Patent Application
20180186862
The contents of the text file submitted electronically herewith are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. A computer readable format copy of the Sequence Listing (filename: GLIK_002_14US_SeqList_ST25.txt, date recorded: Feb. 20, 2018, file size 313 kilobytes)
This invention relates generally to the fields of immunology, inflammation, and tumor immunology. More specifically, the present invention relates to biologically active biomimetic molecules comprising immunoglobulin Fc domains, compositions comprising such biomimetics, and methods of using such biomimetics.
The invention also relates to the treatment and prophylaxis of pathological conditions mediated by monocyte-derived cells, and more particularly to the use of stabilized functional portions of IgG Fc fragments for such treatment and prophylaxis.
Immune globulin products from human plasma have been used since the early 1950's to treat immune deficiency disorders and more recently, and more commonly, for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Initially, immune globulin products were administered by intramuscular injection. More recently, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) has been used and was initially shown to be effective in treatment of the autoimmune disease idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (Imbach P, Barandun S, d'Apuzzo V, et al: High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet 1981 Jun. 6; 1(8232): 1228-31). Human IVIG (referred to herein as “hIVIG”) is a formulation of sterile, purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) products manufactured from pooled human plasma that typically contains more than 95% unmodified IgG, with only small and variable amounts of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) (see, for example, Rutter A, Luger T A: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: an approach to treat severe immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 June; 44(6): 1010-24). Today the single most common clinical use of hIVIG is in the treatment of ITP.
While hIVIG has been an effective clinical treatment, there are several shortcomings to hIVIG formulations, including the potential for inadequate sterility, the presence of impurities, lack of availability, and lot-to-lot variation. In particular hIVIG preparations can vary greatly in their immunoglobulin A (IgA) content which can be of concern because IgA can cause allergic and anaphylactic reactions in IgA-deficient recipients.
In view of the negative aspects of hIVIG, there exists a need for an improved means of treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
In addition, multiple pathological conditions of a wide variety of types are mediated by cells derived from monocytes. A simple therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent for use in many, if not all, such conditions would be invaluable.
The immuno-regulatory properties of IVIG reside in the Fc domain of IgG molecules. For example, in murine models of ITP, both unmodified IVIG and the Fc fragment alone demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in restoring platelet counts, while isolated IVIG Fab fragments are not therapeutic (Samuelsson, A., Towers, T. L. & Ravetch, J. V. Anti-inflammatory Activity of IVIG Mediated Through the Inhibitory Fc Receptor. Science 291, 484-486 (2001)). Moreover Fc, but not Fab fragments of IVIG, is also therapeutically effective in the treatment of both childhood and adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Follea, G. et al. Intravenous plasmin-treated gammaglobulin therapy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 27, 5-10 (1985); Solal-Celigny, P., Bernard, J., Herrera, A. & Biovin, P. Treatment of adult autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura with high-dose intravenous plasmin-cleaved gammaglobulins. Scand J Haematol 31, 39-44 (1983); Debre, M. & Bonnet, M.-C. Infusion of Gcgamma fragments for treatment of children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 342, 945-49 (1993); Burdach, S. E., Evers, K. & Geurson, R. Treatment of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura of childhood with intravenous immunoglobulin G: Comparative efficacy of 7S and 5S preparations. J Pediatr 109, 770-775 (1986)).
The therapeutic effect of IVIG is initially mediated through the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) and relies on Dendritic Cell (DC)-macrophage cross-talk for its long term tolerogenic effects. FcγRIIIa plays a requisite role in the initiator phase and FcγRIIb is required for the effector phase in murine models of ITP (Samuelsson, A., Towers, T. L. & Ravetch, J. V. Anti-inflammatory Activity of IVIG Mediated Through the Inhibitory Fc Receptor. Science 291, 484-486 (2001); Siragam, V. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates ITP via activating Fcγ receptors on dendritic cells. Nat Med 12, 688 (2006)). Similarly, human studies demonstrate that anti-Fcγ receptor antibodies are effective in the treatment of refractory ITP (Clarkson, S. et al. Treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura with an anti-Fc gamma-receptor antibody. N Engl J Med 314, 1236-1239 (1986)). Importantly, long term tolerogenic effects are mediated by cell-cell interactions, as adoptive transfer of IVIG-treated DCs is effective in treating murine models of ITP (Siragam, V. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates ITP via activating Fcγ receptors on dendritic cells. Nat Med 12, 688 (2006)).
The immunomodulatory effects of IVIG require aggregation of the FcγR. Aggregation of FcγR is mediated by IgG dimers present in IVIG (5-15% of the total IVIG) (Bleeker, W. K. et al. Vasoactive side effects of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations in a rat model and their treatment with recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Blood 95, 1856-1861 (2000)). For example, in a murine model of ITP, treatment with IVIG with a high content of “dimers” (dimers of whole immunoglobulin molecules) enhanced platelet counts while IVIG “monomers” (whole immunoglobulin molecules) were not effective (Teeling, J. L. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations depends on the immunoglobulin G dimers: studies in experimental immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 98, 1095-1099 (2001)). Furthermore, despite the fact that ion exchange resin and polyethylene glycol fractionation are routinely used in the manufacture of IVIG to remove IgG aggregates, the clinical efficacy of IVIG correlates with the presence of dimers in the patient's sera (Augener, W., Friedman, B. & Brittinger, G. Are aggregates of IgG the effective part of high-dose immunoglobulin therapy in adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)? Blut 50, 249-252 (1985)). Importantly, the percentage of dimers also correlates with vasoactive side effects, which are treatable with acetylhydrolase (Bleeker, W. K. et al. Vasoactive side effects of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations in a rat model and their treatment with recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Blood 95, 1856-1861 (2000)).
The present invention relates to biologically active biomimetic molecules, compositions comprising the same, and methods of using the same. These biomimetics have broad application for treating immunological and inflammatory disorders including but not limited to autoimmune diseases, and they have utility as bioimmunotherapy agents for cancer. Further, certain of these biomimetics also have utility as reagents, such as for use in immunological assays for testing immune cell function and in the diagnosis of disease. Moreover, the biomimetics and compositions of the present invention have the advantage of overcoming the above-listed limitations of hIVIG. The invention also relates to the treatment and prophylaxis of pathological conditions mediated by monocyte-derived cells, and more particularly to the use of stabilized functional portions of IgG Fc fragments for such treatment and prophylaxis.
In a first embodiment the present invention is directed to isolated serial stradomers comprising two or more associated stradomer monomers, wherein each of the stradomer monomers comprises two or more Fc domain monomers, wherein the association of the two or more stradomer monomers forms two or more Fc domains, and wherein the serial stradomer specifically binds to a first Fcγ receptor through a first of the two or more Fc domains and to a second Fcγ receptor through a second of the two or more Fc domains. In a preferred embodiment, the two or more stradomer monomers are associated through a covalent bond, a disulfide bond or chemical cross-linking.
In a preferred embodiment of the isolated serial stradomers of the present invention, the isolated serial stradomers are comprised of two associated stradomer monomers. In an equally preferred embodiment, the isolated serial stradomers are comprised of two associated stradomer monomers wherein both of the stradomer monomers comprise two Fc domain monomers, and wherein the association of the two stradomer monomers forms two Fc domains. In a first particular example of these embodiments directed to isolated serial stradomers, at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a second particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a third particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a fourth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a fifth particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a sixth particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, and an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain. In a seventh particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In an eighth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain. In a ninth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG3 hinge, an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a tenth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain.
Also in this first embodiment, the two or more Fc domains are each of a same immunoglobulin Fc class, and the immunoglobulin Fc class is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. Alternatively, the two or more Fc domains are each of a different immunoglobulin Fc class, and said immunoglobulin Fc class is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4.
Further in this first embodiment, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each independently an Fcγ receptor I, an Fcγ receptor II, an Fcγ receptor III or an Fcγ receptor IV. Preferably the first and second Fcγ receptors are each Fcγ receptor Ma.
In a second embodiment the present invention is directed to isolated serial stradomers comprising two associated stradomer monomers, wherein each of the stradomer monomers comprises two Fc domain monomers, wherein the association of the two stradomer monomers forms two Fc domains, wherein each of said two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain, and wherein the serial stradomer specifically binds to a first Fcγ receptor through a first of the two Fc domains and to a second Fcγ receptor through a second of the two Fc domains. In a preferred embodiment, the two or more stradomer monomers are associated through a covalent bond, a disulfide bond or chemical cross-linking.
In a first particular example of this second embodiment the two Fc domains are each of a same immunoglobulin Fc class, and the immunoglobulin Fc class is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In a second particular example the two Fc domains are each of a different immunoglobulin Fc class, and said immunoglobulin Fc class is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. In a third particular example at least one of the Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a fourth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a fifth particular example at least one of the Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a sixth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a seventh particular example at least one of the Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In an eighth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a ninth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain. In a tenth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG3 hinge, an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In an eleventh particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain.
In a third embodiment the present invention is directed to isolated serial stradomers further comprising a Fab domain, wherein each of the stradomer monomers comprises an Fab fragment heavy chain and two Fc domain monomers, wherein the Fab fragment heavy chain is in a position amino terminal or carboxy terminal to the two Fc domain monomers, wherein an Fab fragment light chain is independently associated with each Fab fragment heavy chain, and wherein the Fab domain has antigen-binding activity. In a preferred embodiment, each of the stradomer monomers further comprises an immunoglobulin hinge monomer, and wherein the immunoglobulin hinge monomer is in a position between the Fab fragment heavy chain and the two Fc domain monomers.
In a fourth embodiment the present invention is directed to core stradomers comprising a core moiety linked to two or more core stradomer units, wherein each of the two or more core stradomer units comprises at least one Fc domain, and wherein each of the core stradomer units is independently selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an Fc fragment, wherein said Fc fragment comprises two associated Fc fragment monomers, wherein each of said Fc fragment monomers comprises an Fc domain monomer, and wherein the association of the two Fc fragment monomers forms an Fc domain,
(b) an Fc partial fragment, wherein said Fc partial fragment comprises two associated Fc partial fragment monomers, wherein each of said Fc partial fragment monomers comprises an Fc domain monomer, and wherein the association of the two Fc partial fragment monomers forms an Fe domain,
(c) an Fc domain, wherein said Fc domain comprises two associated Fc domain monomers, and wherein the association of the two Fc domain monomers forms an Fc domain,
(d) a serial stradomer, wherein said serial stradomer comprises two or more associated stradomer monomers, wherein each of said stradomer monomers comprises two or more Fc domain monomers, and wherein the association of the two or more stradomer monomers forms two or more Fc domains, and
(e) a cluster stradomer, wherein said cluster stradomer comprises two or more multimerized cluster stradomer units, wherein each of said cluster stradomer units comprises a multimerizing region and at least one Fc domain, wherein each of said cluster stradomer units comprises two associated cluster stradomer unit monomers, wherein each of said cluster stradomer unit monomers comprises a multimerizing region monomer and at least one Fc domain monomer, wherein the association of the two cluster stradomer unit monomers forms a multimerizing region and at least one Fc domain, and wherein the multimerizing regions of the two or more cluster stradomer units multimerize to form the cluster stradomer, and wherein the core stradomer specifically binds to a first Fcγ receptor through a first of the two or more core stradomer units and to a second Fcγ receptor through a second of the two or more core stradomer units.
Preferably in this fourth embodiment, the core moiety is selected from the group consisting of an immunoglobulin J chain, albumin, liposome, bead, peptide and polyethylene glycol.
In preferred embodiments directed to core stradomers the two or more core stradomer units are each independently an Fc fragment. Alternatively, the two or more core stradomer units are each independently a serial stradomer.
In a further preferred embodiment directed to core stradomers the core stradomer comprises two core stradomer units, wherein each of the two core stradomer units is each independently a serial stradomer, wherein the serial stradomer comprises two associated stradomer monomers, wherein both of said stradomer monomers comprises two Fc domain monomers, and wherein the association of the two stradomer monomers forms two Fc domains. In a first particular example of this embodiment, at least one of the Fc domains of the two or more core stradomer units comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a second particular example at least one of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, and an IgG1 CH2 domain. In a third particular example each of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain. In a fourth particular example at least one of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a fifth particular example each of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units independently comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a sixth particular example each of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units independently comprises an IgG3 hinge, an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a seventh particular example each of the Fc domains of the two or more two core stradomer units independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain.
In this embodiment, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each independently an Fcγ receptor I, an Fcγ receptor II, an Fcγ receptor III or an Fcγ receptor IV. Preferably, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each Fcγ receptor Ma.
In a fifth embodiment the present invention is directed to cluster stradomers comprising two or more multimerized cluster stradomer units, wherein each of the cluster stradomer units comprises a multimerizing region and at least one Fc domain, wherein each of the cluster stradomer units comprises two associated cluster stradomer unit monomers, wherein each of the cluster stradomer unit monomers comprises a multimerizing region monomer and at least one Fc domain monomer, wherein the association of the two cluster stradomer unit monomers forms a multimerizing region and at least one Fc domain, wherein the multimerizing regions of the two or more cluster stradomer units multimerize to form the cluster stradomer, and wherein the cluster stradomer specifically binds to a first Fcγ receptor through a first Fc domain and to a second Fcγ receptor through a second Fc domain.
In preferred embodiments, the multimerizing region is selected from the group consisting of an IgG2 hinge, an IgE CH2 domain, a leucine, an isoleucine zipper and a zinc finger.
In further preferred embodiment, the cluster stradomers comprising two, three, four or five multimerized cluster stradomer units.
In a first particular example of this fifth embodiment at least one of the Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a second particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain. In a third particular example at least one of the Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a fourth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH2 domain. In a fifth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG3 hinge, an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a sixth particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a seventh particular example each of the Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In an eighth particular example at least one of the cluster stradomer units comprises two or more Fc domains. In a ninth particular example each of the cluster stradomer units comprises two or more Fc domains.
In this embodiment, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each independently an Fcγ receptor I, an Fcγ receptor II, an Fcγ receptor III or an Fcγ receptor IV. Preferably, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each Fcγ receptor Ma.
In a sixth embodiment the present invention is directed to stradobodies comprising two or more associated stradomer monomers and an Fab domain, wherein each of the stradomer monomers comprises an Fab fragment heavy chain and two or more Fc domain monomers, wherein the Fab fragment heavy chain is in a position amino terminal or carboxy terminal to the two or more Fc domain monomers, wherein the association of the two or more stradomer monomers forms two or more Fc domains, wherein an Fab fragment light chain is independently associated with the Fab fragment heavy chain of each stradomer monomer, wherein the Fab domain has antigen-binding activity, and wherein the stradobody specifically binds to a first Fcγ receptor through a first of the two or more Fc domains and to a second Fcγ receptor through a second of the two or more Fc domains.
In preferred embodiments the two or more stradomer monomers are associated through a covalent bond, a disulfide bond or chemical cross-linking.
In a further preferred embodiment, each of said stradomer monomers of the stradobodies further comprises an immunoglobulin hinge monomer, and wherein the immunoglobulin hinge monomer is in a position between the Fab fragment heavy chain and the two Fc domain monomers.
In a particular embodiment the stradobody comprises two associated stradomer monomers, wherein each of said stradomer monomers comprises an Fab fragment heavy chain and two Fc domain monomers, and wherein the association of the two stradomer monomers forms two Fc domains. In a first particular example of this embodiment, at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a second particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG hinge, an IgG CH2 domain and an IgG CH3 domain. In a third particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH3 domain. In a fourth particular example each of the Fc two domains independently comprises an IgG hinge and an IgG CH3 domain. In a fifth particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a sixth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain or an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a seventh particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG1 CH3 domain. In an eighth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG3 hinge, an IgG3 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a ninth particular example each of the two Fc domains independently comprises an IgG1 hinge, an IgG1 CH2 domain, and an IgG3 CH3 domain. In a tenth particular example at least one of the two Fc domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, and an IgG1 CH2 domain or an IgG3 CH2 domain. In an eleventh particular example at least one of the two Fe domains comprises an IgG1 hinge or an IgG3 hinge, and an IgG1 CH2 domain.
In this embodiment, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each independently an Fcγ receptor I, an Fcγ receptor II, an Fcγ receptor III or an Fcγ receptor IV. Preferably, the first and second Fcγ receptors are each Fcγ receptor Ma.
In a seventh embodiment the present invention is directed to methods of altering an immune response in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a serial stradomer and a carrier or diluent. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a heterogeneous mixture of serial stradomers and a carrier or diluent.
In an eighth embodiment the present invention is directed to methods of altering an immune response in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a core stradomer and a carrier or diluent. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a heterogeneous mixture of core stradomers and a carrier or diluent.
In a ninth embodiment the present invention is directed to methods of altering an immune response in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a cluster stradomer and a carrier or diluent. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a heterogeneous mixture of cluster stradomers and a carrier or diluent.
In a tenth embodiment the present invention is directed to methods of altering an immune response in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a stradobody and a carrier or diluent. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a heterogeneous mixture of stradobodies and a carrier or diluent.
In an eleventh embodiment the present invention is directed to methods of screening an antibody for a specific activity on a cell of the immune system, comprising: (a) contacting a homogenous population of cells of the immune system with a candidate antibody, (b) measuring an activity of the population of cells of (a), (c) contacting a homogenous population of cells of the same cell type as in (a) with a serial stradomer of claim 1, (d) measuring an activity of the population of cells of (c), and (e) comparing the activity measured in (b) with the activity measured in (d), thereby screening an antibody for a specific activity on a cell of the immune system. In a preferred embodiment, the candidate antibody and the serial stradomer are species-matched and isotype-matched. In a further preferred embodiment, the comparison in (e) is a ratio of activity measured in (d) versus the activity measured in (b).
In a twelfth embodiment the present invention is directed methods of inhibiting the activity of a monocyte-derived cell (MDC). The method involves contacting the cell with a composition containing a substrate with an Fc reagent bound to it. The contacting can be in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo. The cell can be in an animal, e.g., an animal that has or is at risk of developing a monocyte derived cell mediated condition (MDCMC). The cell can be, for example, a dendritic cell, a macrophage, a monocyte, or an osteoclast.
In a thirteenth embodiment the present invention is directed methods of treatment that includes administering to an animal a composition comprising a substrate having an Fc reagent bound thereto, the animal having or being at risk of developing a monocyte-derived cell mediated condition (MDCMC).
The following are embodiments common to both these two methods (the twelfth and thirteenth embodiments).
The animal can be, for example, a human.
The Fc reagent can contain or be a functional portion of a human Fc fragment, e.g., a human IgG1 Fc fragment, a human IgG3 Fc fragment, a human IgG2, or a human IgG4 Fc fragment. Moreover it can include or be an IgG molecule. The Fc reagent can also be or include a functional portion of a non-human Fc fragment.
The substrate can be or include a synthetic polymer, e.g., nylon, teflon, dacron, polyvinyl chloride, PEU (poly (ester urethane)), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or PMMA (methyl methacrylate). The substrate can include or be a metal or a metal alloy, e.g., stainless steel, platinum, iridium, titanium, tantalum, a nickel-titanium alloy, or a cobalt-chromium alloy. The substrate can contain or be animal tissue or an animal tissue product, e.g., a tissue or organ graft, bone (e.g., osteogenic bone), or cartilage. The substrate can contain or be a protein, e.g., collagen or keratin. The substrate can also be or contain a polysaccharide, e.g., agarose. Moreover, the substrate can contain or be a tissue matrix, e.g., an acellular tissue matrix. The substrate can contain or be an animal cell (e.g., a tissue repair cell such as a fibroblasts or a mesenchymal stem cell). The substrate can contain or be a salt, e.g., calcium sulfate. Furthermore the substrate can be or contain a gel or cream. It can also contain or be silicon or silastic. It can also contain be a natural fiber, e.g., silk, cotton, or wool.
