Dewatered CMP polishing compostions and methods for using same

Abstract

A dry solids composition is provided which may be reconstituted into a chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising no abrasive particles.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Polishing formulations for the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of integrated circuit wafers, as well as polishing compounds for high technology optical components typically consist of an aqueous dispersion of solids (the abrasives) combined with a variety of chemical constituents. Such commercial materials typically are sold in several parts, one containing the abrasive component in a concentrated form and the other part containing the chemical component(s) in a concentrated form. As the technology of CMP polishing has become more critical, complex chemical and abrasive systems have been developed. These aqueous formulations must exhibit long shelf life, and good stability so that the materials do not change while in storage, thus becoming useless for their intended purpose. For example, if a dispersion of solids is stored and the solids settle in the container to a hard or difficult to mix sediment, the dispersion is no longer readily usable by the customer.

[0003] Many attempts to make one component systems in which the chemical as well as the abrasive components are mixed in one liquid system have proven problematic. The problems occur because the presence of the chemical constituents is rarely conducive to forming stable solid dispersions, consequently the solids settle to the bottom of the container and require subsequent redispersion prior to use. This presents many problems to the end user. If the solids have settled into a difficult to redisperse sludge, the chances of utilizing all of the settled material are not good because it will stick to the container. Furthermore, shaking or stirring a large container such as a drum or tote is impractical.

[0004] The ideal concept would be to make a slurry exactly as the final end user would use it, and then “freeze it in time” so that it will be exactly as the end user wants it, three or even six months after the slurry is made. Since the main reason for instability is due to the aqueous dispersions that these slurries are sold as, it would be reasonable to assume that if one could eliminate the “aqueous” part of the system, the stability issues for both the chemical and abrasive constituents would be minimized.

[0005] More recently CMP polishing systems are being developed wherein the abrasives are contained in a polishing pad and are not contained in the liquid polishing composition provided at the polishing interface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] A dry solids composition comprised of a chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising chemicals useful for CMP is provided which has had substantially all water removed therefrom and which may be reconstituted into a chemical-mechanical polishing compositon ready for use.

[0007] A method for chemical-mechanical polishing is provided comprising the steps of:

[0008] a) providing a polishing pad;

[0009] b) introducing a polishing composition between said pad and a workpiece;

[0010] c) producing relative motion between said pad and said workpiece; wherein said polishing composition has been reconstituted from a dry solids composition comprised of a chemical-mechanical polishing composition which has had substantially all water removed therefrom.

[0011] The polishing pads used in this method may comprise abrasive particles.

[0012] The dry solids composition of this invention may comprise an oxidizing agent, a complexing agent, a surface passivating agent, a surfactant, a dispersant, or any other type of compound used in compositions for chemical-mechanical polishing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a typical spray dryer.

[0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic of a typical slurry reconstitution.

[0015] FIG. 3 is a comparison of particle size distribution for three slurries of Example 1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] This invention provides a means of preserving the exact abrasive and chemical ratios without the destabilizing and aging effects of aqueous dispersions. The abrasive and chemicals are mixed together as if they were being prepared for the end user's immediate use, or they are prepared as a concentrate with the ratios of the components being all related by a common multiple. Immediately after the polishing slurry is manufactured, it is dewatered by spray drying, freeze drying, or any number of drying or dewatering methods that exist. The resulting dried material, usually in the form of a flowable powder, can be packaged in conventional bags and stored indefinitely without degradation.

[0017] In the present invention, where the abrasive particles are in the polishing pad or where there are no abrasive particles in the polishing system, the polishing composition comprises only chemicals and does not comprise abrasive particles. The following examples describe the preparation and dewatering of polishing compositions comprising abrasive particles and chemicals. The same processes can be used in the preparation of dry solids compositions for reconstitution into polishing compositions comprising no abrasive particles.

[0018] A further advantage brought about by this invention is that the weight of the product is reduced by as much as 70%-80%, which is a considerable cost savings when one considers shipment of liquid, aqueous slurry worldwide.

