Patent Application
20180090614
The present application relates to semiconductor device fabrication, and more particularly to fabrication of fully-depleted metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFETs) with U-shaped channels.
Short channel effects in bulk MOSFETs occur when the channel length is on the same order of magnitude as the combined depletion widths of the source region and the drain region (collectively referred to herein source/drain regions). Short channel effects can undesirably impact device characteristics, such as shifting the threshold voltage.
Fully-depleted MOSFETs fabricated on ultrathin semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) layers have received significant attention due to better short channel behavior. Fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with U-shaped channels have been developed to allow continued device scaling while minimizing the impact of short channel effects. A challenge in fabricating fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with U-shaped channels is the undesired dopant diffusion from each source/drain region into the underlying SOI layer. Therefore, there is need for minimizing the undesired dopant diffusion in fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with U-shaped channels.
The present application provides a structure capable of effectively preventing dopant diffusion from source/drain regions into an underlying SOI layer of fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs with U-shaped channels. The undesired dopant diffusion can be avoided by inserting a dopant diffusion barrier layer between the SOI layer and a doped extension layer from which the source/drain extension regions are derived.
In one aspect of the present application, a semiconductor structure is provided. The semiconductor structure includes a functional gate stack extending partially into a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) layer of an SOI substrate and surrounded by an upper portion of the SOI layer. Source/drain regions are located on opposite sides of the functional gate stack. The source/drain regions include dopant diffusion barrier portions contacting top surfaces of portions of the SOI layer that are not covered by the functional gate stack.
In another aspect of the present application, a method of forming a semiconductor structure is provided. The method includes first forming a dopant diffusion barrier layer over a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) layer of an SOI substrate. A doped extension layer is then formed over the dopant diffusion barrier layer. Next, a sacrificial gate structure is formed over a portion of the doped extension layer. The sacrificial gate structure includes a sacrificial gate stack and a gate spacer present on sidewalls of the sacrificial gate stack. After forming raised source/drain regions over portions of the doped extension layer that are not cover by the sacrificial gate structure, an interlevel dielectric (ILD) layer is formed over the raised source/drain regions to laterally surround the sacrificial gate structure. The sacrificial gate stack is subsequently removed to form a gate cavity. Next, portions of the doped extension layer, the dopant diffusion barrier layer and the SOI layer are removed to provide an opening underneath the gate cavity. The opening extends through the doped extension layer and the dopant diffusion barrier layer and partially into the SOI layer to expose a recessed surface of the SOI layer at a bottom of the opening. Subsequently a functional gate stack is formed in the gate cavity and the opening.
The present application will now be described in greater detail by referring to the following discussion and drawings that accompany the present application. It is noted that the drawings of the present application are provided for illustrative purposes only and, as such, the drawings are not drawn to scale. It is also noted that like and corresponding elements are referred to by like reference numerals.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as particular structures, components, materials, dimensions, processing steps and techniques, in order to provide an understanding of the various embodiments of the present application. However, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the various embodiments of the present application may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures or processing steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present application.
Referring to
In one embodiment and as shown in
The handle substrate 12 can include a semiconductor material such as, for example, Si, Ge, SiGe, SiC, SiGeC or an III-V compound semiconductor such as, for example, InAs, GaAs or InP. The handle substrate 12 provides mechanical support to the buried insulator layer 14 and the SOI layer 16. The thickness of the handle substrate 12 can be from 30 μm to about 2 mm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The buried insulator layer 14 can include a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, boron nitride or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the buried insulator layer 14 may be formed by a deposition process, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physically vapor deposition (PVD). In another embodiment, the buried insulator layer 14 may be formed using a thermal growth process, such as thermal oxidation, to convert a surface portion of the handle substrate 12 into the buried insulator layer 14. The thickness of the buried insulator layer 14 can be from 15 nm to 200 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The SOI layer 16 can include a semiconductor material such as, for example, Si, Ge, SiGe, SiC, SiGeC, and an III-V compound semiconductor such as, for example, InAs, GaAs or InP. The semiconductor materials of the SOI layer 16 and the handle substrate 12 may be the same or different. Typically, each of the handle substrate 12 and the SOI layer 16 comprises a single crystalline semiconductor material, such as, for example, single crystalline silicon. In one embodiment, the SOI layer 16 can be intrinsic (i.e., undoped). In another embodiment, the SOI layer can contain dopants of a first conductivity type that can be p-type or n-type. The term “p-type” refers to the addition of impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor that creates deficiencies of valence electrons. Examples of p-type dopants, i.e., impurities, include, but are not limited to, boron, aluminum, gallium and indium. The term “n-type” refers to the addition of impurities that contributes free electrons to an intrinsic semiconductor. Examples of n-type dopants, i.e., impurities, include, but are not limited to, antimony, arsenic and phosphorous. If doped, the dopant concentration in the SOI layer 16 is less than 1×1018 atoms/cm3.
