be surrounded with a boost device to increase the rate of ionization of the noble gases and/or to increase the efficiency at which the noble gases release ultraviolet photons. The boost from the boost device may be provided, e.g., in a continuous or pulsed mode, prior to, during or subsequent to charging of the electrodes. It may be desirable to provide RF shielding to each microstructure so that surrounding microstructures are not affected by RF supplied to any particular microstructure. Such shielding may be accomplished using suitable materials and devices, including, but not limited to, ground-planes and Faraday shields.
In accordance with certain other examples, the atomization devices disclosed here may be miniaturized such that portable devices are provided. In certain examples, a portable device may include an atomization source, e.g., a flame, and a boost device. In other examples, the portable device includes an atomization source, e.g., a flame, and a microwave source. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to miniaturize the devices disclosed here. In certain examples, the boost devices may be used with a microplasma in silicon, ceramics, or metal polymer arrays to provide miniaturized devices suitable for detection of chemical species or other applications. Exemplary microplasmas are described, for example, in Eden et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (7 Dec. 2003) 2869-2877 and Kikuchi et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (7 Jun. 2004) 1537-1534, and other microplasmas, such as those used to join fiber optical cables, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,118,618 and 5,024,725.
In accordance with certain examples, a single use atomization device is disclosed. The single use device includes an atomization device, a boost device and a detector. The single use device may be configured with enough fuel or power to provide for a single analysis of a sample. For example, a water sample may be introduced into the device for measuring chemical species, such as lead. The device includes a suitable amount of fuel or power to vaporize, atomize and/or ionize the water sample and may include suitable electronics and power sources for detection of the lead in the water sample. For example, the single use device may include a battery or fuel cell to provide sufficient power to a detector to measure the amount of light emitted from excited lead atoms and to provide sufficient power to the boost device. The device may display the reading on an LCD screen or other suitable display to provide an indication of the lead levels. In some examples, it may be desirable to provide sufficient fuel for two or three sample readings so that the levels provided in an initial reading may be confirmed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable single use atomization devices using the boost devices disclosed here.
In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing atomization of species using a boost device is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device. The atomization device may include, for example, a device disclosed herein and other suitable atomization devices, e.g., with boost devices that will be designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. As sample is injected into the atomization device, the sample may be desolvated, atomized and/or excited by the energy from the atomization device. Depending on the nature of the atomization device, a large amount of energy may be used in the desolvation process, leaving less energy for atomization. To enhance atomization, one or more boost devices may provide radio frequencies to provide additional energy for atomization. The boost device may be operated using various powers, e.g., from about 1 Watt to about 10,000 Watts, and various radio frequencies, e.g. from about 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. The boost device may be pulsed or operated in a continuous mode. In certain examples, the boost device may be used to provide additional energy for atomization to increase the number of species available for excitation. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance atomization of species.
In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing excitation of species using a boost device is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. Without wishing to be bound by any scientific theory, as sample is injected into the atomization device, the sample may be desolvated, atomized and/or excited by the energy from the atomization device. Depending on the nature of the atomization device, a large amount of energy may be used in the desolvation process, leaving less energy for atomization and excitation. To enhance excitation, one or more boost devices may supply radio frequencies to provide additional energy. The boost device may be operated using various powers, e.g. from about 1 Watt to about 10,000 Watts, and various radio frequencies, e.g. from 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. The boost device may be pulsed or operated in a continuous mode. In certain examples, the boost device may be used to provide additional energy for excitation to provide a more intense optical emission signal, which may improve detection limits. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance excitation of species.
In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing detection of chemical species is provided. In certain examples, the method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. Radio frequencies may be provided using a boost device to increase signal intensity or to increase path length of a detectable signal. Such an increase in intensity and/or path length may improve detection limits so that lesser amounts of sample may be used or such that lower concentration levels may be detected. Radio frequencies may be provided at various powers, e.g. about 1 Watts to about 10,000 Watts, and various frequencies, for example, about 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance detection of species.
In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting arsenic at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising arsenic into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes arsenic at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies may be provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including arsenic at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of arsenic levels below 0.6 μg/L.
In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting cadmium at levels below about 0.014 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising cadmium into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes cadmium at levels less than about 0.014 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies may be provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including cadmium at a level of about 0.007 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of cadmium levels below 0.014 μg/L.
In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting selenium at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes selenium at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies are provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including selenium at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of selenium levels below about 0.6 μg/L.
In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting lead at levels below about 0.28 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising lead into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes lead at levels less than about 0.28 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies are provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including lead at a level of about 0.14 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of lead levels below about 0.28 μg/L.
In accordance with another method aspect, a method of separating and analyzing a sample comprising two or more species is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into a separation device. The separation device may be any of the separation devices disclosed herein, e.g., gas chromatographs, liquid chromatographs, etc., and other suitable separation devices and techniques that may provide separation, e.g., baseline separation, of two or more species in a sample. The species may be eluted from the separation device into an atomization device. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. In certain examples, the atomization device may be configured to desolvate, atomize and/or excite the eluted species. The eluted species may be detected using any one or more of the detection methods and techniques disclosed herein, e.g., optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, etc., and additional detection methods that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure.
Certain specific examples are described below to illustrate further a few of the many applications of the boost devices disclosed herein.
Certain specific examples that were performed with the hardware of this example are discussed below in Examples 3 and 4. Any hardware that was specific to any given example is discussed in more detail in that example.
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A side vacuum port 4792 was connected with 20 feet of ¼″ ID BEV-A-LINE tubing to either small 12V DC Sensidyne vacuum pump 4910 (part number C120CNSNF60PC1 and commercially available from Sensidyne in Clearwater, Fla.) and Brooks 0-40SCFH air flow meter 4912 with needle valve as shown in
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Yttrium emission from the plasma of
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In operation, the primary plasma formed in the boost region of the torch (high impedance region). By applying a continuous ignition arc, the plasma moved into the region of the primary two-turn induction coil 9620 (low impedance region). Once the plasma transitioned into the low impedance region of the two-turn coil, the continuous ignition arc was removed. After removal of the ignition arc, the plasma remained and operated stably in the two-turn load coil region, and power from the boost coil added additional excitation energy to the sample emission region of the plasma (see
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When introducing elements of the examples disclosed herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including” and “having” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that various components of the examples may be interchanged or substituted with various components in other examples. Should the meaning of the terms of any of the patents or publications incorporated herein by reference conflict with the meaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meaning of the terms in this disclosure are intended to be controlling.
Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been described above, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions, modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects, examples and embodiments are possible.
This application claims the benefit of, and is a continuation application of, U.S. Ser. No. 11/156,274 filed on Jun. 17, 2005.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 12819449 | US |
