Patent Application
20120294753
The present invention relates to new and useful methods and apparatus for delivery of a broader class of precursors for atomic layer deposition. The present invention also relates to atomic layer deposition methods utilizing a new method of delivering precursors.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an enabling technology for next generation conductor barrier layers, high-k gate dielectric layers, high-k capacitance layers, capping layers, and metallic gate electrodes in silicon wafer processes. ALD has also been applied in other electronics industries, such as flat panel display, compound semiconductor, magnetic and optical storage, solar cell, nanotechnology and nanomaterials. ALD is used to build ultra thin and highly conformal layers of metal, oxide, nitride, and others one monolayer at a time in a cyclic deposition process. Oxides and nitrides of many main group metal elements and transition metal elements, such as aluminum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum, have been produced by ALD processes using oxidation or nitridation reactions. Pure metallic layers, such as Ru, Cu, Ta, and others may also be deposited using ALD processes through reduction or combustion reactions.
A typical ALD process uses sequential precursor gas pulses to deposit a film one layer at a time. In particular, a first precursor gas is introduced into a process chamber and produces a monolayer by reaction at surface of a substrate in the chamber. A second precursor is then introduced to react with the first precursor and form a monolayer of film made up of components of both the first precursor and second precursor, on the substrate. Each pair of pulses (one cycle) produces exactly one monolayer of film allowing for very accurate control of the final film thickness based on the number of deposition cycles performed.
As semiconductor devices continue to get more densely packed with devices, channel lengths also have to be made smaller and smaller. For future electronic device technologies, it will be necessary to replace SiO2 and SiON gate dielectrics with ultra thin high-k oxides having effective oxide thickness (EOT) less than 1.5 nm Preferably, high-k materials should have high band gaps and band offsets, high k values, good stability on silicon, minimal SiO2 interface layer, and high quality interfaces on substrates. Amorphous or high crystalline temperature films are also desirable. Some acceptable high-k dielectric materials are listed in Table 1. Among those listed, HfO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and the related ternary high-k materials have received the most attention for use as gate dielectrics. HfO2 and ZrO2 have higher k values but they also have lower break down fields and crystalline temperatures. The aluminates of Hf and Zr possess the combined benefits of higher k values and higher break down fields. Y2O3 has high solubility of rare earth materials (e.g. Eu+3) and is useful in optical electronics applications.
Transition metals and metal nitrides may be used as diffusion barriers to prevent inter-diffusion of metal and silicon in IC devices. These barrier layers are only a few nm in thickness, and are conformal in trenches and vias. Table 2 shows some properties of ALD grown barriers. Desirable properties include low growth temperature (<400° C.) and low film resistivity. For example, Ta/TaN and W/WxN are preferred as copper diffusion barrier systems. ALD metal thin layers, such as Ru, Cu, Pt, and Ta, have also been deposited for use as barrier and seed layer applications.
ALD is an advanced deposition method for high density memory devices when highly conformal and high aspect ratio deposition of high-k dielectric materials and its liners is needed. High-k oxides listed in Table 1, such as Al2O3, as well as ferroelectric materials, such as BST, PZT, and SBT layers, have been used as capacitor dielectrics in memory devices.
Several types of traditional vapor phase deposition precursors have been tested in ALD processes, including halides, alkoxides, β-diketonates, and newer alkylamides and cyclopentadienyls materials. Halides perform well in ALD processes with good self-limiting growth behaviors, but are mostly high melting solids that require high source temperatures. Another disadvantage of using solid precursors is the risk of particle contamination to the substrate. In addition, there is an issue of instability in flux or dosage associated with the solid precursors. Alkoxides show reduced deposition temperatures in ALD processes, but can decompose in the vapor phase leading to a continuous growth process instead of ALD. β-diketonates are used in MOCVD processes and are generally more stable towards hydrolysis than alkoxides. However, they are less volatile and require high source and substrate temperatures. A mixed ligand approach with β-diketonates and alkoxides has been suggested to improve stability of alkoxide MOCVD precursors. Examples are Zr(acac)2(hfip)2, Zr(O-t-Pr)2(thd)2. In addition, metal nitrate precursors, M(NO3)x, alkylamides, and amidinates, show self-limiting growth behavior with very low carbon or halide contamination. However, the stability of nitrates and amides is an issue in production and many cyclopentadienyls are in solid forms.
