Patent Grant
8371241
This invention relates to the field of electric or electronic circuits which are embedded within a dielectric and applied to a curved surface. The invention is especially useful in manufacturing circuits which are intended to operate in harsh environments.
As used herein, the term “circuit” is used in its broadest sense, to include any pattern of electrical conductors which accomplishes some useful object. Such circuits may be active or passive.
One example of the use of the present invention is in the aerospace and defense industries. It may be necessary to provide circuitry as a covering for the nose cone or radome of a missile, or the nose of an aircraft, to act as shield against radio frequency (RF) energy, or as an electromagnetic shield. Certain circuit patterns may be capable of blocking incoming radiation while remaining transparent to radiation transmitted by an internal antenna within the missile or aircraft. The invention is not necessarily limited to use in the above field, but could be used in other areas.
In the applications described above, the circuit which is applied to a nose or nose cone must be extremely rugged, and must withstand extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, without degradation. The circuit must be capable of withstanding the extreme heat encountered when a missile is traveling at high velocity within the atmosphere, or when a space vehicle re-enters the atmosphere, or when an aircraft is traveling at high speeds. The circuit must not be affected by other environmental factors, such as extreme cold, water, rain, or erosion.
To achieve the desired degree of ruggedness, the circuit is preferably provided in the form of a conductive cermet, embedded between layers of a compatible dielectric material, having the same or better environmental performance as the cermet. In the examples given above, this embedded circuit could be formed on the nose cone or nose, or other structure.
A “cermet” is a material containing particles of metal dispersed in a ceramic carrier. Initially, the cermet may take the form of a paste. When fired at high temperatures, the metal particles melt and fuse together, so that the metal particles become an integral electrical conductor which remains conductive when cooled. In this specification, the terms “conductive cermet” and “conductive material” will be used to include the cermet paste, although it should be understood that the material does not actually become electrically conductive until it has been fired. Examples of such cermet materials, and of their uses, are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,676 and 6,553,662, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
In the specific applications described above, it is important that the circuit be applied with precision, so that it has uniform geometry and significant thickness. When using the techniques of the prior art, such precision is virtually impossible to achieve when it is desired to apply the circuit to complex curved substrate surfaces, such as an ogive nose cone.
The present invention provides a practical and economical method and apparatus for applying rugged electronic circuits, of the type described above, and to many other types of curved surfaces.
The present invention includes a method for applying an electrical circuit to an object having one or more curved surfaces. In general, the method includes applying a first sealing and smoothing layer of dielectric material to the surface or substrate, screening or stenciling a layer of electrically conductive patterned or solid material onto the dielectric, the screening or stenciling being performed for a plurality of sections of the curved surface, each section occupying less than the entirety of the curved surface, and applying a covering layer of dielectric material onto the conductive material.
It is by dividing the curved surface into relatively small sections that the circuit can be precisely screened or stenciled onto the curved surface. If the sections are reasonably small, each section of the curved surface can be considered relatively flat, and it becomes easy to screen or stencil a circuit onto such section.
The application of dielectric is preferably performed by a computer controlled spray head, wherein the spray head has three degrees of freedom, and wherein the object can also be rotated under computer control. The spray head is positioned so that it is always substantially perpendicular to the object being coated. In this way, a thin dielectric layer, having a very uniform thickness, can be applied to the entire surface.
The circuit is applied to a section of the curved surface with the aid of a screen or stencil segment, the screen or stencil segment corresponding to a section of the curved surface. The screen or stencil segment may be used multiple times to span the surface of the object. Alternatively, a plurality of different screen or stencil segments can be used, thereby applying different circuit patterns to different sections of the curved surface.
In a preferred embodiment, wherein the object comprises an ogive cone having rotational symmetry, the surface of the object is divided into a plurality of complex tapered sections, and the circuit is first applied to every other section, and then applied to the remaining sections. Thus, the circuit elements are laid down in a process whereby a first group of sections are interleaved with a second group of sections.