The substrate can be a hair transplant plug or an implantable medical device such as a stent (e.g., a vascular stent such as a coronary artery stent; an airway stent such as an endotracheal or nasal stent; a gastrointestinal stent such a biliary or pancreatic stent; or a urinary stent such as a ureteral stent). It can also be a surgical suture (e.g., a braid silk, chromic gut, nylon, plastic, or metal suture or a surgical clip (e.g., an aneurism clip)). In addition, the substrate can be an artificial hip, an artificial hip joint, an artificial knee, an artificial knee joint, an artificial shoulder, an artificial shoulder joint, an artificial finger or toe joint, a bone plate, a bone dowel, a bone non-union implant, an intervertebral disk implant, bone cement, or a bone cement spacer. It can be an arterial-venous shunt, an implantable wire, a pacemaker, an artificial heart, a heart assist device, a cochlear implant, an implantable defibrillator, a spinal cord stimulator, a central nervous system stimulator, a peripheral nerve implant, a dental prosthesis, or a dental crown. Furthermore, the substrate can be a large vessel embolic filtering device or cage, a percutaneous device, a dermal or sub-mucosal patch, or an implantable drug delivery device.
The substrate can also be a large blood vessel graft, wherein the blood vessel is, for example, a carotid artery, a femoral artery, or an aorta. It can also be a sub-dermal implant, a corneal implant, an intraocular lens, or a contact lens.
The substrate can be in the form of, e.g., a sheet, a bead, a mesh, a powder particle, a thread, a bead, or a fiber. The substrate can contain or be a solid, a semi-solid, or a gelatinous substance. Thus, a substrate includes substances that are substantially insoluble in aqueous solvents, e.g., a fat-soluble lipid such as a liposome.
The MDCMC can be an inflammatory condition, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a disorder of bone density, an acute infection, or a chronic infection.
It can be a hematoimmunological process, e.g., Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, alloimmune/autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Acquired immune thrombocytopenia, Autoimmune neutropenia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Parvovirus B 19-associated red cell aplasia, Acquired antifactor VIII autoimmunity, acquired von Willebrand disease, Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance, Sepsis, Aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, Immune-mediated neutropenia, refractoriness to platelet transfusion, neonatal post-transfusion purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, systemic Vasculitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, or Evan's syndrome.
Alternatively, the MDCMC can be a neuroimmunological process, e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Paraproteinemic IgM demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome associated with anti-GM1 antibodies, Demyelination, Multiple Sclerosis and optic neuritis, Stiff Man Syndrome, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibodies, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, sensory neuropathy with anti-Hu antibodies, epilepsy, Encephalitis, Myelitis, Myelopathy especially associated with Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, Autoimmune Diabetic Neuropathy, or Acute Idiopathic Dysautonomic Neuropathy.
The MDCMC can be a Rheumatic disease process, e.g., Kawasaki's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome, ANCA-positive Vasculitis, Spontaneous Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Antiphospholipid syndromes, Recurrent spontaneous abortions, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Raynaud's, CREST syndrome, or Uveitis.
Moreover, the MDCMC can be a dermatoimmunological disease process, e.g., Epidermal Necrolysis, Gangrene, Granuloma, Autoimmune skin blistering diseases including Pemphigus vulgaris, Bullous Pemphigoid, and Pemphigus foliaceus, Vitiligo, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Scleroderma, systemic sclerosis including diffuse and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, Atopic dermatitis, or steroid dependent Atopic dermatitis.
In addition, the MDCMC can be a musculoskeletal immunological disease, e.g., Inclusion Body Myositis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Inflammatory Myopathies, Myositis, Anti-Decorin (BJ antigen) Myopathy, Paraneoplastic Necrotic Myopathy, X-linked Vacuolated Myopathy, Penacillamine-induced Polymyositis, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, or Cardiomyopathy.
The MDCMC can also be a gastrointestinal immunological disease process, e.g., pernicious anemia, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, Reactive arthritis, Crohn's disease, Whipple's disease, ulcerative colitis, or sclerosing cholangitis.
The MDCMC can be, for example, Graft Versus Host Disease, Antibody-mediated rejection of the graft, Post-bone marrow transplant rejection, Post-infectious disease inflammation, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Neoplasia, Asthma, Type 1 Diabetes mellitus with anti-beta cell antibodies, Sjogren's syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Addison's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Wegener's granulomatosis, micropolyarterits, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa or Multisystem organ failure.
Where the MDCMC is a cancer, it can be fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myelodysplastic disease, heavy chain disease, neuroendocrine tumors, or Schwanoma.
Where the MDCMC is a disorder of bone density, it can be osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteopetrosis, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anorexia nervosa, non-healing fracture, post-menopausal osteoporosis, Vitamin D deficiency or excess, primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid disease, or bisphosphonate toxicity.
Where the MDCMC is an acute infection, it can be: a fungal disorder including Candidiasis, Candidemia, or Aspergillosis; a bacterial disorder, including staphylococcus including Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus, streptococcal skin and oropharyngeal conditions, or gram negative sepsis; a mycobacterial infection including tuberculosis; a viral infection including mononucleosis, Respiratory Syntitial virus infection, or Herpes zoster infection; a parasitic infection including malaria, schistosomiasis, or trypanosomiasis.
Where the MDCMC is a chronic infection, it can be onchyomycosis; a bacterial disorder including Helicobacter pylori; a mycobacterial infection including tuberculosis; a viral infection including Epstein Barr virus infection, Human Papilloma Virus infection, or Herpes Simplex Virus infection; or a parasitic infection including malaria or schistosomiasis.
In a fourteenth embodiment the present invention is directed a composition that contains or is an implantable or attachable medical device and an Fc reagent bound thereto.
In a fifteenth embodiment the present invention is directed a kit that contains an implantable or attachable medical device and an Fc reagent. In both these embodiments, the implantable or attachable medical device and the Fc reagent can be any of those recited herein. The kit can further contain a suitable container.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, drawings and examples, which illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.
The approach to rational molecular design for hIVIG replacement compounds described herein includes recombinant and/or biochemical creation of immunologically active biomimetic(s). In preferred methods, these replacement compounds are screened in vitro to assess each replacement compound's efficiency at binding to Fcγ receptor and modulating immune function. Particular replacement compounds are selected for further in vivo validation and dosage/administration optimization. The replacement compounds have utility for treating, for example, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer. Each phase is described in detail below along with specific exemplary embodiments.
As used herein, the use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”
As used herein, the terms “biomimetic”, “biomimetic molecule”, “biomimetic compound”, and related terms, refer to a human made compound that imitates the function of another compound, such as pooled hIVIG, a monoclonal antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody. “Biologically active” biomimetics are compounds which possess biological activities that are the same as or substantially similar to their naturally occurring counterparts. “Immunologically active” biomimetics are biomimetics which exhibit immunological activity the same as or substantially similar to naturally occurring immunologically active molecules, such as antibodies, cytokines, interleukins and other immunological molecules known in the art. In preferred embodiments, the biomimetics of the present invention are stradomers and stradobodies, as defined herein.
The immunologically active biomimetics of the present invention are designed to possess one or more immune modulating activities of the IgG Fc domain and have at least (i) a first Fc domain capable of binding an FcγR, including FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII and FcγRIV, and (ii) a second Fc domain capable of binding an FcγR, including FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII and FcγRIV.
The following paragraphs define the building blocks of the biomimetics of the present invention, both structurally and functionally, and then define biomimetics themselves. However, it is first helpful to note that, as indicated above, each of the biomimetics of the present invention has at least two Fc domains. At a minimum, an Fc domain is a dimeric polypeptide (or a dimeric region of a larger polypeptide) that comprises two peptide chains or arms (monomers) that associate to form a functional Fcγ receptor binding site. Therefore, the functional form of the individual fragments and domains discussed herein generally exist in a dimeric (or multimeric) form. The monomers of the individual fragments and domains discussed herein are the single chains or arms that must associate with a second chain or arm to form a functional dimeric structure.
“Fc fragment” is a term of art that is used to describe the protein region or protein folded structure that is routinely found at the carboxy terminus of immunoglobulins (see
An “Fc partial fragment” is a domain comprising less than the entire Fc fragment of an antibody, yet which retains sufficient structure to have the same activity as the Fc fragment, including Fcγ receptor binding activity. An Fc partial fragment may therefore lack part or all of a hinge region, part or all of a CH2 domain, part or all of a CH3 domain, and/or part or all of a CH4 domain, depending on the isotype of the antibody from which the Fc partial domain is derived. An example of a Fc partial fragment includes a molecule comprising the upper, core and lower hinge regions plus the CH2 domain of IgG3 (Tan, LK, Shopes, RJ, 0i, VT and Morrison, SL, Influence of the hinge region on complement activation, C 1 q binding, and segmental flexibility in chimeric human immunoglobulins, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990 January; 87(1): 162-166). Thus, in this example the Fc partial fragment lacks the CH3 domain present in the Fc fragment of IgG3. Fc partial fragments are comprised of two Fc partial fragment monomers. As further defined herein, when two such Fc partial fragment monomers associate, the resulting Fc partial fragment has Fcγ receptor binding activity.
As used herein, “Fc domain” describes the minimum region (in the context of a larger polypeptide) or smallest protein folded structure (in the context of an isolated protein) that can bind to or be bound by an Fcγ receptor. In both an Fc fragment and an Fc partial fragment, the Fc domain is the minimum binding region that allows binding of the molecule to an Fcγ receptor. While an Fc domain can be limited to a discrete polypeptide that is bound by an Fcγ receptor, it will also be clear that an Fc domain can be a part or all of an Fc fragment, as well as part or all of an Fc partial fragment. When the term “Fc domains” is used in this invention it will be recognized by a skilled artisan as meaning more than one Fc domain. An Fc domain is comprised of two Fc domain monomers. As further defined herein, when two such Fc domain monomers associate, the resulting Fc domain has Fcγ receptor binding activity. Thus an Fc domain is a dimeric structure that functionally can bind an Fcγ receptor.
As used herein, “Fc partial domain” describes a portion of an Fc domain. Fc partial domains include the individual heavy chain constant region domains (e.g., CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4 domains) and hinge regions of the different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. Thus, Fc partial domains of the present invention include the CH1 domains of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD and IgE, the CH2 domains of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD and IgE, the CH3 domains of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD and IgE, the CH4 domains of IgM and IgE, and the hinge regions of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD and IgE. The Fc partial domain of the present invention may further comprise a combination of more than one more of these domains and hinges. However, the individual Fc partial domains of the present invention and combinations thereof lack the ability to bind an FcγR. Therefore, the Fc partial domains and combinations thereof comprise less than an Fc domain. Fc partial domains may be linked together to form a peptide that has Fcγ receptor binding activity, thus forming an Fc domain. In the present invention, Fc partial domains are used with Fc domains as the building blocks to create the biomimetics of the present invention, as defined herein. Each Fc partial domain is comprised of two Fc partial domain monomers. When two such Fc partial domain monomers associate, an Fc partial domain is formed.
As indicated above, each of Fc fragments, Fc partial fragments, Fc domains and Fc partial domains are dimeric proteins or domains. Thus, each of these molecules is comprised of two monomers that associate to form the dimeric protein or domain. While the characteristics and activity of the dimeric forms was discussed above the monomeric peptides are discussed as follows.
As used herein, an “Fc fragment monomer” is a single chain protein that, when associated with another Fc fragment monomer, comprises an Fc fragment. The Fc fragment monomer is thus the carboxy terminal portion of one of the antibody heavy chains that make up the Fc fragment of a holo-antibody (e.g., the contiguous portion of the heavy chain that includes the hinge region, CH2 domain and CH3 domain of IgG) (see
As used herein, “Fe domain monomer” describes the single chain protein that, when associated with another Fc domain monomer, comprises an Fc domain that can bind to an Fcγ receptor. The association of two Fc domain monomers creates one Fc domain. An Fc domain monomer alone, comprising only one side of an Fc domain, cannot bind an Fcγ receptor.
As used herein, “Fe partial domain monomer” describes the single chain protein that, when associated with another Fc partial domain monomer, comprises an Fc partial domain. The amino acid sequences of the Fc partial domain hinge, CH2 and CH3 monomers for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 are shown in
In particular embodiments, the biomimetics of the present invention include stradomers. Stradomers are biomimetic compounds capable of binding two or more Fcγ receptors (see, e.g.,
A “serial stradomer” is dimeric polypeptide comprised of two linear stradomer monomers that, when associated, form two or more Fc domains. The Fc domains of the stradomer are only functional when the two peptide chains (stradomer monomers) are associated (i.e., non-functional in the monomeric state). Thus a serial stradomer is a biomimetic compound capable of binding two or more Fcγ receptors. In different embodiments, serial stradomer may have two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or more Fc domains, as well as Fc partial domains. The Fc domains, and Fc partial domains, within a serial stradomer may be linked by domain linkages, as further defined herein.
As used herein, a “stradomer dimer” is a specific form of a stradomer, composed of only two stradomers. In one embodiment, the stradomer dimers are molecules formed by self-aggregation of relevant stradomer monomers. In another embodiment, stradomer monomers in the stradomer dimers are physically linked through an inter-stradomer monomer linkage, as defined herein. A “multimeric stradomer” is comprised of three or more stradomers, formed by self-aggregation of stradomer monomers, or through an inter-stradomer monomer linkage, as defined herein in.
As used herein, the term “stradomer monomer” refers to a single, contiguous peptide molecule that, when associated with at least a second stradomer monomer, forms a polypeptide comprising at least two Fc domains (see, e.g.,
A stradomer monomer may have an amino acid sequence that will form one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or more Fc domains when associated with another stradomer monomer to form a stradomer. A stradomer monomer may further have an amino acid sequence that will form one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or more Fc partial domains when associated with another stradomer monomer to form a stradomer.
The regions of stradomer monomers that will form Fc domains and Fc partial domains in the context of a stradomer may simply be arranged from carboxy terminal to amino terminal of successive regions of the stradomer monomer molecule (see, e.g.,
In one embodiment of the stradomers of the present invention, stradomer monomers are produced that contain at the N-terminus of the peptide an Fc domain monomer or Fc partial domain monomer that binds strongly to itself, such as a single or two terminal IgE CH2 domain monomers or a partial IgG3 hinge domain monomer, to create an Fc domain or an Fc partial domain, respectively. Each of these stradomer monomers has the requisite complement of Fc domain monomers and/or partial Fc domain monomers to bind to two Fc gamma receptors upon formation of a stradomer. Stradomers that result from association of such stradomer monomers are biomimetics capable of binding two or more Fc gamma receptors. In a preferred embodiment the N-terminal Fc domain or Fc partial domain contains an additional glycosylation site such as that which exists on the IgE CH2 domain.
As a clarifying example, the skilled artisan will understand that the stradomer molecules of the present invention may be constructed by preparing a polynucleotide molecule that encodes various combinations of Fc domain monomers and Fc partial domain monomers, but with a combination that will form a minimum of two Fc domain monomers. Such a polynucleotide molecule may be inserted into an expression vector, which can be used to transform a population of bacteria. Stradomer monomers can then produced by culturing the transformed bacteria under appropriate culture conditions. Stradomer monomers can then form functional stradomers upon either self-aggregation of the stradomer monomers or association of stradomer monomers using inter-stradomer monomer linkages. The present invention encompasses both stradomers formed through the association of stradomer monomers having identical amino acid sequences, stradomer monomers having substantially similar amino acid sequences, or stradomer monomers having dissimilar sequences. In the latter embodiment the amino acid sequence of the stradomer monomers comprising a stradomer need only be of such similarity that two or more functional Fcγ receptor binding sites are formed.
As indicated above, an Fc domain can be functionally defined by its ability to bind an Fcγ receptor. As a result, the particular amino acid sequence of an Fc domain will vary based on the Fc partial domains that comprise the Fc domain. However, in one embodiment of the present invention the Fe domain comprises the hinge region and a CH2 domain of an immunoglobulin molecule. In a further embodiment the Fc domain comprises the hinge region, a CH2 domain and CH3 domain of an immunoglobulin molecule. In a further embodiment, the Fc domain comprises the hinge region, a CH2 domain, CH3 domain and CH4 domain of an immunoglobulin molecule. In yet another embodiment, the Fc domain comprises the hinge region, a CH2 domain and CH4 domain of an immunoglobulin molecule.
As indicated above, a “domain linkage” is a peptide linkage between Fc domain monomers and/or Fc partial domain monomers that comprise each of the individual stradomer monomers of the serial stradomers or stradobodies of the present invention. The domain linkage may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more amino acids. A domain linkage does not occur between Fc partial domain monomers that are in their natural sequence. That is, where linked naturally contiguous portions of Fc domain monomers are used, such as the hinge region, CH2 domain and CH3 domain of IgG, these Fc partial domain monomers comprise a contiguous sequence and no domain linkage between these elements is required. In contrast, for example, when two or more Fc domain monomers or partial Fc domain monomers are linked in a manner that is not naturally occurring to form an individual stradomer monomer, domain linkages may be used. An example would be the linkage between two hinge/CH2/CH3 peptides, creating an individual stradomer monomer of a stradomer comprising: hinge/CH2/CH3/L/hinge/CH2/CH3, where “L” is the domain linkage (see, e.g.,
The skilled artisan will understand that the identity of the domain linkage is not particularly important as long as it permits two or more individual stradomer monomers to form the biomimetic compounds of the present invention, and that the resulting compounds have the ability to cross-link more than one FcγR. It is envisioned that each immunologically active biomimetic compound will preferably contain at least one domain linkage in each stradomer monomer of the serial stradomer or stradobody which will function to maintain the Fc domains of the immunologically active biomimetic within a restricted spatial region and which will facilitate FcγR activation activity, for example, by aggregating FcγRs through co-binding to the Fc domains within the immunologically active biomimetic. Preferably, the domain linkages will allow the same or a greater degree of conformational variability as is provided by the hinge domain of IgG molecules. All the above linkages are well-known in the art.
A separate linkage found in the biomimetic compounds of the present invention is the “inter-stradomer monomer linkage” that occurs between two or more individual stradomer monomers that comprise the stradomers and stradobodies of the present invention. While the domain linkages are short amino acid sequences that serve to link the Fc domain monomers and partial Fc domain monomers that comprise individual stradomer monomers of the biomimetic compounds to each other, the inter-stradomer monomer linkages serve to join two or more individual stradomer monomers that comprise the biomimetic compounds. The inter-stradomer monomer linkage may be any linkage capable of stably associating the individual stradomer monomers. In some embodiments, the inter-stradomer monomer linkage may be a covalent link between the stradomer monomers. Alternatively, the inter-stradomer monomer linkage between stradomer monomers may be by direct chemical crosslinking. In preferred embodiments, the stradomer monomer structures take advantage of the natural self-aggregation properties between Fc domain monomers to create self-aggregating stradomers. In such embodiments, disulfide bonds form between the individual stradomer monomers to form the stradomers (see, e.g.,
As discussed above, in a preferred embodiment, the inter-stradomer monomer linkage that forms a stradomer is a linkage that results from self-aggregation of stradomer monomers. In one embodiment, the two stradomer monomers that comprise the stradomer are identical peptides, such that the two individual stradomer monomers that comprise the stradomer are identical in sequence. However, the skilled artisan will understand that other embodiments include stradomers where the stradomer monomers differ from each other in amino acid sequence.
Two stradomer monomers can form a stradomer by, for example, aligning in parallel such that pairing takes place between identical Fc partial domain monomers in the stradomer monomers (see, e.g.,
In order to control the production and self-dimerization of a stradomer monomer, “capping regions” may be used. For example, a stradomer monomer sequence may comprise the following Fc partial domains: IgE CH2/IgG1 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgG1 CH3/IgG1 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgE CH4, (see
A “core stradomer” is comprised of a core moiety to which are bound two or more core stradomer units, wherein each core stradomer unit comprises at least one Fc domain, thereby creating a biomimetic compound capable of binding two or more Fcγ receptors. An Fc fragment, Fc partial fragment, serial stradomer or cluster stradomer unit can each independently serve as one or both (if they comprise two Fc domains) of the core stradomer units in a core stradomer because each of these molecules contains at least one Fc domain. Thus, a core stradomer may comprise a core moiety to which is bound at least one serial stradomer.