In general, ALD precursors should have good volatility and be able to saturate the substrate surface quickly through chemisorptions and surface reactions. The ALD half reaction cycles should be completed within 5 seconds, preferably within 1 second. The exposure dosage should be below 108 Laugmuir (1 Torr*sec=106 Laugmuir). The precursors should be stable within the deposition temperature windows, because un-controllable CVD reactions could occur when the precursor decomposes in gas phase. The precursors themselves should also be highly reactive so that the surface reactions are fast and complete. In addition, complete reactions yield good purity in films. The preferred properties of ALD precursors are given in Table 3.
Because of stringent requirements for ALD precursors as noted in Table 3, new types of ALD precursors are needed that are more stable, exhibit higher volatility, and are better suited for ALD. However, the cost of developing new precursors is a significant obstacle. In this light, the prior art related to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes provides some useful background information.
Direct liquid injection methods have been used in many vapor phase deposition processes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,409 describes a method of delivering solid precursors that have been dissolved in an appropriate solvent for use in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,260 describes a method for providing a liquid precursor solution for direct injection using an ultrasonic nozzle for CVD techniques. Beach, et al., in “MOCVD of very thin films of lead lanthanum titanate”, MRS symposium proceedings, 415, 225-30 (1996) set forth a CVD method using multiple precursors dissolved in a single solution. Choi, et al., “Structure stability of metallorganic chemical vapor deposited (Ba, Sr)RuO3 electrodes for integration of high dielectric constant thin films”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149(4), G232-5 (2002), describes a CVD method using liquid injection of a multiple component solution. Zhao, et al., “Metallorganic CVD of high-quality PZT thin films at low temperature with new Zr and Ti precursors having mmp ligands”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 151(5), C283-91 (2004) discusses another CVD method using a multiple precursor solution liquid delivery system. As noted, each of these references discuss CVD techniques and are interesting only for the discussion of various precursor materials, including solid precursors dissolved in appropriate solvents.
There is also some prior art background material relating to ALD processes. Cho, et al., “Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Bismuth Titanium oxide thin films using direct liquid injection (DLI) method”, Integrated Ferroelectrics, 59, 1483-9, (2003), reports on the use of solid precursors dissolved in a solvent. However, no information is provided concerning the delivery and deposition methods.
US published patent application 2003/0056728 discloses a pulsed liquid injection method in an atomic vapor deposition (AVD) process, using a precursor in liquid or dissolved form. The liquid dose is too large for ideal ALD operation. Min, et al., “Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 thin films from a 1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propoxide complex of aluminum and water”, Chemistry Materials (to be published in 2005), describes a liquid pulsing method for solution precursors, where again the liquid dose is too large for ideal ALD operation. In fact, using liquid pulse to achieve monolayer coverage is very difficult, because in an ALD operation, the pulse width of a vapor phase reactant is 1 second or less. One issue is that the shape of a vaporized liquid pulse is distorted in time space and sharp leading and tailing edges of the liquid pulse can be lost after vaporization. It is therefore difficult to synchronize two well separated reactants to perform self-limiting and sequential ALD growth. The liquid pulse methods described in the two references above do not represent true ALD processes but rather variants of CVD processes.
US published patent application 2004/0079286, describes a two-phase delivery system for ALD wherein both vapor and liquid phase coexist in a vaporizer after liquid injection. This process will not work for solution based precursors or multi-component mixtures where material separation would occur.
There remains a need in the art for improvements to ALD precursors and methods of using such precursors in ALD processes.
