Patent Application
20090231567
The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus and a chuck for use in such a lithographic apparatus.
A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. including part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Conventional lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at once, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.
A chuck may be used as part of a patterning device stage to hold and position the patterning device, on a corresponding support of the patterning device stage. Chucks are also used as part of a substrate stage to hold and position the substrate, on a corresponding table of the substrate stage. As the patterns to be transferred from the patterning device towards the substrate grow increasingly smaller, the demands on the various components of the lithographic apparatus increase. Specifically, the chuck positioning tolerances decrease, which has a direct impact on the positioning control systems for the stages.
To propel and position an object, like for example a patterning device, weighing no more than 0.5 kilograms, typically a chuck of about 10-15 kilograms is desired. For such a chuck, it is desirable to use a stage weighing about one thousand kilograms to accurately propel and position the patterning device. In order to achieve a high throughput at a reasonable cost, the weight of the chuck may be reduce. For example, the chuck may be constructed as a glass block having a box structure with ribs inside. The obtained lightweight chuck enables lighter components across the entire stage, significantly reducing costs and increasing throughput.
However, in general, such ultra-light weight structures with high natural frequencies contain very poor damping behaviour. This poor damping inhibits optimum high stage servo bandwidths.
It is desirable to improve stage servo bandwidths so that overlay and fading may be pushed further to the physical limits. At the same time, it is desirable that the throughput be further increased. More particularly, it is desirable to construct chucks as ultra-light weight structures with high natural frequencies and good damping behaviour.
According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a lithographic apparatus including an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam; a patterning device support constructed to support a patterning device, the patterning device being capable of imparting the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patterned radiation beam; a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate; a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate; and a chuck configured to hold and position the patterning device onto the patterning device support or the substrate onto the substrate table, the chuck including a base and a constraining layer connected therewith, and wherein a damping layer including a viscoelastic material is provided between the base and the constraining layer.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a chuck configured to hold and position an object in general, the chuck including a base and a constraining layer connected therewith, wherein a damping layer including a viscoelastic material is provided between the base and the constraining layer.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:
a schematically shows an exploded view of the chuck according to an embodiment of the invention with a base, a viscoelastic damping layer and a constraining layer;
b is a view corresponding to
The illumination system may include various types of optical components, such as refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic or other types of optical components, or any combination thereof, for directing, shaping, or controlling radiation.
The patterning device support holds the patterning device in a manner that depends on the orientation of the patterning device, the design of the lithographic apparatus, and other conditions, such as for example whether or not the patterning device is held in a vacuum environment. The patterning device support can use mechanical, vacuum, electrostatic or other clamping techniques to hold the patterning device. The patterning device support may be a frame or a table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required. The patterning device support may ensure that the patterning device is at a desired position, for example with respect to the projection system. Any use of the terms “reticle” or “mask” herein may be considered synonymous with the more general term “patterning device.”
The term “patterning device” used herein should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to impart a radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section so as to create a pattern in a target portion of the substrate. It should be noted that the pattern imparted to the radiation beam may not exactly correspond to the desired pattern in the target portion of the substrate, for example if the pattern includes phase-shifting features or so called assist features. Generally, the pattern imparted to the radiation beam will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit.
The patterning device may be transmissive or reflective. Examples of patterning devices include masks, programmable mirror arrays, and programmable LCD panels. Masks are well known in lithography, and include mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. An example of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of small mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted so as to reflect an incoming radiation beam in different directions. The tilted mirrors impart a pattern in a radiation beam which is reflected by the mirror matrix.
The term “projection system” used herein should be broadly interpreted as encompassing any type of projection system, including refractive, reflective, catadioptric, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical systems, or any combination thereof, as appropriate for the exposure radiation being used, or for other factors such as the use of an immersion liquid or the use of a vacuum. Any use of the term “projection lens” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general term “projection system”.
As here depicted, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (e.g. employing a transmissive mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may be of a reflective type (e.g. employing a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above, or employing a reflective mask).