As used herein, the core moiety of a core stradomer is any physical structure to which the core stradomer units may be linked or covalently bound. Preferred polypeptides that may serve as the core moiety include keyhole limpet hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin. Chemical crosslinking between such core moieties and core stradomer units (e.g., Fc fragment, Fc partial fragment, Fc domain, serial stradomer and cluster stradomer unit) may be achieved by means of numerous chemicals using well known techniques. Exemplary chemicals generally suitable for use in the crosslinking include glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, succinimide esters (e.g. MBS, SMCC), benzidine, periodate, isothiocyanate; PEO (polyethylene)/PEG (polyethylene glycol) spacers such as Bis(NHS)PEO5, DFDNB (1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene); and Amine Reactive homobifunctional cross-linking reagents including Aldehyde-Activated Dextran, Bis(Sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate, Bis[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]sulfone, Dimethyl adipimidate.2 HCl, Dimethyl pimelimidate.2 HCl, Dimethyl Suberimidate.2 HCl, Disuccinimidyl glutarate, Dithiobis(succinimidyl) propionate, Disuccinimidyl suberate, Disuccinimidyl tartrate, Dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate.2 HCl, 3,3′-Dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate), Ethylene glycol bis[succinimidyl succinate], Ethylene glycol bis[sulfosuccinimidyl succinate], 3-[Tris(hydroxymethyl) phosphino] propionic acid and Tris-succinimidyl aminotriacetate. One of skill in the art will be able to select the appropriate crosslinking chemical and conditions based upon the particular core moiety selected and the sequence of the Fc domain-contaiing polypeptides being combined to form an immunologically active biomimetic. See, e.g., Wong, Shan S. Chemistry of protein conjugation and cross-linking. Boca Raton: CRC Press, c1991 (ISBN 0849358868).
In another preferred embodiment, a joining (J) chain polypeptide may be used as the core moiety. When a J chain is used as the core moiety, cysteine bridges may be used to connect individual core stradomer units to form a core stradomer (See
In another embodiment, the core moiety may be a non-polypeptide entity. A variety of suitable compositions may be physically associated with the core stradomer units to produce an immunologically active biomimetic. Non-toxic beads, hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers, nanoparticles, and various compounds that are classified by the FDA as Generally Regarded As Safe (e.g. propylene glycol, sorbitol, liposomes and silicate calcium) may be used. See, e.g., Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers by Vladimir P. Torchilin (Editor), Imperial College Press (September 2006) ISBN: 1860946305/ISBN-13: 9781860946301.
Preferred core moieties of the present invention include a bead, albumin, a liposome, a peptide and polyethylene glycol.
A “cluster stradomer” is a biomimetic that has an octopus-like form with a central moiety “head” and two or more “legs”, wherein each leg comprises one or more Fc domain that is capable of binding at least one Fc gamma receptor, thus creating a biomimetic capable of binding two or more Fc gamma receptors. Each cluster stradomer is comprised of more than one dimeric protein, each called a “cluster stradomer unit.” Each cluster stradomer unit is comprised of a region that multimerizes and a “leg” region that comprises at least one functional Fc domain. The multimerizing region creates a cluster stradomer “head” once multimerized with the multimerizing region of another cluster stradomer unit. The leg region is capable of binding as many Fey receptors as there are Fc domains in each leg region. Thus a cluster stradomer is a biomimetic compound capable of binding two or more Fey receptors.
The multimerizing region may be a peptide sequence that causes dimeric proteins to further multimerize or alternatively the multimerizing region may be a glycosylation that enhances the multimerization of dimeric proteins. Examples of peptide multimerizing regions include IgG2 hinge, IgE CH2 domain, isoleucine zipper, and zinc fingers. The influence of glycosylation on peptide multimerization is well described in the art (e.g., Role of Carbohydrate in Multimeric Structure of Factor VIII/V on Willebrand Factor Protein. Harvey R. Gralnick, Sybil B. Williams and Margaret E. Rick. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 80, No. 9, [Part 1: Biological Sciences] (May 1, 1983), pp. 2771-2774; Multimerization and collagen binding of vitronectin is modulated by its glycosylation. Kimie Asanuma, Fumio Arisaka and Haruko Ogawa. International Congress Series Volume 1223, December 2001, Pages 97-101).
A trained artisan will recognize that a cluster stradomer unit may itself comprise a serial stradomer (containing two or more Fc domains) along with a multimerizing region. Thus the “legs” of a cluster stradomer may be comprised of any of the types of serial stradomers discussed herein and/or one or more of an IgG1 Fc fragment and/or an IgG3 Fc fragment and/or a single Fc domain. One trained in the art will recognize that each of the IgG1 Fc fragments and IgG3 Fc fragment in such biomimetics may be modified to comprise partial Fc fragments from any immunoglobulin. The monomers that comprise the cluster stradomer unit (which, as indicated above, exists as a dimeric association of two peptides) are “cluster stradomer unit monomers.” An exemplary cluster stradomer that has been made whose cluster stradomer unit would not bind more than one low affinity Fc gamma receptor prior to multimerization is: IgE CH2/IgG1 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgG1 CH3.
One trained in the art will recognize that when a serial stradomer is used as the “leg” of a cluster stradomer, each “leg” will be capable of binding more than one Fc gamma receptor (as at least two Fc domains are present in a serial stradomer), thus creating a biomimetic capable of binding more than one Fc gamma receptor. Fc partial domains, other immunoglobulin sequences, and non-immunoglobulin sequences may be placed at the termini of individual cluster stradomer unit monomers comprising the legs to create a cluster stradomer wherein each leg has preferred spatial proximity to increase their availability to bind one or more than one Fc gamma receptor.
The multimerizing region may be a peptide sequence that causes peptides to dimerize or multimerize and includes the IgG2 hinge, the IgE CH2 domain, an isoleucine zipper and a zinc finger. As is known in the art, the hinge region of human IgG2 can form covalent dimers (Yoo, E. M. et al. J. Immunol. 170, 3134-3138 (2003); Salfeld Nature Biotech. 25, 1369-1372 (2007)). The dimer formation of IgG2 is potentially mediated through the IgG2 hinge structure by C—C bonds (Yoo et al 2003), suggesting that the hinge structure alone can mediate dimer formation. Thus, serial stradomers having an IgG2 hinge (and thus serving as cluster stradomer units) will form a cluster stradomer that may comprise two serial stradomers or even three serial stradomers.
The amino acid sequence of the human IgG2 hinge monomer is as follows: ERKCCVECPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 36). The core structure of the hinge is the CX-X-C portion of the hinge monomer. Thus, stradomer monomers of the present invention may comprise either the complete 12 amino acid sequence of the IgG2 hinge monomer, or the four amino acid core, along with Fc domain monomers. While the X-X of the core structure can be any amino acid, in a preferred embodiment the X-X sequence is V-E or PP. The skilled artisan will understand that the IgG2 hinge monomer may be comprised of any portion of the hinge sequence in addition to the core four amino acid structure, including all of the IgG2 hinge sequence and some or all of the IgG2 CH2 and CH3 domain monomer sequences. Specific examples of possible IgG2 hinge-IgG1 Fc domain serial stradomer constructs are as follows:
These are only a few of many examples. Any of the IgG1 Fc domains can, for example, be replaced with an IgG3 Fc domain. Additional proteins with IgG2 dimerization domains includes IgG2-IgG1 chimeric proteins with the addition of N and/or C terminal sequences comprising IgM or IgE domain monomer sequences. These N and C terminal sequences can be hinge regions, constant domains, or both.
As indicated above, leucine and isoleucine zippers may also be used as the multimerizing region. Leucine and isoleucine zippers (coiled-coil domains) are known to facilitate formation of protein dimers, trimers and tetramers (Harbury et al. Science 262:1401-1407 (1993); O'Shea et al. Science 243:538 (1989)). By taking advantage of the natural tendency of an isoleucine zipper to form a trimer, cluster stradomers may be produced using serial stradomers comprising an isoleucine zipper. Association of three or more serial stradomers (as cluster stradomer units) having isoleucine zippers results in the formation of cluster stradomers having at least six Fc gamma receptor binding regions.
While the skilled artisan will understand that different types of leucine and isoleucine zippers may be used, in a preferred embodiment the isoleucine zipper from the GCN4 transcriptional regulator modified as described (Morris et al., Mol. Immunol. 44:3112-3121 (2007); Harbury et al. Science 262:1401-1407 (1993)) is used:
This isoleucine zipper sequence is only one of several possible sequences that can be used for multimerization of Fc domain monomers. While the entire sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:37 may be used, the underlined portion of the sequence represents the core sequence of the isoleucine zipper that may be used in the cluster stradomers of the present invention. Thus, stradomer monomers of the present invention may comprise either the complete 88 amino acid sequence of the isoleucine zipper (ILZ), or the 28 amino acid core, along with one or more Fc domain monomers. The skilled artisan will also understand that the isoleucine zipper may be comprised of any portion of the zipper in addition to the core 28 amino acid structure, and thus may be comprised of more than 28 amino acids, but less than 88 amino acids of the isoleucine zipper. Specific examples of possible ILZ-IgG1 Fc domain constructs are shown as follows.
These are only a few of many examples. Any of the IgG1 domains can, for example, be replaced with IgG3 domains. Additional proteins with ILZ domains include IgG1 chimeric proteins with the addition of N and/or C terminal sequences from other Ig molecules like IgM or IgE. These N and C terminal sequences can be hinge regions, constant domains or both.
An “Fc fragment stradomer” is comprised of more than one Fc fragment. Under certain circumstances attributable to post-translational modification of the Fc fragment, the Fc fragment binds with sufficient strength to another Fc fragment to permit the formation of a molecule that binds to more than one Fcγ receptor. The post-translational modification that permits such binding includes glycosylation and methylation. The identity of the cell line in which the recombinant Fc fragments are produced, and conditions under which they are produced, govern whether Fc fragments will form Fc fragment stradomers. For example, a recombinant Fc fragment produced in a FreestyleMax CHO transient transfection cell forms multimers that are visible on western blots, binds according to a bivalent fit on plasmon resonance binding assay, and demonstrates biological activity in a dendritic cell assay comparable to IVIG. In contrast, the same recombinant Fc fragment produced in a stable CHO cell line does not form multimers of the Fc fragment on western blots, binds according to a univalent fit on Plasmon resonance binding assay, and does not demonstrate comparable biological activity. Thus an Fc fragment stradomer is a biomimetic compound capable of binding two or more Fcγ receptors.
As also used herein, the term “Fc dimer” is a dimer of Fc fragments (see
The present invention also encompasses stradobodies. As used herein, “stradobody” refers to a molecule comprising two or more Fc domains, preferably in the context of a stradomer (including serial stradomers, core stradomers, cluster stradomers and Fc fragment stradomers), to which one or more Fab domains is attached (see, e.g.,
In one embodiment, the stradomers may have a Fab of an immunoglobulin linked to an Fc hinge (H) domain of a stradomer to generate a stradobody (e.g.
Stradobodies will possess the antigen binding properties of the Fab portion and the above described stradomer properties. Such a combination will serve to bind, cross-link, and activate Fcγ receptors on effector cells at a higher rate than can be accomplished by an Fc backbone of a holo-antibody, particularly in the environment of low epitope expression (e.g. the 90% of breast cancer patients whose tumors are not classified as her/2-neu high expressors), inducing ADCC in a higher percentage of patients. As indicated above, one or more antigen-binding Fab fragments can be added to the stradomers to form stradobodies. Preferably, polypeptides (other than the linkages described herein) added to stradomers are not all or parts of non-immunoglobulin polypeptides.
The Fab may be a chimeric structure comprised of human constant regions and non-human variable regions such as the variable region from a mouse, rat, rabbit, monkey, or goat antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to make a variety of Fab chimeric structures for incorporation into stradobodies using methodologies currently available and described in the scientific literature for such constructions. Thus, “humanized” stradobodies may be designed analogous to “humanized monoclonal antibodies.
The skilled artisan will understand that the stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention can be designed to include specific immunoglobulin Fc domains, such as two Fc domains from IgG1 (i.e., IgG1 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgG1 CH3/IgG1 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgG1 CH3). Such a stradomer could be constructed by first preparing a polynucleotide encoding two IgG1 Fc domain monomers (i.e., IgG1 hinge monomer/IgG1 CH2 monomer/IgG1 CH3 monomer/IgG1 hinge monomer/IgG1 CH2 monomer/IgG1 CH3 monomer), and then expressing stradomer monomers there from. Upon association of two such stradomer monomers a serial stradomer having two IgG1 Fc domains would be produced.
The stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention can also be designed based on the identity of specific immunoglobulin Fc partial domains that comprise the Fc domains. For example, a serial stradomer could be produced having two Fc domains, where the first Fc domain comprises IgG1 hinge/IgG3 CH2/IgG1 CH3 and the second Fc domain comprises IgG3 hinge/IgG1 CH2/IgG3 CH3.
It is understood that the stradomers and other biomimetic molecules disclosed herein can be derived from any of a variety of species. Indeed, Fc domains, or Fc partial domains, in any one biomimetic molecules of the present invention can be derived from immunoglobulin from more than one (e.g., from two, three, four, five, or more) species. However, they will more commonly be derived from a single species. In addition, it will be appreciated that any of the methods disclosed herein (e.g., methods of treatment) can be applied to any species. Generally, the components of a biomimetic applied to a species of interest will all be derived from that species. However, biomimetics in which all the components are of a different species or are from more than one species (including or not including the species to which the relevant method is applied) can also be used.
The specific CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4 domains and hinge regions that comprise the Fc domains and Fc partial domains of the stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention may be independently selected, both in terms of the immunoglobulin subclass, as well as in the organism, from which they are derived. Accordingly, the stradomers and other biomimetics disclosed herein may comprise Fc domains and partial Fc domains that independently come from various immunoglobulin types such as IgG1, Ig02, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, IgE, and IgM. Similarly each Fc domain and partial Fc domain may be derived from various species, preferably a mammalian species, including non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees), humans, murine, rattus, bovine, equine, feline, canine, porcine, rabbits, goats, deer, sheep, ferrets, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, bats, birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, and ducks), fish and reptiles to produce species-specific or chimeric stradomer molecules.
The individual Fc domains and partial Fc domains may also be humanized. One of skill in the art will realize that different Fc domains and partial Fc domains will provide different types of functionalities. For example, FcγRs bind specifically to IgG immunoglobulins and not other classes of immunoglobulins. Thus, one of skill in the art, intending to design a stradomer with multiple Fcγ receptor binding capacity, would design stradomer Fc domains that at least incorporate the well characterized Fcγ receptor binding sequences of IgG, including those in the IgG hinge region and the IgG CH2 & CH3 domains. One of ordinary skill in the art will also understand various deleterious consequences can be associated with the use of particular Ig domains, such as the anaphylaxis associated with IgA infusions. The biomimetics disclosed herein should generally be designed to avoid such effects, although in particular circumstances such effects may be desirable.
The present invention also encompasses stradomers comprising Fc domains and Fc partial domains having amino acids that differ from the naturally-occurring amino acid sequence of the Fc domain or Fe partial domain. Preferred Fc domains for inclusion in the biomimetic compounds of the present invention have a measurable specific binding affinity to either a holo-Fcγ receptor or a soluble extracellular domain portion of an FcγR. Primary amino acid sequences and X-ray crystallography structures of numerous Fc domains and Fc domain monomers are available in the art. See, e.g., Woof J M, Burton D R. Human antibody-Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 February; 4(2):89-99. Representative Fc domains with Fcγ receptor binding capacity include the Fc domains from human immunoglobulin G isotypes 1-4 (hIgG1-4) (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively; see also
The amino acid changes may be found throughout the sequence of the Fc domain, or be isolated to particular Fc partial domains that comprise the Fc domain. The functional variants of the Fc domain used in the stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention will have at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a native Fc domain. Similarly, the functional variants of the Fc partial domains used in the stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention will have at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a native Fc partial domain.
The skilled artisan will appreciate that the present invention further encompasses the use of functional variants of Fc domain monomers in the construction of Fc fragment monomers, Fc partial fragment monomers, stradomer monomers and the other monomers of the present invention. The functional variants of the Fc domain monomers will have at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a native Fc domain monomer sequence.
Similarly, the present invention also encompasses the use of functional variants of Fc partial domain monomers in the construction of Fc fragment monomers, Fc partial fragment monomers, Fc domains monomers, stradomer monomers and the other monomers of the present invention. The functional variants of the Fc partial domain monomers will have at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, o/0 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a native Fc partial domain monomer sequence.
The amino acid changes may decrease, increase, or leave unaltered the binding affinity of the stradomer to the Fey receptor. Preferably such amino acid changes will be conservative amino acid substitutions, however, such changes include deletions, additions and other substitutions. Conservative amino acid substitutions typically include changes within the following groups: glycine and alanine; valine, isoleucine, and leucine; aspartic acid and glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine, serine and threonine; lysine, histidine and arginine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.
The term “functional variant” as used herein refers to a sequence related by homology to a reference sequence which is capable of mediating the same biological effects as the reference sequence (when a polypeptide), or which encodes a polypeptide that is capable of mediating the same biological effects as a polypeptide encoded by the reference sequence (when a polynucleotide). For example, a functional variant of any of the biomimetics herein described would have a specified homology or identity and would be capable of immune modulation of DCs. Functional sequence variants include both polynucleotides and polypeptides. Sequence identity is assessed generally using BLAST 2.0 (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), operating with the default parameters: Filter-On, Scoring Matrix-BLOSUM62, Word Size—3, E value—10, Gap Costs—11.1 and Alignments—50.
From the above, it will be appreciated that stradomers of the present invention include stradomers having: (a) only naturally occurring Fc domains; (b) a mixture of naturally occurring Fc domains and Fc domains with altered amino acid sequences; and (c) only Fc domains with altered amino acid sequences. All that is required is that stradomers containing altered amino acid sequences have at least 25%; 30%; 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90%; 95%; 96%; 97%; 98%; 99%; 99.5%; or 100% or even more of the ability of a corresponding stradomer comprising Fc domains with naturally-occurring sequences to bind to two or more Fcγ receptors.
The aforementioned Fcγ receptor binding sites occurring in the stradomers and stradobodies of the present invention may be altered in sequence through genetic engineering to predictably derive binding sites with altered binding capabilities and affinities relative to a native sequence. For example, specific residues may be altered that reduce Fc domain binding of the biomimetic compounds to FcγRII while increasing binding to FcγRIIIa. An example of an extensive mutagenesis based structure-function analysis for hIgG Fcγ receptor binding sequences is Robert L. Shields, et al. High Resolution Mapping of the Binding Site on Human IgG1 for FcγRT, FcγRII, FcγRIII, and FcRn and Design of IgG1 Variants with Improved Binding to the FcγR. J. Biol. Chem., February 2001; 276: 6591-6604. Similar studies have been performed on murine IgG Fc (mIgG Fc). Based on the structural and primary sequence homologies of native IgG Fc domains across species, one of skill in the art may translate the extensive structure-function knowledge of hIgG Fc and mIgG Fc to rational mutagenesis of all native Fcγ receptor binding site sequences in the biomimetic compounds of the present invention to design binding sites with particular Fcγ receptor specificities and binding affinities.
In addition to the amino acid sequence composition of native Fc domains, the carbohydrate content of the Fc domain is known to play an important role on Fc domain structure and binding interactions with FcγR. See, e.g., Robert L. Shields, et al. Lack of Fucose on Human IgG1 N-Linked Oligosaccharide Improves Binding to Human Fc RIII and Antibody-dependent Cellular Toxicity. J. Biol. Chem., July 2002; 277: 26733-26740 (doi:10.1074/jbc.M202069200); Ann Wright and Sherie L. Morrison. Effect of C2-Associated Carbohydrate Structure on Ig Effector Function: Studies with Chimeric Mouse-Human IgG1 Antibodies in Glycosylation Mutants of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. J. Immunol., April 1998; 160: 3393-3402. Carbohydrate content may be controlled using, for example, particular protein expression systems including particular cell lines or in vitro enzymatic modification. Thus, the present invention includes stradomers and stradobodies comprising Fc domains with the native carbohydrate content of holo-antibody from which the domains were obtained, as well as those biomimetic compounds have an altered carbohydrate content.