The present invention provides unique combinations of solution stabilization and delivery technologies with special ALD operational modes. In particular, the present invention allows the use of low-volatility solid ALD precursors dissolved in solvents. The low-volatility solid precursors are often less expensive and often exhibit very high boiling points. Further, unstable solutes can be stabilized in solution and still retain very high boiling points. This is advantageous because the solutions may be delivered at room temperature. After the solution is vaporized, the vapor-phase mixture of precursor and solvent is pulsed into a deposition chamber to assure a true ALD process. The present invention also covers a delivery apparatus that achieves the above result.
Stable ALD precursor solutions are prepared in suitable solvents. The precursor solute can be selected from a wide range of low vapor pressure solutes or solids depending upon specific applications. Precursor concentrations are generally maintained from 0.01 M to 1 M, depending upon the liquid flow rate and the vaporization conditions, i.e., pressure and temperature. The precursor solute can be a single molecule or multiple species, wherein the mixture of multiple species is used in making multi-ternary thin films. A major component of the solution is a solvent that does not hinder a normal ALD process. The solvent is chosen so that its boiling point is high enough to ensure no solvent loss in delivery but low enough to ensure total vaporization in a vaporizer. The mixture of the precursor solute in a solvent often will have a higher boiling point than the solvent alone, but the solvent has a high boiling point to prevent any premature separation of solute and solvent during delivery or at the entrance of the vaporizer. Stabilizing additives with concentrations at 0.0001 M to 1 M may be added to the solvent to help prevent premature decomposition of the ALD precursors in the vaporizer. In addition, the stabilizing additives provide similar attributes as ligand parts of a precursor and may prolong the shelf-life of the solution. The solution is delivered at room temperature by pumping at pre-selected flow rates. After the solution enters the vaporizer, both solvent and solute are vaporized to form a hot vapor stream. The hot vapor is then switched on and off by a fast action pressure swing mechanism operating at room temperature. This produces normal ALD growth without suffering particle contamination, thermal decomposition or solvent interference.
In accordance with the present invention, at a given temperature and precursor concentration, the maximum liquid flow rate or maximum vaporizer pressure can be calculated. In particular, to produce a single vapor phase solution precursor, the precursor partial pressure when all molecules are in vapor phase should not exceed the material vapor pressure at the given conditions. The selected vaporizer temperature should be below the thermal decomposition temperatures of the precursor and the volume of the vaporizer is selected based on the size of the deposition chamber or substrates being used.
Metal or non-metal precursors are selected from those known in the literature and in most cases are readily available commercially at a reasonable cost. Most of these precursors are in solid form, and therefore, are difficult to use directly because of low vapor pressures and high boiling points. In particular, if source temperature is set high to generate enough vapor pressure, the precursor may thermally decompose. In addition, direct use of solid precursors raises the risk of particle contamination or unstable dosage. The precursors according to the present invention include halides, alkoxides, P-diketonates, nitrates, alkylamides, amidinates, cyclopentadienyls, and other forms of (organic or inorganic) (metal or non-metal) compounds. Typical concentrations of precursors in a solution are from 0.01 M to 1 M, depending upon the liquid flow rate and the vaporization conditions, i.e., pressure and temperature. Examples of solutes are given in Table 4, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and any suitable solutes may be used.
Other examples of precursor solutes include Ta(NMe2)5 and Ta(NMe2)3(NC9H11) that can be used as Tantalum film precursors.
The selection of solvents is critical to the ALD precursor solutions according to the present invention. In particular, the solvents should have reasonable solubility of ALD precursors at room temperature and should be chemically compatible with the precursors. The boiling point of the solvent should be high enough to ensure no solvent loss in delivery and low enough to ensure total vaporization in the vaporizer, although the boiling point of the solvent can be either lower or higher than the precursor solute. The solvent molecules should not compete with precursor molecules for reaction sites on the substrate surface, e.g., the solvent must not be chemically adsorbed on the surface by reacting with a surface hydroxide group. The solvent molecules or their fragments should not be any part of the ALD solid film composition. Examples of solvents useful in the present invention are given in Table 5, but are not limited thereto, as any suitable solvent meeting the above criteria may be used.
