The present invention relates to semiconductor memory technology. More specifically, the present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device having an electrically floating body transistor.
Semiconductor memory devices are used extensively to store data. Static and Dynamic Random Access Memory (SRAM and DRAM) are widely used in many applications. SRAM typically consists of six transistors and hence has a large cell size. However, unlike DRAM, it does not require periodic refresh operation to maintain its memory state. Conventional DRAM cells consist of one-transistor and one-capacitor (1T/1C) structure. As the 1T/1C memory cell features are scaled, difficulties arise due to the necessity of maintaining the capacitance value.
DRAM based on the electrically floating body effect has been proposed (see for example “A Capacitor-less 1T-DRAM Cell”, S. Okhonin et al., pp. 85-87, IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 23, no. 2, February 2002 (“Okhonin-1”), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely and “Memory Design Using One-Transistor Gain Cell on SOT”, T. Ohsawa et al., pp. 152-153, Tech. Digest, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, February 2002) (“Ohsawa-1”), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely. Such a memory eliminates the capacitor used in conventional 1T/1C memory cell, and thus is easier to scale to smaller feature size. In addition, such memory allows for a smaller cell size compared to the conventional 1T/1C memory cell. Both Okhonin-1 and Ohsawa-1 describe DRAM memory cell comprising a single standard metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) having a gate terminal, two source/drain terminals, and a floating body fabricated using silicon-on-insulator (SOT) complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Oshawa-1 further describes a current mirror sense amplifier which compares the current of a sensed cell to the average of two reference cells, one written to logic-0 and the other written to logic-1.
In a floating body memory, the different memory states are represented by different levels of charge in the floating body. In Okhonin-1 and Ohsawa-1, a single bit (two voltage levels) in a standard MOSFET is contemplated. Others have described using more than two voltage levels stored in the floating body of a standard MOSFET allowing for more than a single binary bit of storage in a memory cell like, for example, “The Multistable Charge-Controlled Memory Effect in SOT Transistors at Low Temperatures”, Tack et al., pp. 1373-1382, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 37, May 1990 (“Tack”) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,542,345 “Multi-bit memory cell having electrically floating body transistor, and method of programming and reading same” to Okhonin, et al (“Okhonin-2”). Tack describes obtaining more than two states in the floating body of a standard MOSFET built in SOT by manipulating the “back gate”—a conductive layer below the bottom oxide (BOX) of the silicon tub the MOSFET occupies. Okhonin-2 discloses attaining more than two voltage states in the floating body utilizing the intrinsic bipolar junction transistor (BJT) formed between the two source/drain regions of the standard MOSFET to generate read and write currents.
In memory design in general, sensing and amplifying the state of a memory cell is an important aspect of the design. This is true as well of floating body DRAM memories. Different aspects and approaches to performing a read operation are known in the art like, for example, the ones disclosed in “A Design of a Capacitor-less 1T-DRAM Cell Using Gate-Induced Drain Leakage (GIDL) Current for Low-power and High-speed Embedded Memory”, Yoshida et al., pp. 913-918, International Electron Devices Meeting, 2003 (“Yoshida”) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely; in U.S. Pat. No. 7,301,803 “Bipolar reading technique for a memory cell having an electrically floating body transistor” (“Okhonin-3”) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely; and in “An 18.5 ns 128 Mb SOI DRAM with a Floating Body Cell”, Ohsawa et al., pp. 458-459, 609, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005 (“Ohsawa-2”) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirely. Both Yoshida and Okhonin-3 disclose a method of generating a read current from a standard MOSFET floating body memory cell manufactured in SOI-CMOS processes. Okhonin-3 describes using the intrinsic BJT transistor inherent in the standard MOSFET structure to generate the read current. Ohsawa-2 discloses a detailed sensing scheme for use with standard MOSFET floating body memory cells implemented in both SOI and standard bulk silicon.
