The invention relates to the field of random access memory (RAM) devices formed using a resistance variable material.
Resistance variable memory elements, which include Programmable Conductive Random Access Memory (PCRAM) elements, have been investigated for suitability as semi-volatile and non-volatile random access memory devices. In a typical PCRAM device, the resistance of a chalcogenide glass backbone can be programmed to stable lower conductivity (i.e., higher resistance) and higher conductivity (i.e., lower resistance) states. An unprogrammed PCRAM device is normally in a lower conductivity, higher resistance state.
A conditioning operation forms a conducting channel of a metal-chalcogenide in the PCRAM device, which supports a conductive pathway for altering the conductivity/resistivity state of the device. The conducting channel remains in the glass backbone even after the device is erased. After the conditioning operation, a write operation will program the PCRAM device to a higher conductivity state, in which metal ions accumulate along the conducting channel(s). The PCRAM device may be read by applying a voltage of a lesser magnitude than required to program it; the current or resistance across the memory device is sensed as higher or lower to define the logic “one” and “zero” states. The PCRAM may be erased by applying a reverse voltage (opposite bias) relative to the write voltage, which disrupts the conductive pathway, but typically leaves the conducting channel intact. In this way, such a device can function as a variable resistance memory having at least two conductivity states, which can define two respective logic states, i.e., at least a bit of data.
One exemplary PCRAM device uses a germanium selenide (i.e., GexSe100-x) chalcogenide glass as a backbone. The germanium selenide glass has, in the prior art, incorporated silver (Ag) by (photo or thermal) doping or co-deposition. Other exemplary PCRAM devices have done away with such doping or co-deposition by incorporating a metal-chalcogenide material as a layer of silver selenide (e.g., Ag2Se), silver sulfide (AgS), or tin selenide (SnSe) in combination with a metal layer, proximate a chalcogenide glass layer, which during conditioning of the PCRAM provides material to form a conducting channel and a conductive pathway in the glass backbone.
Extensive research has been conducted to determine suitable materials and stoichiometries thereof for the glass backbone in PCRAM devices. Germanium selenide having a stoichiomety of about Ge40Se60, as opposed to Ge23Se77 or Ge30Se70, for example, has been found to function well for this purpose. A glass backbone of Ge40Se60, with an accompanying metal-chalcogenide (e.g., typically silver selenide) layer, enables a conducting channel to be formed in the glass backbone during conditioning, which can thereafter be programmed to form a conductive pathway. The metal-chalcogenide is incorporated into chalcogenide glass layer at the conditioning step. Specifically, the conditioning step comprises applying a potential (about 0.20 V) across the memory element structure of the device such that metal-chalcogenide material is incorporated into the chalcogenide glass layer, thereby forming a conducting channel within the chalcogenide glass layer. It is theorized that Ag2Se is incorporated onto the glass backbone at Ge—Ge sites via new Ge—Se bonds, which allows silver (Ag) migration into and out of the conducting channel during programming. Movement of metal (e.g., typically silver) ions into or out of the conducting channel during subsequent programming and erasing forms or dissolves a conductive pathway along the conducting channel, which causes a detectible conductivity (or resistance) change across the memory device.
It has been determined that Ge40Se60 works well as the glass backbone in a PCRAM device because this stoichiometry makes for a glass that is rigid and incorporates thermodynamically unstable germanium-germanium (Ge—Ge) bonds. The presence of another species, such as silver selenide provided from an accompanying layer, can, in the presence of an applied potential, break the Ge—Ge bonds and bond with the previously homopolar bonded Ge to form conducting channels. These characteristics make this “40/60” stoichiometry optimal when using a germanium selenide chalcogenide glass with respect to the formation of a conducting channel and conductive pathway.
While germanium-chalcogenide (e.g., Ge40Se60) glass layers are highly desirable for PCRAM devices, other glasses may be desirable to improve switching properties or thermal limitations of the devices.
The invention provides embodiments of a method of determining suitable glass backbone material, which may be used in place of Ge40Se60 glass in a resistance variable memory device, such as a PCRAM, with other materials, a method of forming memory devices with such materials, and devices constructed in accordance with these methods.
