Patent Grant
8269137
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of laser processing methods and systems, and specifically, to laser processing methods and systems for laser processing multi-material devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lasers can be used in the processing of microstructures in memory and integrated circuit devices. For example, laser pulses can be used to ablate conductive links or link portions in a memory device, such as DRAMs in order to substitute working redundant memory cells for defective memory cells during memory manufacture.
Recently, the use of new materials, such as aluminum, gold, and copper, coupled with the small geometry of these devices, have made the problem of link removal more difficult. Economics and device performance goals have driven the size for the DRAMs and logic devices to very small physical dimensions. Thus, it can be increasingly difficult to irradiate a target structure without damaging surrounding components such as the substrate and adjacent circuitry and links. Furthermore, as more links need to be processed for a given area of semiconductor circuitry, the time required to process a given die increases.
When a single laser pulse or burst of pulses is used to irradiate and sever each link designated for removal, the beam path of laser pulses may move relative to the substrate during the process of irradiation in an “on-the-fly” link blowing process. This relative movement may include moving the substrate and/or moving the beam, although substrate motion on an X-Y stage in conjunction with a vertically oriented and stationary beam is a currently common approach. In conventional laser processing systems, groups of arrayed microstructures are processed. The array may be links in a row, links in closely spaced rows, links in staggered rows and similar regularly spaced arrangements. The conventional processing is generally carried out with either an energy on demand system (e.g. pulse equalization) or an energy picking system (e.g. pulse picking). In the energy on demand system, an irradiation period is timed to coincide with a moving target and the processing rate is limited by a minimum period between energy on demand irradiation periods. In the energy picking system, the laser is pulsed in a continuously repeating sequence at a predetermined repetition rate (e.g. at a q-rate, pulse rate, or burst rate) and the arrayed microstructures in a group are moved synchronously with the repetition rate so that energy is available to process any microstructure in a particular group. The processing rate is limited by a period associated with the maximum repetition rate, and an acousto-optic device or other optical switching device blocks energy from reaching the substrate except when processing a selected synchronized target.
The conventional energy picking process is illustrated in
In a conventional processing system links and pulses are synchronized. T1 and the period of the laser pulse repetition rate (e.g. the pulse to pulse period of a q-switched laser controlled by trigger signals from the control computer 14) are made equal. With this method, a pulse is available to process every link. Pulses that are synchronized with links to be processed, such as links 10a, 10d, and 10f
It will be appreciated that the time required to process a given set of links within a group of a row or a column of links is approximately the number of links times the time period T1, which in these systems equals the laser pulse repetition rate. If the laser used has a maximum pulse rate of 50 kHz, for example, completing the pass of the beam across the 11 links of
Although the above embodiment was described in terms of single pulse link processing, link blowing systems have been described that apply multiple pulses to each link to sever the link.
In many advantageous embodiments, the pulse picker 16 is an acousto-optic modulation device, but may be an electro-optic switch, a fast steering mirror or any other type of optical switch with sufficient speed and accuracy.
Other uses in addition to pulse picking for acousto-optic modulators, fast steering mirrors, or other forms of high speed deflectors have also been described. One such use is for beam position correction along the direction of beam motion if a long pulse or pulse burst is being applied to process a link. Without correction, if the pulse or pulse burst is short relative to the transit time of the beam spot across the link during the pulse or pulse burst duration, the beam spot will not move appreciably during the above described relative beam and link motion during the on-the-fly processing. However, as shown in
Another application of an acousto-optic modulator in a beam path of a laser processing machine is also described in U.S. Publication Number 2002/0167581. In an embodiment described therein with reference to FIG. 20, an acousto-optic modulator is used as a beam splitter to allow the processing of more than one target structure at a time. The beam paths of the resulting beams may be controlled by controlling the frequencies applied to the acousto-optic modulator to simultaneously position each resulting beam accurately on the targets to be processed.
Although high speed beam scanning within a dominant fundamental beam trajectory has been utilized in a variety of contexts such as described above, additional uses of high speed deflectors in link blowing systems would be useful in the field.
For further reference, the following co-pending U.S. applications and issued patents are assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describe many additional aspects of laser link blowing, and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:
The subject matter of the above referenced applications and patents is related to the present invention. References to the above patents and applications are cited by reference number in the following sections.
In one embodiment, the invention comprises a method for laser processing a multi-material device including a substrate and at least one target structure. The method comprises producing relative motion in a first direction between a beam path and a substrate having at least one target structure thereon, generating a first pulse and irradiating a first portion of the target structure with the first pulse wherein a first beam waist associated with the first pulse and the at least one microstructure substantially coincide. A second pulse is generated, the second pulse being delayed a predetermined time relative to the first pulse. The second pulse is deflected in a second direction, wherein the second direction is non-parallel to the first direction, and a second portion of the at least one microstructure is irradiated with the deflected second pulse wherein a second beam waist associated with the deflected second pulse and the second portion of the at least one microstructure substantially coincide.
In another embodiment, such a method comprises producing relative motion in a first direction between a beam path and a substrate having at least one target structure thereon, generating a first pulse and irradiating a first portion of the target structure with the first pulse wherein a first beam waist associated with the first pulse and the at least one microstructure substantially coincide. A second pulse is generated, the second pulse being delayed a predetermined time relative to the first pulse. In this embodiment, the second pulse is deflected so as to irradiate the at least one target structure with the deflected second pulse, wherein a second beam waist associated with the deflected second pulse and a longitudinally distinct second portion of the at least one target structure substantially coincide.
In another embodiment, a method for laser processing a multi-material device including a substrate and a target structure comprises scanning a plurality of applied laser pulses in a direction substantially parallel to the length of the target structure as the substrate moves in a direction that is non-parallel to the length of the target structure.
