Embodiments disclosed herein pertain to methods of forming capacitors.
Capacitors are one type of component used in the fabrication of integrated circuits, for example in DRAM and other memory circuitry. A capacitor is comprised of two conductive electrodes separated by a non-conducting dielectric region. As integrated circuitry density has increased, there is a continuing challenge to maintain sufficiently high storage capacitance despite decreasing capacitor area. The increase in density has typically resulted in greater reduction in the horizontal dimension of capacitors as compared to the vertical dimension. In many instances, the vertical dimension of capacitors has increased.
One manner of fabricating capacitors is to initially form an insulative material within which a capacitor storage electrode is formed. For example, an array of capacitor electrode openings for individual capacitors may be fabricated in an insulative support material, with an example material being silicon dioxide doped with one or both of phosphorus and boron. Openings within which some or all of the capacitors are formed are etched into the support material. It can be difficult to etch such openings through the support material, particularly where the openings are deep.
Further and regardless, it is often desirable to etch away most if not all of the capacitor electrode support material after individual capacitor electrodes have been formed within the openings. This enables outer sidewall surfaces of the electrodes to provide increased area and thereby increased capacitance for the capacitors being formed. However, capacitor electrodes formed in deep openings are often correspondingly much taller than they are wide. This can lead to toppling of the capacitor electrodes during etching to expose the outer sidewalls surfaces, during transport of the substrate, during deposition of the capacitor dielectric layer, and/or outer capacitor electrode layer. U.S. Pat. No. 6,667,502 teaches the provision of a brace or retaining structure intended to alleviate such toppling. Other aspects associated in the formation of a plurality of capacitors, some of which include bracing structures, have also been disclosed, such as in:
Fabrication of capacitors in memory circuitry may include forming an array of capacitors within a capacitor array area. Control or other circuitry area is often displaced from the capacitor array area, and the substrate may include an intervening area between the capacitor array area and the control or other circuitry area.
Example methods of forming capacitors in accordance with embodiments of the invention are described with reference to
Construction 10 may comprise a capacitor array area 14 and a peripheral circuitry area 16. An interface line 15 has been used in the figures as an example interface of capacitor array area 14 and peripheral circuitry area 16. Logic circuitry may be fabricated within peripheral circuitry area 16. Control and/or other peripheral circuitry for operating a memory array may or may not be fully or partially within array area 14, with an example memory array area 14 as a minimum encompassing all of the memory cells of a given memory array/sub-memory array. Further, multiple sub-arrays may also be fabricated and operated independently, in tandem, or otherwise relative one another. As used herein, a “sub-array” or “sub-memory array” may be considered as an array. Various circuit devices (not shown) may be associated with peripheral circuitry area 16, as well as with capacitor array area 14, at the processing stage of
Electrically conductive node locations 18, 20, and 22 are shown within memory array area 14. Node locations 18, 20, and 22 may correspond to, for example, conductively-doped diffusion regions within a semiconductive material of substrate 12, and/or to conductive pedestals associated with substrate 12. Although the node locations are shown to be electrically conductive at the processing stage of
Dielectric material 24 may be over peripheral circuitry area 16. Such may be homogenous or non-homogenous, with doped silicon dioxide such as phosphosilicate glass (PSG) and borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) being examples. Dielectric material 24 may be formed by blanket deposition over substrate 12, and then removed by subtractive patterning from array circuitry area 14. An example thickness range for dielectric material 24 is about 0.5 micron to about 3 microns.
A support material 28 has been formed elevationally over substrate 12 within capacitor array area 14. In one embodiment, support material 28 may be directly against node locations 18, 20, and 22. In this document, a material or structure is “directly against” another when there is at least some physical touching contact of the stated materials or structures relative one another. In contrast, “over”, “on”, and “against” not proceeded by “directly”, encompass “directly against” as well as constructions where intervening material(s) or structure(s) result(s) in no physical touching contact of the stated materials or structures relative one another. Support material 28 may be homogenous or non-homogenous, and may be any one or more of dielectric, conductive, or semiconductive. For example, support material 28 may be a single homogenous layer of a dielectric, conductive or semiconductive material; multiple layers of a single homogenous dielectric, conductive, or semiconductive material; or multiple layers of differing compositions of dielectric, conductive, and or semiconductive materials. An example thickness for support material 28 is about 0.25 micron to about 3 microns.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment where outer material 50 comprises polysilicon and capacitor electrodes 34 comprise TiN, the dry isotropic etching of outer material 50 comprises plasma etching using a sulphur and fluorine-comprising chemistry. The sulfur and fluorine-comprising chemistry may be derived from a single compound (e.g., SF6) and/or from multiple compounds (e.g. COS, SO2, H2S, NF3, and F2). In one embodiment, the etching is conducted at a pressure of at least about 150 mTorr and in one embodiment at a pressure of at least about 200 mTorr. In one embodiment, the etching is conducted at a substrate temperature of no greater than about 30° C., in one embodiment at no greater than 10° C., and in one embodiment at no greater than 0° C. Ideal results may be achieved at higher pressure and lower temperature (i.e., at least 200 mTorr and no greater than 10° C.). In one embodiment, the etching chemistry is derived from gas comprising SF6, and with or without one or more inert gases.