The addition to the polypeptide chain of an Fc partial domain, a multimerization region, or glycosylation changes may create a conformational change in the Fc domain permitting enhanced binding of the Fc domain to an Fcγ receptor. Thus, seemingly minor changes to the polypeptide may also create a stradomer capable of binding multiple Fcγ receptors.
The skilled artisan will further recognize that the Fc domains and Fc partial domains used in the embodiments of the present invention need not be full-length versions. That is, the present invention encompasses the use of Fc domain monomers and Fc partial domain monomers lacking amino acids from the amino terminus, carboxy terminus or middle of the particular Fc domain monomers and Fc partial domain monomers that comprise the stradomers and other biomimetics of the present invention.
For example, the binding site on human IgG immunoglobulins for Fcγ receptors has been described (e.g. Radaev, S., Sun, P., 2001. Recognition of Immunoglobulins by Fcγ Receptors. Molecular Immunology 38, 1073-1083; Shields, R. L. et al., 2001. High Resolution Mapping of the Binding Site on Human IgG1 for FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII, and FcRn and Design of IgG1 Variants with Improved Binding to the FcγR. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (9), 6591-6604). Based on that knowledge, one may remove amino acids from the Fc domain of these immunoglobulins and determine the effects on the binding interaction between the Fc domain and the receptor. Thus, the present invention encompasses IgG Fc domains having at least about 90% of the amino acids encompasses positions 233 through 338 of the lower hinge and CH2 as defined in Radaev, S., Sun, P., 2001
Fc partial domains of IgG immunoglobulins of the present invention include all or part of the hinge region, all or part of the CH2 domain, and all or part of the CH3 domain.
The IgG Fc partial domains having only a part of the hinge region, part of the CH2 domain or part of the CH3 domain are constructed from Fc partial domain monomers. Thus, the present invention includes IgG hinge region monomers derived from the N-terminus of the hinge region or the C-terminus of the hinge region. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, or 62 (up to 15 for IgG1, up to 12 for IgG2, up to 62 for IgG3, up to 12 for IgG4) amino acids of the hinge region.
The present invention also includes IgG CH2 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the CH2 domain or the C-terminus of the CH2 domain. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, or 110 (up to 110 for IgG1 and IgG3, up to 109 for IgG2 and IgG4) amino acids of the CH2 domain.
The present invention further includes IgG CH3 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the CH3 domain or the C-terminus of the CH3 domain. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, or 107 (up to 106 for IgG1 and IgG3, up to 107 for IgG2 and IgG4) amino acids of the CH3 domain.
Fc partial domains of IgA1, IgA2 and IgD immunoglobulins of the present invention include all or part of the hinge region, all or part of the CH2 domain, and all or part of the CH3 domain. Moreover all or part of the CH1 domain of the IgA1, IgA2, or IgD immunoglobulin can be used as Fc partial domains.
The IgA1, IgA2 and IgD partial domains having only a part of the hinge region, part of the CH1 domain, part of the CH2 domain or part of the CH3 domain are constructed from Fc partial domain monomers. Thus, the present invention includes hinge region monomers derived from the N-terminus of the hinge region or the C-terminus of the hinge region of IgA1, IgA2 or IgD. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, or 64 (up to 26 for IgA1, up to 13 for IgA2, up to 64 for IgD) amino acids of the hinge region.
The present invention includes CH2 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the CH2 domain or the C-terminus of the CH2 domains of IgA1, IgA2 or IgD. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, or 107 (up to 102 for IgA1, up to 96 for IgA2, up to 107 for IgD) amino acids of the CH2 domain.
The present invention includes CH3 domains derived from the N-terminus of the CH3 domain or the C-terminus of the CH3 domains of IgA1, IgA2 or IgD. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, or 131 (up to 113 for IgA1, up to 131 for IgA2, up to 110 for IgD) amino acids of the CH3 domain.
Fc partial domains of IgM and IgE immunoglobulins of the present invention include all or part of the hinge/CH2 domain, all or part of the CH3 domain, and all or part of the CH4 domain of these molecules. Moreover all or part of the CH1 domain of the IgM and IgE immunoglobulins can be used as Fc partial domains.
The IgM and IgE partial domains having only a part of the hinge CH2 domain, part of the CH3 domain, or part of the CH4 domain are constructed from Fc partial domain monomers. Thus, the present invention includes hinge/CH2 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the hinge/CH2 domain or the C-terminus of the hinge/CH2 domain of IgM or IgE. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, or 112 (up to 112 for IgM, up to 109 for IgE) amino acids of the hinge/CH2 domain.
The present invention includes IgM and IgE CH3 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the CH3 domain or the C-terminus of the CH3 domain of IgM or IgE. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, or 106 (up to 106 for IgM, up to 105 for IgE) amino acids of the CH3 domain.
The present invention includes IgM and IgE CH4 domain monomers derived from the N-terminus of the CH4 domain or the C-terminus of the CH4 domain of IgM or IgE. They can thus contain, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, or 130 (up to 130 for IgM, up to 105 for IgE) amino acids of the CH4 domain. However, parts of the CH4 domain of IgM or IgE that include the C-terminal end of the CH4 domain will preferably be more than 18 amino acids in length, and more preferably will be more than 30 amino acids in length, and most preferably will be more than 50 amino acids in length.
From the above, it will be appreciated that different embodiments of the present invention include stradomers containing: (a) full-length Fc domains; (b) a mixture of full-length Fc domains and Fc partial domains; and (c) Fc partial domains. In each of these embodiments, the stradomers may further comprise CH1 domains. As discussed herein, in each embodiment of the stradomers of the present invention, the stradomers have the ability to bind two or more Fcγ receptors.
The following are examples of stradomer monomers of the present invention:
CH3-IgG1 hinge-IgG1 CH2-IgG1 CH3
In each of these embodiments, and the other embodiments presented herein, it will be understood that domain linkages may be used to link the individual Fc partial domain monomers that make up the stradomer monomers. In one embodiment, the Fc partial domain monomers shown for each of the stradomer monomers set forth above are human Fc partial domain monomers.
The present invention includes stradomers comprising two or more of the stradomer monomers listed above. In preferred embodiments, the present invention includes serial stradomers comprising two identical stradomer monomers provided above.
As indicated above, the stradomer functionality of binding more than one Fcγ receptor can also be achieved by incorporating a J chain as a core moiety in a core stradomer, similar to a natural IgM or IgA molecule. In native IgA and IgM immunoglobulins the joining (J) chain is a 15 kDa peptide that joins the heavy and light chains of IgA and IgM antibodies through disulfide bridges with an 18 amino acid “secretory tailpiece” of the Fc portions of the antibodies. Braathen, R., et al., The Carboxyl-terminal Domains of IgA and IgM Direct Isotype-specific Polymerization and Interaction with the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor, J. Bio. Chem. 277(45), 4275542762 (2002).
Such core stradomers may be comprised of stradomer monomers containing a naturally occurring CH4 Fc domain, preferably from IgM immunoglobulins, thereby permitting association of the stradomers comprising such stradomer monomers to a J chain (see
In each of these embodiments, and the other embodiments presented herein, it will be understood that domain linkages may be used to link the individual Fc partial domain monomers that make up the stradomer monomers. In one embodiment, the Fc partial domain monomers shown for each of the stradomer monomers set forth above are human Fc partial domain monomers.
Core stradomers based on a J chain may be also be comprised of Fc fragments, Fc partial fragments and/or Fc domains that have a CH4 Fc domain. In this example, each of the Fc fragments, Fc partial fragments and Fc domains having a CH4 Fc domain linked to the core moiety may contain only one Fcγ receptor binding site but in the context of such a core stradomer, forms a biologically active biomimetic containing more than one Fcγ receptor binding site. A skilled artisan will recognize that the Fc partial domains from different native immunoglobulins can be used to generate the functional Fc fragments, Fc partial fragments and Fc domains of such a core stradomer. The following are examples of monomers of Fc fragments, Fc partial fragments and Fc domains which can self-dimerize and then be associated with a J chain to form a core stradomer:
In each of these embodiments, and the other embodiments presented herein, it will be understood that domain linkages may be used to link the individual Fc partial domain monomers that make up the stradomer monomers. In one embodiment, the Fc partial domain monomers shown for each of the stradomer monomers set forth above are human Fc partial domain monomers.
It is clear from the above examples that stradomer monomers can be of differing lengths and compositions to accomplish the goal, when associated through self-aggregation or inter-stradomer monomer linkages to a second stradomer monomer and associated with a J chain, producing a core stradomer containing more than one Fcγ receptor binding site. The examples are in no way limiting and one skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple other stradomer configurations in stradomers are possible.
The terms “FcγR” and “Fcγ receptor” as used herein includes each member of the Fc gamma receptor family of proteins expressed on immune cell surfaces as described in Nimmerjahn F and Ravetch J V. Fcgamma receptors: old friends and new family members. Immunity. 2006 January; 24(1):19-28, or as may later be defined. It is intended that the term “FcγR” herein described encompasses all members of the Fc gamma RI, RII, and RIII families. Fcγ receptor includes low affinity and high affinity Fcγ receptors, including but not limited to FcγRI (CD64); FcγRII (CD32) and its isotypes and allotypes FcγRIIa LR, FcγRIIa HR, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIc; FcγRIII (CD16) and its isotypes FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb. A skilled artisan will recognize that the present invention, which includes compounds that bind to FcγR, will apply to future FcγRs and associated isotypes and allotypes that may not yet have been discovered.
It has been described that IVIG binds to and fully saturates the neonatal Fc receptor (“FcRn”) and that such competitive inhibition of FcRn may play an important role in the biological activity of IVIG (e.g. Mechanisms of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Action in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. F. Jin, J. Balthasar. Human Immunology, 2005, Volume 66, Issue 4, Pages 403-410.) Since immunoglobulins that bind strongly to Fcγ receptors also bind at least to some degree to FcRn, a skilled artisan will recognize that stradomers which are capable of binding to more than one Fcγ receptor will also bind to and may fully saturate the FcRn.
“Immunological activity of aggregated native IgG” refers to the properties of multimerized IgG which impact the functioning of an immune system upon exposure of the immune system to the IgG aggregates. Specific properties of native multimerized IgG includes altered specific binding to FcγRs, cross-linking of FcγRs on the surfaces of immune cells, or an effector functionality of multimerized IgG such as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis (ADCP), or complement fixation (See, e.g., Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch J V. The anti-inflammatory activity of IgG: the intravenous IgG paradox. J Exp Med. 2007; 204:11-15; Augener W, Friedman B, Brittinger G. Are aggregates of IgG the effective part of high-dose immunoglobulin therapy in adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)? Blut. 1985; 50:249-252; Arase N, Arase H, Park S Y, Ohno H, Ra C, Saito T. Association with FcRgamma is essential for activation signal through NKR-P1 (CD161) in natural killer (NK) cells and NK1.1+ T cells. J Exp Med. 1997; 186:1957-1963; Teeling J L, JansenHendriks T, Kuijpers T W, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations depends on the immunoglobulin G dimers: studies in experimental immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2001; 98:1095-1099; Anderson C F, Mosser D M. Cutting edge: biasing immune responses by directing antigen to macrophage Fc gamma receptors. J Immunol. 2002; 168:3697-3701; Jefferis R, Lund J. Interaction sites on human IgG-Fc for Fc[gamma]R: current models. Immunology Letters. 2002; 82:57; Banki Z, Kacani L, Mullauer B, et al. Cross-Linking of CD32 Induces Maturation of Human MonocyteDerived Dendritic Cells Via NF-{kappa}B Signaling Pathway. J Immunol. 2003; 170:3963-3970; Siragam V, Brine D, Crow A R, Song S, Freedman J, Lazarus A H. Can antibodies with specificity for soluble antigens mimic the therapeutic effects of intravenous IgG in the treatment of autoimmune disease? J Clin Invest. 2005; 115:155160). These properties are generally evaluated by comparison to the properties of monomeric IgG.
“Comparable to or superior to an Fcγ receptor cross-linking or an effector functionality of a plurality of naturally-occurring, aggregated IgG immunoglobulins” as used herein means the stradomer generates an assay value of about 70% or more of the value achieved using IVIG. In some embodiments, the assay value is at least within the standard error range of the assay values achieved using IVIG. In other embodiments, the assay value is 110% or higher than that of IVIG. Assays for FcγR cross-linking are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see e.g., Falk Nimmerjahn and Jeffrey Ravetch. Fcγ receptors as regulators of immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology, advanced published on line Dec. 7, 2007).
“Immune modulating activities,” “modulating immune response,” “modulating the immune system,” and “immune modulation” mean altering immune systems by changing the activities, capacities, and relative numbers of one or more immune cells, including maturation of a cell type within its cell type or into other cell types. For example, immune modulation of immature monocytes may lead to greater populations of more mature monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, or osteoclasts, all of which are derived from immature monocytes. For example, immune cell receptors may be bound by immunologically active biomimetics and activate intracellular signaling to induce various immune cell changes, referred to separately as “activating immune modulation.” Blockading immune cell receptors to prevent receptor activation is also encompassed within “immune modulation” and may be separately referred to as “inhibitory immune modulation.”
Modulation of maturation of a monocyte refers to the differentiation of a monocyte into a mature DC, a macrophage, or an osteoclast. Differentiation may be modulated to accelerate the rate of maturation and/or to increase the number of monocytes undergoing differentiation. Alternatively, differentiation may be reduced in terms of rate of differentiation and/or number of cells undergoing differentiation.
The term “isolated” polypeptide or peptide as used herein refers to a polypeptide or a peptide which either has no naturally-occurring counterpart or has been separated or purified from components which naturally accompany it, e.g., in tissues such as pancreas, liver, spleen, ovary, testis, muscle, joint tissue, neural tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, or breast tissue or tumor tissue (e.g., breast cancer tissue), or body fluids such as blood, serum, or urine. Typically, the polypeptide or peptide is considered “isolated” when it is at least 70%, by dry weight, free from the proteins and other naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, a preparation of a polypeptide (or peptide) of the invention is at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by dry weight, the polypeptide (peptide), respectively, of the invention. Since a polypeptide or peptide that is chemically synthesized is, by its nature, separated from the components that naturally accompany it, the synthetic polypeptide or peptide is “isolated.”
An isolated polypeptide (or peptide) of the invention can be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source (e.g., from tissues or bodily fluids); by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide or peptide; or by chemical synthesis. A polypeptide or peptide that is produced in a cellular system different from the source from which it naturally originates is “isolated,” because it will necessarily be free of components which naturally accompany it. The degree of isolation or purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis.
Administration of the immunologically active biomimetic compositions described herein will be via any common route, orally, parenterally, or topically. Exemplary routes include, but are not limited to oral, nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intraarterial, intratumoral, spinal, intrathecal, intra-articular, intra-arterial, sub-arachnoid, sublingual, oral mucosal, bronchial, lymphatic, intra-uterine, subcutaneous, intratumor, integrated on an implantable device, intradural, intracortical, or dermal. Such compositions would normally be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as described herein. In a preferred embodiment the isolated immunologically active biomimetic is administered intravenously.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the vectors or cells of the present invention, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also can be incorporated into the compositions.
The immunologically active biomimetic compositions of the present invention may be formulated in a neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the immunologically active biomimetic in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Further, one embodiment is an immunologically active biomimetic composition suitable for oral administration is provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier with or without an inert diluent. The carrier should be assimmable or edible and includes liquid, semi-solid, i.e., pastes, or solid carriers. Except insofar as any conventional media, agent, diluent or carrier is detrimental to the recipient or to the therapeutic effectiveness of an immunologically active biomimetic preparation contained therein, its use in an orally administrable an immunologically active biomimetic composition for use in practicing the methods of the present invention is appropriate. Examples of carriers or diluents include fats, oils, water, saline solutions, lipids, liposomes, resins, binders, fillers and the like, or combinations thereof. The term “oral administration” as used herein includes oral, buccal, enteral or intragastric administration.
In one embodiment, the composition is combined with the carrier in any convenient and practical manner, i.e., by solution, suspension, emulsification, admixture, encapsulation, microencapsulation, absorption and the like. Such procedures are routine for those skilled in the art.
In a specific embodiment, the immunologically active biomimetic composition in powder form is combined or mixed thoroughly with a semi-solid or solid carrier. The mixing can be carried out in any convenient manner such as grinding. Stabilizing agents can be also added in the mixing process in order to protect the composition from loss of therapeutic activity through, i.e., denaturation in the stomach. Examples of stabilizers for use in an orally administrable composition include buffers, antagonists to the secretion of stomach acids, amino acids such as glycine and lysine, carbohydrates such as dextrose, mannose, galactose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, sorbitol, mannitol, etc., proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, and the like. More preferably, for an orally administered composition, the stabilizer can also include antagonists to the secretion of stomach acids.
Further, the immunologically active biomimetic composition for oral administration which is combined with a semi-solid or solid carrier can be further formulated into hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, tablets, or pills. More preferably, gelatin capsules, tablets, or pills are enterically coated. Enteric coatings prevent denaturation of the composition in the stomach or upper bowel where the pH is acidic. See, i.e., U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,001. Upon reaching the small intestines, the basic pH therein dissolves the coating and permits the composition to be released to interact with intestinal cells, e.g., Peyer's patch M cells.
In another embodiment, the immunologically active biomimetic composition in powder form is combined or mixed thoroughly with materials that create a nanoparticle encapsulating the immunologically active biomimetic or to which the immunologically active biomimetic is attached. Each nanoparticle will have a size of less than or equal to 100 microns. The nanoparticle may have mucoadhesive properties that allow for gastrointestinal absorption of an immunologically active biomimetic that would otherwise not be orally bioavailable.
In another embodiment, a powdered composition is combined with a liquid carrier such as, i.e., water or a saline solution, with or without a stabilizing agent.
A specific immunologically active biomimetic formulation that may be used is a solution of immunologically active biomimetic protein in a hypotonic phosphate based buffer that is free of potassium where the composition of the buffer is as follows: 6 mM sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 9 mM sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, 50 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.0.+/−0.1. The concentration of immunologically active biomimetic protein in a hypotonic buffer may range from 10 microgram/ml to 100 milligram/ml. This formulation may be administered via any route of administration, for example, but not limited to intravenous administration.
Further, an immunologically active biomimetic composition for topical administration which is combined with a semi-solid carrier can be further formulated into a cream or gel ointment. A preferred carrier for the formation of a gel ointment is a gel polymer. Preferred polymers that are used to manufacture a gel composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to carbopol, carboxymethyl-cellulose, and pluronic polymers. Specifically, a powdered Fc multimer composition is combined with an aqueous gel containing a polymerization agent such as Carbopol 980 at strengths between 0.5% and 5% wt/volume for application to the skin for treatment of disease on or beneath the skin. The term “topical administration” as used herein includes application to a dermal, epidermal, subcutaneous or mucosal surface.
Upon formulation, solutions are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective to result in an improvement or remediation of the symptoms. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as ingestible solutions, drug release capsules and the like. Some variation in dosage can occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration can, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject. Moreover, for human administration, preparations meet sterility, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.
The route of administration will vary, naturally, with the location and nature of the disease being treated, and may include, for example intradermal, transdermal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, subcutaneous, percutaneous, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, perfusion, lavage, direct injection, and oral administration.
The term “parenteral administration” as used herein includes any form of administration in which the compound is absorbed into the subject without involving absorption via the intestines. Exemplary parenteral administrations that are used in the present invention include, but are not limited to intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, intraocular, or intraarticular administration.
Below are specific examples of various pharmaceutical formulation categories and preferred routes of administration, as indicated, for specific exemplary diseases:
Buccal or sub-lingual dissolvable tablet: angina, polyarteritis nodosa.