The chalcogenide glass material may be represented by AxB100-x, where A is a non-chalcogenide material selected from Groups 3-15 of the periodic table and B is a chalcogenide material from Group 16. The method of selecting a glass material includes: (1) selection of a non-chalcogenide component A from Groups 3-15 that will exhibit homopolar bonds; (2) selection of a chalcogenide component B from Group 16 for which component A will have a bonding affinity, relative to the A-A homopolar bonds; (3) selection of a stoichiometry (i.e., x of AxB100-x) that will allow the homopolar A-A bonds to form; and (4) confirmation that the glass AxB100-x, at the selected stoichiometry (i.e., x), will allow a conducting channel and a conductive pathway to form therein upon application of a conditioning voltage (when a metal-chalcogenide layer and metal ions are proximate the glass).
An exemplary memory device constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention uses an arsenic selenide glass backbone having a As50Se50 stoichiometry and a metal-chalcogenide layer proximate thereto for a memory cell. Other layers may also be associated with this glass backbone and metal-chalcogenide layer.
The above and other features and advantages of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description, which is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to various specific embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are described with sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be employed, and that various structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
The term “substrate” used in the following description may include any supporting structure including, but not limited to, a semiconductor substrate that has an exposed substrate surface. A semiconductor substrate should be understood to include silicon-on-insulator (SOI), silicon-on-sapphire (SOS), doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a base semiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures. When reference is made to a semiconductor substrate or wafer in the following description, previous process steps may have been utilized to form regions or junctions in or over the base semiconductor or foundation. The substrate need not be semiconductor-based, but may be any support structure suitable for supporting an integrated circuit, including, but not limited to, metals, alloys, glasses, polymers, ceramics, and any other supportive materials as is known in the art.
The term “chalcogenide” is intended to include various alloys, compounds, and mixtures of chalcogens (elements from Group 16 of the periodic table, e.g., sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and oxygen (O)).
Embodiments of the invention provide a method of selecting a glass backbone material for use in a resistance variable memory device, such as a PCRAM. The backbone material (i.e., backbone glass layer 18 of
Taking these characteristics into consideration, a primary consideration in selecting components A and B and the stoichiometry for a glass backbone material is that the resulting material contain thermodynamically unstable homopolar bonds of component A, meaning that the non-chalcogenide component A may form a bond with another component A in the glass, as initially formed, only if there is an insufficient amount of component B to satisfy the coordination number requirement for component A, which allows for the formation homopolar A-A bonds. The A-A homopolar bonds in such a glass material are thermodynamically unstable and will themselves break when the device is programmed and a conducting channel is formed in the glass backbone by the metal-chalcogenide layer when the chalcogenide component for the metal-chalcogenide layer bonds to the component A participating in the homopolar bonds. This property is dependent on the stoichiometry of the material AxB100-x in that excess chalcogenide component B will inhibit the formation of homopolar A-A bonds.
What “excess” chalcogenide component B means in relation to the material AxB100-x and its stoichiometry may be determined by whether the material exhibits the homopolar bonds or not. Raman spectroscopy can be a useful analytical tool for determining the presence of homopolar bonds when selecting a material AxB100-x for the glass backbone in PCRAM devices. Raman Spectroscopy is based on the Raman effect, which is the inelastic scattering of photons by molecules. A plot of Raman intensity (counts) vs. Raman shift (cm−1) is a Raman spectrum, which is the basis for
Referring now to
Taking the aforementioned desired characteristics into consideration, the method of detecting a suitable glass backbone may be performed by the following steps: (1) selection of a non-chalcogenide component A from Groups 3-15 that will exhibit homopolar bonds; (2) selection of a chalcogenide component B from Group 16 for which component A will have a bonding affinity, relative to the A-A homopolar bonds; (3) selection of a stoichiometry (i.e., x of AxB100-x) that will provide for a thermodynamically unstable glass and will allow the homopolar A-A bonds to form; and (4) confirmation that the glass AxB100-x, at the selected stoichiometry (i.e., x), will allow a conducting channel and a conductive pathway to form therein upon application of a conditioning voltage (when a metal-chalcogenide, e.g., MyB100-y, and metal ions are proximate the glass).