Writing a logic-0 to a floating body DRAM cell known in the art is straight forward. Either the source line or the bit line is pulled low enough to forward bias the junction with the floating body removing the hole charge, if any. Writing a logic-1 typically may be accomplished using either a band-to-band tunneling method (also known as Gate Induced Drain Leakage or GIDL) or an impact ionization method
In floating body DRAM cells, writing a logic-0 is straightforward (simply forward biasing either the source or drain junction of the standard MOSFET will evacuate all of the majority carriers in the floating body writing a logic-0) while different techniques have been explored for writing a logic-1. A method of writing a logic-1 through a gate induced band-to-band tunneling mechanism, as described for example in Yoshida. The general approach in Yoshida is to apply an appropriately negative voltage to the word line (gate) terminal of the memory cell while applying an appropriately positive voltage to the bit line terminal (drain) and grounding the source line terminal (source) of the selected memory cell. The negative voltage on WL terminal and the positive voltage on BL terminal creates a strong electric field between the drain region of the MOSFET transistor and the floating body region in the proximity of the gate (hence the “gate induced” portion of GIDL) in the selected memory cell. This bends the energy bands sharply upward near the gate and drain junction overlap region, causing electrons to tunnel from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving holes in the valence band. The electrons which tunnel across the energy band become the drain leakage current (hence the “drain leakage” portion of GIDL), while the holes are injected into floating body region 24 and become the hole charge that creates the logic-1 state. This process is well known in the art and is illustrated in Yoshida (specifically
A method of writing a logic-1 through impact ionization is described, for example, in “A New 1T DRAM Cell with Enhanced Floating Body Effect”, Lin and Chang, pp. 23-27, IEEE International Workshop on Memory Technology, Design, and Testing, 2006, (“Lin”) which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. The general approach in Lin is to bias both the gate and bit line (drain) terminals of the memory cell to be written at a positive voltage while grounding the source line (source). Raising the gate to a positive voltage has the effect of raising the voltage potential of the floating body region due to capacitive coupling across the gate insulating layer. This in conjunction with the positive voltage on the drain terminal causes the intrinsic n-p-n bipolar transistor (drain (n=collector) to floating body (p=base) to source (n=emitter)) to turn on regardless of whether or not a logic-1 or logic-0 is stored in the memory cell. In particular, the voltage across the reversed biased p-n junction between the floating body (base) and the drain (collector) will cause a small current to flow across the junction. Some of the current will be in the form of hot carriers accelerated by the electric field across the junction. These hot carriers will collide with atoms in the semiconductor lattice which will generate hole-electron pairs in the vicinity of the junction. The electrons will be swept into the drain (collector) by the electric field and become bit line (collector) current, while the holes will be swept into the floating body region, becoming the hole charge that creates the logic-1 state.
Much of the work to date has been done on SOI, which is generally more expensive than a bulk silicon process. Some effort has been made to reduce costs of manufacturing floating body DRAMs by starting with bulk silicon. An example of a process to selectively form buried isolation region is described in “Silicon on Replacement Insulator (SRI) Floating Body Cell (FBC) Memory”, S. Kim et al., pp. 165-166, Tech Digest, Symposium on VLSI Technology, 2010, (“S_Kim”) which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. In S_Kim bulk silicon transistors are formed. Then the floating bodies are isolated by creating a silicon-on-replacement-insulator (SRI) structure. The layer of material under the floating body cells is selectively etched away and replaced with insulator creating an SOI type of effect. An alternate processing approach to selectively creating a gap and then filling it with an insulator is described in “A 4-bit Double SONOS Memory (DSM) with 4 Storage Nodes per Cell for Ultimate Multi-Bit Operation”, Oh et al., pp. 58-59, Tech Digest, Symposium on VLSI Technology, 2006 (“Oh”) which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
Most work to date has involved standard lateral MOSFETs in which the source and drain are disposed at the surface of the semiconductor where they are coupled to the metal system above the semiconductor surface. A floating body DRAM cell using a vertical MOSFET has been described in “Vertical Double Gate Z-RAM technology with remarkable low voltage operation for DRAM application”, J. Kim et al., pp. 163-164, Symposium of VLSI Technology, 2010, (“J_Kim”) which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. In J_Kim, the floating body is bounded by a gate on two sides with a source region above and a buried drain region below. The drain is connected to a tap region, which allows a connection between a conductive plug at the surface to the buried drain region.
An alternate method of using a standard lateral MOSFET in a floating body DRAM cell is described in co-pending and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0034041 to Widjaja (“Widjaja”), which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. Widjaja describes a standard lateral MOSFET floating body DRAM cell realized in bulk silicon with a buried well and a substrate which forms a vertical silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) with a P1-N2-P3-N4 formed by the substrate, the buried well, the floating body, and the source (or drain) region of the MOSFET respectively. This structure behaves like two bipolar junction transistor (BJT) devices coupled together—one an n-p-n (N2-P3-N4) and one a p-n-p (P3-N2-P1)—which can be manipulated to control the charge on the floating body region (P3).
The construction and operation of standard MOSFET devices is well known in the art. An exemplary standard metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) device 100 is shown in
As shown in
As shown in
The transistors 100, 100A, and 100B are all called n-channel transistors because when turned on by applying an appropriate voltage to the gates 90, 90A and 90B respectively, the p-material under the gates is inverted to behave like n-type conductivity type for as long as the gate voltage is applied. This allows conduction between the two n-type regions 84 and 86 in MOSFET 100, 84A and 86A in MOSFET 100A and 84B and 86B in MOSFET 100B. As is well known in the art, the conductivity types of all the regions may be reversed (i.e., the first conductivity type regions become n-type and the second conductivity type regions become p-type) to produce p-channel transistors. In general, n-channel transistors are be preferred for use in memory cells (of all types and technologies) because of the greater mobility of the majority carrier electrons (as opposed to the majority carrier holes in p-channel transistors) allowing more read current for the same sized transistor, but p-channel transistors may be used as a matter of design choice.