Intravenous: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Inclusion Body Myositis, Paraproteinemic IgM demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Necrotizing fasciitis, Pemphigus, Gangrene, Dermatomyositis, Granuloma, Lymphoma, Sepsis, Aplastic anemia, Multisystem organ failure, Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Inflammatory Myopathies, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Myositis, Anemia, Neoplasia, Hemolytic anemia, Encephalitis, Myelitis, Myelopathy especially associated with Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, Leukemia, Multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis, Asthma, Epidermal necrolysis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Neuropathy, Uveitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Graft Versus Host Disease, Stiff Man Syndrome, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibodies, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and sensory neuropathy with anti-Hu antibodies, systemic vasculitis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, autoimmune diabetic neuropathy, acute idiopathic dysautonomic neuropathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome associated with anti-/GM1, Demyelination, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Cardiomyopathy, Kawasaki's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, and Evan's syndrome IM-ITP, CIDP, MS, dermatomyositis, mysasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy. The term “intravenous administration” as used herein includes all techniques to deliver a compound or composition of the present invention to the systemic circulation via an intravenous injection or infusion.
Dermal gel, lotion, cream or patch: vitiligo, Herpes zoster, acne, chelitis.
Rectal suppository, gel, or infusion: ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoidal inflammation.
Oral as pill, troche, encapsulated, or with enteric coating: Crohn's disease, celiac spree, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory liver disease, Barrett's esophagus.
Intra-cortical: epilepsy, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Huntingdon's Disease.
Intra-abdominal infusion or implant: endometriosis.
Intra-vaginal gel or suppository: bacterial, trichomonal, or fungal vaginitis.
Medical devices: coated on coronary artery stent, prosthetic joints.
The immunologically active biomimetics described herein may be administered in dosages from about 0.01 mg per kg to about 300 mg per kg body weight, and especially from 0.01 mg per kg body weight to about 300 mg per kg body weight, and may be administered at least once daily, weekly, biweekly or monthly. A biphasic dosage regimen may be used wherein the first dosage phase comprises about 0.1% to about 10% of the second dosage phase.
Based on rational design and in vitro and in vivo validations, the immunologically active biomimetics of the present invention will serve as important biopharmaceuticals for treating autoimmune diseases and for modulating immune function in a variety of other contexts such as bioimmunotherapy for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Medical conditions suitable for treatment with the immunologically active biomimetics described herein include those currently routinely treated with hIVIG or in which hIVIG has been found to be clinically useful such as autoimmune cytopenias, Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, anti-Factor VIII autoimmune disease, dermatomyositis, vasculitis, and uveitis (See, F. G. van der Meche, P. I. Schmitz, N. Engl. J. Med. 326, 1123 (1992); P. Gajdos et al., Lancet i, 406 (1984); Y. Sultan, M. D. Kazatchkine, P. Maisonneuve, U. E. Nydegger, Lancet ii, 765 (1984); M. C. Dalakas et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 1993 (1993); D. R. Jayne, M. J. Davies, C. J. Fox, C. M. Black, C. M. Lockwood, Lancet 337, 1137 (1991); P. LeHoang, N. Cassoux, F. George, N. Kullmann, M. D. Kazatchkine, Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 8, 49 (2000)) and those cancers or inflammatory disease conditions in which a monoclonal antibody may be used or is already in clinical use. Conditions included among those that may be effectively treated by the compounds that are the subject of this invention include an inflammatory disease with an imbalance in cytokine networks, an autoimmune disorder mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies or autoaggressive T cells, or an acute or chronic phase of a chronic relapsing autoimmune, inflammatory, or infectious disease or process.
In addition, other medical conditions having an inflammatory component will benefit from treatment with immunologically active biomimetics such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus associated inflammation, adrenoleukodystrophy, and epileptic disorders especially those believed to be associated with postviral encephalitis including Rasmussen Syndrome, West Syndrome, and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.
The general approach to therapy using the isolated immunologically active biomimetics described herein is to administer to a subject having a disease or condition, a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated immunologically active biomimetic to effect a treatment. In some embodiments, diseases or conditions may be broadly categorized as inflammatory diseases with an imbalance in cytokine networks, an autoimmune disorder mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies or autoaggressive T cells, or an acute or chronic phase of a chronic relapsing disease or process.
The term “treating” and “treatment” as used herein refers to administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a biomimetic of the present invention so that the subject has an improvement in a disease or condition, or a symptom of the disease or condition. The improvement is any improvement or remediation of the disease or condition, or symptom of the disease or condition. The improvement is an observable or measurable improvement, or may be an improvement in the general feeling of well-being of the subject. Thus, one of skill in the art realizes that a treatment may improve the disease condition, but may not be a complete cure for the disease. Specifically, improvements in subjects may include one or more of: decreased inflammation; decreased inflammatory laboratory markers such as C-reactive protein; decreased autoimmunity as evidenced by one or more of: improvements in autoimmune markers such as autoantibodies or in platelet count, white cell count, or red cell count, decreased rash or purpura, decrease in weakness, numbness, or tingling, increased glucose levels in patients with hyperglycemia, decreased joint pain, inflammation, swelling, or degradation, decrease in cramping and diarrhea frequency and volume, decreased angina, decreased tissue inflammation, or decrease in seizure frequency; decreases in cancer tumor burden, increased time to tumor progression, decreased cancer pain, increased survival or improvements in the quality of life; or delay of progression or improvement of osteoporosis.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount that results in an improvement or remediation of the symptoms of the disease or condition.
As used herein, “prophylaxis” can mean complete prevention of the symptoms of a disease, a delay in onset of the symptoms of a disease, or a lessening in the severity of subsequently developed disease symptoms.
The term “subject” as used herein, is taken to mean any mammalian subject to which biomimetics of the present invention are administered according to the methods described herein. In a specific embodiment, the methods of the present disclosure are employed to treat a human subject. The methods of the present disclosure may also be employed to treat non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees), mice, rats, bovines, horses, cats, dogs, pigs, rabbits, goats, deer, sheep, ferrets, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, bats, birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, and ducks), fish and reptiles to produce species-specific or chimeric stradomer molecules.
In particular, the biomimetics of the present invention may be used to treat conditions including but not limited to congestive heart failure (CHF), vasculitis, rosecea, acne, eczema, myocarditis and other conditions of the myocardium, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, spondylopathies, synovial fibroblasts, and bone marrow stroma; bone loss; Paget's disease, osteoclastoma; multiple myeloma; breast cancer; disuse osteopenia; malnutrition, periodontal disease, Gaucher's disease, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, spinal cord injury, acute septic arthritis, osteomalacia, Cushing's syndrome, monoostotic fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, periodontal reconstruction, and bone fractures; sarcoidosis; osteolytic bone cancers, lung cancer, kidney cancer and rectal cancer; bone metastasis, bone pain management, and humoral malignant hypercalcemia, ankylosing spondylitisa and other spondyloarthropathies; transplantation rejection, viral infections, hematologic neoplasisas and neoplastic-like conditions for example, Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (Burkitt's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia and lymphoplasmacytic leukemia), tumors of lymphocyte precursor cells, including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, thymoma, tumors of the mature T and NK cells, including peripheral T-cell leukemias, adult T-cell leukemia/T-cell lymphomas and large granular lymphocytic leukemia, Langerhans cell histocytosis, myeloid neoplasias such as acute myelogenous leukemias, including AML with maturation, AML without differentiation, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute monocytic leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, tumors of the central nervous system, e.g., brain tumors (glioma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and retinoblastoma), solid tumors (nasopharyngeal cancer, basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the bile duct, Kaposi's sarcoma, testicular cancer, uterine, vaginal or cervical cancers, ovarian cancer, primary liver cancer or endometrial cancer, tumors of the vascular system (angiosarcoma and hemagiopericytoma)) or other cancer.
“Cancer” herein refers to or describes the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include but are not limited to carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma (including liposarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, chondrosarcoma), neuroendocrine tumors, mesothelioma, chordoma, synovioma, schwanoma, meningioma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g. epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, small cell lung carcinoma, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, testicular cancer, esophageal cancer, tumors of the biliary tract, Ewing's tumor, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myelodysplastic disease, heavy chain disease, neuroendocrine tumors, Schwanoma, and other carcinomas, as well as head and neck cancer.
The biomimetics of the present invention may be used to treat autoimmune diseases. The term “autoimmune disease” as used herein refers to a varied group of more than 80 diseases and conditions. In all of these diseases and conditions, the underlying problem is that the body's immune system attacks the body itself. Autoimmune diseases affect all major body systems including connective tissue, nerves, muscles, the endocrine system, skin, blood, and the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Autoimmune diseases include, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and type 1 diabetes.
The disease or condition treatable using the compositions and methods of the present invention may be a hematoimmunological process, including but not limited to Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, alloimmune/autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Acquired immune thrombocytopenia, Autoimmune neutropenia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Parvovirus B 19-associated red cell aplasia, Acquired antifactor VIII autoimmunity, acquired von Willebrand disease, Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance, Sepsis, Aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, Immune-mediated neutropenia, refractoriness to platelet transfusion, neonatal, post-transfusion purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, systemic Vasculitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, or Evan's syndrome.
The disease or condition may also be a neuroimmunological process, including but not limited to Guillain-Barré syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Paraproteinemic IgM demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome associated with anti-/GM1, Demyelination, Multiple Sclerosis and optic neuritis, Stiff Man Syndrome, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anit-Yo antibodies, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, sensory neuropathy with anti-Hu antibodies, epilepsy, Encephalitis, Myelitis, Myelopathy especially associated with Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, Autoimmune Diabetic Neuropathy, or Acute Idiopathic Dysautonomic Neuropathy.
The disease or condition may also be a Rheumatic disease process, including but not limited to Kawasaki's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome, ANCA-positive Vasculitis, Spontaneous Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Antiphospholipid syndromes, Recurrent spontaneous abortions, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Raynaud's, CREST syndrome, or Uveitis.
The disease or condition may also be a dermatoimmunological disease process, including but not limited to Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Gangrene, Granuloma, Autoimmune skin blistering diseases including Pemphigus vulgaris, Bullous Pemphigoid, and Pemphigus foliaceus, Vitiligo, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Scleroderma, systemic sclerosis including diffuse and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, or Atopic dermatitis (especially steroid dependent).
The disease or condition may also be a musculoskeletal immunological disease process, including but not limited to Inclusion Body Myositis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Inflammatory Myopathies, Myositis, Anti-Decorin (BJ antigen) Myopathy, Paraneoplastic Necrotic Myopathy, X-linked Vacuolated Myopathy, Penacillamineinduced Polymyositis, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, or Cardiomyopathy.
The disease or condition may also be a gastrointestinal immunological disease process, including but not limited to pernicious anemia, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, Reactive arthritis, Crohn's disease, Whipple's disease, ulcerative colitis, or sclerosing cholangitis.
The disease or condition may also be Graft Versus Host Disease, Antibody-mediated rejection of the graft, Post-bone marrow transplant rejection, Post-infectious disease inflammation, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Neoplasia, Asthma, Type 1 Diabetes mellitus with anti-beta cell antibodies, Sjogren's syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Addison's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Wegener's granulomatosis, micropolyarterits, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa or Multisystem organ failure.
In another embodiment, the stradomers herein described could be utilized in a priming system wherein blood is drawn from a patient and transiently contacted with the stradomer(s) for a period of time from about one half hour to about three hours prior to being introduced back into the patient. In this form of cell therapy, the patient's own effector cells are exposed to stradomer that is fixed on a matrix ex vivo in order to modulate the effector cells through exposure of the effector cells to stradomer. The blood including the modulated effector cells are then infused back into the patient. Such a priming system could have numerous clinical and therapeutic applications.
In addition to having clinical utility for treating immunological disorders, stradobodies have therapeutic use in cancer and inflammatory disease treatment. The stradobodies may be used essentially following known protocols for any corresponding therapeutic antibody. The stradobodies will generally be designed to enhance the effect demonstrated on an effector cell by a monoclonal antibody, such as ADCC in cancer or decreased monocyte and DC maturation with decreased cytokine release in autoimmune disease, and thereby potentiate the immune response against the cancer relative to that which would occur using, for example, a source monoclonal antibody for the Fab portion of the stradobody.
Exemplary monoclonal antibody Fab domains from which a stradobody may be designed includes cetuximab, rituximab, muromonab-CD3, abciximab, daclizumab, basiliximab, palivizumab, infliximab, trastuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, alemtuzumab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, adalimumab, omalizumab, tositumomab, 1-131 tositumomab, efalizumab, bevacizumab, panitumumab, pertuzumab, natalizumab, etanercept, IGN101, volociximab, Anti-CD80 mAb, Anti-CD23 mAb, CAT-3888, CDP791, eraptuzumab, MDX-010, MDX-060, MDX-070, matuzumab, CP-675,206, CAL, SGN-30, zanolimumab, adecatumumab, oregovomab, nimotuzumab, ABT-874, denosumab, AM 108, AMC 714, fontolizumab, daclizumab, golimumab, CNTO 1275, ocrelizumab, HuMax-CD20, belimumab, epratuzumab, MLN1202, visilizumab, tocilizumab, ocrerlizumab, certolizumab pegol, eculizumab, pexelizumab, abciximab, ranibizimumab, mepolizumab, and TNX-355, MYO-029.
The stradomers and stradobodies, collectively immunologically active biomimetics, disclosed herein have a number of further applications and uses.
The immunologically active biomimetics disclosed herein may also be readily applied to alter immune system responses in a variety of contexts to affect specific changes in immune response profiles. Altering or modulating an immune response in a subject refers to increasing, decreasing or changing the ratio or components of an immune response. For example, cytokine production or secretion levels may be increased or decreased as desired by targeting the appropriate combination of FcRs with a stradomer designed to interact with those receptors. Antibody production may also be increased or decreased; the ratio of two or more cytokines or immune cell receptors may be changed; or additional types of cytokines or antibodies may be caused to be produced. The immune response may also be an effector function of an immune cell expressing a FcγR, including increased or decreased phagocytic potential of monocyte macrophage derived cells, increased or decreased osteoclast function, increased or decreased antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (e.g. DCs), increased or decreased NK cell function, increased or decreased B-cell function, as compared to an immune response which is not modulated by an immunologically active biomimetic disclosed herein.
In a preferred embodiment, a subject with cancer or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease has their immune response altered comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of an immunologically active biomimetic described herein to a subject, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the immunologically active biomimetic alters the immune response in the subject. Ideally this intervention treats the disease or condition in the subject. The altered immune response may be an increased or a decreased response and may involve altered cytokine levels including the levels of any of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL-23, IL-7, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha. The invention is however not limited by any particular mechanism of action of the described biomimetics. The altered immune response may be an altered autoantibody level in the subject. The altered immune response may be an altered autoaggressive T-cell level in the subject.
For example, reducing the amount of TNF-alpha production in autoimmune diseases can have therapeutic effects. A practical application of this is antiTNF-alpha antibody therapy (e.g. REMICADE®) which is clinically proven to treat Plaque Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. These autoimmune diseases have distinct etiologies but share key immunological components of the disease processes related to inflammation and immune cell activity. A stradomer designed to reduce TNF-alpha production will likewise be effective in these and may other autoimmune diseases. The altered immune response profile may also be direct or indirect modulation to effect a reduction in antibody production, for example autoantibodies targeting a subjects own tissues, or altered autoaggressive T-cell levels in the subject. For example, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder involving autoreactive T-cells which may be treated by interferon beta therapy. See, e.g., Zafranskaya M, et al., Interferon-beta therapy reduces CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity in multiple sclerosis, Immunology 2007 May; 121(1):29-39-Epub 2006 Dec. 18. A stradomer design to reduce autoreactive T-cell levels will likewise be effective in Multiple Sclerosis and may other autoimmune diseases involving autoreactive T-cells.
The immunologically active biomimetics disclosed herein may be used to perform immunological assays for testing the immune cell functions for which the immunologically active biomimetics were designed to modulate.
Signaling through low affinity Fcγ receptor pathways requires receptor aggregation and cross linking on the cell surface. These aggregation and cross linking parameters are postulated to be met through Fab binding to an antigen specific target with subsequent interaction between the Fc region and low affinity FcγRs on the surface of responding cells. In this context, antibodies have the potential to evoke cellular responses through two distinct pathways: 1. Fab interaction/blocking with/of an epitope specific target and 2. Fc interactions with FcRs. Despite this knowledge, current controls for the majority of therapeutic studies using monoclonal antibodies employed in vivo do not adequately address the potential of Fc: Fcγ receptor interactions as contributors to observed functional effects. Multiple strategies are currently employed to eliminate Fc:FcR interactions as confounding variables. For example, some studies employ Scv (single chain variable regions) or Fab fragments, which retain epitope specificity but lack the Fc region. These approaches are limited by the short half life of these reagents and their limited potential to induce signaling. Other studies employ fusion proteins composed of a receptor or ligand fused to an Fc fragment. While these types of approaches help to differentiate Fab specific effects from those observed with receptor ligand interactions, they do not effectively control for Fc mediated effects. Evaluations of antibody based therapeutics in animal models may also employ isotype control antibodies with an irrelevant Fab binding site. The rationale for this choice is based on presumed functional similarity between antibodies of the same isotype regardless of their Fab binding specificity or affinity. However, this use of irrelevant isotype controls has several fundamental flaws:
While there is no perfect control to overcome this problem, one option is the use of isotype specific stradomers produced in the same cells as the parent antibodies and given at a dose proportional to the expression levels of the epitope targeted by the experimental antibody. For example, the appropriate control for an epitope-specific antibody produced in rat would be a rat isotype-specific stradomer capable of aggregating Fcγ receptor on the surface of effector cells.
Generally, an immune cell is exposed to an effective amount of an immunologically active biomimetic to modulate an activity of an immune cell in a known way and this immune modulation is compared to a test compound or molecule to determine if the test compound has similar immune modulating activity.
In another embodiment, heat aggregated stradomers, and aggregated immunoglobulins may be used as reagents for laboratory controls in various immunological assays herein described and known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Immunological assays may be in vitro assays or in vivo assays and may involve human or non-human immune cells using a species-matched or species-unmatched immunologically active biomimetic. In one embodiment an immunological assay is performed by using an effective amount of the immunologically active biomimetic to modulate an activity of an immune cell and comparing the modulation with a modulation of an immune cell by a test compound. The stradomer or stradobody may serve the function of a positive control reagent in assays involving the testing of other compounds for immunological effect. The assay may compare the effect of the subject monoclonal antibody in comparison to the stradomer for effector cell Fcγ receptor binding and functional response as measured by changes in receptor expression level, cytokine release, and function such as by using a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction. In this manner, if a stradomer (which lacks the Fab) generates a response which is in part similar to the monoclonal antibody then the monoclonal antibody's effect is, in some part, not due to specificity of its Fab but to the general effect of binding and cross-linking more than one Fcγ receptor on the effector cell. The stradobody which contains both this same stradomer and the Fab from this same monoclonal antibody can further help distinguish the specificity of the monoclonal antibody Fab from the general effect of binding and cross-linking more than one Fcγ receptor on the effector cell.
If the biological activity of a species-specific and isotype-specific antibody is replicated in part or in whole by a species-specific and isotype-specific stradomer then it is clear that Fc-Fcγ receptor activity accounts for the portion of observed biological activity attributable to the species-specific and isotype-specific stradomer. Thus species-specific and isotype-specific stradomers are useful in assessing potential therapeutic antibodies to determine whether and to what degree the observed biological activity is attributable either to the Fab portion of the test antibody or to a nonspecific effect of the Fc portion of the molecule binding to and cross-linking more than one Fcγ receptor.
In one embodiment an isolated immunologically active biomimetic of the present invention comprises at least one stradomer which comprises at least two Fc domains, or partial domains thereof, from the same immunoglobulin Fc class, where the immunoglobulin Fc class is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and combinations thereof. Such biomimetics are further capable of specifically binding to a first FcγRx1, wherein x1 is I, II, III, or IV and to a second FcγRx2, wherein x2 is I, II, III, or IV. These biomimetics can be further characterized as having an immunological activity comprising an Fcγ receptor cross-linking or effector functionality comparable to or superior to an Fcγ receptor cross-linking or an effector functionality of a plurality of naturally-occurring, aggregated IgG immunoglobulins.