Another method of processing a multi-material device including a substrate and at least one microstructure comprises producing relative motion between a beam path and a substrate having at least one target structure thereon, generating a first pulse, deflecting the first pulse in a first direction, and irradiating the at least one microstructure with the first deflected pulse wherein a first beam waist associated with the first deflected pulse and the at least one microstructure substantially coincide. A second pulse is generated, the second pulse being delayed a predetermined time relative to the first pulse. The second pulse is deflected in a second direction, wherein the second direction is non-parallel to the first direction. The at least one microstructure is irradiated with the deflected second pulse wherein a second beam waist associated with the deflected second pulse and the at least one microstructure substantially coincide.
In another embodiment, a method for laser processing a multi-material device including a substrate and at least one target structure comprises producing relative motion at a predetermined average velocity V between a beam delivery subsystem and a substrate having a plurality of adjacent microstructures thereon, the plurality including the at least one target structure, and generating a pulsed laser output comprising a sequence of pulses, pulse groups, combined pulses, or pulse bursts, wherein the sequence is characterized by a minimum synchronization period T. The plurality of microstructures are separated by a spatial distance S in the direction of relative motion and t1 is the transit time S/V between at least one pair of adjacent microstructures. In this embodiment, t1 is not equal to the predetermined period T.
Another embodiment of a method for laser processing a multi-material device including a substrate and at least one target structure comprises grouping microstructures into sets of N structures and producing P laser pulses, combined pulses, pulse groups or pulse bursts for each set of N microstructures in a pass of a laser beam waist position over the sets of target structures. In this embodiment, P is not equal to N. The method further comprises processing at least one target structure during the pass.
In yet another embodiment, a method for laser processing a multi-material device including a substrate and at least one target structure comprises receiving data corresponding to coordinates of target microstructures to be processed, determining a processing trajectory segment including a plurality of target microstructures along a row or column of microstructures. A pulsed laser output is generated comprising a sequence of pulses, pulse groups, combined pulses, or pulse bursts, wherein the sequence is at least partially unsynchronized with respect to the trajectory. The method further comprises determining a relative displacement between each target microstructure and a corresponding laser pulse in the sequence, generating a deflection command sequence corresponding to the relative displacements, deflecting the pulsed laser output according to the deflection command sequence during relative motion between the substrate and a beam positioning subsystem to synchronize the target microstructures and the corresponding laser pulses, and irradiating each target microstructure with at least a portion of the pulsed laser output.
Methods and systems described herein relate to laser processing target structures of multi-material devices utilize multiple laser pulses. While this invention is well suited for improvements in processing closely spaced metal and non-metal links on semiconductor substrates, other types of multi-material devices may be laser processed with various benefits including, but not limited to increased process throughput, increased accuracy, reduced substrate damage, and reduced damage to adjacent devices.
General Aspects of Laser Processing of Target Microstructures
Many aspects of processing links on a multi-material device that may be used advantageously with this invention are described in sections [0115] to [0159], [0169] to [0175], and [0213] to [0225] of U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0167581, which is mentioned above.
A multi-material device may include a plurality of target structures positioned over a substrate. A pulsed laser beam, the beam having pre-determined characteristics for processing of microscopic structures, is used to cleanly remove at least a portion of a target structure. An application of the method and system of the present invention is severing of conductive links which are part of a high speed semiconductor memory device. The targets may have a sub-micron dimension, including a dimension below the wavelength of the laser beam. The target may be separated from a semiconductor substrate by a multi-layer stack, which may have several dielectric layers. Furthermore, both the temporal and spatial characteristics of the pulse may be selected or controlled based on the thermal and optical properties of the microscopic target, underlying layer materials, and the three-dimensional layout of the device structure, including the spacing of target structures and functional inner conductor layers.
In many embodiments of the present invention, one or more laser pulses irradiate a generally rectangular target structure or microstructure. In one embodiment, an output from a laser system is generated to produce a sequence of pulses, pulse groups, combined pulses, or pulse bursts. In some embodiments, each pulse has a rise time fast enough to efficiently couple energy into a highly reflective target structure. The total duration of irradiation is sufficient to process at least a portion of the target structure wherein at least a portion of the structure is cleanly removed without leaving operationally significant amounts of residue, slag, or other debris. The fall time is preferably fast enough to avoid creating undesirable damage to the layers or substrate.
The temporal pulse shape may be selected, in part, based on physical properties of the target microstructure, for instance, thickness, optical absorption, thermal conductivity, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, the processing will occur with a single pulse having a fast leading edge relative to a selected pulse duration of several nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the laser output used to process a target structure may be a series of narrow q-switched Gaussian shape or rectangular pulses, with very fast rise time, for example 800 ps pulses representative of the output of commercially available q-switch micro-lasers. The pulses may be delayed with respect to each other so as to provide a burst of pulses to irradiate the target structure. The laser output may be generated with a combination of a high bandwidth seed laser diode and fiber optic amplifier with Raman shifting, or with a waveguide amplifier system. Alternatively, a desirable pulse characteristic may be provided with various modified q-switched systems or with the use of high speed electro-optic modulators. Other pulse shapes may be selected for the material processing requirements. For instance, a sequence of closely spaced pulses having duration from a few picoseconds to several nanoseconds is taught in Reference 5.
In one embodiment, a high bandwidth MOPA configuration is used to amplify the laser output of a high speed semiconductor diode. Generation of various pulse shapes and duration with direct modulation of the diode is considered advantageous, provided any affect associated with variable amplitude drive waveforms does not affect overall performance. Further details of various aspects of pulse generation and amplification can be found in references 5 and 6 (e.g., in '471—Reference 5—FIG. 5 and columns 14-16).
As indicated above, embodiments of the laser system may include fiber optic amplifiers which amplify the preferred square pulse shape generated by a seed laser. The seed laser may be a high speed semiconductor diode or the shaped output of a modified q-switched system. The amplified output may be matched in wavelength to the input or Raman-shifted as taught in References 4 and 6 (e.g., in Reference 6, FIGS. 12-13 and column 14, line 57—column 19, line 3). Wavelength shifting of a short pulse q-switched laser output is generally taught in '759 Reference 4.