The invention below describes a semiconductor memory device having an electrically floating body that utilizes a back bias region to further reduce the memory device size. One or more bits of binary information may be stored in a single memory cell. Methods of construction and of operation of the semiconductor device are also provided.
This disclosure uses the standard convention that p-type and n-type semiconductor “diffusion” layers or regions (regardless of how formed during manufacture) such as transistor source, drain or source/drain regions, floating bodies, buried layers, wells, and the semiconductor substrate as well as related insulating regions between the diffusion regions (like, for example, silicon dioxide whether disposed in shallow trenches or otherwise) are typically considered to be “beneath” or “below” the semiconductor surface—and the drawing figures are generally consistent with this convention by placing the diffusion regions at the bottom of the drawing figures. The convention also has various “interconnect” layers such as transistor gates (whether constructed of metal, p-type or n-type polysilicon or some other material), metal conductors in one or more layers, contacts between diffusion regions at the semiconductor surface and a metal layer, contacts between the transistor gates and a metal layer, vias between two metal layers, and the various insulators between them (including gate insulating layers between the gates and a diffusion at the semiconductor surface) are considered to be “above” the semiconductor surface—and the drawing figures are generally consistent with this convention placing these features, when present, near the top of the figures. One exception worth noting is that gates may in some embodiments be constructed in whole or in part beneath the semiconductor surface. Another exception is that some insulators may be partially disposed both above and below the surface. Other exceptions are possible. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the convention is used for ease of discussion with regards to the standard way of drawing and discussing semiconductor structures in the literature, and that a physical semiconductor in use in an application may be deployed at any angle or orientation without affecting its physical or electrical properties thereby.
The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein have at most one surface contact from the semiconductor region below the semiconductor surface to the interconnect region above the semiconductor surface within the boundary of the memory cell itself. This is in contrast to one-transistor (1T) floating body cell (FBC) DRAMs of the prior art which have two contacts—one for the source region and one for the drain region of the transistor. While some 1T FBC DRAM cells of the prior art can share the two contacts with adjacent cells resulting in an average of one contact per cell, some embodiments of the present invention can also share its contact with an adjacent cell averaging half a contact per cell.
The advantage of the present invention is in the elimination of one of the source/drain regions at the surface of the semiconductor region thereby eliminating the need to contact it at the surface. Compare, for example,
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the following embodiments and methods are exemplary only for the purpose of illustrating the inventive principles of the invention. Many other embodiments are possible and such alternate embodiments and methods will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons after reading this disclosure and examining the accompanying drawing. Thus the disclosed embodiments are exemplary only and the present invention is not to be limited in any way except by the appended claims.
Drawing figures in this specification, particularly diagrams illustrating semiconductor structures, are drawn to facilitate understanding through clarity of presentation and are not drawn to scale. In the semiconductor structures illustrated, there are two different conductivity types: p-type where the majority charge carriers are positively charged holes that typically migrate along the semiconductor valence band in the presence of an electric field, and n-type where the majority charge carriers are negatively charged electrons that typically migrate along the conduction band in the presence of an electric field. Dopants are typically introduced into an intrinsic semiconductor (where the quantity of holes and electrons are equal and the ability to conduct electric current is low: much better than in an insulator, but far worse than in a region doped to be conductive—hence the “semi-” in “semiconductor”) to create one of the conductivity types.
When dopant atoms capable of accepting another electron (known and “acceptors”) are introduced into the semiconductor lattice, the “hole” where an electron can be accepted becomes a positive charge carrier. When many such atoms are introduced, the conductivity type becomes p-type and the holes resulting from the electrons being “accepted” are the majority charge carriers. Similarly, when dopant atoms capable of donating another electron (known and “donors”) are introduced into the semiconductor lattice, the donated electron becomes a negative charge carrier. When many such atoms are introduced, the conductivity type becomes n-type and the “donated” electrons are the majority charge carriers.