In another embodiment the present invention includes an isolated immunologically active biomimetic that comprises at least one stradomer comprising at least two Fc domains from different immunoglobulin classes, or partial domains thereof, wherein the biomimetic binds specifically to a first FcγRx1, wherein x1 is I, II, III, or IV and to a second FcγRx2, wherein x2 is I, II, III, or IV. This biomimetic can be further characterized as having an immunological activity comprising an Fcγ receptor cross-linking or effector functionality comparable to or superior to an Fcγ receptor cross-linking or an effector functionality of a plurality of naturally-occurring, aggregated IgG immunoglobulins to FcγRs.
In a further embodiment the present invention includes an isolated immunologically active biomimetic that comprises one or more stradomers that each independently comprises three or more Fc domains, wherein the three or more Fc domains comprise: a) a first Fc domain, wherein the first Fc domain comprises a Fc hinge (H) of a first immunoglobulin, b) a second Fc domain, wherein the second Fc domain comprises a constant region 2 (CH2) of a second immunoglobulin, wherein the second Fc domain is capable of binding specifically to a FcγRx1, wherein x1 is I, II, III, or IV; c) a third Fc domain, wherein the third Fc domain comprises a constant region 3 (CH3) of a third immunoglobulin, wherein the third Fc domain is capable of binding specifically to an FcγRx2, wherein x2 is I, II, III, or IV. These biomimetics may optionally comprise a fourth Fc domain, wherein the fourth Fc domain comprises of a constant region 4 (CH4) of a fourth immunoglobulin IgM. With this molecule the Fc hinge may contain at least one cysteine.
In yet another embodiment the present invention includes an isolated immunologically active biomimetic that comprises: a) a first Fc domain or Fc partial domain thereof, wherein the first Fc domain comprises a Fc hinge (H) domain from a first immunoglobulin, wherein the Fc hinge domain comprises at least one cysteine, wherein the first Fc domain contributes to binding specificity to a FcγRx, wherein x is I, II, III, or IV; and at least one of: i) a second Fc domain or partial domain thereof, wherein the second Fc domain comprises a constant region 2 (CH2) from a second immunoglobulin which may or may not be the same as the first immunoglobulin, wherein the second Fc domain contributes to binding specificity to a FcγRx, wherein x is I, II, or III, IV; and, optionally, and ii) a third Fc domain or partial domain thereof, wherein the third Fc domain comprises a constant region 3 (CH3) from a third immunoglobulin, wherein the third Fc domain contributes to binding specificity to an FcγRx, wherein x is I, II, III, or IV; and b), optionally, a fourth Fc domain or partial domain thereof, wherein the fourth Fc domain specificity a constant region 4 (CH4) from an IgM immunoglobulin.
In another embodiment, the isolated immunologically active biomimetic is a stradomer wherein the immunoglobulin source of the Fc domains are the same or different and include IgA isotypes, IgG isotypes, IgD, IgE, and IgM. Another stradomer embodiment is an isolated immunologically active biomimetic comprising a secretory signal sequence.
In one preferred embodiment the therapeutically effective amount of the isolated immunologically active biomimetics of the present invention is an amount sufficient to permit binding of the biomimetics to two or more FcγRx, wherein x is I, II, III, or IV, on the surface of an immune cell, thereby causing the FcγRx to aggregate. The immune cell may be any immune effector cell such as a monocyte, a dendritic cell, a macrophage, an osteoclast, or an NK cell. The immune effector cell's maturation may be modulated by the immunologically active biomimetic. The ratio of FcγR IIa to FcγRIIb may also become altered on the immune cell. The immune cell may be located in the plasma, bone marrow, gut, bone, lymphoid tissue, thymus, brain, a site of infection or a tumor. The functional activity of a macrophage, dendritic cell, osteoclast, or NK cell may be modulated.
The therapeutically effective amount of the isolated immunologically active biomimetic described herein above may be administered ex vivo to an immune cell to generate a treated immune cell followed by the step of infusing the treated immune cell into the subject. The treated immune cell may be a dendritic cell, macrophage, osteoclast or a monocyte.
Additional immunotherapy may be given together with any of the isolated immunologically active biomimetics described herein in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject. The additional immunotherapy may include, for example, one or more of a co-stimulatory molecule, a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, a fusion protein, a biospecific antibody, a cytokine, an immunologically recognized antigen, a small molecule anti-cancer agent or anti-proliferative agent. The additional immunotherapy may be administered concurrently with or separately from the administration of the immunologically active biomimetic.
Cytokine (including those listed above) levels can be altered by for, example, administering one or more cytokines of interest, one or more other cytokines that modulate the level of the one or more cytokines of interest, and/or antibodies (of any of the types and classes recited herein) specific for one or more of any of the above two categories of cytokines.
The immunologically active biomimetics described herein may be used to modulate expression of co-stimulatory molecules from an immune cell, including a dendritic cell, a macrophage, an osteoclast, a monocyte, or an NK cell or to inhibit in these same immune cells differentiation, maturation, or cytokine secretion, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), or of increasing cytokine secretion, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), or interleukin-6 (IL-6). A skilled artisan may also validate the efficacy of an immunologically active biomimetic by exposing an immune cell to the immunologically active biomimetic and measuring modulation of the immune cell function, wherein the immune cell is a dendritic cell, a macrophage, an osteoclast, or a monocyte. In one embodiment the immune cell is exposed to the immunologically active biomimetic in vitro and further comprising the step of determining an amount of a cell surface receptor or of a cytokine production, wherein a change in the amount of the cell surface receptor or the cytokine production indicates a modulation of the immune cell function. In another embodiment the immune cell is exposed to the immunologically active biomimetic in vivo in a model animal for an autoimmune disease further comprising a step of assessing a degree of improvement in the autoimmune disease.
“Capable of specifically binding to a FcγRx” as used herein refers to binding to an FcγR, such as FcγRIII Specific binding is generally defined as the amount of labeled ligand which is displaceable by a subsequent excess of unlabeled ligand in a binding assay. However, this does not exclude other means of assessing specific binding which are well established in the art (e.g., Mendel C M, Mendel D B, ‘Non-specific’ binding. The problem, and a solution. Biochem J. 1985 May 15; 228(1):269-72). Specific binding may be measured in a variety of ways well known in the art such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology (commercially available through BIACORE®) to characterize both association and dissociation constants of the immunologically active biomimetics (Asian K, Lakowicz J R, Geddes C. Plasmon light scattering in biology and medicine: new sensing approaches, visions and perspectives. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2005, 9:538-544).
In order to understand the role of Fc: Fc gamma receptor (FcγR, the Fc receptor for IgG Fc) interactions and the importance to IVIG function of its Fc being biologically immobilized within an immunoglobulin, we compared the effects of IVIG with both a fixed form of a recombinant IgG1 Fc fragment (rFCF) and a soluble form of a recombinant IgG1 Fc fragment (sFc) containing the hinge-CH2-CH3 domains on the function of monocytes during the process of differentiation from monocytes to immature dendritic cells (iDC).
Exposure of monocytes cultured in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), to immobilized rFCF and to immobilized IVIG, but not low dose soluble IVIG, enhanced CD86 expression, delayed the expression of CD11c, and suppressed the expression of CD1a on the cells. Furthermore, these changes are likely not secondary to non-specific protein immobilization of the rFCF on plastic, as soluble heat aggregated (sHA) IVIG, sHA rFCF or high dose IVIG (recognized to contain multimeric Fcs), induced changes similar to those observed with immobilized rFCF.
Taken in concert, our data indicate that exposure of iDC to IVIG immobilized on the surface of a solid, semi-solid, or gelatinous substrate results in a unique population of DC's (high CD86, low CD1a), capable of orchestrating immune tolerance, and that immobilized molecules that include the functional portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc fragments can be useful as mimetics of IVIG for the treatment of local and systemic inflammation, as well as a wide variety of other pathological conditions that are, directly or indirectly, mediated by monocyte derived cells (MDC) such as iDC. Moreover, immobilizing the functional portion of IgG Fc on devices, described herein as “coating devices”, that are implanted into the bodies or attached to the bodies of animals (e.g., human patients) with molecules containing the functional portion of IgG Fc fragment can lessen, if not prevent, inflammatory responses to such devices.
The invention provides a method of inhibiting the activity of a monocyte-derived cell (MDC). The method includes contacting the cell with a composition comprising a substrate with an Fc reagent bound thereto. The contacting can be in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo. Alternatively, the cell can be in an animal. The animal can be one that has, or is at risk of developing, a monocyte derived cell mediated condition (MDCMC). The MDC can be, for example, a dendritic cell, a macrophage, a monocyte, or an osteoclast.
The invention also provides a method of treatment or prophylaxis. The method that includes administering to an animal a composition containing a substrate having an Fc reagent bound to it, the animal being one that has or is at risk of developing a MDCMC.
As used herein, the term “monocyte-derived cell mediated condition (MDCMC)” refers to a pathologic condition that is directly or indirectly, partially or wholly, due to the activity of, or factors produced by, monocyte-derived cells. Monocytederived cells include, but are not limited to, monocytes, macrophages, interdigitating dendritic cells (generally referred to herein as “dendritic cells” comprising dendritic-like cells and follicular dendritic-like cells) (mature and immature), osteoclasts, microglia-like cells, monocyte derived insulin-producing islet-like cells, monocyte-derived immature mast cells and monocyte-derived microparticles.
With respect to methods using fixed Fc, the term “Fc reagent” refers to any molecule, or molecular complex, that includes one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, or more) functional portions of an immunoglobulin Ig (IgG) Fc fragment. The Fc fragment of IgG consists of the C-terminal portions of the two IgG heavy chains of an IgG molecule linked together and consists of the hinge regions, the CH2 domains, and the CH3 domains of both heavy chains linked together. The “functional portion of the IgG Fc fragment” consists of the hinge regions, the CH2 domains, and optionally, all or some (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, or 49) of the first 50 (from the N-terminus) amino acids of the CH3 domains, of both heavy chains linked together. In humans, (a) the IgG1 hinge region contains 15 amino acids, the CH2 domain contains 110 amino acids, and the CH3 domain contains 106 amino acids; (b) the IgG2 hinge region contains 12 amino acids, the CH2 domain contains 109 amino acids, and the CH3 domain contains 107 amino acids; (c) the IgG3 hinge region contains 62 amino acids, the CH2 domain contains 104 amino acids, and the CH3 domain contains 106 amino acids; and (d) the IgG4 hinge region contains 12 amino acids, the CH2 domain contains 109 amino acids, and the CH3 domain contains 107 amino acids.
As in wild-type IgG molecules, in the above-described Fc reagents the two polypeptide chains derived from IgG heavy chains are generally, but not necessarily, identical. Thus, an Fc reagent can be, without limitation, a whole IgG molecule, a whole IgG molecule linked to a non-immunoglobulin derived polypeptide, an IgG Fc fragment, an IgG Fc fragment linked to a non-immunoglobulin derived polypeptide, a functional portion of an IgG Fc fragment, a functional portion of an IgG Fc fragment linked to a nonimmunoglobulin derived polypeptide or multimers (e.g., dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, or decamers) of any of these. Fc reagents can also be the above-described stradomers and stradobodies provided that they fall within the definition of a Fc reagent above.
In the fixed Fey, immunoglobulin heavy chain components of the Fc reagents can have wild-type amino acid sequences or they can be wild-type amino acid sequences but with not more than 20 (e.g., not more than: 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) amino acid substitutions. Such substitutions are preferably, but not necessarily, conservative substitutions. Conservative changes typically include changes within the following groups: glycine and alanine; valine, isoleucine, and leucine; aspartic acid and glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine, serine and threonine; lysine, histidine and arginine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.
An “Fe reagent” of the invention has least 25% (e.g., at least: 30%; 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90%; 95%; 98%; 99%; 99.5%; or 100% or even more) of the ability of the IgG molecule from which the IgG heavy chain components of the Fc reagent were derived (the reference IgG molecule) to bind to an Fc receptor of interest. Where an “Fc reagent” has heavy chain components derived from more than one type of IgG molecule, the reference IgG molecule is the one that binds with the greatest avidity to the relevant Fc receptor of interest.
As used herein “fixed Fe” refers to an Fc reagent that is bound to a “substrate” as defined below. The terms “fixed Fc,” “bound Fc” and “stabilized Fc” are synonymous terms. Fixed Fc is comprised of the functional portion of Fc (including but not limited to any polypeptide that includes the functional portion of Fc) attached to a substrate. Fixed Fc includes, for example, direct binding as well as indirect binding through polymers of Fc to substrate; incorporation of the full IgG Fc in isolation; incorporation of only the functional domains of IgG Fc; or incorporation of the full IgG Fc or functional domains of IgG Fc as part of a larger polypeptide such as an antibody, a stradomer, or a stradobody.
As applied to fixed Fc, the term “substrate” refers to a solid, semi solid, or gelatinous object. The substrate can be implanted in, or attached (or adhered) to the surface of, the body of an animal. The substrates can include, for example, liquid or gaseous components but at least a portion of the substrate is solid, semi-solid, or gelatinous. Thus, a substrate can be a substance that is substantially insoluble in an aqueous solvent but soluble in a non-aqueous solvent. Such substances include lipids (e.g., phospholipids), fatty acids, and other fat-soluble, aqueous solvent-insoluble compounds. From this, it will be clear that substrates include liposomes. The substrate may be porous or non-porous. In certain embodiments, the substrate is inert to the surface and/or body to which it is implanted, attached, or adhered.
The substrate can contain or be made of a synthetic polymer, e.g., nylon, teflon, dacron, polyvinyl chloride, PEU (poly (ester urethane)), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), PMMA (methyl methacrylate) PEEK, thermoplastic elastomers, radiopaque polymers, polyethersulfone, silicons, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyisobutylene and its copolymers, polyesters, polyolefins, polyisobutylene, ethylenealphaolefin copolymers, acrylic polymers and copolymers, vinyl halide polymers and copolymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinylidene halides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl aromatics, polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl acetate, copolymers of vinyl monomers, copolymers of vinyl monomers and olefins, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, ABS resins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyamides, Nylon 66, polycaprolactone, alkyd resins, polyoxyethylenes, polyimides, polyethers, epoxy resins, rayon-triacetate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate, cellulose ethers, carboxymethyl cellulose, collagens, chitin, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid-polyethylene oxide copolymers, polysiloxanes, substituted polysiloxanes, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, polyolefin elastomers, and EPDM rubbers, and combinations thereof.
The substrate can also contain or be made of a metal or a metal alloy, e.g., stainless steel, platinum, iridium, titanium, tantalum, nickel-titanium alloy, or cobalt chromium alloy. Moreover, the substrate can include or be an animal tissue or an animal tissue product, e.g., a tissue or organ graft. The animal tissue can be, for example, bone (e.g., osteogenic bone) or cartilage. Furthermore, the substrate can contain a protein, e.g., collagen or keratin. The substrate can also be or contain a tissue matrix, e.g., an acellular tissue matrix. Particulate and non-particulate acellular matrices are described in detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,336,616 and 6,933,326, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The substrate can also be or include an animal cell (e.g., tissue repair cells such as fibroblasts; mesenchymal stem cells) and it can be, for example, a hair transplant plug. The substrate can contain or be a polysaccharide, e.g., agarose. It can also contain or be a salt, preferably a relatively insoluble salt, e.g., calcium sulfate. The substrate can be a gel or cream. Moreover, it can contain silicon or silastic. Substrates can also contain a natural fiber, e.g., silk, cotton, or wool.
In addition, the substrate can be an implantable medical device. It can be, for example, a stent (e.g., a vascular stent such as a coronary artery stent; an airway stent such as an endotracheal or nasal stent; a gastrointestinal stent such a biliary or pancreatic stent; or a urinary stent such as a ureteral stent) or a surgical suture (e.g., a braid silk, chromic gut, nylon, plastic, or metal suture) or a surgical clip (e.g., an aneurism clip). The substrate can be, for example, an artificial hip, an artificial hip joint, an artificial knee, an artificial knee joint, an artificial shoulder, an artificial shoulder joint, an artificial finger or toe joint, a bone plate, a bone dowel, a bone non-union implant, an intervertebral disk implant, bone cement, or a bone cement spacer. It can also be an arterial-venous shunt, an implantable wire, a pacemaker, an artificial heart, a heart assist device, a cochlear implant, an implantable defibrillator, a spinal cord stimulator, a central nervous system stimulator, or a peripheral nerve implant. Other substrates are dental prostheses or dental crowns.
In other embodiments, the substrate can be a large vessel embolic filtering device or cage, a percutaneous device, a dermal or sub-mucosal patch, or an implantable drug delivery device. The substrate can also be a large blood vessel graft, wherein the blood vessel is, for example, a carotid artery, a femoral artery, or an aorta. Moreover, the substrate can be a sub-dermal implant, a corneal implant, an intraocular lens, or a contact lens.
The substrate can be in the form of a sheet, a bead, a mesh, a powder particle, a thread, a bead, or a fiber. It can also include or be a solid, a semi-solid or a gelatinous substance.
Polymers useful in the invention are preferably those that are biostable, biocompatible, particularly during insertion or implantation of the device into the body, and avoid irritation to body tissue.
Fc reagents can be coated (i.e., fixed or stabilized) onto substrates in any of a variety of manners. For example, they can be coated directly on the surface of substrates where they remain attached by, for example, hydrophobic interactions. Below are described a few other methodologies ((a)-(e)) involving the use of polymers:
(a) The Fc reagent is mixed with a miscible polymer blend which is then layered on to the surface of the implantable synthetic material, thereby stabilizing the Fc reagent. Monomers routinely used in the art to make polymer blends include PLMA [poly(lauryl methacrylate)]; PEG [polyethylene glycol], PEO [polyethylene oxide]; the alkyl functionalized methacrylate polymers PMMA, PEMA. PPMA, and PBMA; itaconates; fumarates; and styrenics.
(b) A polymeric undercoat layer or a nanometer dimension film is adhered to the substrate surface and then the Fc reagent is adhered to the polymeric undercoat layer or nanometer dimension film, thereby stabilizing the F reagent.
(c) A thin film of a polymer monomer is applied to the implantable substrate surface and the monomer is then caused to polymerize Such monomers include, for example, Methane, Tetrafluorethylene, Benzene, Methanol, Ethylene oxide, Tetraglyme, Acrylic acid, Allylamine, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and mercaptoethanol. The Fc reagent is then attached to the resulting monomer.
(d) The substrate is coated with a protein such as protein A or albumin which attaches to the Fc reagent, thereby stabilizing Fc to the surface of the substrate.
(e) The Fc reagent can be tagged with a chain of hydrophobic amino acids that bind to implantable synthetic materials and cause the stabilized Fc to orient uniformly.
The methods of the invention can be applied to any animal species and the IgG molecules from which the IgG-derived portions of Fc reagents are made can be from any animal species. Naturally, relevant animal species are those in which IgG or IgG-like molecules occur. Generally the species to which the methods are applied and the species from which the IgG-derived portions of the Fc reagents used in the methods are the same. However, they are not necessarily the same. Relevant animal species are preferably mammals and these include, without limitation, humans, non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees), horses, bovine animals (e.g., bulls, cows, or oxen), pigs, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, gerbils, hamsters, rats, and mice. Non-mammalian species include, for example, birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, and ducks) and fish.
The terms “treating”, “treatment”, and “prophylaxis” have the same meaning using fixed Fc as described above for stradomers and stradobodies.
Where the fixed Fc are implantable devices coated with Fc reagents, they can be implanted in, attached to, or adhered to relevant internal organs or tissue or body surfaces of relevant subjects using methods well known in the art. Where they are formulated as, for example, suspensions, powders, they can be formulated and administered as described above for stradomers and stradobodies.
The fixed Fc reagents of the present invention may be used to treat or prevent conditions including but not limited to cancer, congestive heart failure (CHF), vasculitis, rosecea, acne, eczema, myocarditis and other conditions of the myocardium, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, spondylopathies, synovial fibroblasts, and bone marrow stroma; bone loss; Paget's disease, hypertrophic bone formation; disuse osteopenia; malnutrition, periodontal disease, Gaucher's disease, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, spinal cord injury, acute septic arthritis, osteomalacia, Cushing's syndrome, monoostotic fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, periodontal reconstruction, and bone fractures, bone pain management, and humoral malignant hypercalcemia, ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies; transplantation rejection, and viral infections.
