Patent Application
20050233498
The embodiments described in this application are for application in the area of semiconductor device packaging, and in specific embodiments Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (“MEMS”).
Typically, a semiconductor wafer is patterned and processed to create a plurality of integrated circuits. The individual dies are separated from one another by scribe lines that encompass each die and are formed during the patterning process. At the end of the wafer-level processing, each die includes a complete set of circuitry, and typically includes a set of test pads and/or bond pads that a bed-of-nails semiconductor test set-up can use to electrically communicate with the circuitry of each die. In this way, it is possible to perform wafer-level electrical test of the circuitry to eliminate from further processing at least some of the die failures before packaging the individual dies.
The conventional wafer is then shipped, to a “back end” manufacturing facility, whereupon the wafer is sawed or cut along the scribe lines to produce singulated dies. The singulated dies, or “chips,” are then mounted in lead frames and connected to the leads of the lead frame by bond wires. Finally, the assemblies are encapsulated in packages, typically within plastic or ceramic chip packages to form a packaged semiconductor.
In conventional semiconductor processing, a fully processed semiconductor wafer is coated with a protective layer of oxide prior to the wafer being sawed into individual dies. Thus, each individual die is protected from damage that may otherwise be caused by the debris particles generated during the sawing. The scribe lines also serve to seal each integrated circuit from the next so that there is no ion contamination of each circuit form the wafer saw break. The scribe lines are also used to provide alignment of reticles used during the repeated integrated circuit patterning process.
Electromechanical devices, including MEMS devices and in specific embodiments, optical devices such as Digital Micromirror Devices (“DMDs”), however, generally are not protected with an oxide layer at the wafer level, and in such instances will not be similarly protected from sawing debris and other contamination. The individual mirrors of the DMD mirror array are susceptible to damage from debris, including particles generated during the wafer saw-and-break or full-saw process. Because the DMD is a micromechanical device with movable pixel mirrors, the DMDs fabricated upon a wafer may not be conveniently covered with a protective oxide coating prior to a saw process as is conventional for to other semiconductor processing techniques. Moreover, due to the conductive address electrodes which are positioned below the conductive mirrors, a conductive particle entrapped between the mirror and address electrode could short the micromirror to the address electrode.
Certain techniques for minimizing particulate damage to DMD mirrors or other MEMS structures were disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,876 entitled Grid Array Masking Tape Process. Technique disclosed therein included using a grid array masking tape over the active surface of the processed wafer. The tape would adhere to the wafer along a grid extending between the formed integrated circuits to prevent debris from damaging the active surface of the devices during the sawing process. The tape was removed after the saw process and then a photoresist, which had also remained under the mirror layer during the sawing was removed by a plasma etch.
Another prior-art method of dealing with contamination issues includes the application of temporary resist layers over the MEMS-type structures or DMD micromirrors to protect them from damage from debris or other environmental factors. Examples of this approach are described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,083,857 and 6,063,696. Another method is to cover the all the dies on a wafer with a lid wafer or with another cover. Examples of this approach are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,498,557 and 5,915,168.
One difficulty with the approaches described above is that it can be difficult to test the operation of the devices at the wafer-level processing area. Electrical tests may also be limited by the fact that at the wafer-level the MEMS-type structures or DMD micromirrors cannot be operated in their intended environments, as they are either exposed to the environment, not properly surrounded by lubricant, captured by a deposited protective layer, or the entire wafer is covered such that the test pads cannot be reached using the bed-of-nails wafer test assembly.
Without being able to individually test the dies, the manufacturer passes the wafer onto the assembly area, also known as a “back end,” where the wafers are separated into individual dies, which are then mounted in packages and tested. Even if the dies have been protected by a wafer-level-applied window or other mechanism prior to sawing, it was thus necessary to assembly many devices which, due to wafer-level defects, would not have had to be assembled. These extraneous steps drive up the manufacturing costs, both from a piece-part cost standpoint, as well as from a labor cost standpoint.