[0019] When the slurry is ready to be used, the end user may reconstitute the dried material by adding the required amount of water and dispersing with a high shear disperser. The resulting slurry is filtered and is ready for use in the CMP polishing operation. The slurry could also be monitored before being used for pH and other properties which could be appropriately adjusted.

[0020] When providing a single serving of slurry (for the polishing of a given number of workpieces or one polishing cycle), one could mix the next batch of slurry while the initial batch of slurry is being used for polishing. Preferably the mixing units are self-cleaned between batches because successive batches of slurry may have different compositions. Preferably the mixing units are of materials which will not contaminate slurries.

[0021] The resulting polishing slurry does not acquire unwanted aggregates as one would expect. This is thought to be due to the complete and thorough dispersed state that the slurry is brought to just prior to drying. As the colloidially dispersed mixture of components dries, the abrasive grains are surrounded by the uniform presence of the drying dissolved salts, which in effect protect the abrasive particles from agglomerating with each other. As the salts are solvated during the reconstitution process, the abrasive particles are released in essentially the same state they existed prior to being dried.

[0022] Typical submicron abrasives used in chemical-mechanical polishing slurries are oxides such as alumina, silica, ceria, titania, germania, zirconia, and the like. Generally abrasive particles are used in slurries for CMP at about 1% to about 15% by weight. Preferred are alumina, silica, ceria, titania, or mixtures thereof at about 3% to 10% by weight.

[0023] Types of chemicals useful in CMP operations are oxidizing agents, chemical etchants, dispersing agents, surfactants, complexing agents, silica rate suppressing agents, passivating agents, silica protecting agents, buffers, and inhibitors, all of which may be present in the dried slurries of the present invention.

[0024] Commonly hydroxides, such as potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide, and amines have been used as dispersing agents for CMP slurry abrasives. It has been found that a class of compounds known as amino alcohols may also be useful.

[0025] An oxidizing agent is usually a component of a chemical-mechanical polishing slurry to oxidize a metal layer to its corresponding oxide, such as oxidizing tungsten to tungsten oxide. The layer is mechanically polished to remove the tungsten oxide from the layer. Although a wide rnage of oxidizing components may be used, preferred components include oxidizing metal salts, oxidizing metal complexes, iron salts such as nitrates, sulfates, EDTA, citrates, potassium ferricyanide and the like, aluminum salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, persulfates, iodates, and mixtures thereof. Typically, the oxidizing component is present in the slurry in an amount sufficient to ensure rapid oxidation of a metal layer while balancing the mechanical and chemical polishing components of the slurry. Oxidizing agents are typically present in a chemical-mechanical slurry from about 0.5% to 15% by weight, and preferably in a range from about 1% to 7% by weight.

[0026] Compositions of this invention may optionally further comprise compounds which act as complexing agents or chelating agents for SiO2. These are described in great detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,258 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,606. These compounds must have at least two acid groups present in the structure which can affect complexation to the silica. Acid species are defined as those functional groups having a dissociable proton. These include, but are not limited to, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfo and phospho groups. Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are preferred as these are present in the widest variety of effective species. Particularly effective are structures which possess two or more carboxyl groups with hydroxyl groups in an alpha position, such as straight chain mono- and di-carboxylic acids and salts including, for example, malic acid and malates, tartaric acid and tartarates and gluconic acid and gluconates. Also effective are tri- and polycarboxylic acids and salts with secondary or tertiary hydroxyl groups in an alpha position relative to a carboxyl group such as citric acid and citrates. Also effective are compounds containing a benzene ring such as ortho di- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids and acid salts, phthalic acid and acid salts, pyrocatecol, pyrogallol, gallic acid and gallates and tannic acid and tannates. These complexing agents may be used in slurries for CMP at about 0.1% to about 7% by weight. Preferably they are used at about 2% to about 4% by weight.

[0027] In addition the slurry composition may include a chemical etchant which is substantially free of metal ions. Typical etchants include persulfate salts, nitrate salts, sulfate salts, phosphate salts, citrate salts, oxalate salts, mixtures thereof, and the like. Preferably, the etchant is a non-metallic persulfate salt such as ammonium persulfate. The etchant facilitates the solubilization of the metal where the chemical mechanical polishing is taking place, thus allowing the metal to be dissolved in the aqueous dispersion. These chemicals are generally found in CMP slurries at about 1% to 10% by weight. Preferably they are used at about 2% to 7% by weight.