All autoimmune diseases may be in part or in whole an MDCMD. The term “autoimmune disease” as used herein refers to a varied group of more than 80 chronic illnesses. In all of these diseases, the underlying problem is that the body's immune system attacks the body itself. Autoimmune diseases affect all major body systems including connective tissue, nerves, muscles, the endocrine system, skin, blood, and the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a hematoimmunological process, including but not limited to Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, alloimmune/autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Acquired immune thrombocytopenia, Autoimmune neutropenia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Parvovirus B 19-associated red cell aplasia, Acquired antifactor VIII autoimmunity, acquired von Willebrand disease, Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance, Sepsis, Aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, Immune-mediated neutropenia, refractoriness to platelet transfusion, neonatal, post-transfusion purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, systemic Vasculitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, or Evan's syndrome.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a neuroimmunological process, including but not limited to Guillain-Barré syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Paraproteinemic IgM demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome associated with anti-/GM1, Demyelination, Multiple Sclerosis and optic neuritis, Stiff Man Syndrome, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibodies, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, sensory neuropathy with anti-Hu antibodies, epilepsy, Encephalitis, Myelitis, Myelopathy especially associated with Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, Autoimmune Diabetic Neuropathy, or Acute Idiopathic Dysautonomic Neuropathy.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a Rheumatic disease process, including but not limited to Kawasaki's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome, ANCA-positive Vasculitis, Spontaneous Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Antiphospholipid syndromes, Recurrent spontaneous abortions, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Raynaud's, CREST syndrome, or Uveitis.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a dermatoimmunological disease process, including but not limited to Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Gangrene, Granuloma, Autoimmune skin blistering diseases including Pemphigus vulgaris, Bullous Pemphigoid, and Pemphigus foliaceus, Vitiligo, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Scleroderma, systemic sclerosis including diffuse and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, or Atopic dermatitis (especially steroid dependent).
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a musculoskeletal immunological disease process, including but not limited to Inclusion Body Myositis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Inflammatory Myopathies, Myositis, Anti-Decorin (BJ antigen) Myopathy, Paraneoplastic Necrotic Myopathy, X-linked Vacuolated Myopathy, Penacillamine-induced Polymyositis, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, or Cardiomyopathy.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be a gastrointestinal immunological disease process, including but not limited to pernicious anemia, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, Reactive arthritis, Crohn's disease, Whipple's disease, ulcerative colitis, or sclerosing cholangitis.
The autoimmune disease or condition may be Graft Versus Host Disease, Antibody-mediated rejection of the graft, Post-bone marrow transplant rejection, Post-infectious disease inflammation, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Neoplasia, Asthma, Type 1 Diabetes mellitus with anti-beta cell antibodies, Sjogren's syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Addison's disease, Vo gt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Wegener's granulomatosis, micropolyarterits, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa or Multisystem organ failure.
“Cancer” herein refers to or describes the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include but are not limited to carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma (including liposarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendo-theliosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, chondrosarcoma), osteoclastoma, neuroendocrine tumors, mesothelioma, chordoma, synovioma, schwanoma, meningioma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g. epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, small cell lung carcinoma, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, testicular cancer, esophageal cancer, tumors of the biliary tract, Ewing's tumor, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myelodysplastic disease, heavy chain disease, neuroendocrine tumors, Schwanoma, and other carcinomas, head and neck cancer, myeloid neoplasias such as acute myelogenous leukemias, including AML with maturation, AML without differentiation, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute monocytic leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, tumors of the central nervous system, e.g., brain tumors (glioma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and retinoblastoma), solid tumors (nasopharyngeal cancer, basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the bile duct, Kaposi's sarcoma, testicular cancer, uterine, vaginal or cervical cancers, ovarian cancer, primary liver cancer or endometrial cancer, tumors of the vascular system (angiosarcoma and hemagiopericytoma), hematologic neoplasias and neoplastic-like conditions for example, Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (Burkitt's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia and lymphoplasmacytic leukemia), tumors of lymphocyte precursor cells, including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, thymoma, tumors of the mature T and NK cells, including peripheral T-cell leukemias, adult T-cell leukemia/T-cell lymphomas and large granular lymphocytic leukemia, osteolytic bone cancers, and bone metastasis.
As used herein, a subject “at risk of developing a monocyte-derived cell mediated disease (MDCMD)” is a subject that has a predisposition to develop the MDCMD, i.e., a genetic predisposition to develop the MDCMD or has been exposed to conditions that can result in MDCMD. A subject “suspected of having a MDCMD” is one having one or more symptoms of a MDCMD. From the above it will be clear that neither subjects “at risk of developing a MDCMD” nor subjects “suspected of having a MDCMD” are all individuals within a species of interest.
In any of the above methods, the MDCMC can be one caused by the substrate and the Fc reagent serves to prevent or ameliorate the MDCMC.
A sequence encoding a Fc fragment monomer from human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been cloned into an expression vector (pCDNA 3.1D/V5 His TOPO Invitrogen) comprising selected restriction enzyme cleavage sites, an IgK signal (further defined below) and epitope tags to create the IgG1 monomer sequence {RestEnzSites-IgK signal-RestEnzSites-IgG1 (Hinge-CH2-CH3)-RestEnzSites-epitope tags (V5 and His)-STOP}, shown in
a) {RestEnzSites-IgK signal-RestEnz Sites-IgG1(Hinge-CH2-CH3)-XbaI site IgG1(Hinge-CH2-CH3)-STOP} (SEQ ID NO: 21) (see also
b) {RestEnzSites-IgK signal-RestEnz Sites-IgG1(Hinge-CH2-CH3)-XbaI site IgG1 (Hinge-CH2-CH3)-RestEnzSites-epitope tags (V5 and His)-STOP} (SEQ ID NO: 23) (see also
c) {RestEnzSites-IgK signal-EcoRV Site-IgG3(Hinge-CH2-CH3)-IgG1(Hinge CH2-CH3)-RestEnzSites-epitope tags(V5 and His)-STOP} (SEQ ID NO.: 25) (see also
d) {RestEnzSites-IgK signal-EcoRV Site-IgE(CH2)-IgG1(Hinge-CH2-CH3)-IgG1(Hinge-CH2)-IgE(CH4)-STOP} (SEQ ID NO: 27) (see also
The IgG1 stradomer construct a) (SEQ ID NO: 21;
The stradomer construct b) (SEQ ID NO: 23;
Proteins that are normally secreted routinely contain a hydrophobic signal sequence at the N terminus of the protein. For the stradomer constructs, we used the IgK signal sequence METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGSTG (SEQ ID NO: 35) which is removed from the protein as it is secreted by mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. The predicted cleavage site was based on algorithms for signal site cleavage prediction (SignalP 3.0).
Additional stradomer constructs, similar to a) and b) above were made that contained the IgG1 Fc-IgG1 Fc structure as described above (with and without the epitope tag) but using the IgG3 Hinge domain in the construct: IgG1 Fc-IgG3 hinge-IgG1 (CH2-CH3).
Coated IVIG and Coated Fc stimulate Similar Phenotypic Changes
IVIG and Fc when coated onto the walls and floor of the wells of a sterile plate stimulate nearly identical changes in CD1a and CD86 levels on immature DC and delay the up regulation of CD11c. Because of the recognized critical role of DC in ITP, these data provide a rational model for evaluating the function of IVIG mimetics such as stradomers. We also conclude that the fact that the phenotypic changes induced by IVIG are completely recapitulated by recombinant Fc suggest that the effects of IVIG on DC are highly likely to be Fc mediated.
We have constructed stradomers of four different classes to mimic the effects of IVIG on immature DC. The serial stradomers, cluster stradomer units comprising cluster stradomers, core stradomer units comprising core stradomers, and Fc fragment stradomers shown below in Table 3 were each produced except where noted. To obtain the appropriate sequences for each of the human constructs shown below, cDNA was synthesized from total RNA extracted from human PBMC. To obtain those sequences from other species RNA was purified from tissue of those species. Random priming was used to produce the cDNA. The cDNA was used to amplify the desired fragments using PCR to synthesize, clone and subsequently characterize by sequence analysis the DNA fragments. The final constructs were produced by either sewing by overlap extension with PCR (Horton R M, Hunt H D, Ho S N, Pullen, J K and Pease L R. Engineering hybrid genes without the use of restriction enzymes: gene splicing by overlap extension. Gene 77:6168, 1989) or utilized existing compatible restriction sites to fuse the appropriate fragments.
For example, in the cloning of G-007, the IgE CH4 domain was directly fused to the CH2 domain of IgG1 at the 3′ end of the protein. This was accomplished by making primers that contain the overlapping sequences for IgG1 CH2 (C terminus) with the N terminal amino acids for IgE CH4. In one case, a hybrid primer was used to amplify 5′ with IgG1 sequences and the complementary primer was used to amplify with a 3′ primer from the C terminus of the IgE CH4. Products from these two reactions were mixed and the flanking primers were used to amplify the fusion protein. Sequence analysis confirmed the construct.
In many cases, restriction sites were utilized that were conveniently present at the ends of the molecules to be joined. When restriction sites are in fusion there are detectable remnant restriction sequences at the ends of the linked sequences. This approach was used for most of the constructs shown below in Table 3. The amino acid sequences of the stradomers shown in Table 3 are provided in
For protein expression of the stradomers, plasmid DNA encoding the stradomers described above were transfected into CHO suspension cells (Freestyle™ MAX CHO expression system, Invitrogen CA). Following protein expression the expressed stradomers were purified from the culture media by affinity column chromatography using protein A or protein G affinity columns. Purified stradomers were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) under reducing conditions followed by Coomasie Blue staining to confirm the presence of monomeric protein bands of expected size as exemplified: G-002: approximately 35 KD band, G-004 approximately 70 KD band, G-010: approximately 45 KD band, G-011: approximately 80 KD band, G-012: approximately 85 KD band, G-018 approximately 70 KD band, G-019: approximately 35 KD, G-028 approximately 37 KD band. Plasmid DNA encoding the stradomers described can also be transfected into other mammalian cells such as HEK 293, BHK cells, murine NSO, and murine SP2/0 cells.
We observed that these constructs, when transfected, cultured, and purified may create proteins of the expected size in non-denatured and denatured protein analysis. In addition, we observed that certain compounds also exhibited larger bands which by size criteria are multimers of the expected dimeric protein.
Formation of higher order compounds by selected stradomers was analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot under non-reducing conditions (A) and reducing conditions (B). SDS-PAGE analysis shows formation of high molecular weight compounds of stradomers G-002, G-010, and G-019 under non-reducing conditions as compared to reducing conditions:
We anticipate that the tetrameric and other higher order multimers of the dimerized protein will contribute significantly to the biological activity of the compound as measured by the immature Dendritic Cell assay (see below).
Each of the proteins in Table 3 are recognized by a rabbit anti-human IgG (Fc) [Thermo Scientific 31789]. We conclude from this that each of these proteins maintains the recognition sites for this antibody.
The ability of the stradomers in Table 3 to bind FcγRIIIa was assessed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology (commercially available through Biacore). Human FcγRIIIa was directly immobilized via amine coupling to a CM5 Biacore chip by diluting the ligand in Acetate pH5.0 to a concentration of 5 uglml. Ligands were perfused over specified flow cell at a rate of Sul/min until an RU of 250 was reached. The flow cells were then blocked with ethanolamine. Stradomers and IVIG were diluted to 1000 nM in HBS-EP (0.01M HEPES pH 7.4; 0.15M NaCl; 3 mM EDTA; 0.005% Surfactant P20) and serially diluted 500 nM, 250 nM, 125 nM and finally 62.5 nM. A baseline sample containing only buffer (HBS-EP) was also included. A flow rate of 2 Oul/min was used for all samples. A total of 60 uL of sample was injected, for an injection time of 3 minutes. Regeneration was achieved by perfusing running buffer over flow cells for an extended period of time of approximately 10 minutes.
At 500 nM, the measured Req (equilibrium), relative to baseline for the stradomer G-010 construct was 24.9 RU when perfused over human FcγRIIIa, and the KD was 1.95e-7 using a 1:1 binding model. IVIG at 500 nM on human FcγRIIIa gave a Req of 63.6 RU and a KD of 1.89e-7 using a 1:1 binding model. G-010 was therefore determined to bind to FcγRIIIa. Similar binding ability has been assessed on other biomimetic compounds. Here are some further examples:
We conclude that these proteins have varied ability to bind to recombinant FcγRIIIa by plasmon resonance analysis and that certain compounds such as G-010 have a bivalent curve fit, consistent with that seen by bivalent antibodies and indicating that the stradomer may have multi-valent binding to FcγRIIIa.
The biological function of these stradomers was assessed. In order to determine the ability of each of the stradomers in Table 3 to mimic the functional utility of IVIG in individuals with ITP, we developed an in vitro assay using immature dendritic cells (iDC). The rationale for choosing iDC as target cells was based on published data demonstrating that adoptive transfer of DC from mice treated with IVIG, conferred protection against the development of ITP to naïve animals. (Siragam, V. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates ITP via activating Fcγ receptors on dendritic cells. Nat Med 12, 688 (2006)). In our initial studies, we evaluated the impact of coated, meaning fixed to the plate, recombinant Fc (rFc) and IVIG on the expression of a variety of activation, maturation and costimulatory markers on human CD14+ cells, cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. When compared to cells cultured in cytokines alone, cells exposed to coated IVIG or coated rFc demonstrated striking enhancement of CD86 expression and down regulation of CD1a expression as well as a delay in CD11c upregulation.
Next, we determined whether the stradomers in Table 3 mimicked the described effect of coated IVIG or coated Fc on iDC. These compounds when coated to the plate well walls and floors did mimic the effect: G-002, G-004, G-005, G-014, G-018, and G-019. These compounds when coated to the plate well walls and floors did not mimic the effect: G-010, G-011, and G-012
These compounds when soluble did mimic the effect of coated IVIG or coated Fc on iDC: G-002, G-010, G-014, G-018, and G-019. These compounds when soluble did not mimic the effect: G-004, G-005, G-011, and G-012.
Whether exposure of iDC to coated IVIG would influence subsequent responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli can be tested.
We draw the following conclusions from these data:
A stradomer is a biologically active mimetic of aggregated immunoglobulin and especially of the aggregated Fc fragments of those immunoglobulin. In some instances, heat aggregation of the biomimetics described herein can increase biological activity. We conclude that heat-aggregated biomimetics as herein described can be as potent as IVIG.
The Fc fragment has been used as a positive control in experiments described above in which the protein is coated and thereby fixed to plastic thereby exhibiting biological behavior that mimics coated IVIG. The Fc fragment also can be used as a core stradomer unit such as when it is attached to core moieties such as a liposome, a bead, or albumin. Further, we have demonstrated that the Fc fragment when cultured in certain expression systems and certain cell types, such as the Invitrogen FreestyleMax transient transfection system using CHO-S cells, can form higher order multimers on protein analysis, exhibit bivalent binding pattern on plasmon resonance imaging, and exhibit profound biological activity in soluble form comparable to coated IVIG in the immature DC assay. We conclude therefore that under certain carefully controlled conditions, the Fc fragment forms an Fc fragment stradomer. This effect may be due to post-translational modifications such as glycosylation changes.
PBMCs are isolated from the buffy coat of healthy donors using Ficoll Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. After isolation, PBMCs are washed twice with PBS. CD14+ cells are then purified using MACS separation column (Miltenyi). The purified cells are counted and resuspended to 2×105/ml RPMI complete media containing 800 μL/ml GM-CSF and 5 ng/mL IL-4. The cells are then seeded in the wells of non-tissue culture but sterile 6-well plates. After seeding the CD14+ cells in the non-tissue culture, polystyrene FITC microspheres (0.52 μm) coated with or without saturating amounts of Fc or IVIG are added to the cells at a 1:1 ratio and incubated for 6 days at 37° C., 5.0% CO2 and then analyzed for phagocytosis of microspheres by FRCS.
Both IVIG-coated beads and Fe-coated beads act as core stradomers and may thereby alter phagocytotic potential relative to uncoated beads.
It has been shown that a shared set of residues of IgG1 are involved in binding to all FcγRs. It has also been demonstrated that additional residues in IgG1 molecules are involved in the binding to both FcγRII and FcγRIII. Some residues when altered inhibited binding of one or more receptors. Interestingly, the specific double mutation of S298A/K334A enhanced binding of FcγIIIa and reduced binding to FcγIIb. Those residues have been noted on the stradomer construct shown in
Numerous expression systems exist that are suitable for use in producing the compositions discussed above. Eukaryote-based systems in particular can be employed to produce nucleic acid sequences, or their cognate polypeptides, proteins and peptides. Many such systems are commercially and widely available.
In a preferred embodiment, the stradomers described herein are produced using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells which are well established for the recombinant production of immunoglobulin proteins following standardized protocols. Alternatively, for example, transgenic animals may be utilized to produce the human stradomers described herein, generally by expression into the milk of the animal using well established transgenic animal techniques. Lonberg N. Human antibodies from transgenic animals. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 September; 23(9):1117-25; Kipriyanov S M, Le Gall F. Generation and production of engineered antibodies. Mol Biotechnol. 2004 January; 26(1):39-60; See also Ko K, Koprowski H. Plant biopharming of monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res. 2005 July; 111(1):93-100.
The insect cell/baculovirus system can produce a high level of protein expression of a heterologous nucleic acid segment, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,871,986, 4,879,236, both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and which can be bought, for example, under the name MAXBAC® 2.0 from INVITROGEN® and BACPACK™ BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION SYSTEM FROM CLONTECH®.
Other examples of expression systems include STRATAGENE®'s COMPLETE CONTROL′ Inducible Mammalian Expression System, which utilizes a synthetic ecdysone-inducible receptor. Another example of an inducible expression system is available from INVITROGEN®, which carries the T-REX″ (tetracycline-regulated expression) System, an inducible mammalian expression system that uses the full-length CMV promoter. INVITROGEN® also provides a yeast expression system called the Pichia methanolica Expression System, which is designed for high-level production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica. One of skill in the art would know how to express vectors such as an expression construct described herein, to produce its encoded nucleic acid sequence or its cognate polypeptide, protein, or peptide. See, generally, Recombinant Gene Expression Protocols By Rocky S. Tuan, Humana Press (1997), ISBN 0896033333; Advanced Technologies for Biopharmaceutical Processing By Roshni L. Dutton, Jeno M. Scharer, Blackwell Publishing (2007), ISBN 0813805171; Recombinant Protein Production With Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells By Otto-Wilhelm Merten, Contributor European Federation of Biotechnology, Section on Microbial Physiology Staff, Springer (2001), ISBN 0792371372.
Nucleic acid constructs described in Examples 1 and 2 are transfected into cell lines that do not naturally express Ig. The encoded polypeptides are expressed as secreted proteins due to their secretory leader sequences, which generally are removed by endogenous proteases during transport out of the cells or may be subsequently cleaved and removed by techniques well known in the art. These secreted immunologically active biomimetics are purified using Protein A or His tag chromatographic approaches well known in the art and size is verified by reducing and/or non-reducing SDS PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).
While various systems can be used to produce large amounts of a specific protein including bacteria, insect cells or yeast, expression in mammalian cells can minimize problems due to altered glycosylation of the proteins. Mammalian cells like CHO cells have been used to overproduce various proteins fused to an Ig backbone. The Fc domain in the construct becomes a tag that permits subsequent purification from the cell supernatant using protein affinity column purification (Harris, C L, D M Lublin and B P Morgan Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies for specific protein domains using recombinant immunoglobulin fusion proteins: pitfalls and solutions., J. Immunol. Methods 268:245-258, 2002). Many fusion proteins are directly cloned in frame with the constant region of Ig, specifically the CH2 and CH3 partial Fc domain monomers. A specific example of expression of interferon gamma receptor extracellular domain being expressed with Ig has been used to produce large amounts of the protein with functional activity (Fountoulakis, M, C. Mesa, G. Schmid, R. Gentz, M. Manneberg, M. Zulauf, Z. Dembic and G. Garotta, Interferon gamma receptor extracellular domain expressed as IgG fusion protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Purification, biochemical, characterization and stoichiometry of binding, J. Biol. Chem. 270:3958-3964, 1995).