The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two (dual stage) or more substrate tables or “substrate supports” (and/or two or more mask tables or “mask supports”). In such “multiple stage” machines the additional tables or supports may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables or supports while one or more other tables or supports are being used for exposure.
The lithographic apparatus may also be of a type wherein at least a portion of the substrate may be covered by a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the projection system and the substrate. An immersion liquid may also be applied to other spaces in the lithographic apparatus, for example, between the mask and the projection system. Immersion techniques can be used to increase the numerical aperture of projection systems. The term “immersion” as used herein does not mean that a structure, such as a substrate, must be submerged in liquid, but rather only means that a liquid is located between the projection system and the substrate during exposure.
Referring to
The illuminator IL may include an adjuster AD configured to adjust the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL may include various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. The illuminator may be used to condition the radiation beam, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
The radiation beam B is incident on the patterning device (e.g., mask) MA, which is held on the patterning device support (e.g. mask table) MT, and is patterned by the patterning device. Having traversed the patterning device (e.g. mask) MA, the radiation beam B passes through the projection system PS, which focuses the beam onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioning device PW and position sensor IF (e.g. an interferometric device, linear encoder or capacitive sensor), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the radiation beam B. Similarly, the first positioning device PM and another position sensor (which is not explicitly depicted in
The depicted apparatus could be used in at least one of the following modes:
1. In step mode, the patterning device support (e.g. mask table) MT or “mask support” and the substrate table WT or “substrate support” are kept essentially stationary, while an entire pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C at one time (i.e. a single static exposure). The substrate table WT or “substrate support” is then shifted in the X and/or Y direction so that a different target portion C can be exposed. In step mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the size of the target portion C imaged in a single static exposure.
2. In scan mode, the patterning device support (e.g. mask table) MT or “mask support” and the substrate table WT or “substrate support” are scanned synchronously while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C (i.e. a single dynamic exposure). The velocity and direction of the substrate table WT or “substrate support” relative to the patterning device support (e.g. mask table) MT or “mask support” may be determined by the (de-)magnification and image reversal characteristics of the projection system PS. In scan mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the width (in the non-scanning direction) of the target portion in a single dynamic exposure, whereas the length of the scanning motion determines the height (in the scanning direction) of the target portion.
3. In another mode, the patterning device support (e.g. mask table) MT or “mask support” is kept essentially stationary holding a programmable patterning device, and the substrate table WT or “substrate support” is moved or scanned while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C. In this mode, generally a pulsed radiation source is employed and the programmable patterning device is updated as required after each movement of the substrate table WT or “substrate support” or in between successive radiation pulses during a scan. This mode of operation can be readily applied to maskless lithography that utilizes programmable patterning device, such as a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above.
Combinations and/or variations on the above described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.
In
According to an embodiment of the invention, the damping layer 8 includes a viscoelastic material, in particular a viscoelastic polymer layer, for example a rubber. In
The construction with the stack 6 of the constraining layer 9 and the viscoelastic damping layer 8 gives the base 2 both stiffness, high eigenfrequencies as well as proper damping characteristics. The entire construction of the chuck 1 is now both lightweight and resistant to bending while at the same time having a good damping behaviour and thus making it possible to further optimize the servo bandwidths. The viscoelastic damping layer 8 makes it possible to take up and damp relative deformation differences between the base surface and the constraining layer surface. This loads the damping layer with shear, for which it has high damping properties. With this technique global bending modes, but also local plate modes can be damped. Furthermore, local plate modes that occur above the folding frequency (which is half the sample frequency), may be folded back to a frequency range that limits servo bandwidths.
The viscoelastic damping layer 8 can have a thickness between about 100-1000mu. In an embodiment, the viscoelastic damping layer 8 is approximately 200mu thick. The constraining layer 9 can have a thickness between about 0.5-5 mm. The constraining layer 9 is approximately 1 mm thick. The base 2 can have a thickness between about 40-70 mm. In an embodiment, the base 2 is approximately 55 mm thick, of which the internal ribs 4 may have a thickness between 2-6 mm, and in particular be approximately 3 mm thick.