[0028] Often a chemical-mechanical polishing slurry will comprise a corrosion inhibitor which is substantially free of metal ions. Suitable corrosion inhibitors include benzotriazole (BTA), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and other corrosion inhibitors typically used with metals such as copper which do not adversely affect the properties of the slurry. Typically corrosion inhibitors are present in chemical-mechanical polishing slurries at less than about 1% by weight. Preferably they are present in the range from about 0.05% to 0.6% by weight.

[0029] The first step in preparing dried slurry materials is to determine the exact ratio of all of the components in a polishing slurry as they exist at the time of use. Let us assume that the slurry we wish to reconstitute is a 5% solid abrasive and 7% chemical constituents, and that there are two chemical constituents. The total composition of a ready to use formulation may look similar to the following example:

Solid Abrasive 5%
Chemical A     3%
Chemical B     4%
Water          88%

[0030] After the water has been removed, the solids and dissolved solids will be left in the ratio of 5/3/4. In spray drying it is generally good to have the highest solids content possible, to reduce the amount of water that has to be evaporated, thus reducing the cost and increasing the throughput. Thus, when making a concentrate for drying, one should use the constituents in the ratio of 5/3/4 times some factor. This factor is typically determined by a solubility limit of one of the components, or a maximum solids loading limitation. Let us assume that Chemical B is only soluble to the maximum extent of 10%, then in order to make a completely homogeneous dispersion where all of the chemical components are dissolved, the maximum concentration factor would be 10%/4% or 2.5. Thus, the concentration of the components of the pre-dried slurry is determined by multiplying each component except the water by the factor 2.5. The final concentration for the drying slurry is:

	Solid Abrasive	2.5 × 5 =	12.5%
	Chemical A	2.5 × 3 =	7.5%
	Chemical B	2.5 × 4 =	10.0%
	Water	Balance	70.0%

[0031] This formulation when dried will yield a dried material with the three active constituents having the ratio of 5/3/4 as in the ready to use slurry but by concentrating the spray dryer starting material, the spray drying operation is more efficient.

[0032] The drying technique can be one of many including spray drying, freeze drying, flash drying, vacuum drying, heated pan or conveyor drying, etc. The preferred one chosen for this invention is spray drying because it offers the most easily controlled final product with respect to particle size, % moisture, and reproducibility of product.

[0033] A spray dryer utilizes the combination of hot air circulating in a large tank into which a solid/liquid slurry is sprayed, either by rotary atomization or high pressure aspiration, into the heated air wherein the water content is almost immediately removed and a water-free solid particle is formed. As the particle progresses further in the air stream, the particle is further dried until it reaches its exit point in the chamber and is captured by a cyclone or collection container. A schematic of a typical spray dryer is shown in FIG. 1. In many dryers the coarser material is captured in a product collection container and the fines are collected in a cyclone separator. In the case of this invention, both collection methods are satisfactory as the size of the dried particle is not an issue.

[0034] The dried product is then transported to a storage hopper wherein enough spray dried material is collected to make a full lot. The collected product is then dry blended in a large double cone blender, or similar type, so that the dried powder lot is completely homogeneous. By blending a large lot dry, the size of the individual blended lot can be much larger than its liquid equivalent because the weight and volume of the water has been removed from the concentrate. A large homogeneous lot size is particularly important for the semiconductor industry industry, where each new lot of material must be checked prior to use.

[0035] After blending, the powder is packaged in any suitable type of container, such as a plastic lined fiber drum, or a plastic lined paper bag. It is desirable for the container size to be equivalent to the amount of dried material that is likely to be used in each polishing campaign after reconstitution.

[0036] Reconstitution of the dried material may be carried out in a mixing unit as shown in FIG. 2. The equipment consists of a suitable means of introducing the measured amount of water and the powdered slurry. The mixer is a high speed rotor stator design capable of providing very high shear. After the reconstituted product has been mixed adequately (generally determined by how much energy per gallon has been expended on the product) the product is pumped from the reconstituting equipment through a sub-micron filter system and into a day tank. From the day tank, the product is recirculated and used by the end user in his polishing application.