The SOI layer 16 can be formed by any suitable technique. In one embodiment, the SOI layer 16 can be formed using a smart cut process where two semiconductor wafers are bonded together with an insulator in between. The SOI layer 16 can be thinned to a desired thickness by planarization, grinding, wet etch, dry etch, oxidation followed by oxide etch, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the SOI layer 16 is an extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) layer with a thickness ranging from 8 nm to 20 nm.
The dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 that is formed on the top surface of the SOI layer 16 blocks diffusion of dopants from the doped extension layer 30 into the SOI layer 16 in downstream fabrication processes. The dopant diffusion barrier layer 30 may include a carbon doped semiconductor material. In one embodiment, the dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 is composed of carbon doped silicon (Si:C). The carbon concentration in the Si:C can be from 0.1% to 2% in atomic concentration. The dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 can be formed utilizing an epitaxial growth process such as, for example, ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), limited reaction processing CVD (LRPCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Epitaxial materials may be grown from gaseous or liquid precursors using vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE), molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) or other suitable process. The term “epitaxial growth and/or deposition” means the growth of a semiconductor material on a deposition surface of a semiconductor material, in which the semiconductor material being grown has the same (or nearly the same) crystalline characteristics as the semiconductor material of the deposition surface. The dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 thus has a same crystal orientation as that of the underlying SOI layer 16 (i.e., epitaxially aligned with the SOI layer 16). In one embodiment and when the SOI layer 16 includes single crystalline Si, the dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 can include single crystalline Si:C. The thickness of the dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 can be from 2 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The doped extension layer 30 from which a source extension region and a drain extension region (collectively referred to as source/drain extension regions) of a FET are derived can include a doped semiconductor material containing dopants of a second conductor type which is opposite to the first conductivity type if the SOI layer 16 is doped. For example, if the first conductivity type is p-type, the second conductivity type is n-type, and vice versa. The semiconductor material that can be employed in the present application as the doped extension layer 30 includes, but not limited to Si, SiGe, Ge and a compound semiconductor material such as, for example, InGaAs. In one embodiment, the doped extension layer 30 is composed of boron doped SiGe for a p-type FET. In another embodiment, the doped extension layer 30 is composed of phosphorus doped Si for an n-type FET.
The doped extension layer 30 can be formed utilizing an epitaxial growth process such as, for example, UHVCVD, RTCVD, MOCVD, LPCVD, LRPCVD or MBE. Epitaxial materials may be grown from gaseous or liquid precursors using VPE, MBE, LPE or other suitable process. The doped extension layer 30 has a same crystalline orientation as that of the underlying dopant diffusion barrier layer 20. The thickness of the doped extension layer 30 can be from 3 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The doped extension layer 30 can be doped in-situ during the epitaxial growth process. The dopant concentration in the doped extension layer 30 is typically greater than 1×1020 atoms/cm3. The doped extension layer 30 and the diffusion barrier layer 20 can be grown in two separate processes. Alternatively, they can be grown sequentially by an integrated epitaxy process.