As is well known in the art, the quantities of dopant atoms used can vary widely over orders of magnitude of final concentration as a matter of design choice. However it is the nature of the majority carries and not their quantity that determines if the material is p-type or n-type. Sometimes in the art, heavily, medium, and lightly doped p-type material is designated p+, p and p− respectively while heavily, medium, and lightly doped n-type material is designated n+, n and n− respectively. Unfortunately, there are no precise definitions of when a “+” or a “−” is an appropriate qualifier, so to avoid overcomplicating the disclosure the simple designations p-type and n-type abbreviated “p” or “n” respectively are used without qualifiers throughout this disclosure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many considerations that contribute to the choice of doping levels in any particular embodiment as a matter of design choice.
Numerous different exemplary embodiments are presented. In many of them there are common characteristics, features, modes of operation, etc. When like reference numbers are used in different drawing figures, they are used to indicate analogous, similar or identical structures to enhance the understanding of the present invention by clarifying the relationships between the structures and embodiments presented in the various diagrams—particularly in relating analogous, similar or identical functionality to different physical structures.
Referring to
A buried layer 22 of a second conductivity type such as n-type, for example, is provided in the substrate 12. Buried layer 22 may be formed by an ion implantation process on the material of substrate 12. Alternatively, buried layer 22 can also be grown epitaxially on top of substrate 12.
A floating body region 24 of the first conductivity type, such as p-type, for example, is bounded on top by bit line region 16 and insulating layer 62, on the sides by insulating layers 26 and 28, and on the bottom by buried layer 22. Floating body 24 may be the portion of the original substrate 12 above buried layer 22 if buried layer 22 is implanted. Alternatively, floating body 24 may be epitaxially grown. Depending on how buried layer 22 and floating body 24 are formed, floating body 24 may have the same doping as substrate 12 in some embodiments or a different doping, if desired in other embodiments, as a matter of design choice.
Insulating layers 26 and 28 (like, for example, shallow trench isolation (STI)), may be made of silicon oxide, for example, though other insulating materials may be used. Insulating layers 26 and 28 insulate cell 50 from neighboring cells 50 when multiple cells 50 are joined in an array 80 to make a memory device as illustrated in
A bit line region 16 having a second conductivity type, such as n-type, for example, is provided in floating body region 24 and is exposed at surface 14. Bit line region 16 is formed by an implantation process formed on the material making up substrate 12, according to any implantation process known and typically used in the art. Alternatively, a solid state diffusion process could be used to form bit line region 16.
A gate 60 is positioned in between the bit line region 16 and insulating layer 26 and above the floating body region 24. The gate 60 is insulated from floating body region 24 by an insulating layer 62. Insulating layer 62 may be made of silicon oxide and/or other dielectric materials, including high-K dielectric materials, such as, but not limited to, tantalum peroxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide. The gate 60 may be made of, for example, polysilicon material or metal gate electrode, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium and their nitrides.
Cell 50 further includes word line (WL) terminal 70 electrically connected to gate 60, bit line (BL) terminal 74 electrically connected to bit line region 16, source line (SL) terminal 72 electrically connected to buried layer 22, and substrate terminal 78 electrically connected to substrate 12.
As shown in
The SL terminal 72 connected to the buried layer region 22 serves as a back bias terminal, i.e. a terminal at the back side of a semiconductor transistor device, usually at the opposite side of the gate of the transistor coupled to the body or bulk of the device corresponding to region 82 in transistor 100 of
Comparing the structure of the memory device 50, for example, as shown in
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in
A method of manufacturing memory cell 50 will be described with reference to
Turning now to
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The states of memory cell 50 are represented by the charge in the floating body 24. If cell 50 is positively charged due to holes stored in the floating body region 24, then the memory cell will have a lower threshold voltage (the gate voltage where an ordinary MOSFET transistor is turned on—or in this case, the voltage at which an inversion layer is formed under gate insulating layer 62) compared to if cell 50 does not store holes in body region 24.
The positive charge stored in the floating body region 24 will decrease over time due to the diode leakage current of the p-n junctions formed between the floating body 24 and bit line region 16 and between the floating body 24 and the buried layer 22 and due to charge recombination. A unique capability of the invention is the ability to perform the holding operation in parallel to all memory cells of the array.
As shown in
If floating body 24 is positively charged, a state corresponding to logic-1, the bipolar transistor 30 formed by bit line region 16, floating body 24, and buried well region 22 will be turned on due to an impact ionization mechanism like that described with reference to Lin cited above. In particular, the voltage across the reversed biased p-n junction between the floating body 24 and the buried well region 22 will cause a small current to flow across the junction. Some of the current will be in the form of hot carriers accelerated by the electric field across the junction. These hot carriers will collide with atoms in the semiconductor lattice which will generate hole-electron pairs in the vicinity of the junction. The electrons will be swept into the buried layer region 22 by the electric field, while the holes will be swept into the floating body region 24.