By a method essentially the same as that described by Shields et al. with regard to homo-antibodies, de-fucosylated Fc domains can be made in mutant CHO cells lacking enzymatic activity for adding fucose to protein carbohydrates. These are used to express stradomers with stronger FcγRIII binding affinities relative to a fucosylated form of the same molecule. (Robert L. Shields, et al. Lack of Fucose on Human IgG1 N-Linked Oligosaccharide Improves Binding to Human Fc RIR and Antibody-dependent Cellular Toxicity. J. Biol. Chem., July 2002; 277: 26733-26740 (doi:10.1074/jbc.M202069200)).
It has been shown that changes in sialylation in the Fc N-glycan can increase biological activity. Kaneko Y, Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch J V. Science. 2006 Aug. 4; 313(5787):627-8. Thus stradomer molecule having altered sialylation can be produced using similar methods.
Alternative means to altering glycosylation of stradomer Fc domains include chemoenzymatic techniques for producing polypeptides with a specific glycosylation structure. See, Li, B., Song, H., Hauser, S., and Wang, L. X. 2006. A Highly Efficient Chemoenzymatic Approach Toward Glycoprotein Synthesis. Org. Lett. 8:30813084; See, also, International Pat. App. No. PCT/US07/70818.
As discussed previously, the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG is dependent on primary interactions between the Fc domain and FcγRIIIa. These interactions can be effectively quantitated using (SPR) technology to characterize both association and dissociation constants of the immunologically active biomimetics with the two recognized polymorphic variants of FcγRIIIa (176 V/F). In order to define the binding affinity and dissociation of our Fc domain monomeric control and stradomer constructs, FcγRIIIa HIS tag fusion proteins will be produced in CHO cells with both V (SEQ ID NO: 33) and F (SEQ ID NO: 31) polymorphic variants at position 176 (
Various other protocols in the art can be utilized to express FcγRIIIa and characterize interactions with immunologically active biomimetic. See, e.g., the materials and methods section of Robert L. Shields, et al. High Resolution Mapping of the Binding Site on Human IgG1 for FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII, and FcRn and Design of IgG1 Variants with Improved Binding to the FcγR. J. Biol. Chem., February 2001; 276: 6591-6604 (doi: 10.1074/jbc.M009483200).
To test the function of immunologically active biomimetics such as those presented in Example 1, an in vitro assay is designed to recapitulate the mechanism by which it appears that native Fc domains reduce inflammation in vivo. It has recently been demonstrated that hIVIG inhibits the maturation of DCs and alters the secretion of IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-alpha (Bayry, J, et al., Inhibition of maturation and function of dendritic cells by intravenous immunoglobulin, Blood 101(2):758-765 (2003)). Our stradomers mediate effects on DCs similar to hIVIG. The inhibition of DC maturation and alterations in cytokine secretion in vitro can serve as an effective means to define some of the biological activities of many stradomer constructs. The stradomer constructs described above may be further validated using the following experimental parameters:
In one preferred in vitro assay shown in Table 4, the impact on human DC phenotype of soluble, immunologically active biomimetics, having appropriate binding affinities, is measured. Soluble non-cross-linked natural sequence Fc domain constructs can serve as controls. Specific DC markers on the DC surface are evaluated including markers of activation (CD80, CD83 and CD86) as well as the FcγRs. See Prechtel A T, Turza N M, Theodoridis A A, Steinkasserer A. CD83 knockdown in monocyte-derived DCs by small interfering RNA leads to a diminished T cell stimulation. J Immunol. 2007 May 1; 178(9):5454-64. In addition, multiplex analysis can be employed to evaluate the impact of our immunologically active biomimetics on DC cytokine production. Jongbloed, Sarah L., et al. Enumeration and phenotypic analysis of distinct dendritic cell subsets in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006; 8(1): R15 (Published online 2005 Dec. 16. doi: 10.1186Iar1864). Finally, to confirm DCs interact with monocytes as expected, control DCs and DCs exposed to immunologically active biomimetics are cultured with purified monocytes and evaluated by flow cytometry for changes in the levels of activating FcγRIIa receptors and other cell surface determinants related to the activation state of the monocytes.
In particular embodiments, stradomers can decrease the FcγRIIa receptors present on an immune cell thereby increasing the ratio of inhibitory FcγRIIb receptors to the FcγRIIa receptors which results in inhibition of immune cell functions.
Numerous autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases have established, art recognized animal models for in vivo testing. Wu G F, Laufer™. The role of dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007 May; 7(3):245-52; Targan S R, Karp L C. Defects in mucosal immunity leading to ulcerative colitis. Immunol Rev. 2005 August; 206:296-305. For example, multiple models of ITP are currently available. See, e.g., Crow A R, et al. IVIG inhibits reticuloendothelial system function and ameliorates murine passive immune thrombocytopenia independent of anti-idiotype reactivity. Br J Haematol. 2001; 1 15:679-686. Immunologically active biomimetics designed to modulate the immune system, as appropriate for each specific autoimmune disease, can be validated in such in vivo models. Importantly, in many of these models, administration of hIVIG likely results in a foreign species (e.g. mouse) anti-human antibody response which has the potential to obscure or create false positive product related anti-inflammatory effects.
We established a mouse model of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura according to the following methodology: Platelet counts were measured in C57BL6 mice by serial tail vein nicking. 10 μL of blood was diluted in 15 μL citrate buffer. Samples were then analyzed for absolute platelet count on a HemaVet 950 cytometer. For mice in an ITP control group, starting day 2, every afternoon platelets were depleted by giving intra peritoneal injection of 2 μg Rat Anti-Mouse CD41 (MWReg30), an anti-platelet antibody from BD Biosciences pharmingen. Mice in the IVIG pretreatment control group received 2 g/kg (40 mg/mice) human IVIG by i.p. injection every morning and the same dose MWReg30 as the ITP control group. We determined that IVIG is highly protective of platelet count in this model of induced ITP and conclude that this model is useful for testing stradomers against IVIG for relative degree of protection from platelet count decreases. A stradomer can be assessed in this model at various concentrations to assess protection relative to IVIG as follows:
Groups in an experiment
In another murine model of ITP, mice deficient in normal B cell function can be used. Deficiency in normal B cell function serves to eliminate the idiotype-antiidiotype effects of murine anti-human Fc fragment antibodies that would be generated by the administration of human Fc fragment or Fc partial fragment to a mouse and consequent false positive results. The deficiency in B cell function can be generated, for example, through the administration of anti-B cell antibodies or occurs in genetically engineered mice such as the m chain-knock out mouse (Jackson Labs strain B6.129S2-Igh6tm1Cgn/J) that are deficient in mature B-cells.
The immune system of immunodeficient mice is reconstituted with either unmodified or B cell depleted PBMCs from immunocompetent animals. These animals are subsequently treated with anti-platelet antibodies to mimic ITP using well defined techniques in the art. Animals are then treated with immunologically active biomimetics according to the following scheme:
It is anticipated that groups 1 and 2 will not develop ITP upon antibody infusion as they do not have the B cells to produce anti-platelet antibodies necessary for platelet destruction. In groups 3 and 4, it is expected that both the {hIgG1 Fc-hIgG1 Fc} stradomer polypeptide and the hIgG1 Fc monomer polypeptide effectively ameliorate ITP because endogenous murine antibodies react with hIgG1 Fc domain epitopes to crosslink the hIgG1 Fc monomer polypeptides. In contrast, in the absence of endogenous murine antibodies, the {hIgG1 Fc-hIgG1 Fc} stradomer polypeptide (group 6) is more effective than the uncross-linked IgGi Fc monomer polypeptide (group 5) in ameliorating ITP. Group 7 serves as a positive control for treatment effect.
Treatment protocols for ITP with the exemplary stradomer proteins encoded by SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 21 are utilized in a manner tracking standard guidelines for ITP hIVIG therapy such as the Executive Committee of the American Society of Hematology practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura. See George, J N, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood. 1996 Jul. 1; 88(1):3-40; See also, the 2000 guidelines by Italian pediatric hematologists, the 2003 British hematologists guidelines and the 2006 Japanese pediatric hematologists guidelines. Alternatively, the stradomer IV protocols for ITP may include an initial administration phase with dosages of about 0.1 to about 0.001 times the above treatment protocol dosages. The initial low dose phase is designed to minimize any short term pro-inflammatory effects of the stradomer administration while still being sufficient to induce a long term anti-inflammatory effect, which is subsequently enhanced and maintained by the second phase standard dosing described above. The rationale for this alternative approach is that some embodiments of a stradomer may have both a short term inflammatory effect as well as a long term anti-inflammatory effect through decreasing the expression of FcγRIIa. An initial low dose (or initial low doses) can be used to stimulate the long term anti-inflammatory effect while minimizing the short term inflammatory effect.
The effective stradomer dose is generally from about 0.01% to about 15% of the effective hIVIG dose, more preferably, about 0.1% to about 3% of the effective hIVIG dose. The effective hIVIG dose in ITP is generally in the range of about 100 mg/Kg to about 2 grams/Kg administered every 10-21 days.
The stradomer intravenous formulation will be substantially the same as FDA approved hIVIG formulations but may exclude the stabilizers present in some hIVIG formulations. See, e.g., the product insert for Gammagard S/D, distributed by Baxter Healthcare Corporation and approved for ITP therapy by the FDA.
Treatment protocols for ITP with exemplary stradomer proteins representing Fc fragments fixed to a core moiety such as a liposome are utilized by intraperitoneal administration with dosages of about 1% to about 0.001% of standard intravenous IVIG protocol dosages. The rationale for this alternative approach is that core stradomers comprised of fixed Fc fragments delivered in a stable formulation to the intraperitoneal cavity will make available the multiple Fc domains to affect monocytederived effector cells similarly to IVIG but at substantially lower doses.
Two stradobodies have been constructed and transfected. For each stradobody, encoding cDNA was synthesized from total RNA made from hybridoma cell lines expressing the antibody of interest. Establishing hybridoma cell lines is well known in the art. Amplification of cDNA of interest encoding the antibody heavy and light variable regions was done by BD SMART™ RACE amplification kit (Clontech CA). Numerous other methods are available to generate cDNA encoding the heavy and light chains for variable regions of antibodies (Sassano, M. et. al., 1994. Nucleic Acids Res. May 11; 22(9):1768-9; Jones, S. T., Bendig, M. M., 1991. Biotechnology (NY) Jan: 9(1):88-9.) To generate the stradobodies the heavy chain variable regions are fused to the stradomer constructs by either sewing by overlap extension with PCR (Hutton and Pease) or utilize existing compatible restriction sites to fuse the appropriate fragments. Stradobody proteins are expressed in CHO-S cells and isolated from cell supernatants by protein A column affinity purification. Binding of the purified stradobodies to the antigen of interest is confirmed by flow cytometry binding studies utilizing cell lines expressing the antigen.
A standard ADCC assay employing NK cells as effectors and antigen expressing tumor cells as targets at various effector-to-target ratios is employed to compare the potential of the stradobody and the monoclonal antibody (Mab) that shares the same Fab region to induce ADCC against high and low antigen expressing tumor cell lines. Stradobodies are selected for development that demonstrate similar results to the paired Mab in the NK assay against the high epitope expressing cell line but superior results to the paired Mab in the NK assay against the low epitope expressing cell line.
Treatment protocols for breast cancer with the exemplary stradobody containing a Fab that is or is similar to the Fab from the marketed product trastuzumab having activity against the her2/neu epitope are utilized in a manner tracking standard guidelines for breast cancer therapy. See, Romond, E H et al., Trastuzumab plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Operable HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. NEJM. 2005 Oct. 20; 353:1673-1684; Seidman, A D et al., Weekly Trastuzumab and Paclitaxel Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer With Analysis of Efficacy by HER2 Immunophenotype and Gene Amplification. Journal of Clinical Oncology. Vol 19, Issue 10 (May), 2001: 2587-2595; Vogel, C L et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology. Vol 20, Issue 3 (February), 2002:719-726
It is anticipated that the effective stradobody dose will generally range from about 1% to about 500% of the effective monoclonal antibody whose Fab is the same as the stradobody, more preferably, about 50% to about 100% of the effective monoclonal antibody dose. The effective monoclonal antibody dose in clinical cancer treatment varies. For the Her-2 neu monoclonal antibody the dose is generally in the range of about 2 mg/Kg to about 4 mg/Kg administered every 7-21 days.
It is anticipated that treatment protocols for breast cancer with the exemplary stradobody containing a Fab that is or is similar to the Fab from the marketed product cetuximab having activity against the EGFR epitope can be utilized in a manner tracking standard guidelines for head and neck and colon cancer therapies. See Robert, F et al. Phase I Study of Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Cetuximab in Combination With Radiation Therapy in Patients With Advanced Head and Neck Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 19, Issue 13 (July), 2001: 3234-3243; Bonner, J A et al., Cetuximab prolongs survival in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: A phase III study of high dose radiation therapy with or without cetuximab. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). Vol 22, No 14S (July 15 Supplement), 2004: 5507; Shin, D M et al., Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-targeted Therapy with C225 and Cisplatin in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 7, 12041213, May 2001; Cunningham, D et al. Cetuximab Monotherapy and Cetuximab plus Irinotecan in Irinotecan-Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. NEJM. Volume 351:337-345, 2004.
It is anticipated that the effective EGFR/HER1 stradobody dose will generally range from about 1% to about 500% of the effective monoclonal antibody whose Fab is the same as the stradobody, more preferably, about 50% to about 100% of the effective monoclonal antibody dose. The effective monoclonal antibody dose in clinical cancer treatment varies. For the EGFR monoclonal antibody the dose is generally in the range of about 250-400 mg/square meter which is about 5 mg/Kg-25 mg/Kg administered every 7-21 days.
The glycosylation patterns of expressed proteins are dependent on the cell line in which the protein is expressed. The Chinese Hamster Ovarian cell (CHO cell) commonly used for protein expression and purification results in a glycosylation pattern that is different from, for example, the HEK 293 cells which are of human origin and also is commonly used for protein expression of endogeneous proteins. As the binding properties of Fc fragments and cluster stradomer units can be affected by the glycosylation pattern, increased multimerization and therefore increased biological activity of the expressed peptides can be achieved by expression in cell lines other than CHO or in cell lines including CHO that are genetically altered to change the glycosylation pattern to an N-glycan that promotes increased aggregation between Fc fragments or Fc domain-containing peptides. Increased multimerization of Fc fragment or selected cluster stradomer units by altering glycosylation patterns may increase the ability of immunologically active biomimetics to mimic the effects of hIVIG.
The rFCF fragments from human IgG1 to be used in this experiment were produced by standard recombinant protein technology. The two chains of the human rFCF each consisted of the hinge region (15 amino acids), the CH2 domain (110 amino acids), and the CH3 domain (106 amino acids) of human IgG1 heavy chain.
CD14+ cells can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from the blood of a healthy human donor using a Miltenyi MACS separation column. The cells are cultured at a final concentration of 2×105/mL in GMCSF (800 IU/mL) and IL-4 (5 ng/mL) for 5 days at 37° C. The media in all cultures is refreshed on day 3 of culture. At day 5, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 μg/ml) is added to appropriate cultures to induce maturation to a mature DC. Mature DCs are known in the art not to express substantive levels of the CD16, CD32 or CD64. The cells are then cultured for an additional two days and aliquots are analyzed for CD11c, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD1a, and CD14 expression by two dimensional fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC). The remaining cells cultured with LPS are then placed in wells with soluble or coated IVIG or human rFcF (all at 10 μg/mL) for 24 hours at 37° C., harvested and analyzed for expression of the markers listed above by two-dimensional FFC.
Experimental groups are as follows:
(1) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; no LPS (“7d-LPS”)
(2) CD14+ cells: GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS (“7d+LPS”)
(3) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS; coated WIG (“cIVIG”)
(4) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS; soluble IVIG (“sIVIG”)
(5) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS; coated rFcF (“cFc”)
(6) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS; soluble rFcF (“sFc”)
(7) CD14+ cells; GM-CSF; IL-4; LPS (“Control”)
CD14+ cells are purified from human PBMC of a healthy human donor as described in Example 21 and cultured at 37° C. for 6 days with GM-CSF and IL-4 at the concentrations indicated in the previous examples and in the presence or absence of coated or soluble IVIG. The cells are harvested and then incubated at either 37° C. or 4° C. for two hours with Rho-positive human red blood cells that are uncoated or coated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated anti-D antibody. After incubation with red blood cells, CD14+ cells are stained for APC-conjugated CD1a. Phagocytosis is then evaluated by two dimensional FFC measuring side light scatter (SSC-A), forward light scatter (FSC-A), FITC fluorescence (FITC-A), and APC fluorescence (CD1a).
CD14+ cells are isolated from the blood of a healthy human donor as described in the previous examples. They are then cultured at 37° C. for 6 days with GM CSF and IL-4 in the presence or absence of soluble and coated IVIG. The concentrations of all these reagents are as described in above. The cells are then harvested and plated into the wells of 96 well microtiter tissue culture plates at various numbers (with the highest dose being 2.5×104 per well). CD3+ T cells are purified from the PBMC of a second human donor that was HLA incompatible with the donor from which the CD14+ cells are isolated. The T cells are added to each of the wells of the 96 well tissue culture plates (105 T cells per well). After five days of co-culture, 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine is added to each of the culture wells. The cultures are then incubated for a further 6 hours and incorporation of the 3H-thymidine (“cpm”) is measured as an indication of the degree of cell proliferation in the cultures. Three different iDC stimulator populations are tested: one generated by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 only, one generated by culture with GM-CSF, IL-4, and coated IVIG, and one generated by culture with GM-CSF, IL-4, and soluble IVIG.
Cultures containing CD14+ cells, GM-CSF, and IL-4 and either rFcF (coated or soluble) or IVIG (coated or soluble) are set up under the conditions described in the previous examples. Instead of testing the cells for expression of cell surface markers, phagocytic ability, or the ability to stimulate allogeneic MLRs, the cytokines the cells produce are measured. It is expected that coated rFcF will modulate cytokine production by the cells in a manner similar to IVIG but not similar to soluble rFcF. Thus, it is expected that the level of cytokines that inhibit inflammatory responses (e.g., interleukin4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-12) will be enhanced by exposure of the cells to coated rFcF. Moreover, it is expected that exposure of the cells to coated rFcF will result in a decrease in the level of production by the cells of cytokines that enhance inflammatory responses (e.g., interferon, interleukin-23, and tumor necrosis factor-I).
Recombinant Fc fragments (rFcF) from mouse IgG2a were produced using standard cloning and recombinant protein expression techniques. The two chains of the mouse rFcF each consisted of the hinge region (21 amino acids), the CH2 domain (110 amino acids), and the CH3 domain (107 amino acids) of mouse IgG2a heavy chain. The mouse IgG2a was active in the human iDC assay when coated to the walls and floors of plate wells.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. All U.S. and foreign patents, patent application publications, and non-patent literature (including, but not limited to, abstracts, scientific journal articles, books, product literature and manuals) referred to or cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The following references arc incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/483,873, filed on Apr. 10, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/370,675, filed Dec. 6, 2016, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/177,061, filed on Jun. 8, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/221,148, filed on Mar. 20, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,512,210, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/602,609 filed Jun. 4, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,680,237, which is a National Stage filing of PCT/US2008/065428, filed May 30, 2008, under 35 U.S.C. § 371 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/015,547, filed Dec. 20, 2007; 61/015,127, filed Dec. 19, 2007; and 60/941,644, filed Jun. 1, 2007, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61015547 | Dec 2007 | US | |
| 61015127 | Dec 2007 | US | |
| 60941644 | Jun 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15483873 | Apr 2017 | US |
| Child | 15900211 | US | |
| Parent | 15370675 | Dec 2016 | US |
| Child | 15483873 | US | |
| Parent | 15177061 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 15370675 | US | |
| Parent | 14221148 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 15177061 | US | |
| Parent | 12602609 | Jun 2010 | US |
| Child | 14221148 | US |