The invention also includes apparatus suitable for performing the above-described methods. In one preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a pivotable fixture, capable of holding a frame which contains a screen or stencil segment, the fixture being movable towards and away from the object. A conductive material can be applied to a section of the object when the screen or stencil segment is positioned immediately adjacent the object. After the conductive material has been applied, the fixture is moved away from the object, and the object is indexed so that an untreated section of the surface is accessible by the fixture.
The invention therefore has the primary object of providing a method and apparatus for applying an electrical or electronic circuit pattern to an object having a curved surface.
The invention has the further object of applying a circuit to a curved surface, wherein the circuit is formed between thin, uniform layers of a dielectric material.
The invention has the further object of providing methods and apparatus for applying a rugged electrical circuit to an object which is intended to be used in a harsh environment.
The invention has the further object of reducing the expense of applying precision electric circuits to curved surfaces.
The reader skilled in the art will recognize other objects and advantages of the present invention, from a reading of the following brief description of the drawings, the detailed description of the invention, and the appended claims.
The present invention includes a method and apparatus for applying electrical circuits to objects having curved surfaces. The circuit is intended for use in rugged environments, and is therefore embedded within a dielectric which is applied to the curved surface.
In very general terms, the process of the present invention includes preparing the curved surface to insure that it is smooth, applying one or more initial layers of dielectric to the surface, applying conductive cermet defining the desired circuit, and applying one or more final or covering layers of dielectric. The step of applying the conductive cermet is performed for various sections of the surface, each section comprising less than the entirety of the surface.
A dielectric material is deposited onto the surface of the nose cone by spray head 11, which dispenses dielectric material stored in reservoir 13. The spray head and reservoir are mounted on support 15 which is connected to linear motor/encoder 17, to enable the spray head to move with one degree of freedom, as indicated by arrow 19. This arrangement, through computer control of the linear position of the spray head, and rotational control of the ogive nose cone, provides a basic level of thickness control of the dielectric layer(s). The programming and coordinated computer control of the position of a single-axis or three-axis spray head, and rotation of the ogive nose cone, will be explained later.
The term “dielectric” includes electrically insulating materials which are capable of being fired at high temperatures. Examples of dielectric materials which can be used, in the present invention, are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,676 and 6,553,662, cited above. Dielectrics may be supplied in the form of a slurry which can be sprayed onto a surface, as indicated by
An ogive nose cone is only one example of an object, having a curved surface, onto which the circuit is to be applied. The present invention is not limited to the case in which the object is an ogive nose cone, but is applicable to many other objects having at least one curved surface. It should therefore be understood that whenever an “ogive nose cone” is referenced in this description, other objects having curved surfaces could be substituted, with appropriate modifications to the hardware. Such other objects are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
In the present invention, it is important to apply the dielectric in one or more layers of uniform thickness. Therefore, the present invention includes the step of spraying the dielectric in such a manner that the spray head is always exactly perpendicular to the portion of the surface being sprayed. To maintain this perpendicular orientation, it is necessary to control carefully the position of the spray head.
To explain the above concept further, suppose that the spray head is opposite a portion of the nose cone which has a diameter of 6 inches. If the nose cone is rotating at 60 revolutions per minute, the spray head will traverse about 6×3.1416×60 or about 1131 inches in one minute. But if the diameter of the nose cone is only 4 inches, the distance covered in a minute would be only about 754 inches. So, to obtain the same coverage of material per unit time, one must slow down the rotational speed, when the spray head is opposite the larger diameter portion, and/or speed up the rotational speed when the spray head is opposite the smaller diameter portion. If the speed is not so regulated, either too much or too little dielectric material will be applied.
Also, the system is preferably programmed to move the spray head towards or away from the nose cone, for further control of the thickness of the dielectric layer. The spray exits the nozzle in the form of a cone, and the density of the spray is a function of the diameter of this cone as well as the curvature of the object at the point of application. With the nozzle close to the surface, the cone area is small and the spray is concentrated. When the nozzle is further from the surface, the concentration of the spray decreases. Thus, the present invention includes precise control of the distance of the spray head from the surface being sprayed, so as to regulate the thickness of the dielectric. The invention therefore includes programmably controlling the distance between the spray head and the surface being sprayed, that distance being varied to maintain the desired thickness of dielectric.