The hole current flowing into the floating region 24 (usually referred to as the base current) will maintain the logic-1 state data. The efficiency of the holding operation can be enhanced by designing the bipolar device formed by buried well region 22, floating region 24, and bit line region 16 to be a low-gain bipolar device, where the bipolar gain is defined as the ratio of the collector current flowing out of SL terminal 72 to the base current flowing into the floating region 24.
If floating body 24 is neutrally charged (the voltage on floating body 24 being equal to the voltage on grounded bit line region 16), a state corresponding to logic-0, no current will flow through the n-p-n transistor 30. The bipolar device 30 will remain off and no impact ionization occurs. Consequently memory cells in the logic-0 state will remain in the logic-0 state.
The difference between an impact ionization write logic-1 operation as described with reference to Lin cited above and a holding operation is that during a holding operation the gate 60 is not biased at a higher voltage than normal during a holding operation. During a write logic-1 operation, the capacitive coupling from the gate 60 to the floating body region 24 forces the n-p-n bipolar device 30 on regardless of the data stored in the cell. By contrast, without the gate boost a holding operation only generates carriers through impact ionization when a memory cell stores a logic-1 and does not generate carries through impact ionization when a memory cell stores a logic-0.
In the embodiment discussed in
Present in
Substrate 12 is present at all locations under array 80. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one or more substrate terminals 78 will be present in one or more locations as a matter of design choice. Such skilled persons will also appreciate that while exemplary array 80 is shown as a single continuous array in
Turning now to
As shown in
The holding/standby operation can also be used for multi-bit operation in memory cell 50. To increase the memory density without increasing the area occupied by the memory cell, a multi-level operation is typically used. This is done by dividing the overall memory window into more than two different levels. In one embodiment four levels representing two binary bits of data are used, though many other schemes like, for example, using eight levels to represent three binary bits of data are possible. In a floating body memory, the different memory states are represented by different charge in the floating body 24, as described, for example, in Tack and Oknonin-2 cited above. However, since the state with zero charge in the floating body 24 is the most stable state, the floating body 24 will over time lose its charge until it reaches the most stable state. In multi-level operation, the difference of charge representing different states is smaller than a single-level operation. As a result, a multi-level memory cell is more sensitive to charge loss.
In one embodiment the bias condition for the holding operation for memory cell 50 is: 0 volts is applied to BL terminal 74, a positive voltage like, for example, +1.2 volts is applied to SL terminal 72, 0 volts is applied to WL terminal 70, and 0 volts is applied to the substrate terminal 78. In another embodiment, a negative voltage may be applied to WL terminal 70. In other embodiments, different voltages may be applied to the various terminals of memory cell 50 as a matter of design choice and the exemplary voltages described are not limiting in any way.
The read operation of the memory cell 50 and array 80 of memory cells will described in conjunction with
The amount of charge stored in the floating body 24 can be sensed by monitoring the cell current of the memory cell 50. If memory cell 50 is in a logic-1 state having holes in the body region 24, then the memory cell will have a higher cell current (e.g. current flowing from the BL terminal 74 to SL terminal 72), compared to if cell 50 is in a logic-0 state having no holes in floating body region 24. A sensing circuit typically connected to BL terminal 74 can then be used to determine the data state of the memory cell.
A read operation may be performed by applying the following bias condition to memory cell 50: a positive voltage is applied to the selected BL terminal 74, and an even more positive voltage is applied to the selected WL terminal 70, zero voltage is applied to the selected SL terminal 72, and zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78. This has the effect of operating bipolar device 30 as a backward n-p-n transistor in a manner analogous to that described for operating bipolar device 30 for a hold operation as described in conjunction with
The three cases for unselected memory cells 50 during read operations are shown in
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The read operation of the memory cell 50 and array 80 of memory cells have been described in conjunction with
A first type of write logic-0 operation of an individual memory cell 50 is now described with reference to
In
As shown in
The first and second types of write logic-0 operations referred to above each has a drawback that all memory cells 50 sharing either the same SL terminal 72 (the first type—row write logic-0) or the same BL terminal 74 will (the second type—column write logic-0) be written to simultaneously and as a result, does not allow writing logic-0 to individual memory cells 50. To write arbitrary binary data to different memory cells 50, a write logic-0 operation is first performed on all the memory cells to be written followed by one or more write logic-1 operations on the bits that must be written to logic-1.
A third type of write logic-0 operation that allows for individual bit writing can be performed on memory cell 50 by applying a positive voltage to WL terminal 70, a negative voltage to BL terminal 74, zero or positive voltage to SL terminal 72, and zero voltage to substrate terminal 78. Under these conditions, the floating body 24 potential will increase through capacitive coupling from the positive voltage applied to the WL terminal 70. As a result of the floating body 24 potential increase and the negative voltage applied to the BL terminal 74, the p-n junction between 24 and bit line region 16 is forward-biased, evacuating any holes from the floating body 24.