In an alternative arrangement the seed laser is a semiconductor diode and the optical amplifier is a waveguide amplifier. Advantages of an embodiment with a waveguide amplifier when compared to a fiber system include avoidance of Raman shifting, lower pulse distortion at the speed of operation, and, with proper design, minimal thermal lensing. A precision anamorphic optic system is used to optimize coupling between the seed and amplifier. Basic description of waveguide amplitude and lasers can be found in product literature provided by Maxios, Inc. and in the article “CW and passively Q-switched Cladding Pumped Planar Waveguide Lasers,” Beach et. al. Yet another amplifier system including a 28 DB planar waveguide amplifier for use at 1.064 micron wavelengths was developed by University of Southhampton and described in “A Diode Pumped, High Gain, Planar Waveguide, Nd:Y3Al5O12 Amplifier.”
In an alternative arrangement, for generation of a fast rising pulse or other desirable shape, a plurality of q-switched micro-lasers can be used. The modules produce a q-switched waveform with pulse durations of about 1 nanosecond or less, for example 800 ps to 2 ns for commercially available units. An example of a commercially available laser is the AOT-YVO-1Q available from Advanced Optical Technology (AOTLasers.com). These recently developed short pulse, active q-switch lasers can be triggered with a TTL pulse at a variable repetition rate while maintaining specified sub-nanosecond timing jitter. In general, the pulse shape incident on the target microstructure will vary significantly at repetition rates approaching the maximum rate. Reference 9 teaches methods of maintaining a constant pulse shape despite variations in the temporal spacing of pulses incident on a target (e.g., see the figures and associated specification). AOT offers a pulsewidth of 2 nanoseconds available at a repetition rate of 20 KHz. Frequency doubled versions are also available (532 nm). IMRA America reports 800 ps pulses with the PicoLite system, and high peak power was obtained with fiber amplification at repetition rates up to 10 KHz. Shorter pulsewidths, for instance about 1 ns or less, are available at slower repetition rates. Laser processing with pulses in the 1-100 picosecond range has been described and performed with more recently developed laser systems.
As known in the art and illustrated in Reference 5 (e.g., FIGS. 1C, 2), the q-switched waveforms may approximate (at least to 1st order) a symmetric Gaussian shape, or a fast rising pulse with an exponential tail, depending on the stored energy. With reference to Publication 2002/0167581, a series of devices, with appropriate delays introduced by a plurality of triggering signals, or delays of a trigger signal with a delay line, may be used to generate a series of spaced apart pulses. The optical outputs are preferably combined with appropriate bulk optics (polarization sensitive), fiber optics, or waveguides to form a single output beam. The resultant addition of the q-switched waveforms produces a fast rise time characteristic and relatively short duration. An optical amplifier may be used to increase the output power as needed. Shaped pulses may be produced, for example, by using a beam combiner to deliver the output of two lasers (or the output of a single laser split by a beam splitter) to an amplifier or using a modulator approach to chop the leading edge or tail of the pulse but with a two-stage or shaped modulation voltage pulse.
During system operation for memory repair, position information, obtained with a precision measurement system, is used to relatively position the focused beam waist of the pulsed laser at a location in space to substantially coincide with the three-dimensional coordinates (Xlink,Ylink,Zlink) of the target. A trigger pulse, generated to produce a laser pulse at a time where the laser beam waist and target width position substantially coincide, operates in conjunction with the laser and associated control circuitry in the laser subsystem to produce an output pulse.
References 2 and 7 describe details of a method and system for precision positioning, including three-dimensional beam waist positioning. Reference 7 describes an embodiment for producing an approximate diffraction limited spot size with a range of spot size adjustment (e.g., FIGS. 7-9 of WO0187534 ('534) and the associated specification), and a method and system for three-dimensional positioning of the beam waist. Three-dimensional (height) information is obtained, for instance with focus detection, and used to estimate a surface and generate a trajectory (e.g., FIGS. 2-5 of '534 and the associated specification). The laser is pulsed at a location substantially corresponding to the three-dimensional position of the link (Xlink, Ylink, Zlink) (e.g., FIGS. 10a-b of '534 and the associated specification).
In practice, the three-dimensional measurement and positioning are used to compensate for topographical variations over a wafer surface, or other position variations introduced in a system (mis-alignment). These variations are generally system or application dependent and may exceed several microns, which in turn may exceed the depth of focus of the focused laser beam. In some micro-machining applications the system positioning requirements may be relaxed if certain tolerances are maintained, or if external hardware manipulates the device position, as might be done with a micro-positioning sub-system. The device may comprise a miniature part (e.g., single die) which is positioned by an external micro-positioning subsystem to a predetermined reference location. Similarly, if a miniature part has a pre-determined tolerance the positioning may be based on single measurement at a reference location or perhaps a single depth measurement combined with a lateral (X,Y) measurement. For processing of multilevel devices on wafers, (e.g.: 300 mm) at high speed it is expected that densely sampled three-dimensional information will improve performance, particularly as link dimensions shrink.
In applications requiring very high speed operation over a large surface (e.g., 300 mm wafer), an alternative method is to combine information which may be predetermined (e.g., the plane of a wafer chuck relative to a beam positioner plane of motion measured during a calibration process) with dimensional information obtained from each part to be processed. For example, in '534, FIGS. 1-2, a fraction of the tilt of region 28 may be associated with fixturing). For example, the steps may include (a) obtaining information identifying microstructures designated for removal, (b) measuring a first set of reference locations to obtain three-dimensional reference data, (c) generating a trajectory based on at least the three-dimensional reference data to obtain a prediction of beam waist and microstructure surface locations, (d) updating the prediction during relative motion based on updated position information, the updated position information obtained from a position sensor (e.g., encoder) and/or from data acquired during the relative motion. The additional data may be measurement data acquired at additional alignment target or at other locations suitable for an optical measurement (e.g., dynamic focus). Reference 2 describes a system wherein a precision wafer stage is used to position a wafer at high speed. A method of obtaining feedback information with resolution of a fraction of one nanometer is disclosed wherein interferometric encoders are used, and such a high precision method is preferred. In Reference 2 it was noted that other conventional laser interferometers may also be used. FIGS. 9-11 and columns 5-6 of Reference 2 describe aspects of the precision measurement subsystem associated with the precision positioning apparatus. Additionally, designated reference locations on the workpiece (e.g., wafer) which may be an x,y alignment target or a region suited for a three-dimensional measurement may be used for various applications. It should also be noted that height accuracy of about 0.1 μm was reported in “In-situ height correction for laser scanning of semiconductor wafers,” Nikoonhad et al., Optical Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 10, October 1995, wherein an optical position sensor obtained area averaged height data at high speeds. Similarly, a dynamic focus sensor (e.g., astigmatic systems used for optical disk tracking and control) may be used to obtain height information provided the data rate is fast enough to support “on the fly” measurement.