Referring to
The sacrificial gate stack (32, 34, 36) can be formed by first providing a material stack (not shown) that includes, from bottom to top, a sacrificial gate dielectric layer, a sacrificial gate conductor layer and a sacrificial gate cap layer over the doped extension layer 30. In some embodiments of the present application and as mentioned above, the sacrificial gate dielectric layer can be omitted. When present, the sacrificial gate dielectric layer includes a dielectric material such as an oxide or a nitride. In one embodiment, the sacrificial gate dielectric layer is composed of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The sacrificial gate dielectric layer can be formed by a conventional deposition process, including but not limited to, CVD or PVD. The sacrificial gate dielectric layer can also be formed by conversion of a surface portion of the doped extension layer 30. The thickness of the sacrificial gate dielectric layer can be from 1 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The sacrificial gate conductor layer can include a semiconductor material such as amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) or a silicon-containing semiconductor alloy such as a silicon-germanium alloy. The sacrificial gate conductor layer can be formed using CVD or PECVD. The thickness of the sacrificial gate conductor layer can be from 20 nm to 300 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The sacrificial gate cap layer may include a dielectric material such as an oxide, a nitride or an oxynitride. In one embodiment, the sacrificial gate cap layer is comprised of silicon nitride. The sacrificial gate cap layer can be formed utilizing a conventional deposition process including, for example, CVD and PECVD. The thickness of the sacrificial gate cap layer can be from 10 nm to 200 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
The material stack can then be patterned by lithography and etching to form the sacrificial gate stacks (32, 34, 36). Specifically, a photoresist layer (not shown) is applied over the topmost surface of the material stack and is lithographically patterned by lithographic exposure and development. The pattern in the photoresist layer is transferred into the material stack by an etch, which can be an anisotropic etch such as reactive ion etch (RIE). The remaining portion of the material stack after the pattern transfer constitutes the sacrificial gate stack (32, 34, 36). The remaining portion of the photoresist layer may be subsequently removed by, for example, ashing. Alternatively, the material stack can be patterned by sidewall image transfer (SIT) or any other suitable patterning techniques.
The gate spacer 38 may include a dielectric material such as, for example, an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, silicon boron carbon nitride (SiBCN), or silicon carbon oxynitride (SiOCN), silicon carbon oxide (SiCO), or any suitable combination thereof. The gate spacer 38 can be formed by first conformally depositing a gate spacer material layer (not shown) on exposed surfaces of the sacrificial gate stack (32, 34, 36) and the doped extension layer 30 and then etching the gate spacer material layer to remove horizontal portions of the gate spacer material layer. The gate spacer material layer can be provided by a conformal deposition process including, for example, atomic layer deposition (ALD), CVD, PECVD or PVD. The etching of the conformal gate spacer material layer may be performed by a dry etch process such as, for example, RIE. The remaining portion of the gate spacer material layer constitutes the gate spacer 38. The width of the gate spacer 38, as measured at the base of the gate spacer 38 can be from 5 nm to 100 nm, although lesser and greater widths can also be employed.
In some embodiments of the present application, portions of the doped extension layer 30 that are not covered by the sacrificial gate structure (32, 34, 36, 38) may be vertically recessed relative to the interface between the top surface of the doped extension layer 30 and the gate spacer 38 during the spacer RIE or the post-cleaning process (not shown).
Referring to
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The raised source/drain regions 40 can be formed by selective epitaxy. During the selective epitaxy process, the deposited semiconductor material grows only on semiconductor surfaces, i.e., exposed surfaces of the doped extension layer 30 and does not grow on dielectric surfaces, such as surfaces of the sacrificial gate cap 36 and the gate spacer 38. The raised source/drain regions 40 can be formed as doped semiconductor material portions by in-situ doping, or can be formed as intrinsic semiconductor material portions and subsequently doped with dopants by ion implantation or plasma doping.
Referring to
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After vertical extension of the gate cavity 52, the remaining portions of the doped extension layer 30 are herein referred to as source/drain extension regions 30E, and the remaining portions of the dopant diffusion barrier layer 20 are herein referred to as doped diffusion barrier portions 20P. In one embodiment, the sidewalls of the source/drain extension regions 30E and the doped diffusion barrier portions 20P are vertically coincident with the inner sidewalls of the gate spacer 38. The raised source/drain regions 40, the source/drain extension regions 30E and the doped diffusion barrier portions 20P together constitute source/drain regions of a FET.