An example first set of etching conditions in an inductively coupled plasma reactor for etching polysilicon-comprising support material selectively relative to TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes includes about 700 W to 900 W top power, 0V to about 20V chuck bias, chamber pressure about 150 mTorr to 250 mTorr, substrate temperature about −10° C. to 40° C., SF6 flow about 200 sccm to 400 sccm, NF3 flow about 40 sccm to 60 sccm, and He and/or Ar flow 0 sccm to about 350 sccm. An example second set of etching conditions for etching polysilicon-comprising support material selectively relative to TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes includes about 1,000 W to 2,000 W top power, 0V to about 20V chuck bias, chamber pressure about 150 mTorr to 250 mTorr, substrate temperature about −10° C. to 30° C., SF6 flow about 50 sccm to 900 sccm, and He and/or Ar flow about 300 sccm to 1500 sccm. Use of SF6 solely as the contributor to reactive species formation may provide better etch selectivity relative to TiN and Si3N4 in comparison to combining SF6 and NF3, but more etch residue.
In one embodiment, the etching of polysilicon-comprising support material selectively relative to TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes includes a plurality of sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching steps individually separated by a hydrogen treating step. In one embodiment, the hydrogen treating steps are conducted at lower pressure than are the sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching steps. In one embodiment, the hydrogen treating steps are individually longer than are individual of the sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching steps. In one embodiment, the hydrogen treating and the etching steps are each conducted using plasma. In one embodiment, a hydrogen-containing plasma is used in the hydrogen treating step and is derived from gas consisting essentially of H2. An example set of hydrogen treating conditions in an inductively coupled plasma reactor includes about 800 W to 5,000 W top power, 0V to about 20V chuck bias, chamber pressure about 40 mTorr to 250 mTorr, substrate temperature about −10° C. to 30° C., H2 flow about 200 sccm to 1,200 sccm, and He and/or Ar flow 0 sccm to about 1500 sccm. An example time period for individual etching steps is about 2 seconds to 6 seconds, and that for individual hydrogen treating steps about 8 seconds to 10 seconds. Hydrogen treating may be conducted to remove residue, if any, that might result from the act of etching with a sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry.
In one embodiment and as shown, TiF 45 is formed on first capacitor electrode sidewalls 35 from Ti of the TiN of first capacitor electrodes 34 and from fluorine of the sulfur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry. In one embodiment, TiF is formed to a thickness that is self-limited in spite of further exposure of capacitor electrodes 34 to the sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry. Such an example self-limited thickness is about 10 Angstroms. Regardless, TiF is electrically conductive but not as much as TiN.
In one embodiment of a method of forming capacitors, polysilicon-comprising support material is dry isotropically etched selectively relative to TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes using a sulphur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry regardless of presence of covering material 30, intermediate material 54, and/or dielectric material 26. Any other attribute as described above may be used. In one embodiment of a method of forming capacitors, polysilicon-comprising support material is dry isotropically etched using a fluorine-comprising etching chemistry that combines Ti of the TiN of the capacitor electrodes with fluorine of the etching chemistry to form TiF on sidewalls of the first capacitor electrodes. In one embodiment, the etching chemistry comprises S. In one embodiment, the etching is conducted selectively relative to the TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes. Any other attribute as described above may be used.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Appropriate circuitry (not shown) would be associated with capacitor electrodes 46 and 34 of capacitors 48 to enable selective operation of individual capacitors 48. This other circuitry is not material to embodiments of this invention, and may be existing or later-developed circuitry within the skill of the artisan.