Various combinations of the above technologies can be used depending upon the application requirements. A combination may be based on the number and typical distribution over a device of microstructures designated for removal. When a large number of repair sites are distributed across a device, the throughput may be maximized by providing updates “on the fly.”
In an application of the invention, the target structure is provided as a part of a multi-material, multi-layer structure (e.g., redundant memory device). The multi-layer stack having dielectric layers provides spacing between the link and an underlying substrate. In one type of multi-layer memory device, alternating layers of Silicon Dioxide and Silicon Nitride may be disposed between a link target structure and a Silicon substrate. The target structure is generally located in proximity to other similar structures to form a 1-D or 2-D array of fuses which are designated for removal. In addition to the link structure, underlying conductors disposed as part of the functional device circuitry, may be in proximity to the link structure, and arranged in a series of patterns covered by relatively thin (<0.1 μm typical) Silicon Nitride and thicker (1 μm typical) Silicon Dioxide materials.
The irradiance distribution at the link may substantially conform to a diffraction limited, circular Gaussian profile. In another useful embodiment, the beam has an approximate elliptical Gaussian irradiance profile, as might be produced with an anamorphic optical system, or with a non-circular laser output beam. In one embodiment, the incident beam has a non-uniform aspect ratio. Alternatively, rectangular or another chosen spatial profiles may be implemented in a lateral dimension. For example, Reference 10 discloses various advantageous methods and optical systems for spatially shaping of laser beams for application to memory repair and Reference 1 discloses various advantageous methods and optical systems for “non-Gaussian” irradiance distribution of laser beams for application to memory repair.
With the nearly diffraction limited elliptical Gaussian case, the preferable minimum beam waist dimension at location approximates the narrow target width dimension of FIG. 1B, which, in turn, produces high pulse energy density at the link. Further, with this approach, a high fraction of the laser energy is coupled to the link and background irradiance is reduced.
A typical link used in a present memory has width and thickness of about 1 μm or less, for example, 0.6 μm, and length of about five microns. Future memory requirements are expected to further reduce the scale of target dimensions. The minimum beam waist dimension Wyo at will typically overfill the sub-micron link to some degree, whereas aspect ratio Wxo/Wyo with Wxo a few microns along the link, can facilitate clean link removal. Additionally, rapidly decreasing energy density on the layers and substrate may be achieved through defocus of the high numerical aperture beam portion.
Pulse energies in the range of about 0.1 to 3 μj have been found effective, with a preferred typical range of about 0.1-5 μj considered sufficient margin for spot shape and process variations. The preferred pulse duration may be selected based upon the nominal link thickness specifications, or based on a model of the dissimilar thermal and optical properties of adjacent materials. Lower energies per pulse may be utilized when the target is processed with bursts of multiple pulses.
Hence, a combination of the spatial characteristics (e.g., beam waist shape and position) and the temporal (e.g., rise time, flatness, and duration) pulse characteristics avoids undesirable cracking of lower layers, avoids significant pulse interaction with inner layer conductor, and limits substrate heating.
Regarding laser wavelength, near IR (Infrared) wavelengths conveniently correspond to wavelengths where high bandwidth laser diodes are available, and to the spectral range where optical amplification of the pulsed laser beam can be efficiently produced with fiber and waveguide amplifiers. Those skilled in the art will recognize that amplified laser diode outputs, having a desired temporal pulse shape, may also be frequency multiplied to produce visible laser outputs when advantageous. The fast rise time of semiconductor diodes is particularly advantageous for producing a fast rise time, square pulse characteristic. Future developments in visible diode and optical amplifier technology may support direct pulse amplification in the visible range.
In some systems for link blowing, the link width is a fraction of one micron and the link spacing (pitch) is a few microns with present process technology. The link width may correspond to a wavelength of visible light. Further, at the microscopic scale of operation, where the lateral and/or thickness dimensions of the materials are on the order of the laser wavelength, the thickness and indices of refraction of the stack materials can significantly affect the overall optical characteristics of the stack.
In one embodiment of the invention, a preferred reduced wavelength is selected in the visible or near infrared range wherein a non-absorptive optical property of the layers (e.g., interference or reflection loss) is exploited.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,690 (Reference 8) describes a system and method for vaporizing a target structure on a substrate. The method includes providing a laser system configured to produce a laser output at the wavelength below an absorption edge of the substrate. Furthermore, Reference 4 discloses benefits of a wavelength less than 1.2 μm for processing links on memory devices wherein the substrate is Silicon, namely smaller spot size and shorter laser pulse widths. In accordance with the present invention, improved performance can be realized by exploiting the non-absorbing stack properties with wavelength selection. Furthermore, at least one of precision positioning of a high numerical aperture beam, spatial shaping of the spot, or temporal pulse shaping also will provide for reduced energy at the substrate. The result corresponds to a relatively low value of energy expected to be deposited in the substrate, despite an incident beam energy necessary to deposit unit energy in the target structure sufficient to vaporize the target structure.