[0037] It is in this last operation that the novelty and benefit of this invention is demonstrated. If the slurry is a two component system, the component containing the solids typically must be premixed to redistribute the solids in the container prior to dispensing into the day tank. If this is not done, the correct % solids in the final mixture will be incorrect. Similarly, the second component should be pre-mixed to homogenize the solution prior to adding to the day tank. Both of these components generally require some type of metering, either by weight or volume, in addition to the metering of water in some concentrated systems. This mixture must then be filtered to remove any contamination from the operation.

[0038] In the case of this invention, no pre-mixing is required, because no settling or stability issues are involved. The powder is merely weighed (or pre-weighed for each size day tank), poured or educted into a tank containing the correct volume of water, and mixed. Upon completion of mixing, the final product is pumped through a filter to the day tank. In some cases, the day tank could be utilized as the mixing and dispersing vessel.

EXAMPLE 1

[0039] A slurry formulated for polishing copper in integrated circuit applications, Met410, was used as one example of this invention. This slurry typically has a very short shelf life as a one component slurry, and only a short (several weeks) as a two component slurry because several of the components react with one another. Another component is light sensitive in the liquid form. The drying of this slurry is further complicated by the fact that several of the salts are ammonia salts and easily decomposed by heat.

[0040] The Met410 slurry was prepared as a 2×concentrate to facilitate the spray drying operation. This represents a slurry that is twice as concentrated in each of the solids and dissolved solids as a slurry normally used for polishing. The ingredients of this predrying slurry were as follows:

Phosphoric acid:            11.2%
Ammonium Phosphate          8.5%
Ammonium persulfate:        8.5%
Organic corrosion inhibitor 0.3%
Titanium dioxide            9.9%
D.I. water                  Balance

[0041] The ingredients were mixed together and dispersed with a Hill rotor stator mixer until the temperature rise in the tank reached 10 degrees Celcius.

[0042] Within three days a portion of this material was spray dried in an APV Laboratory Spray Dryer having an electric air heater, a rotary atomizer, and a peristaltic feed pump with variable speed motor. See FIG. 1. The dried powder was collected from the bottom of the dryer as well as the cyclone separator. The atomizer was adjusted to prevent product from sticking on the walls of the dryer, and the inlet air temperature and feed rate were adjusted to obtain an outlet air temp of 80-85 degrees Celcius. The powder was sealed in a plastic bag awaiting further processing. The remaining slurry was stored in a closed container as a liquid awaiting further testing. The details of this spray drying test are listed in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1
	Inlet	Outlet	Feed Rate	Atomizer
Test	Temp. (° C.)	Temp. (° C.)	(mL/min)	speed (rpm)
I	250-260	80-85	130	49000
II	180-185	80-85	65	41000

[0043] The two tests denote two different inlet temperatures at which the dryer was operated to determine if inlet temperature had an effect on the decomposition of volatile or heat sensitive components.

[0044] Another means of monitoring the usefulness of this invention is in the analytical determination of the primary active ingredient in the slurry, the ammonium persulfate. This component is both sensitive to heat and to light in the aqueous state. The two dried slurries and the concentrate from which they came were analyzed one week after the spray drying was performed. The results are shown in Table 2 below. All concentrations were made in the ready to use concentration.

[0045] From Table 2 it can be seen that the spray drying preserves the efficacy of the least stable chemical component. Even within ten days of its manufacture, the strength of the oxidizing component, ammonium persulfate, was decreasing within the single part slurry concentrate.

TABLE 2
			median particle	mean particle
Slurry	% persulfate	pH	size	size
Reconstituted test	4.34	2.3	0.178	0.233
I
Diluted liquid con-	4.17	2.3	0.177	0.225
Centrate, 10 d. old
Reconstituted test	4.33	2.3	0.178	0.227
II

[0046] It can be seen from the data in Table 2 that the persulfate concentration did not change with increased inlet temperature and remained exactly as it was intended in the original composition. The particle size of the two dried materials came back to exactly what they had been before the drying operation. The graphical depiction of the comparison of particle size distributions of the predrying concentrate, and the two reconstituted test slurries is shown in FIG. 3. The three materials are so close that the three distributions appear to be one.