Heater element 36 is incorporated into the apparatus for the purpose of initially heating the ogive nose cone to an elevated temperature, and also for the purpose of accelerating the drying of the dielectric material as it is sprayed onto the ogive nose cone. This combination of initial heating of the ogive nose cone, and continued heating during dielectric application, causes initial dielectric drying on contact, and prevents running of the sprayed dielectric due to gravity or centrifugal force. To be easily sprayed, it is necessary for the dielectric material to have a low viscosity, which makes it likely to run or drip. But once the material has reached the nose cone, it is desired that the material dry as quickly as possible. The use of the heater promotes such drying, and also allows for thicker layers of dielectric to be applied per spray cycle.
As explained above, after the initial layer, or layers, of dielectric are deposited on the object, and fired and cured, the desired circuit is then applied.
In brief, the circuit is screened or stenciled onto the curved surface in sections. If the curved surface is divided into a sufficiently large number of sections, each section can be considered relatively flat, and the screen or stencil can be deflected by the squeegee used to apply the conductive cermet, to the extent necessary to transfer accurately the conductive cermet pattern to the ogive nose cone. The essence of this step is therefore the screening or stenciling of the circuit, onto the curved surface, in relatively small sections, using one or more screen or stencil segments corresponding to the size of the sections.
The screen or stencil is charged with the conductive cermet and positioned a small distance above the substrate. A squeegee, or its equivalent (not shown), is pulled over the top of the screen or stencil. The screen or stencil then deflects, contacting the curved section of the substrate, and transfers the cermet from the screen or stencil onto the substrate. The shape of the individual sections are selected to insure that the screen or stencil can deflect to the extent necessary to achieve this momentary contact with the substrate, as necessary, to transfer the conductive cermet material from the screen or stencil to the curved substrate, to achieve the desired pattern.
As shown in
In the example given, the fixture is pivoted towards the nose cone, so that the screen or stencil 51 lies immediately above and in close proximity to the surface of the ogive nose cone. A conductive cermet material, which is in the form of a paste, is applied to the screen or stencil with a doctor blade, or its equivalent, so that the cermet is deposited at the locations corresponding to the openings in the screen, or the holes in the stencil. As the doctor blade or squeegee is drawn over the screen or stencil, along its long dimension, the screen or stencil deflects and comes into contact with, and takes the shape of, the ogive nose cone section outlined by the screen or stencil. The conductive cermet material is then transferred from the screen or stencil onto the ogive nose cone section and, after the doctor blade or squeegee passes, the screen or stencil snaps back to its initial off-contact position just above the surface of the ogive nose cone. Once a section is completed, the fixture can then be pivoted away from the nose cone, as indicated by arrow 55. The nose cone is then rotated, or indexed, by the motor/encoder, such that a different section of the nose cone surface is presented at a position reachable by the screen or stencil. The fixture can then be recharged with conductive cermet and pivoted again towards the ogive nose cone, and the cermet can be screened or stenciled onto the new surface section.
It has been found particularly advantageous, in the example of the ogive nose cone, to apply the circuit segments in an interleaved pattern. That is, the surface of the nose cone is preferably divided into an even number of sections. In the particular example given, that number is sixteen sections. The circuit pattern is then laid down onto every other section. When the circuit has been fired, the intermediate result is as shown in
In all cases, the ogive nose cone can be easily indexed, either manually or by the motor/encoder 56, so that any desired section of the nose cone can be presented to the apparatus which lays down the circuit. Regardless of whether or not the sections are interleaved, the nose cone is fired after the circuit elements have been laid down, and before a final coating of dielectric is applied. Such firing causes the metal particles in the cermet paste to fuse together to define rugged conductors.