The factors affecting the energy deposited in the substrate are, in effect, multiplicative. Likewise, at short visible wavelengths, copper is absorbing (e.g., about 50% at 500 nm, 70% in the near UV, compared to 2% at 1.064 μm) so less energy is required for clean removal, at least an order of magnitude. The preferred identified wavelength corresponding to a relatively low value of the energy expected to be deposited in the substrate is within a visible of near IR region of the spectrum. A model-based approach may be used to estimate the shortest wavelength with sufficient margin for a specified dielectric stack, spot position, tolerance, temporal and three-dimensional spatial pulse characteristics.
For processing on links on multilevel devices with Silicon substrates, the limiting wavelength corresponding to a relatively low value of the energy expected to be deposited in the substrate (e.g., below the image threshold) may be within the green or near UV region of spectrum, but the use may require tightly controlled system parameters, including possible control of the stack layer thickness or index of refraction.
With wavelength selection in accordance with the present invention, where the internal transmission and preferably reflection of the stack is at or near a maximum, stack layer damage is avoided. Furthermore, decreasing substrate irradiance, while simultaneously providing a reduced spot size for link removal (at or near diffraction limit), is preferred provided irradiation of functional internal layers is within acceptable limits. Spectral transmission curves for typical large bandgap dielectric materials generally show that the transmission decreases somewhat at UV wavelengths. For example, in HANDBOOK OF LASER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, the transmission range of Silicon Dioxide is specified as wavelengths greater than 0.15 μm. The absorption coefficient of both Silicon Nitride and Silicon Dioxide remains relatively low in the visible range (>400 nm) and gradually increases in the UV range.
In this context of laser based target processing, various embodiments of methods and apparatus for processing target structures will now be described.
Tilted Scan Processing and Alignment
Preferably, one or more acousto-optic modulators achieve fast, accurate and stable power control with a wide dynamic range. However, other types of modulators, electro-optic modulators and other suitable modulators can be employed, where preferably deflection is fast enough to position a beam on a target by target basis. Modulation may be combined with other functions to reduce system complexity, for example, beam steering, beam switching, beam blocking, chirp mode focusing or pulse picking.
Thermally stable acousto-optic devices may be used in at least one embodiment of the invention to reduce beam pointing instability or to reduce optical aberrations. A thermally stabilized acousto-optic device may be used for pulse picking from a continuous pulse sequence or for beam positioning. The stabilized acousto-optic device is driven by one or more transducers at one or more frequencies with RF power. The first-order diffracted beam is deflected to a laser processing path as is well-known in the art. The frequency of the RF may be varied dynamically to position a deflected laser spot to a precise work piece location. The amplitude of the RF may be varied to change the diffraction efficiency of the acousto-optic device and modulate the beam energy. During pulsed processing and between processing pulses the acousto-optic cell receives RF power and a near constant thermal load. When a pulse is not needed for processing, the RF power is interrupted in coincidence with the non-processing pulse to allow a single non-processing pulse to pass into the zero order beam to a beam dump and then the near constant RF is resumed. Alternately, the RF frequency is interrupted in coincidence with the non-processing pulse to allow a single non-processing pulse to pass into a different order beam to a beam dump or into a deflected beam to a beam dump and then the near constant RF is resumed. Therefore, the duty cycle of the RF is typically high and thermal instability due to an intermittent RF load is reduced. RF power may be modulated between laser pulses to control thermal loading to the acousto-optic cell, for example to maintain a constant average thermal load.
Various configurations of acousto-optic beam deflectors (AOBD) as know in the art may be used. The AOBD may use single or multiple transducers attached to a single or multiple acoustic cells. Acoustic interaction zones may be superimposed or distributed serially along the optical path and may be in the same plane or in transverse planes. Any of the well-know geometries and configurations for acousto-optic scanning, such as those taught over the past 30 years or more, may be employed. For example, a first transducer and a second transducer can be mounted to be co-planar, parallel, orthogonal, or tilted on adjacent orthogonal or opposing surfaces. Transducers may be tilted or stepped and used as phased array configuration to enhance performance of the deflector.
Each transducer used is mounted to a surface of an acoustic cell and is driven with an RF signal as is well know in the field. The transducer is driven with an RF driver, and the RF driver is controlled with a frequency controller. Routine optimization of the AOBD includes maximizing Bragg efficiency, increasing modulation depth, increasing time-bandwidth product (to scan a large number of spots), and aligning entrance angle and exit angles. For example, the RF signal can be modulated in amplitude and or frequency to compensate for Bragg efficiency variation and pointing drift.
The AOBD may be constructed with acoustic materials generally offered in commercially available products such as fused silica, glass, TeO2 and the like from Crystal Technologies, NEOS and others. On axis device or an off-axis device for example using a TeO2 crystal may be used to achieve a high time-bandwidth product. Material choice and orientation is generally a matter of routine selection to match performance characteristics with the deflection application considering the beam size, scanning speed, scanning range, wavelength, efficiency and other characteristics as generally published in product literature and reviewed in technical articles, and text books readily available to workers of all skill levels in the field of optical scanning.
In at least one embodiment, the AOM is configured to sweep the processing beam in a direction that is non-orthogonal and non-parallel to a processing axis. In some embodiments, the deflector is oriented substantially at 45 degrees to a processing axis. As shown in
In one embodiment, a parallel component of the sweep velocity vector component produces motion in the direction of a substrate positioning axis, and may be used to maintain spot alignment across the link. As shown in
The link blowing process may be extremely sensitive to misalignment across the link, for example about 50 to 250 nanometers misalignment may adversely affect the process window with decreased pulse energy thresholds for substrate and/or neighbor link damage. But, it is recognized that this error along the link may be considerably larger without adversely affecting the process window, for example from 0.5 to 5 microns. The link blowing process window is more tolerant to this type of error and pulse energy thresholds for substrate and/or neighbor link damage may not be adversely affected.
Furthermore, an elongated spot along the link may improve the process window, so lateral motion with a 45 degree oriented deflector may improve the process window by elongating the spot as integrated over the burst to form a temporally shaped spatial spot irradiance profile. Spot elongation may be increased with an increased link velocity, an increased irradiance period or a combination.