To reduce undesired write logic-0 disturb to other memory cells 50 in the memory array 80, the applied potential can be optimized as follows: if the floating body 24 potential of state logic-1 is referred to as VFB1, then the voltage applied to the WL terminal 70 is configured to increase the floating body 24 potential by VFB1/2 while −VFB1/2 is applied to BL terminal 74. Additionally, either ground or a slightly positive voltage may also be applied to the BL terminals 74 of unselected memory cells 50 that do not share the same BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 50, while a negative voltage may also be applied to the WL terminals 70 of unselected memory cells 50 that do not share the same WL terminal 70 as the selected memory cell 50.
As illustrated in
The bias conditions shown in
The unselected memory cells 50 in memory array 80 under the bias conditions of
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Three different methods for performing a write logic-0 operation on memory cell 50 have been disclosed. Many other embodiments and component organizations are possible like, for example, reversing the first and second conductivity types while inverting the relative voltage biases applied. An exemplary array 80 has been used for illustrative purposes, but many other possibilities are possible like, for example, applying different bias voltages to the various array line terminals, employing multiple arrays, performing multiple single bit write logic-0 operations to multiple selected bits in one or more arrays or by use of decoding circuits, interdigitating bits so as to conveniently write logic-0s to a data word followed by writing logic-1s to selected ones of those bits, etc. Such embodiments will readily suggest themselves to persons of ordinary skill in the art familiar with the teachings and illustrations herein. Thus the exemplary embodiments, features, bias levels, etc., described are not limiting in any way.
A write logic-1 operation may be performed on memory cell 50 through impact ionization as described, for example, with reference to Lin cited above, or through a band-to-band tunneling mechanism (also known as Gate Induced Drain Leakage or GIDL), as described, for example with reference to Yoshida cited above. An example of a write logic-1 operation using the GIDL method is described in conjunction with
In
The negative voltage on WL terminal 70 couples the voltage potential of the floating body region 24 in representative memory cell 50a downward. This combined with the positive voltage on BL terminal 74a creates a strong electric field between the bit line region 16 and the floating body region 24 in the proximity of gate 60 (hence the “gate induced” portion of GIDL) in selected representative memory cell 50a. This bends the energy bands sharply upward near the gate and drain junction overlap region, causing electrons to tunnel from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving holes in the valence band. The electrons which tunnel across the energy band become the drain leakage current (hence the “drain leakage” portion of GIDL), while the holes are injected into floating body region 24 and become the hole charge that creates the logic-1 state. This process is well known in the art and is illustrated in Yoshida (specifically
As shown in
Elsewhere in array 80 the following bias conditions are applied to the terminals for unselected memory cells 50 including representative memory cells 50b, 50c and 50d: about +1.2 volts is applied to SL terminal 72n, about 0.0 volts is applied to BL terminal 74p, a potential of about 0.0 volts is applied to WL terminal 70n, and about 0.0 volts is applied to substrate terminal 78.
The unselected memory cells during write logic-1 operations are shown in
As illustrated in
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In the exemplary embodiment shown in
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Referring to
A buried layer 22 of a second conductivity type such as n-type, for example, is provided in the substrate 12. Buried layer 22 may be formed by an ion implantation process on the material of substrate 12. Alternatively, buried layer 22 can also be grown epitaxially on top of substrate 12.
A floating body region 24 of the first conductivity type, such as p-type, for example, is bounded on top by bit line region 16 an insulating layer 62, on the sides by insulating layer 28, and on the bottom by buried layer 22. Floating body 24 may be the portion of the original substrate 12 above buried layer 22 if buried layer 22 is implanted. Alternatively, floating body 24 may be epitaxially grown. Depending on how buried layer 22 and floating body 24 are formed, floating body 24 may have the same doping as substrate 12 in some embodiments or a different doping, if desired in other embodiments, as a matter of design choice.
Insulating layers 28 (like, for example, shallow trench isolation (STI)), may be made of silicon oxide, for example, though other insulating materials may be used. Insulating layers 28 insulate cell 450 from neighboring cells 450 when multiple cells 450 are joined in an array 480 to make a memory device as illustrated in
A bit line region 16 having a second conductivity type, such as n-type, for example, is provided in floating body region 24 and is exposed at surface 14. Bit line region 16 is formed by an implantation process formed on the material making up substrate 12, according to any implantation process known and typically used in the art. Alternatively, a solid state diffusion process could be used to form bit line region 16.