[0047] Six weeks after spray drying, polishing tests were performed on the pre-drying slurry concentrate and the dried slurry sample Test I of the Met410 slurry. The final concentrations of these slurries were adjusted to the following levels:

Phosphoric acid:            5.6%
Ammonium Phosphate          4.3%
Ammonium persulfate:        4.3%
Organic corrosion inhibitor 0.15%
Titanium dioxide            4.9%
D.I. water                  Balance

[0048] The spray dried slurry was measured out to obtain the above concentration and dispersed in a Hill rotor stator mixer to a delta T of 10 degrees Celcius. The residual six week old concentrated slurry was diluted approximately 1 part concentrate to 1 part water to get the exact concentration noted above and mixed with a propeller mixer. All slurries were filtered through a 1 micron bag filter.

[0049] Six inch diameter copper film wafers were polished with each of the three slurries using a Strasbaugh 6EC Wafer Polisher at identical polishing parameters. Also polished were silicon dioxide film wafers to establish the relative polishing rate between copper and silicon dioxide known as the oxide selectivity. The results of these tests are shown in Table 3. The polishing rates are listed in Angstroms per minute (A/m):

TABLE 3
Slurry Origin	Copper Removal Rate	Selectivity to Oxide
Predrying concentrate,	2200 A/min	26:1 Cu:Oxide rate
diluted to use conc.
Spray dried	7049 A/min	63:1 Cu:Oxide rate
reconstituted slurry # I

[0050] Typical removal rates for Met410 slurry are 6000 to 7000 A/min. The six week old concentrate had deteriorated considerably during that time as a one component mixture. The spray dried material had preserved the characteristics of the commercial two part slurry.

EXAMPLE 2

[0051] The second spray dried material known as Test II above was tested in a copper wafer polishing comparison nine weeks after it was dried. The test was run as a comparison of the reconstituted Test II material and a freshly mixed Met410 slurry. The polishing was performed in essentially the same manner as before. The concentrations of the two slurries were made up to the end use concentration shown above. Results of the polishing tests are shown in Table 4 below:

TABLE 4
Slurry Origin	Copper Removal Rate	Selectivity to Oxide
Fresh Met410 slurry	6100 A/min	36:1 Cu:Oxide rate
Spray dried	6600 A/min	66:1 Cu:Oxide rate
reconstituted slurry # II

[0052] The surface finish of these wafers were also studied. There appeared to be no noticeable difference in surface scratching between the two slurries.

EXAMPLE 3

[0053] A concentrate identical to the pre-drying concentrate of examples 1 and 2 was prepared in the same manner in preparation for another spray dryer test.

[0054] Within three days a portion of this material was spray dried in an Niro Production Minor Spray Dryer having an electric air heater, a rotary atomizer, and a Moyno feed pump with a variable speed motor. All of the dried powder was collected from the cyclone separator. The atomizer was adjusted to prevent product from sticking on the walls of the dryer, and the inlet air temperature and feed rate were adjusted to obtain an outlet air temp of 100 degrees Celcius. The powder was sealed in a plastic bag awaiting further processing. The remaining slurry was stored in a closed container as a liquid awaiting further testing.

[0055] Several weeks later polishing tests were performed on the pre-drying concentrate slurry of example 3 and dried slurry samples as well as a commercial two part version of the Met410 slurry. The final concentrations of all three slurries were adjusted to the following levels:

Phosphoric acid:            5.6%
Ammonium Phosphate          4.3%
Ammonium persulfate:        4.3%
Organic corrosion inhibitor 0.15%
Titanium dioxide            4.9%
D.I. water                  Balance

[0056] The spray dried slurry was measured out to obtain the above concentration and dispersed in a Hill rotor stator mixer to a delta T of 10 degrees Celcius. The residual concentrated slurry from the spray drying tests was diluted approximately 1 part concentrate to 1 part water to get the exact concentration noted above and mixed with a propeller mixer. The commercial slurry was made by mixing Part A and Part B together (to obtain the above concentrations) and mixing with a propeller mixer. All slurries were filtered through a 1 micron bag filter.