Another example of a solvent useful for the present invention is 2,5-dimethyloxytetrahydrofuran.
Stabilizing agents to prevent premature decomposition of ALD precursors in the vaporizer and to prolong the shelf-life of the ALD precursor solutions may also be added. However, the precursor in solution is normally stable at room temperature with or without the use of stabilizing additives. Once the solid precursor has been dissolved in the solvent, the liquid solutions can be delivered using a liquid metering pump, a mass flow controller, a syringe pump, a capillary tube, a step pump, a micro-step pump or other suitable equipment at room temperature. The flow rate is controlled from 10 nL/min to 10 mL/min depending upon the size of the deposition systems, i.e. the flow rate can be scaled up as necessary for larger deposition systems.
One method according to the present invention is described as follows. Precisely controlled liquid solution is injected into a vaporizer that may have internal or external heating sources or both. Optionally, the solution can be atomized using a nebulizer, e.g., pneumatic jets or an external energy source, such as inert gas co-axial flow or an ultrasonic source. The vaporizer temperature is controlled by a PID loop and the vaporizer is operated to evaporate both solvent and solute within a given pressure range. In general, the temperature is set at between 100° C. and 350° C. while the pressure is between −14 psig and +10 psig. The vaporizer temperature is optimized for specific solute concentration and delivery rate. Preferably, vaporization temperatures are from 150° C. to 250° C. and flow rates are between 0.1 μL/min and 100 μL/min. If the temperature is too low, precursor molecules may condense because of low saturation partial pressure and if the temperature is too high, the precursor molecules may decompose inside the vaporizer chamber. To ensure particle-free vapor phase formation before ALD, the hot precursor and solvent vapor may be passed through a particle filter operated at the same or a higher temperature than the vaporizer temperature.
The present invention also relates to the delivery of vaporized solution precursors. It is important to understand the chemical restrictions associated with the use of solution based precursors according to the present invention. In an isothermal system, vapor at the saturation pressure and temperature will begin to undergo a phase transition into its condensation states as the partial pressure of the vapor is increased. For liquid precursors, i.e. neat precursors, they can condense into liquid phases. For solid precursor, however, solid phases may form in over-saturation conditions. For the solution based precursors of the present invention, having two phases in the vaporizer is not acceptable. In particular, if there are two phases in the vaporizer the solution will be distilled. This means that the metal solute will begin to condense in the vaporizer and will never be delivered to the deposition chamber if the solute has a higher boiling point than that of the solvent. To assure delivery of the metal solute to the deposition chamber, the delivery method must be carried out carefully. In order to fully vaporize the precursor solutions of the present invention, the parameters of the following diagram must be met.
In the above diagram F1 is liquid flow rate. C1 is molar concentration of metal solute in liquid, Fg is gas flow rate, Cg is molar concentration of metal solute in gas phase, PT is the total pressure in vaporizer, T in the vaporizer temperature and V is the vaporizer volume. Ci is the concentration of the metal solute in the gas phase. If there is more than one metal precursor type in the solution, the index i=1, . . . n, where n is the total number of the metal precursor types in the solution. To simplify the description below, we assume n=1. To ensure that complete vaporization is achieved, the partial pressure Pi of the metal solute i, must be maintained below its saturation pressure Psi at a fixed vaporizer temperature; i.e. Pi <PSi .
In order to meet the requirements for complete vaporization of the solution precursors of the present invention, delivery methods for the vaporized solution precursors must be carried out in a particular manner. According to one embodiment of the present, the delivery method comprises operating at a constant pumping speed. In this constant pumping speed mode, the pumping speed for the vaporizer is set to a fixed value. This leads to the equation:
PT=Q/S
where PT is the total pressure within the vaporizer, S is the pumping speed for the vaporizer in L/min and Q is the throughput in Atm*L/min. Therefore, as Q changes, there will be a corresponding change to PT. For any given operating temperature, there is a corresponding vapor pressure for the precursor solution.