A gate 60 is positioned in between the bit line region 16 and insulating layer 28 and above the floating body region 24. The gate 60 is insulated from floating body region 24 by an insulating layer 62. Insulating layer 62 may be made of silicon oxide and/or other dielectric materials, including high-K dielectric materials, such as, but not limited to, tantalum peroxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide. The gate 60 may be made of, for example, polysilicon material or metal gate electrode, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium and their nitrides.
Memory cell 450 further includes word line (WL) terminal 70 electrically connected to gate 60, bit line (BL) terminal 74 electrically connected to bit line region 16, source line (SL) terminal 72 electrically connected to buried layer 22, and substrate terminal 78 electrically connected to substrate 12.
As shown in
The SL terminal 72 connected to the buried layer region 22 serves as a back bias terminal, i.e. a terminal at the back side of a semiconductor transistor device, usually at the opposite side of the gate of the transistor.
Comparing the structure of the memory device 450, for example, as shown in
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in
Present in
Substrate 12 and buried layer 22 are both present at all locations under array 480. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one or more substrate terminals 78 and one or more buried well terminals 72 will be present in one or more locations as a matter of design choice. Such skilled persons will also appreciate that while exemplary array 480 is shown as a single continuous array in
This has the effect of operating bipolar device 30 as a backward n-p-n transistor in a manner analogous to that described for operating bipolar device 30 for a hold operation as described in conjunction with
The capacitive coupling between the word line terminal 70a and the floating body 24 of selected memory cell 450a increase the differentiation in the read current between the logic-1 and logic-0 states as previously described. The optimal bias voltage to apply to WL terminal 70 will vary from embodiment to embodiment and process to process. The actual voltage applied in any given embodiment is a matter of design choice.
Unselected representative memory cell 450b, which shares a row with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450c, which shares a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, will either be off or be in a weak version of the holding operation depending on the device characteristics of the process of any particular embodiment. It also retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450d, which shares neither a row nor a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It too retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
This bias condition forward biases the p-n junction between the floating body 24 and the bit line region 16 turning on the intrinsic bipolar device 30 in each of the memory cells 450 as previously described. This evacuates all of the holes in the floating body regions 24 writing a logic-0 to all of the memory cells 450 in array 480.
This bias condition forward biases the p-n junction between the floating body 24 and the bit line region 16 turning on the intrinsic bipolar device 30 in each of the memory cells 450 coupled to bit line 74a, including representative memory cells 450a and 450c, as previously described. This evacuates all of the holes in the floating body regions 24 writing a logic-0 to all of the memory cells 450 in the selected column.
The remaining memory cells 450 in array 480, including representative memory cells 450b and 450d, are in a holding operation and will retain their logic state during the write logic-0 operation.
This bias condition forward biases the p-n junction between the floating body 24 and the bit line region 16 turning on the intrinsic bipolar device 30 in selected representative memory cell 450a. The capacitive coupling between the word line terminal 70a and the floating body 24 of selected memory cell 450a causes bipolar device 30 to turn on evacuating the holes in floating body region 24 as previously described.
Unselected representative memory cell 450b, which shares a row with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450c, which shares a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, has the voltage potential of its floating body temporarily lowered because the negative capacitive coupling between its floating body 24 its gate 60 (coupled to word line terminal 70n) preventing its bipolar device 30 from turning on. It also retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation, and the voltage potential of its floating body 24 is restored to its previous level by the positive coupling between its floating body 24 its gate 60 (coupled to word line terminal 70n) when the word line terminal is returned to its nominal value of about 0.0V after the operation is complete.
Unselected representative memory cell 450d, which shares neither a row nor a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It too retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
This bias condition causes selected representative memory cell 450a to conduct current due to the GIDL mechanism discussed with reference to Yoshida cited above. The combination of −1.2V on word line terminal and +1.2V on bit line terminal 74a creates the strong electric field necessary to produce GIDL current from bit line 74a into representative memory cell 450a generating sufficient hole charge in its floating body 24 to place it in the logic-1 state.
Unselected representative memory cell 450b, which shares a row with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450c, which shares a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, is in the holding state. It also retains its logic state during the short duration of the write logic-1 operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450d, which shares neither a row nor a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It too retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
This bias condition causes selected representative memory cell 450a to conduct current due to the impact ionization mechanism discussed with reference to Lin cited above. The combination of +1.2V on word line terminal and +1.2V on bit line terminal 74a turns on the bipolar device 30 in representative memory cell 450a regardless of its prior logic state and generating sufficient hole charge in its floating body 24 to place it in the logic-1 state.
Unselected representative memory cell 450b, which shares a row with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450c, which shares a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, is in the holding state. It also retains its logic state during the short duration of the write logic-1 operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 450d, which shares neither a row nor a column with selected representative memory cell 450a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It too retains its logic state during the short duration of the read operation.