The elasticity modulus of the constraining layer 9 preferably is at least 10 times higher than the elasticity modulus of the viscoelastic damping layer 8. If an adhesive is used to connect the layers, then the elasticity modulus of the constraining layer 9 preferably is higher than the elasticity modulus of the adhesive, which in turn preferably is higher than the elasticity modulus of the viscoelastic damping layer 8. It is desirable that the shear module of the adhesive be sufficiently high to be able to load the viscoelastic damping layer 8 during damping.
The constraining layer 9 here can be provided with longitudinal cuts 12 in its top face. Preferably the cuts 12 extend through the entire thickness of the layer 9. If desired the cuts may also extend to some extent into the viscoelastic damping layer 8. The cuts 12 help to prevent drift of the chuck 1 due to relaxation and/or creep of the viscoelastic damping layer 8. For example, this may be beneficial during the connecting of the respective layers with each other using a hot melt adhesive, but also to prevent chuck deformation due to temperature variations during operation.
As shown in
As shown in
Besides the embodiments shown, it will be appreciated that numerous variant embodiments are possible. For example, chucks according to the present invention may also be used in lithographic tools that do not contain projection optics, such as a contact lithographic tool, in maskless lithographic tools, as well as in lithographic tools with projection optics designs substantially different from this example. Instead of connecting a stack of a constraining layer-viscoelastic damping layer and possibly another constraining layer on top of the base part, it is also possible to directly connect a constraining layer, for example a glass lid, onto a base part by means of a viscoelastic adhesive. In that case the viscoelastic adhesive forms the viscoelastic damping layer which can take up a suitable amount of shear deformations between the base and the constraining layer.
Instead of glass, the base and/or constraining layers may also be formed out of other materials, like for example a ceramic material, or a suitable metal. The base may also be constructed lightweight in another manner, for example by means of another type of open structure, like including a plurality of pins with hollows there between. The viscoelastic damping layer may also be formed out of other materials, like for example a two-sided adhering viscoelastic foil.
In addition to or instead of providing the invention at the upper side of a base part of a chuck, the assembly of viscoelastic damping layer and constraining layer(s) may also be positioned at other sides of the base part.
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of lithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should be understood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may have other applications, such as the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, flat-panel displays, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “wafer” or “die” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general terms “substrate” or “target portion”, respectively. The substrate referred to herein may be processed, before or after exposure, in for example a track (a tool that typically applies a layer of resist to a substrate and develops the exposed resist), a metrology tool and/or an inspection tool. Where applicable, the disclosure herein may be applied to such and other substrate processing tools. Further, the substrate may be processed more than once, for example in order to create a multi-layer IC, so that the term substrate used herein may also refer to a substrate that already contains multiple processed layers.
Although specific reference may have been made above to the use of embodiments of the invention in the context of optical lithography, it will be appreciated that the invention may be used in other applications, for example imprint lithography, and where the context allows, is not limited to optical lithography. In imprint lithography a topography in a patterning device defines the pattern created on a substrate. The topography of the patterning device may be pressed into a layer of resist supplied to the substrate whereupon the resist is cured by applying electromagnetic radiation, heat, pressure or a combination thereof. The patterning device is moved out of the resist leaving a pattern in it after the resist is cured.
The terms “radiation” and “beam” used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of or about 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and extreme ultra-violet (EUV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength in the range of 5-20 nm), as well as particle beams, such as ion beams or electron beams.
The term “lens”, where the context allows, may refer to any one or combination of various types of optical components, including refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical components.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described.
The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Thus, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below.
This application claims priority and benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 19(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/064,199, entitled “A Lithographic Apparatus Having A Chuck With A Visco-Elastic Damping Layer,” filed on Feb. 21, 2008. The content of that application is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61064199 | Feb 2008 | US |