For example, a precursor solution of aluminum iso-propoxide has a vapor pressure of about 8 Torr at 140.5° C. By operating the vaporizer at a constant pumping speed, the total pressure in the vaporizer can be controlled by varying the liquid flow rate F1 of the precursor solution into the vaporizer where F1 is in mole/min. However, to achieve total vaporization of the precursor solution, the liquid flow rate must be kept below an established upper limit. For the example noted above, if the vaporizer is operated at 140° C., the vapor pressure for the aluminum iso-propoxide is about 8 Torr. If the solution is a 0.1 M concentration, then the maximum liquid flow rates are 48, 242 and 725 microliter/min for pumping speeds of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.15 L/min, respectively. For this example, PSi=8 Torr, therefore Pi must be maintained below 8 Torr. To deliver higher liquid flow rates of a given precursor solution, the vaporizer temperature can be increased up to the thermal decomposition temperature of the precursor solute.
This particular example is further shown in
When all liquid is vaporized, a total pressure in the vaporizer is established for each constant pumping speed at a given time. This total pressure will increase with higher liquid flow rate. The throughput Q is then proportional to the total pressure in the vaporizer that is a function of liquid flow rate.
While the specific example described above relates to a precursor solution of aluminum iso-propoxide, the parameters necessary for the precursor delivery can be calculated similarly for all other precursor solutions.
To deposit the ALD layers, the hot precursor and solvent are switched on and off by a fast action pressure swing device consisting of fast switch valves and an inert gas source. The valves are operated at room temperature and are not exposed to reactive hot vapor. When valves are switched off, inert gas forms a diffusion barrier to prevent hot vapor from entering the deposition chamber. Inert gas is also sent to the deposition chamber to purge out excess precursor and solvent from the previous cycle which can be then carried to an exhaust system. When the valves are on, hot vapor and inert gas enter the deposition chamber to dose deposition on the substrate surface. The ratio of inert gas entering the chamber and going to the exhaust is adjustable by means of metering valves or mass flow controllers. Typically, precursor A is on for 0.1 to 10 seconds, followed by a purge for 1 to 10 seconds, precursor B is on for 0.1 to 10 seconds, followed by another purge for 1 to 10 seconds. In such an operation, the precursor A could be a metal precursor from the solution vaporizer, and precursor B could be a gas phase reactant such as water, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen, ammonia, silane, disilane, diborane, hydrogen sulfide, organic amines and hydrazines, or other gaseous molecular or plasma or radical sources. In another embodiment, a stop-and-go delivery method may be used instead of a continuous flow method. In addition, vaporized precursors may be stored in vessels before delivery into the deposition chamber using a control system including appropriate valves.
An ALD deposition system that can be used in the present invention is shown in
The ALD system according to the present invention may be used to grow thin films and to operate as a self-limiting ALD process. In operation, a silicon wafer substrate is provided in the deposition chamber. The preferred monitoring device is an in-situ device, such as a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) that monitors the growth of thin films in real time. For example, a QCM with starting frequency at 6 MHz installed in a tubular reactor may be used. The growth surface is a blanket electrode, typically gold that may be modified with oxides, or silicon or other metals for a better nucleation step during the initial ALD growth. The temperature of the deposition chamber is set from 100° C. to 400° C. and is precisely controlled within ±0.1° C. variation or less using a PID loop. The deposition chamber pressure is set from 0.1 to 10 Torr. For more continuous production, the ALD deposition chamber can be coupled to the source and delivery systems. The deposition chamber can be any suitable type, including, but not limited to, flow through reactors, shower head reactors, and spray/injection head reactors.
The precursors A and B are carefully separated in the exhaust system to prevent unwanted reactions. Each precursor can be trapped in a foreline trap that may operate at different temperatures. For example, a room temperature trap with stainless steel filter may be used. The separated precursors can be further separated for disposal or recycle.
Several examples of the use of solid precursors dissolved in a solvent and used in an ALD process according to the present invention are provided below.