In some embodiments, the beam spot may be swept in a plurality of directions. For example, as illustrated in
Applications of the tilted beam scan for link processing with multiple pulses per link are illustrated in
The non-parallel direction may comprise a component that is perpendicular to the direction of relative movement of the beam paths. The pulses may also be deflected in a direction parallel to the direction of relative movement of the beam paths. For example, a first deflector may act to oppose the relative movement of the beam paths, while a second deflector acts to deflect the pulses in a direction perpendicular to the relative movement of the beam paths.
In some embodiments, two or more pulses are deflected. The magnitude and/or the direction of the deflection may differ across pulses. For example, the relative movement between the beam paths and the target substrate may cause a first initial pulse 32a to be further from the target structure than a second initial pulse 28a. The first initial pulse 32a may therefore undergo a stronger deflection than the second initial pulse 28a.
The number and/or frequency of pulses and/or the dimensions of the target structure may at least partially determine the direction of deflection. For example, the magnitude and/or direction of the deflection may be determined in accordance with overlap between portions of the target structure irradiated by a plurality of pulses and/or in an effort to control the total area irradiated by the plurality of pulses.
In some instances, a system or method herein may produce resultant pulses from initial pulses. The initial pulses may comprise deflected or undeflected pulses. Resultant pulses may comprise one, two or more of the initial pulses that have been deflected in a direction non-parallel to the direction of relative movement of the beam paths. Resultant pulses may also comprise one, two, or more of the initial pulses that have not been deflected in a direction non-parallel to the direction of relative movement of the beam paths. The resultant pulses may include pulses deflected in a direction non-parallel to the direction of relative movement as well as pulses that are not deflected in the non-parallel direction. For example, in
In some instances, the direction or magnitude of the deflection at least partially depends on one or more of the frequency or number of pulses, the speed of the relative movement between the beam paths and the substrate, and the separation between target locations. For example,
The resultant pulses may coincide with portions of the target structures that are spatially distinct and partially overlapping, In some embodiments, the portions are non-overlapping. The portions may extend across a length of a target structure, wherein the length of a target structure may be a direction perpendicular to the direction of relative movement between the beam paths and the substrate.
In
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to increase or decrease spot elongation in a temporally shaped spot irradiance profile during extended irradiation periods while using a single deflector and image rotation. Referring back to
The scan rate along the link can be nonlinear as shown, for example, in
The AOBD scanner may be used with closely spaced multiple input frequencies to cause multiple simultaneous output spots to merge into a single shaped spot. The shaped spot may be somewhat linear with a flattop cross section in the long axis. With two axis AOBD deflection and multi-frequency inputs, rapid spot shaping can be accomplished in either the x or y scan axis or in both axes combined.
As shown in
Use of a tilted primary scanner with a small range secondary scanner can provide improved performance compared to conventional non-tilted 2-axes scanning. For example, the smaller range of the secondary scanner can reduce undesirable scanning consequences including efficiency variation with scan angle and beam motion across the scanner input pupil especially when the secondary scanner is upstream of the primary scanner in the optical path. The scanners may be optimized differently according to scan range, or they may be similar devices. The scanning range may be set according to command signals such that the smaller scan range is a sub-range of a larger scan range. In this case the roles of primary and secondary scanner can be reversed by the system controller to switch the large and small scan ranges for example to change the orientation of the primary scan axis without using beam path switching or image rotation. The tilted primary scan axis may require a larger scan range than an orthogonal scanner, and additional trajectory overhead at the beginning and ending of each processing pass may be required.
Tilted 2-axis scanning can also be used to minimize undesirable consequences of compound-angle scanning where a first scanner deflects the beam through in a first scan plane and a second scanner deflects deflected beam through a second non-parallel scan plane. The resulting deflection is in a compound angle which can affect beam characteristics. For example, in a conventional orthogonal and square scan field, the worst case compound angle is in the corners of the field. When 45 degree tilted scanners are used to scan the same field size, the worst case compound angle scanning is at the mid-point of each edge of the scan field, a lesser compound angle, whereas at the corners of the field the scan angle have minimal compound angles.
Furthermore, the image rotator can be used to provide a flexible system that can selectively scan along either the x or y axes in addition to intermediate angles. Since the deflecting orientation is rotated at twice the rate of the beam rotator, a 45 degree rotation of the image rotator permits 90 rotation of the deflection orientation, for example from the x axis to the y axis through 45 degrees. A 67.5 degree rotation of the image rotator produces a 135 degree rotation of the deflection orientation, for example from the x axis to 45 degrees to the y axis to −45 degree. With bidirectional deflection, a 90 degree rotation of the deflector permits deflection along any azimuth.
In some embodiments, it is desirable to have at least a small amount of image rotation to align an axis of deflection with a device to be processed. When wafers are mounted onto a wafer chuck, typically there is a residual rotation of the wafer and a small rotation of the scan axis can be used to correct for resulting alignment errors. For example, the axis of an AOBD is aligned to be orthogonal to a row or column of links. In this case, spots may be laterally offset to coincide with one or more collinear links without significant errors due to relative rotation of the scan axis and the device geometry.
Image rotation is useful when multiple spots are used simultaneously to irradiate one or more links. In these embodiments, multiple laser beam paths are simultaneously produced and may be directed to multiple spots on the device being processed. Typically, each separate beam can be blocked so that none, one, two, or more separate locations can be simultaneously processed. The multiple spots may be on a single target structure, or may be distributed among several target structures. The scan axis can be aligned to accommodate to the geometry so that two or more links can be processed with a single pulse or a single group of pulses. This is illustrated in
A tilted scan angle with controlled orientation can be useful for multiple beam processing of adjacent staggered link rows as shown in
In some fuse bank geometries, the average link pitch is reduced by using fanned out groups of staggered links. For example, groups of three fanned out links alternate in two staggered rows. One such arrangement is shown in
In one example for processing N rows of links, a first pulse is split along a first row to irradiate one or more links in a selected group of links in the first row. A second pulse is likewise split and deflected to a second group of links in a second row (as in
Thus, when pulse splitting is employed with an AOBD to simultaneously process 2 or more links, the spots are located along the scan axis of the AOBD, and image rotation may be useful to align the spots to multiple links especially when multiple links are not located along a single row and hence rotation error of the scan axis generates spot position errors relative to the width of the link. Image rotation may not be required when multiple links being processed are in a single row and rotation generates small tolerable errors along the length of the link.