In some embodiments, a method of forming capacitors comprises providing first capacitor electrodes within support material. The first capacitor electrodes comprise TiN and the support material comprises polysilicon. The polysilicon-comprising support material is dry isotropically etched selectively relative to the TiN-comprising first capacitor electrodes using a sulfur and fluorine-containing etching chemistry. A capacitor dielectric is formed over sidewalls of the first capacitor electrodes and a second capacitor electrode is formed over the capacitor dielectric.
In some embodiments, a method of forming capacitors comprises providing first capacitor electrodes within support material. The first capacitor electrodes comprise TiN and the support material comprises polysilicon. The polysilicon-comprising support material is dry isotropically etched using a fluorine-comprising etching chemistry that combines with Ti of the TiN to form TiF on sidewalls of the first capacitor electrodes. A capacitor dielectric is formed over the TiF of the first capacitor electrodes and a second capacitor electrode is formed over the capacitor dielectric.
In some embodiments, a method of forming capacitors comprises providing first capacitor electrodes within support material. The support material comprises an elevationally outer material, an elevationally inner material, an elevationally intermediate material between the outer and inner materials, and a covering material over the outer material. The covering material and the intermediate material are of different composition from composition of the outer and inner materials. Openings are formed through the covering material to expose the outer material. The outer material is dry isotropically etched from being over the first capacitor electrodes and the intermediate material. The etching of the outer material is conducted selectively relative to the first capacitor electrodes and the intermediate material. Openings are anisotropically etched through the intermediate material to expose the inner material using the covering material with openings therein as an etch mask. The etching of openings through the intermediate material is conducted selectively relative to the first capacitor electrodes. The inner material is etched through the openings in the intermediate material. The etching of the inner material is conducted selectively relative to the first capacitor electrodes. A capacitor dielectric is formed over sidewalls of the first capacitor electrodes and a second capacitor electrode is formed over the capacitor dielectric.
In some embodiments, a method of forming capacitors comprises providing first capacitor electrodes comprising TiN within support material. The support material comprises an elevationally outer material comprising polysilicon, an elevationally inner material comprising poly silicon, an elevationally intermediate material between the outer and inner materials, and a covering material over the outer material. The covering material and the intermediate material are of different composition from composition of the outer and inner materials. Openings are anisotropically etched through the covering material to expose the outer material. The polysilicon-comprising outer material is dry isotropically plasma etched from being over the first capacitor electrodes and the intermediate material. The etching of the outer material is conducted selectively relative to the covering material, the first capacitor electrodes, and the intermediate material. The etching of the polysilicon-comprising outer material is conducted with a sulfur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry, at a pressure of at least about 150 mTorr, and at a substrate temperature of no greater than about 10° C. The etching of the polysilicon-comprising outer material includes a plurality of sulfur and fluorine-comprising plasma etching steps individually separated by a hydrogen-plasma treating step. Openings are anisotropically plasma etched through the intermediate material to expose the inner material using the covering material with openings therein as an etch mask. The etching of openings through the intermediate material is conducted selectively relative to the first capacitor electrodes and the covering material. The polysilicon-comprising inner material is dry isotropically plasma etched through the openings in the intermediate material. The etching of the polysilicon-comprising inner material is conducted selectively relative to the covering material, the first capacitor electrodes, and the intermediate material, and removes at least most of the inner material. The etching of the polysilicon-comprising inner material is conducted with a sulfur and fluorine-comprising etching chemistry, at a pressure of at least about 150 mTorr, and at a substrate temperature of no greater than about 10° C. The etching of the polysilicon-comprising inner material includes a plurality of sulfur and fluorine-comprising plasma etching steps individually separated by a hydrogen-plasma treating step. A capacitor dielectric is formed over sidewalls of the first capacitor electrodes and a second capacitor electrode is formed over the capacitor dielectric.