Solid aluminum i-propoxide is dissolved in ethylcyclohexane or other solvents as listed in Table 5. A stabilizing agent, such as oxygen containing organic compounds such as THF, 1,4-dioxane, and DMF can be added. The concentration of the aluminum precursor is between 0.1 M and 0.2 M. Liquid flow rate is controlled from 10 μL/min to 10 μL/min. Water is used as a gas phase reactant. The temperatures of vaporizer and deposition chamber are set at 150° C. -300° C. and 250° C. -400° C., respectively. Typical pulse times for the Al-solution, purge, water, and purge steps are 0.1-10, 1-10, 0.1-10, and 1-10 seconds, respectively. The upper portion of
Solid [(t-Bu)Cp]2HfMe2 is dissolved in ethylcyclohexane or other solvents as listed in Table 5. A stabilizing agent, such as oxygen containing organic compounds such as THF, 1,4-dioxane, DMF, Cp and the like can be added. The Hf precursor concentration is set at from 0.1 M to 0.2 M. Liquid flow rate is controlled at from 10 nL/min to 10 μL/min. Water is used as a gas phase reactant. The temperatures of vaporizer and deposition chamber are set at 200° C. -300° C. and 200° C. -400° C., respectively. Typical pulse times for the Hf-solution, purge, water, and purge steps are 0.1-10, 1-10, 0.1-10, and 1-10 seconds, respectively. The upper portion of
Self-limited ALD growth is demonstrated in
Solid Tetrakis(1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propoxide)hafnium (IV), Hf(mmp)4 is dissolved in ethylcyclohexane or other solvents as listed in Table 5. A stabilizing agent, such as oxygen containing organic compounds such as THF, 1,4-dioxane, DMF, Cp and the like can be added. The Hf precursor concentration is set at 0.1 M to 0.2 M. Liquid flow rate is controlled from 10 nL/min to 10 μL/min. Water is used as a gas phase reactant. The temperatures of vaporizer and deposition chamber are set at 150° C. -300° C. and 200° C. -350° C., respectively. Typical pulse times for the Hf-solution, purge, water, and purge steps are 0.1-10, 1-10, 0.1-10, and 1-10 seconds, respectively.
Solids of Ba(O-iPr)2, Sr(O-iPr)2, and Ti(O-iPr)4 are dissolved in ethylcyclohexane or other solvents as listed in Table 5 with different mixing ratios. Stabilizing agents such as oxygen containing organic compounds such as THF, 1,4-dioxane, and DMF can be added. The BST precursor concentration is set at 0.1 M to 0.2 M for each component. Liquid flow rate is controlled from 10 nL/min to 10 μL/min. Water is used as a gas phase reactant. The temperatures of vaporizer and deposition chamber are set at 200° C. -350° C. and 300° C. -400° C., respectively. Typical pulse times for the mix-solution, purge, water, and purge steps are 0.1-10, 1-10, 0.1-10 and 1-10 seconds, respectively. The upper portion of
Solid RuCp2 is dissolved in dioxane, dioxane/octane or 2,5-dimethyloxytetrahydrofuranl octane. The concentration of Ru precursor is set at 0.05 M to 0.2 M. A stabilizing agents such as Cp and the like can be added. Liquid flow rate is controlled from 10 nL/min to 10 μL/min. Oxygen gas is used as a combustion agent. The temperatures of vaporizer and deposition chamber are set at 140° C. -300° C. and 300° C. -400° C., respectively. Typical pulse times for the Ru-solution, purge, oxygen, and purge steps are 0.1-10, 1-10, 0.1-10, and 1-10 seconds, respectively.
It is anticipated that other embodiments and variations of the present invention will become readily apparent to the skilled artisan in the light of the foregoing description, and it is intended that such embodiments and variations likewise be included within the scope of the invention as set out in the appended claims.
The present application is a continuation in part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/396,806 filed 3 Mar. 2009, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/400,904, filed 10 Apr. 2006, which is a provisional application of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/676,491, filed 29 Apr. 2005.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11400904 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Child | 12396806 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12396806 | Mar 2009 | US |
| Child | 13298563 | US |