[0057] Six inch diameter copper film wafers were polished with each of the three slurries using a Strasbaugh 6EC Wafer Polisher at identical polishing parameters. The results of these tests are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5
Slurry Origin                    Copper Removal Rate
Fresh Met410 slurry              6960 A/min
Spray dried reconstituted slurry 6333 A/min
from Niro Tests
Predrying concentrate, diluted to 4994 A/min
use concentration (2 wks old)

[0058] Microscopic examination of these test wafers showed that the surface condition of the freshly made commercial slurry was better than the spray dried and reconstituted slurry in this case. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown.

EXAMPLE 4

[0059] A Niro Mobile Minor Type H spray dryer was used in this example. This dryer was operated in a similar manner to the other examples. The polishing slurry in this example is used for polishing tungsten. The proprietary slurry s a ready to use formulation had the following constituents:

Carboxylic acid      3%
Carboxylic acid salt 0.3%
Oxidizing component  6%
Abrasive             9%
D.I. Water           Balance

[0060] A concentrate of this slurry was prepared for spray drying by doubling the concentrations of the chemical and abrasive components. The concentrate was then spray dried at several outlet temperature values to determine the degradation, if any, of the carboxylic acid components. The outlet temperature was varied by changing the feed rate of the concentrate and leaving all other parameters constant.

[0061] The dry flowable powders were reconstituted to the ready to use slurry composition shown above, and used to polish tungsten film wafers and thermal oxide film wafers. A portion of the original concentrate used to make the powders was also diluted to the ready-to-use concentration and used as the baseline. Table 6 below shows the results of the spray drying and polishing tests:

	TABLE 6
	Tungsten rate	Selectivity to ox.
	Diluted concentrate from	2344 A/min	416:1
	spray drying run
	Freshly made slurry	2177 A/min	386:1
	Reconstituted spray dried	2328 A/min	346:1
	powder

[0062] Microscopic examination of the surfaces of the oxide film wafers after polishing showed no difference in scratching between any of the test wafers.

[0063] Although the examples above report the use of this invention with chemical mechanical polishing slurries for integrated surface applications, the value of this invention in other types of polishing formulations is obvious also. For example, many polishing compounds containing abrasives and chemicals, added to provide enhanced removal rates or special surface conditions, could be dried in a similar manner and reconstituted at the point of use. Abrasive slurries such as this are used for polishing specialty optics, for polishes involving semiconductor substrates such as silicon and gallium arsenide, for plastic eyeglass and contact lenses and other similar technologies.

Claims

1. A method for chemical-mechanical polishing for polishing a workpiece comprising the steps of: providing a polishing pad; introducing a polishing composition between the pad and the workpiece; producing relative motion between the polishing pad and the workpiece; wherein the polishing composition comprises reconstituted dry solids composition.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reconstituted dry solids composition comprises an oxidizing agent and a complexing agent.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the reconstituted dry solids composition further comprises a chemical etchant.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the reconstituted dry solids composition further comprises a surfactant.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the reconstituted dry solids composition further comprises a corrosion inhibitor.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein introducing a polishing composition comprises: providing the chemical components of said polishing composition; mixing said chemical components to form an aqueous composition; drying said aqueous composition to form a dry solids composition; and reconstituting said polishing composition from said dry solids composition.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein drying said aqueous composition comprises spray drying.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein providing the chemical components of said polishing composition comprises: determining a concentration by weight of chemical components of the polishing slurry exclusive of water; comparing the solid solubility of the chemical components and identifying a selected chemical component having a solid solubility that is less than any remaining chemical component; computing a multiplication factor for the selected chemical component by ratioing the solid solubility of the selected chemical component to the concentration by weight of the selected chemical component; and multiplying the concentration by weight of each chemical component by the multiplication factor to obtain a final weight for each chemical component.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein introducing a polishing composition comprising reconstituted dry solids comprises mixing the dry solids with a predetermined amount of water.