In the example shown, screen or stencil 51 has the shape of a rectangular structure which has been tapered. This shape is dictated by the shape of the surface of the ogive nose cone. It is clear that the surface of the ogive nose cone can be covered by a plurality of screens having the shape shown in
If the solid areas in
For purposes of illustration, the dimensions implied by
In one example, the thickness of the initial layer of dielectric may be about 0.002 inches. The thickness of the fired cermet is typically about 0.0005 inches. The cermet material tends to sink into the dielectric, because it contains metal and is heavier than the dielectric. The cermet therefore does not contribute appreciably to the overall thickness of the structure. When the final layer or layers of dielectric have been applied, the total thickness of the coating may reach or exceed about 0.010 inches. The numbers given here are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the invention. In practice, the thickness of the dielectric layers and the number and placement of both the conductive cermet and dielectric layers are dictated by the circuit design and by the required electrical and environmental performance.
In the examples discussed above, it was implied that the same screen or stencil segment is used multiple times on the same object. In the more general case, it is possible to form different circuit patterns on different sections of the nose cone or other object. Forming different circuit patterns at different locations can be done by providing an entirely separate fixture, with its own frame and screen or stencil assembly, of the type similar to that shown in
The following is a summary of a typical procedure for applying a circuit to a curved surface, according to the present invention.
First, the ogive nose cone, or other object to which the circuit is to be applied, is inspected for surface defects. If the surface contains various open pores or cavities, the surface can be made smooth by skiving a dielectric paste material onto the surface, such that the paste fills the pores. The object is then fired to seal and stabilize the dielectric. If the surface is already very smooth, the above steps can be omitted.
Next, the nose cone is sprayed with dielectric, dried, and fired to form a smooth dielectric ceramic skin having a typical thickness of about 0.002 inches. This step could be performed in several iterations. That is, one could apply two or more layers of dielectric in the above manner. The ogive nose cone could be fired after each application of dielectric.
When the desired thickness of dielectric has been built up, the conductive cermet is applied. As described above, for the case where the object is an ogive nose cone, the cermet is preferably screened or stenciled onto every other section of the surface of the nose cone. The nose cone is again fired, so that the metal particles in the cermet fuse together to form conductive elements. As a result of firing, the cermet generally sinks into the dielectric layer so that the resultant layer is fairly smooth. The thickness of the fired cermet may typically be only about 0.0005 inches.
The above process of screening or stenciling the cermet onto the nose cone is then repeated for the sections of the nose cone which did not previously receive cermet.
After all desired cermet has been applied and fired, the circuit is enclosed by spraying one or more layers of dielectric onto the object. Again, the application of this final, outer coating of dielectric can be applied in one or more layers. If multiple layers are used, the object may be fired after the application of each layer, or after a group of layers have been applied.
If multiple circuit layers, separated by dielectric layers, are desired, these circuit layers are applied in the same manner as described previously for the single initial layer. For interconnection between circuit layers, screening or stenciling of the dielectric layer(s) in the same manner, and the same fixturing scheme as described above for application of the conductive cermet, can also be accomplished. To connect the circuit layers electrically, vias are created that are void of dielectric, and these are subsequently filled with the conductive cermet by screening or stenciling or skiving, as part of this invention.
The required final thickness of the outer dielectric layer depends on the level of protection needed for the circuit layer(s), based on the nature of the environment into which the object is expected to travel. The desired thickness also depends on the electrical characteristics of the electronic circuitry which may be located inside, or made part of, the ogive nose cone, and which may be used for sending and/or receiving electromagnetic signals. The circuit pattern defined by the cermet may, in one example, be designed to shield the internal circuitry from interference from the outside, while permitting such circuitry to operate as intended.
The invention can be modified in ways which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is not limited to use with particular objects, but can be used whenever it is necessary to provide one or more embedded ceramic circuit on a curved surface. Such modifications should be considered within the spirit and scope of the following claims.
This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/458,307, filed Jul. 18, 2006.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100206227 A1 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11458307 | Jul 2006 | US |
| Child | 12770528 | US |