The MEMS device 120 is surrounded by bond pads 130. As is typical with wafer-level processing, multiple devices on the separate dies are formed simultaneously as the wafer 100 passes through the wafer-level processing, in which circuit patterns are formed on the multiple devices through exposing and patterning circuit layers by photolithography. Not only can multiple devices be formed at the wafer level, but they can be inspected and electrically tested at that level as well.
With a preliminary electrical test using the exposed bond pads and a bed-of-nails wafer test fixture, it can be preliminarily determined if there are wafer-level part failures. The automatic equipment used in the manufacturing thus engages with the circuitry through test pads, which could at this stage be in the interior portion of the device, or bond pads 130, which are generally arranged about the perimeter of the die 110.
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More complete electrical and operational testing of MEMS devices generally follows the sealing of the devices with covers, which may form chambers (not shown, see
Accordingly, in order to maximize the testing that can occur at the wafer-processing stage, thereby minimizing the efficiency of such testing through decreased handling costs and increased automation, it is advantageous to cover and test the devices while still at the wafer-processing stage. Processes and structures for covering and testing devices at the wafer level are described in greater detail below.
Other methods could also be used to form a hermetically sealed cavity or a non-hermetically sealed cavity and still achieve a desirable manufacturing process. For example, solder bonding could be used to affix a window 410 to the substrate 310, or a mechanical fixture could be micromachined onto the device substrate 310 for capturing the window 410 (see
Although the approach of selectively mounting windows above the devices of a wafer has been described here primarily in the context of applying transparent windows above micromirror structures, the teachings of this application also relate to applying translucent or opaque coverings over any semiconductor or other structures. The scope of what is protected by any patent that ultimately issues from this application is not to be limited to any specific embodiments described in the specification, but is to be determined based on the claims themselves.
Once the window 410 has been applied to the selected devices, full wafer-level electrical testing can occur as in normal semiconductor processes. For example, the wafers can be transported from the “wafer fab” to an assembly area, which would typically have reduced air purity requirements, such as a standard assembly and test class (e.g., “10k”) cleanroom. Also at this stage, there may be an array of fully functioning DMDs or other MEMS devices 120 on the wafer 310, which can be operationally tested with the proper equipment. For example, it is possible at this stage to project images from the DMDs or other MEMS devices 120 while they are still a part of the wafer 310, thereby conducting operational testing of the devices 120 before separating them from the wafer 310.
Besides wafer-level and operational testing, it is also possible in this embodiment to conduct numerous other tests such as burn-in, stress, and accelerated life testing, all while still at the wafer level. To the extent that the “bad” parts that can be identified at the wafer level by this available battery of tests, those bad parts will not have to be further packaged and tested, thus saving money in the overall manufacturing process.
By placing individual windows 410 on the selected dies 10 at this stage, it is possible both to have protected MEMS structures 320 while still providing access by the bed-of-nails tester 610 to the individual dies 110. The devices 120 on the dies 110 can thus be tested outside the high-level wafer fabrication clean-room environment (such as class 10-100 cleanrooms) because the released MEMS structures are protected by the attached windows 410.
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A few preferred embodiments have been described in detail hereinabove. It is to be understood that the scope of the invention also comprehends embodiments different from those described, yet within the scope of the claims. Words of inclusion are to be interpreted as nonexhaustive in considering the scope of the invention. Windows may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and may be formed of glass, ceramics, plastics, silicon, or other materials. The wafer may be formed of silicon or gallium arsenide or other semiconductor materials which are common now or which may become commonly used in the future. The devices protected by the windows mounted to the wafers as described above may be MEMS devices or other electromechanical devices such as micromirrors or microscopic gears, levers or other movable microscopic elements, or they may be purely electronic devices, acousto-optic devices, electro-optic devices, or other types of devices that are manufactured in wafer form and can be advantageously individually protected by windows over enclosed areas. Such devices may be common as of the time of the filing of this application, or they may be later developed; in either instance, if they can be advantageously protected in individual chambers at the wafer level, the approaches described and claimed in this application would apply to such devices.
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10135559 | Apr 2002 | US |
| Child | 11157024 | Jun 2005 | US |