In compliance with the statute, the subject matter disclosed herein has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the claims are not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise example embodiments. The claims are thus to be afforded full scope as literally worded, and to be appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4517729 | Batra | May 1985 | A |
4871688 | Lowrey | Oct 1989 | A |
5236860 | Fazan et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5252517 | Blalock et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
5340763 | Dennison | Aug 1994 | A |
5401681 | Dennison | Mar 1995 | A |
5467305 | Bertin et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
5498562 | Dennison et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
5532089 | Adair et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5604696 | Takaishi | Feb 1997 | A |
5605857 | Jost et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
5652164 | Dennison et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5654222 | Sandhu et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5672534 | Huang | Sep 1997 | A |
5686747 | Jost et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
5702990 | Jost et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5705838 | Jost et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5767561 | Frei et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5784112 | Ogasawara et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5821140 | Jost et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5869382 | Kubota | Feb 1999 | A |
5900660 | Jost et al. | May 1999 | A |
5955758 | Sandhu et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5956594 | Yang et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5981350 | Geusic et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5981992 | Kenney | Nov 1999 | A |
5989953 | Liang et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5990021 | Prall et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6037212 | Chao | Mar 2000 | A |
6037218 | Dennnison et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
6059553 | Jin et al. | May 2000 | A |
6090700 | Tseng | Jul 2000 | A |
6108191 | Bruchhaus et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6110774 | Jost et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6121084 | Coursey | Sep 2000 | A |
6133620 | Uochi | Oct 2000 | A |
6159818 | Durcan et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6159820 | Park | Dec 2000 | A |
6180450 | Dennison | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6204143 | Roberts et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6204178 | Marsh | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6232168 | Coursey | May 2001 | B1 |
6245684 | Zhao et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6249019 | Sandhu et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6258650 | Sunouchi | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6274497 | Lou | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6303518 | Tian et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6303956 | Sandhu et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6323528 | Yamazaki et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6329683 | Kohyama | Dec 2001 | B2 |
6331461 | Juengling | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6372554 | Kawakita et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6372574 | Lane et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6383861 | Gonzalez et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6399490 | Jammy et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6403442 | Reinberg | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6432472 | Farrell et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6458653 | Jang | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6458925 | Fasano | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6459138 | Reinberg | Oct 2002 | B2 |
6475855 | Fishburn | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6476432 | Basceri et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6482749 | Billington et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6583063 | Khan et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6617222 | Coursey | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6620680 | Durcan et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
6620724 | Schroeder et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6645869 | Chu et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6656748 | Hall et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6667502 | Agarwal et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6673693 | Kirchhoff | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6696745 | Sandhu et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6703273 | Wang et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6707088 | Fishburn | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6709978 | Geusic et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6720232 | Tu et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
6767789 | Bronner et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
6784112 | Arita et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6784479 | Park | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6787833 | Fishburn | Sep 2004 | B1 |
6812513 | Geusic et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6822261 | Yamazaki et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6822280 | Ito et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6844230 | Reinberg | Jan 2005 | B2 |
6849496 | Jaiprakash et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6853023 | Goebel | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6861330 | Basceri et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6890814 | Sandhu et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6893914 | Kim et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6897109 | Jin et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6927122 | Geusic et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6927170 | Zheng | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6930640 | Chung et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6936880 | Park | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6939794 | Yin et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
6962846 | Fishburn et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6991980 | Park | Jan 2006 | B2 |
7005379 | Sinha et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
7042040 | Horiguchi | May 2006 | B2 |
7053435 | Yeo et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7053453 | Tsao et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7064028 | Ito et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7064365 | An et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7067385 | Manning | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7071055 | Fishburn | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7073969 | Kamm | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7074669 | Iijima et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7081384 | Birner et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7084451 | Forbes et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7087484 | Goldbach et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7094701 | Umemoto et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7115500 | Torres | Oct 2006 | B1 |