Referring to
The functional gate stack (62, 64) can be formed by first depositing a conformal gate dielectric layer (not shown) on the bottom surface of the opening 54, the sidewalls of the gate cavity 52 and the opening 54 and the top surface of the ILD layer 50. The gate dielectric layer can be a high dielectric constant (high-k) material layer having a dielectric constant greater than 8.0. Exemplary high-k materials include, but are not limited to, HfO2, ZrO2, La2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, Y2O3, HfOxNy, ZrOxNy, La2OxNy, Al2OxNy, TiOxNy, SrTiOxNy, LaAlOxNy, Y2OxNy, SiON, SiNx, a silicate thereof, and an alloy thereof. Each value of x is independently from 0.5 to 3 and each value of y is independently from 0 to 2. In one embodiment, the gate dielectric layer includes HfO2. The gate dielectric layer can be formed by a conventional deposition process including, but not limited to, CVD, PVD or ALD. The gate dielectric layer that is formed may have a thickness ranging from 0.9 nm to 6 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The gate dielectric layer may have an effective oxide thickness on the order of or less than 1 nm.
The remaining volume of the gate cavity 52 and the opening 54 is then filled with a gate electrode layer (not shown). The gate electrode layer can include any conductive material that may be a doped semiconductor material or a metallic material, such as, for example, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, aluminum, nickel, ruthenium, palladium and platinum. In one embodiment, the gate electrode layer is comprised of tungsten.
The gate electrode layer can be formed utilizing a conventional deposition process including, for example, CVD, PECVD, PVD or ALD. When silicon-containing materials are used as the gate electrode layer, the silicon-containing materials can be doped with an appropriate impurity by utilizing either an in-situ doping deposition process or by utilizing deposition, followed by a step such as ion implantation or gas phase doping in which the appropriate impurity is introduced into the silicon-containing material.
In some embodiment of the present application, prior to the formation of the gate electrode layer, a work function metal layer (not shown) may be conformally deposited over the gate dielectric layer employing ALD, CVD, sputtering or plating. The work function metal layer includes a metal having a work function suitable to tune the work function of the FET. The thickness of the work function metal layer can be from 3 nm to 15 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The work function metal layer may include, but is not limited to titanium nitride (TiN), hafnium nitride (HfN), hafnium silicon nitride (HfSiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), tantalum silicon nitride (TaSiN), tungsten nitride (WN), molybdenum nitride (MoN), niobium nitride (NbN); a carbide including but not limited to titanium carbide (TiC) titanium aluminum carbide (TiAlC), tantalum carbide (TaC) and hafnium carbide (HfC), and combinations thereof.
Portions of the gate electrode layer and the gate dialectic layer that are formed above the top surface of the ILD layer 50 can be removed, for example, by CMP. The remaining portion of the gate electrode layer constitutes the gate electrode 64, and the remaining portion of the gate dielectric layer constitutes the gate dielectric 62.
In some embodiments of the present application, the gate dielectric 62 and the gate electrode 64 may be recessed utilizing a dry etch or a wet etch to provide a void (not shown) in the gate cavity 52. A gate cap material is then deposited within the void to form a gate cap (not shown) over the gate dielectric 62 and the gate electrode 64. The top surface of the gate cap can be coplanar with the top surface of the ILD layer.
A fully-depleted MOSFET is thus formed. The fully-depleted MOSFET includes a functional gate stack (62, 64) and source/drain regions (20P, 30E, 40) laterally surrounding the functional gate stack (62, 64). The functional gate stack (62, 64) extends partially into an SOI layer 16 of an SOI substrate 10, contacting a thinned SOI portion 16P of the SOI layer 16. The source/drain regions (20P, 30E, 40) include vertical stacks of, from bottom to top, dopant diffusion barrier portions 20P, source/drain extension regions 30E and raised source/drain regions 40. In the present application, since the opening 54 extends partially into the SOI layer 16 and thus forming a U-shaped groove in the SOI layer 16, after forming the functional gate stack (62, 64) therein, a channel 100 that is created linking the source/drain regions (20P, 30E, 40) also has a U-shaped geometry (also called U-shaped channel). The U-shaped channel 100 in the fully-depleted MOSFET can effectively minimize short channel effects. In addition, by introducing dopant diffusion barrier portions 20P between the U-shaped channel 100 and the source/drain extension regions 30E to block the unwanted diffusion of dopants from the source/drain extension regions 30E into the U-shaped channel 100, shorting of the source/drain extension regions 30E caused by the dopant diffusion can be avoided.
While the present application has been particularly shown and described with respect to various embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. It is therefore intended that the present application not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.