It will be appreciated that in multi-beam processing embodiments, single beams can be split or multiple beam paths may be combined and critically aligned to process links. In both of these cases, delivered pulse energy is preferably controlled to provide consistent processing. Beam splitting and beam combining generally require power split calibrations. Splitting can reduce available energy by a factor or 2 or more and splitting or switching may affect beam polarization control. Reference 10 discloses various advantageous methods and optical systems using beam switching for application to memory repair, for example in addition to or in place of beam rotation.
Embodiments of this invention may use a 2 cascaded single axis deflectors or a 2 axis deflector to deflect the beam in more than one axis. In this 2 axis deflector case, linear scanning at 45 degrees or at an arbitrary orientation can be performed as described for the image rotation case.
Pupil errors of cascaded deflector can be reduced with 45 degree scanning and a small secondary axis (as shown in
The system of FIG. 20 of U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0167581 described above may be used in one or more embodiments of this invention. In at least one other embodiment, the deflector system is used to generate at least 2 slightly diverging beams and may generate more than two slightly diverging beams. The beams may be generated simultaneously or generated in a sequence. The deflected angle of each beam corresponds to a driven frequency in a range that is a small percentage of the center RF signal frequency. The position of each spot is proportional to the driven frequency.
Other deflector configurations may be used. For example, cascaded acousto-optic modulators or a single crystal two axis modulator can be used to position each beam without using a beam rotator. Furthermore, any type of beam positioning system with sufficient bandwidth to accurately locate a sequence of pulses may be employed.
Zoom optics may form an image of the acousto-optic window at the entrance pupil of the objective lens to minimize or eliminate beam input offset errors at the objective lens. Optionally, fixed relay optics may be used between the acoustic window and the zoom optics to form an intermediate image of the acoustic window near the input of the zoom optics. For two axis AOBD scanning a pair of AOBDs may be stacked in a crossed configuration and the mid point between the acoustic windows of each device may be imaged to the objective. Positioning errors due to residual angle errors can be determined using ray tracing or system measurement. Alternatively a pair of AOBDs may be spaced apart and the window of the first AOBD can be imaged onto the window of the second AOBD with the second window imaged or relayed onto the input of the zoom telescope using cylindrical and/or spherical elements as mentioned.
When two single-axis spaced-apart AOBDs are used, the position of the relay beam expander may be adjusted to image one of two AOBD windows onto the objective lens. For example, if two AOBDs are used for x and y beam positioning, the beam expander is adjusted axially to image either the x or the y AOBD window onto the objective. The relay beam expander may be adjusted during processing of a processing site to change the orientation of AOBD scanning. Alignment scans may be performed after the adjustment to accommodate residual positioning errors. In this way the system can be precisely adjusted for x or y beam deflecting without a relay optical system between the x and t beam deflectors
The zoom optics may be a variable Keplerian telescope with three groups of elements. The first and second groups may be single optical elements and the third group may be a doublet. Each group may be moved independently according to predetermined positional data to provide a selected beam expansion and collimation. Element groups of the zoom optic may be pre aligned to minimize or eliminate beam steering effects as the expansion ration is varied. Alignment of element groups may also ensure that beam centering is maintained at the entrance pupil of the objective lens.
Residual alignment variations through the zoom range of the zoom optics may be corrected with auxiliary beam steering devices such as remotely controllable precision adjustable turning mirrors or scanning mirrors. Correction values may be stored for predetermined zoom settings and corrections may be made automatically for different zoom setting to maintain overall system calibration and alignment accuracy.
One or more spatial filters may be used at beam waist planes of the optical path for picking off unused diffraction orders and to block scattered energy and noise.
By using a tilted deflection oriented at or rotated to 45 degrees, other advantages are possible in a laser processing system. The tilted deflection can be used in a system calibration mode to perform edge scans for alignment as is known in the field of precision laser processing equipment. In the same way that scanning for processing in 2 orthogonal axes can be performed with a tilted deflection, so to can alignment in 2 orthogonal axes be performed with a single deflector oriented at 45 degrees. When used with typical, orthogonal alignment targets 125 such as illustrated in
Two axis scanning can also be used for alignment scans. The laser spot can be dithered in a direction parallel to the alignment target edge to sample multiple locations along the edge and average out the effects of edge defects.
Alignment aspects of the invention for example as described in sections [130], [169] and FIG. 10 of U.S. Publication 2002/0167581 may also be applied to laser systems with high pulse rates such as mode locked lasers. While q-switched laser operate in the range of about one kilohertz to a few hundred kilohertz, mode locked laser typically operate at many tens of megahertz. Various scanning and target sampling strategies can be employed. Edges can be scanned at higher rates with dense sampling depend on the bandwidth limit of the detector response. Using fast pulse picking, a pulse sequence can be multiplexed to multiple targets for alignment.
Non-Synchronous Processing
In one embodiment of the invention, processing speed is increased by eliminating the requirement that the time between pulses be equal to the link to link transit time T1 described above with reference to
It is apparent that when T1 is less than the laser pulse to pulse period, there will be insufficient available pulses in the sequence to have a pulse available for every link. However, in an exemplary memory repair application, a relative few links, for example 1 in 10 links are processed and a majority of links remain intact. Therefore, without the constraint of 1 to 1 link to pulse synchronization, generally a sufficient number pulses are available to process a device at an increased velocity. If, for example, the time between laser pulses is 1.25 times T1, a series of up to about eight adjacent links could be processed if the deflector was capable of deflecting the pulse forward or backward up to the distance d between each link. In practice, it is relatively rare that even four or five consecutive adjacent links are processed. Thus, using high speed deflection and determined spot offsets, relative velocity between links and a laser processing head can be increased and can exceed conventional limits. In other cases, rather than increasing processing speed, other benefits can be obtained by using lower pulse repetition rates while maintaining conventional processing speeds. For example, it may be desirable to operate a laser at a reduced repetition rate for increased pulse to pulse stability, to use alternate pulse widths, or to accommodate different positioning velocities without altering the repetition rate such as processing near the edge of a stage travel range.