Using the above-discussed methodology for selecting glass backbone materials AxB100-x, at least three have been found suitable for use in PCRAM. These materials include arsenic selenide, represented by formula As50Se50, tin selenide, represented by formula Sn50Se50, and antimony selenide, represented by formula SbxSe100-x. Although each of these exemplary materials include selenium for component B, other chalcogenides may be used as well.
The invention is now explained with reference to the other figures, which illustrate exemplary embodiments and throughout which like reference numbers indicate like features.
Over the address line 12 is a first electrode 16, which can be defined within an insulating layer 14 (or may be a common blanket electrode layer; not shown), which is also over the address line 12. This electrode 16 can be any conductive material that will not migrate into chalcogenide glass, but is preferably tungsten (W). The insulating layer 14 should not allow the migration of metal ions and can be an insulating nitride, such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), a low dielectric constant material, an insulating glass, or an insulating polymer, but is not limited to such materials.
A memory element, i.e., the portion of the memory device 100 which stores information, is formed over the first electrode 16. In the embodiment shown in
Over the chalcogenide glass layer 18 is a layer of metal-chalcogenide 20, which may be any combination of metal component M, which may be selected from any metals, and chalcogenide component B, which is preferably the same chalcogenide as in the glass backbone layer 18, and may be represented by the formula MyB100-y. As with the glass backbone layer 18 material, other components may be added, but the metal-chalcogenide will be discussed as only two components M and B for simplicity sake. The metal-chalcogenide may be, for example, silver selenide (AgySe, y being about 20) or tin selenide (Sn10+/−ySe, where y is between about 10 and 0). The metal-chalcogenide layer 20 is preferably about 500 Å thick; however, its thickness depends, in part, on the thickness of the underlying chalcogenide glass layer 18. The ratio of the thickness of the metal-chalcogenide layer 20 to that of the underlying chalcogenide glass layer 18 should be between about 5:1 and about 1:1, more preferably about 2.5:1.
Still referring to
The second chalcogenide glass layer 18a is formed over the metal-chalcogenide layer 20 and is preferably about 150 Å thick. Over this second chalcogenide glass layer 18a is metal layer 22. Over the metal layer 22 is a third chalcogenide glass layer 18b, which is preferably about 100 Å thick. The third chalcogenide glass layer 18b provides an adhesion layer for subsequent electrode formation. As with layer 18 of
The above-discussed embodiments are exemplary embodiments of the invention; however, other exemplary embodiments may be used which combine the first electrode layer 16 and address line layer 12. Another exemplary embodiment may use blanket layers (e.g., layers 16, 18, 20, and 22 of
As shown by
Still referring to
Still referring to
Still referring to
Still referring to
Now referring to
As shown in
The embodiments described above refer to the formation of only a few possible resistance variable memory device structures (e.g., PCRAM) in accordance with the invention, which may be part of a memory array. It must be understood, however, that the invention contemplates the formation of other memory structures within the spirit of the invention, which can be fabricated as a memory array and operated with memory element access circuits.
The erase potential for a device having an As50Se50 chalcogenide glass layer (e.g., layer 18) is also similar to a device having Ge40Se60 glass. This erase voltage curve is not shown in
In the case of a computer system, the processor system may include peripheral devices such as a floppy disk drive 454 and a compact disc (CD) ROM drive 456, which also communicate with CPU 444 over the bus 452. Memory circuit 448 is preferably constructed as an integrated circuit, which includes one or more resistance variable memory devices, e.g., device 100. If desired, the memory circuit 448 may be combined with the processor, for example CPU 444, in a single integrated circuit.
The above description and drawings should only be considered illustrative of exemplary embodiments that achieve the features and advantages of the invention. Modification and substitutions to specific process conditions and structures can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as being limited by the foregoing description and drawings, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/708,615, filed Feb. 21, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,994,491, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/916,421, filed Aug. 12, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,793, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20110278530 A1 | Nov 2011 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11708615 | Feb 2007 | US |
Child | 13185290 | US | |
Parent | 10916421 | Aug 2004 | US |
Child | 11708615 | US |