7115531 | Shaffer et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7122424 | Tu et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7125781 | Manning et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7153778 | Busch et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7160788 | Sandhu et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7179706 | Patraw et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7199005 | Sandhu et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7202127 | Busch et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7223690 | Kondo et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
7226845 | Manning et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
7235441 | Yasui et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
7235479 | Verhaverbeke | Jun 2007 | B2 |
7235485 | Kwak et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
7268034 | Basceri et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7268039 | Fishburn et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7271051 | Manning et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7273779 | Fishburn et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7279379 | Tran et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7282756 | Agarwal et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7288806 | Tran et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7320911 | Basceri et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7321149 | Busch et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7321150 | Fishburn et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7335935 | Sinha et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7341909 | McDaniel et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7384847 | Tran et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7387939 | Manning | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7393741 | Sandhu et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
7393743 | Manning | Jul 2008 | B2 |
7413952 | Busch et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7420238 | Manning et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
7439152 | Manning | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7440255 | McClure et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7442600 | Wang et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7445990 | Busch et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7445991 | Manning | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7449391 | Manning et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7459362 | Juengling | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7474215 | Scott et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
7517754 | McDaniel et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7534694 | Manning | May 2009 | B2 |
7538036 | Busch et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
7544563 | Manning | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7557013 | Bhat et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7557015 | Sandhu et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7573088 | Juengling | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7576441 | Yin et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7629262 | Kim et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7638392 | Wang et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7655968 | Manning | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7682924 | Bhat et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7700469 | Benson | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7759193 | Fishburn | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7785962 | Bhat et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7807580 | Lee et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7902081 | Raghu et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
8105904 | Oh et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8134823 | Chen et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
20010012223 | Kohyama | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20010026974 | Reinberg | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010038111 | DeBoer et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
20010044181 | Nakamura | Nov 2001 | A1 |
20020003249 | Park | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020022339 | Kirchhoff | Feb 2002 | A1 |
20020030221 | Sandhu et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
20020039826 | Reinberg | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020090779 | Jang | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020098654 | Durcan et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020153589 | Oh | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020153614 | Ema et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020163026 | Park | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030085420 | Ito et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
20030134468 | Wang et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030153146 | Won et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030178684 | Nakamura | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030190782 | Ko et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030227044 | Park | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20040018679 | Yu et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040150070 | Okada et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040188738 | Farnworth et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040232106 | Oka et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20050023588 | Sandhu et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050051822 | Manning | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050158949 | Manning | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050176210 | Kim et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050287738 | Cho et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050287780 | Manning et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050287795 | Torek et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060006502 | Yin et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060024958 | Ali | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060024966 | Umemoto et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060046420 | Manning | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060063344 | Manning et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060115951 | Mosley | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060115952 | Wu | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060121672 | Basceri et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060148190 | Busch | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060176210 | Nakamura et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060186451 | Dusberg et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060211196 | Tanaka et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060211211 | Sandhu et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060237762 | Park | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060249798 | Manning | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060261440 | Manning | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060263968 | Manning | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060286783 | Papanu et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20060289914 | Juengling | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070032014 | Sandhu et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070045699 | Liao et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070048976 | Raghu | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070057304 | Boescke et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070066010 | Ando | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070093022 | Basceri | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070099328 | Chiang et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070099423 | Chen et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070145009 | Fucsko et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070196978 | Manning | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070202686 | Dixit et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070207622 | Rana et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070238259 | Bhat | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070257323 | Tsui et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20080090416 | Raghu et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080171137 | Kim et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080174430 | Scott et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20090047769 | Bhat et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090176011 | Kiehlbauch | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090251845 | Kiehlbauch | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20100009512 | Fishburn | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100041204 | Kielbauch | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100112798 | Lai et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
20110151655 | Chan et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110183522 | Mikhaylichenko et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110227167 | Chuang et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20120012922 | Jang | Jan 2012 | A1 |
20120040507 | Lee | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20130164902 | Greeley et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
1230778 | Oct 1999 | CN |
101154620 | Apr 2008 | CN |
101208775 | Jun 2008 | CN |
200980126565.1 | Jan 2013 | CN |
4447804 | Jan 2011 | DE |
2004-155810 | May 1992 | JP |
1996-274278 | Oct 1996 | JP |
1998-189912 | Jul 1998 | JP |
1999-026719 | Jan 1999 | JP |
1999-191615 | Jul 1999 | JP |
2000-196038 | Jul 2000 | JP |
2001-189438 | Jul 2001 | JP |
2003-142605 | May 2003 | JP |
2003-264246 | Sep 2003 | JP |
2003-273247 | Sep 2003 | JP |
2003-297952 | Oct 2003 | JP |
2004-072078 | Mar 2004 | JP |
2004-111626 | Apr 2004 | JP |
2004-128463 | Apr 2004 | JP |
2005-032982 | Feb 2005 | JP |
2006-032695 | Feb 2006 | JP |
2006-135364 | May 2006 | JP |
20010061020 | Jul 2001 | KR |
2001-0114003 | Dec 2001 | KR |
102001108963 | Dec 2001 | KR |
1020030058018 | Jul 2003 | KR |
1020050000896 | Jan 2005 | KR |
10-520223 | Oct 2005 | KR |
513801 | Dec 2002 | TW |
I252511 | Apr 2006 | TW |
I307160 | Mar 2009 | TW |
098121062 | Aug 2012 | TW |
PCTUS040027898 | Feb 2005 | WO |
WO 2005024936 | Mar 2005 | WO |
PCTUS040040252 | May 2005 | WO |
WO 2005062349 | Jul 2005 | WO |
PCTUS0606806 | Jul 2006 | WO |
PCTUS0606806 | Jan 2007 | WO |
PCTUS0606806 | Feb 2007 | WO |
PCTUS2008070071 | Jul 2009 | WO |
PCTUS09046946 | Jan 2010 | WO |
PCTUS08070071 | Feb 2010 | WO |
PCTUS2009046946 | Jan 2011 | WO |
Entry |
---|
U.S. Appl. No. 12/854,446, filed Aug. 11, 2010, Lee |
“Conductive Polymer” Wikipedia http://en/wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conductive—polymer&printable=yes. |
Banhart., “Aluminum Foams: on the road to real applications”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 290-295. |
Crouse et al., “Self-Assembled Nanostructures Using Anodized Alunmina Thin Films for Optoelectronic applications”, IEEE, pp. 234-235, 1999. |
Gibson et al., “Cellular Solids”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 270-274. |
Green et al., “Cellular Ceramics: Intriguing Structures, Novel Properties, and Innovative Applications”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 296-300. |
Green et al., “The Structure and Applications of Cellular Ceramics”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, 10 pages. |
J Robertson, Diamond-like amorphous carbon, Material Science and Engineering R 37 (2002) 129-281. |
John Robertson, Hard Amorphous (Diamond-Like) Carbons, Prog Solid St Chem. vol. 21, pp. 199-333, (1991). |
Karp et al., “Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 301-302. |
Kim et al., “A mechanically enhanced storage node for virtually unlimited height (MESH) capacitor aiming at sub 70nm DRAMs”, IEEE, Jan. 2004, pp. 69-72. |
Konovalov et al., “Chemistry of Materials”, Chem. Mater., vol. 11, No. 8, pp. 1949-1951 (Aug. 1999). |
Kraynik, “Foam Structure: From Soap Froth to Solid Foams”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 275-278. |
Li., “Metal-assisted chemical etching in HF/H202 produces porous silicon”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77, No. 16, Oct. 16, 2000, pp. 2572-2574. |
Liang et al., “Nonlithographic Fabrication of Lateral Superlattices for Nanometric Electromagnetic-Optic . . . ”, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electr., vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 998-1008 (Sep./Oct. 2002). |
Liu et al., “Ordered anodic alumina nanochannels on focused-ion-beam-prepatterned aluminum surfaces”, appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 120-122 (Jan. 2001). |
Maire et al., “In Situ X-Ray tomography Measurements of Deformation in Cellular Solids”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 284-289. |
Masuda et al., “Highly ordered nanochannel-array architecture in anodic alumina”, App. Phys. Lett, vol. 71, No. 19, Nov. 1997, pp. 2770-2772. |
Nadeem et al., “Fabrication of Microstructures Using Aluminum Anodization Techniques”, pre-2004, pp. 274-277. |
Oh et al., “Preparation and Pore-Characteristics Control of Nano-Porous Materials Using Organometallic Building Blocks”, Carbon Science, vol. 4, No. 1, Mar. 2003, pp. 1-9. |
Onck, “Scale Effects in Cellular Metals”, MRS Bulletin, Apr. 2003, pp. 279-283. |
O'Sullivan et al., “The Morphology and Mechanism of Formation of Porous Anodic Films on Aluminum”, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 317, 1970, pp. 511-543. |
Park et al., “Block Copolymer Lithography: Periodic Arrays of˜1011 Holes in 1 Square Centimeter”, Science, vol. 276, May 1997, pp. 1401-1404. |
Park et al., “Novel Robust Cell Capacitor (Leaning Exterminated Ring Type Insulator) and New Storage Node Contact”, IEEE, 2004 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 34-35. |
Shingubara, “Fabrication of nanomaterials using porous aluina templates”, J. Nanoparticle Res., vol. 5, 2003, pp. 17-30. |
Tan et al., “High Aspect Ratio Microstructures on Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide”, IEEE, 1995, pp. 267-272. |
Terai et al. “Newly developed RELACS process and materials for 65nm node device and beyond”, Feb. 21, 2006; website: ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10631/33565/01595193.pdf, pp. 20-21. |
Tsukada et al., “Preparation and Application of Porous Silk Fibroin Materials”, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., vol. 54, 1994, pp. 507-514. |
Yasaitis et al., “A modular process for integrating thick polysilicon MEMS devices with submicron CMOS”, Analog Devices, Pre-2004. |