As described above, recent developments have included multiple beam systems that can process two or more link sites simultaneously. Although this increases throughput, it is likely that in most applications, a similar or better throughput increase can be obtained with the non-synchronous processing described herein. Thus, spot offsets can be used in a sequential process and can reduce requirements for simultaneous processing which can require more complicated beam control. Combining the two techniques, e.g. using multiple non-synchronous pulsed beams could provide still further throughput enhancements.
Mixed Pitch Processing
The deflector 130 of
Mixed Phase Processing
With the deflector 130, the pulses associated with one of the link sets can be offset during the pass to match the phase of that group, as shown by the arrows of
Link Severing During Acceleration
These techniques can also be used to sever links during non-constant velocity segments of a beam trajectory. As shown in
Multi-Channel Processing for Link Buffering
It will be appreciated that information regarding the number and location of links to be processed in a pass can be used to determine the optimum size and positioning of the link groups.
As illustrated in
In some embodiments, groups of different sizes are examined prior to performing a pass. For example, in
Notably, the effect of grouping may depend upon the phase of the groups. For example,
Although the previous examples are described for a single axis deflection, the buffering/channeling technique can be used in multiple axes, for example one or more channels may correspond to different link types in a set of links in a fanned-out staggered array of links. In some cases the links are unevenly spaced and are located in multiple rows. Various embodiments of this invention may be practiced at the same time, for example one or more of, spot shaping, and link buffering. In some embodiment, each pass is analyzed beforehand to determine whether non-synchronous, mixed pitch, mixed phase, or channeled processing would produce the optimum processing speed enhancement for the given pass. Groups of links may be analyzed to predetermine the best operational mode and slow or speed the scan rate as required in conjunction with the system trajectory planner, while maintaining a constant laser pulse rate, severing a single link per pulse. Adjacent channels may correspond to adjacent links, however greater spatial channel separations may be used to hit the same group on pitch and multiple channels may be used to access a group at multiple locations.
To deflect the beam into different channels, preferably the RF applied to the deflector when it is an AOM is generated using a multi-channel Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) such as Model AODS 20160 from Crystal Technologies. Alternately a group of fixed frequency drivers or a single or multiple variable frequency drivers may be used. Buffering capability of several preset frequency channel values and rapid switching between channels provides enhanced capability for laser processing of memory devices. For example, frequencies may be switched among channels of a multi-channel DDS. Frequencies may be set corresponding to spatial properties of a work piece for example, link pitch or row spacing in an array of memory repair links. Frequencies may correspond to adjacent links, a sequence of links, adjacent row, non-adjacent links, and non-adjacent rows. Frequencies may correspond to a lateral offset along or across one or more links or to a measured or predicted position error. Frequencies may correspond to temporal properties of a memory repair process, for example, a frequency may correspond to a delay associated with an inter-pulse period, a pulse burst parameter, a position timing error correction value or a measured or predicted position phase lag. Generally, channel switching occurs at rates on the order of the link velocity divided by the link pitch or a higher rates especially with multi-pulse processing. Switching time may be less than 20 ns in a DDS driver. It is to be understood that actual switching time of beam steering angles is limited by well-know acoustic propagation parameters of the AO cell.
In all embodiments described herein, corrective optics may be used to compensate for the well-known cylindrical lensing effect as well as other aberration artifacts of the AOBD. When the AOBD is operated in chirp mode, the cylindrical lensing effect increases with the scan rate, and correction may include using fixed or variable optical elements to cancel astigmatism and tilt artifacts of off-axis devices generated at the AOBD. Correction of AOBD aberrations is generally taught in published U.S. Patent Application 2006/0256181, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Other aberrations of AOBD devices can include chromatic aberration introduced by dispersion of the AOBD. Especially with broad band width fiber laser sources which may have bandwidths of 16 nm or more, pre-dispersion correct techniques can be employed to minimize lateral chromatic aberration in the image plane. For example, dispersion prisms and or diffraction grating can be used to compensate for the center frequency dispersion of the AO cell. Axial chromatic aberration may also be significant and focusing optics may be corrected over the full laser bandwidth to maintain small spot size and consistent spot shape.
Auxiliary detectors responsive to beam position and or energy may be used to sense position and or energy and to generate signals used for feedback in conjunction with AOBD scanning.
While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims. All described methods and systems herein may used in any combination. Multiple pulses or single pulses may be applied to single target structures, multiple pulses or single pulses may be simultaneously applied to multiple target structures. In a processing pass, the laser pulse rate may correspond to the rate of a single row single pass processing or may be asynchronous with spatial offsets and/or buffering.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e) to Provisional Application No. 60/994,404, filed on Sep. 19, 2007, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4432613 | Ueda et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4602852 | Moroz | Jul 1986 | A |
| 5262887 | Feinberg | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5300756 | Cordingley | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5636172 | Prall et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5653900 | Clement et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5998759 | Smart | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6144118 | Cahill et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6172896 | Lee | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6181728 | Cordingley et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6281471 | Smart | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6300590 | Lauer et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6302729 | Möckel et al. | Oct 2001 | B2 |
| 6339604 | Smart | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6340806 | Smart et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6483071 | Hunter et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6486526 | Narayan et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6495791 | Hunter et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6639177 | Ehrmann et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6803612 | Lehr et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6816294 | Unrath et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6900516 | Bänisch et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 7019891 | Johnson | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7050208 | Overbeck | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7057217 | Kang et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7126746 | Sun et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 20020167581 | Cordingley et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20050279739 | Bruland et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20070119831 | Kandt | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20080299783 | Bruland et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090095722 A1 | Apr 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60994404 | Sep 2007 | US |