In the previous embodiments, a single binary bit has been written to, read from, and maintained in a single memory cell 50 or 450. While this approach makes for the simplest support circuitry, the simplest operating methods, and the largest noise margins, greater memory density may be achieved by storing two or more bits per memory cell 50 or 450 at the cost of increasing the complexity of the support circuitry and operating methods. Additionally, the noise margin is also reduced because the voltage window inside memory cell 50 or 450 is shared by more than two logic levels.
Preferably the information stored in memory cell 50 or 450 corresponds to an integer number of binary bits, meaning that the number of voltage levels stored in memory cell 50 or 450 will be equal to a power of two (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.), though other schemes are possible within the scope of the invention. Due to the lower noise margins, it may be desirable to encode the data in memory array 80 or 480 using any error correction code (ECC) known in the art. In order to make the ECC more robust, the voltage levels inside may be encoded in a non-binary order like, for example, using a gray code to assign binary values to the voltage levels. In the case of gray coding, only one bit changes in the binary code for a single level increase or decrease in the voltage level. Thus for an example a two bit gray encoding, the lowest voltage level corresponding to the floating body region 24 voltage being neutral might be encoded as logic-00, the next higher voltage level being encoded as logic-01, the next higher voltage level after that being encoded as logic-11, and the highest voltage level corresponding to the maximum voltage level on floating body region 24 being encoded as logic-10. In an exemplary three bit gray encoding, the logic levels from lowest to highest might be ordered logic-000, logic-001, logic-011, logic-010, logic-110, logic-111, logic-101, and logic-100. Since the most likely reading error is to mistake one voltage level for one of the two immediately adjacent voltage levels, this sort of encoding ensures that a single level reading error will produce at most a single bit correction per error minimizing the number of bits needing correction for any single error in a single cell. Other encodings may be used, and this example is in no way limiting.
A multi-level write operation can be performed using an alternating write and verify algorithm, where a write pulse is first applied to the memory cell 50 or 450, followed by a read operation to verify if the desired memory state has been achieved. If the desired memory state has not been achieved, another write pulse is applied to the memory cell 50, followed by another read verification operation. This loop is repeated until the desired memory state is achieved.
For example, using band-to-band hot hole injection to write memory cell 50 or 450, initially zero voltage is applied to BL terminal 74, zero voltage is applied to SL terminal 72, a negative voltage is applied to WL terminal 70, and zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78. Then positive voltages of different amplitudes are applied to BL terminal 74 to write different states to floating body 24. This results in different floating body potentials 24 corresponding to the different positive voltages or the number of positive voltage pulses that have been applied to BL terminal 74. Note that memory cell 50 must be written to the lowest voltage state on floating body region 24 prior to executing this algorithm.
In one particular non-limiting embodiment, the write operation is performed by applying the following bias condition: a potential of about 0.0 volts is applied to SL terminal 72, a potential of about −1.2 volts is applied to WL terminal 70, and about 0.0 volts is applied to substrate terminal 78, while the potential applied to BL terminal 74 is incrementally raised. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, 25 millivolts is initially applied to BL terminal 74, followed by a read verify operation. If the read verify operation indicates that the cell current has reached the desired state (i.e. cell current corresponding to whichever binary value of 00, 01, 11 or 10 is desired is achieved), then the multi-level write operation is successfully concluded. If the desired state is not achieved, then the voltage applied to BL terminal 74 is raised, for example, by another 25 millivolts, to 50 millivolts. This is subsequently followed by another read verify operation, and this process iterates until the desired state is achieved. However, the voltage levels described may vary from embodiment to embodiment and the above voltage levels are exemplary only and in no way limiting. To write four levels to the memory cells, at least three different positive voltage pulses (which may comprise of different amplitudes) to the BL terminal 74 are required. The first pulse corresponds to writing the memory cell to the level associated with the binary value of 01, the second pulse corresponds to writing the memory cell to the level associated with the binary value of 11, and the third pulse corresponds to writing the memory cell to the level associated with the binary value of 10.
The write-then-verify algorithm is inherently slow since it requires multiple write and read operations. The present invention provides a multi-level write operation that can be performed without alternate write and read operations as described in
As shown in
In
In the rest of array 80, zero voltage is applied to the unselected WL terminals 70b (not shown) through 70n, zero voltage is applied to the unselected SL terminals 72b (not shown) through 72n, and zero voltage is applied to the unselected BL terminals 74b through 74p. The cell current measured in the source line direction is the total cell current of all memory cells 50 which share the same source line 72a, but all of the unselected cells like representative memory cell 50b are biased with zero voltage across them from their bit line region 16 to their source line region 22 and do not conduct current as long as the source line terminal 72a is correctly biased to maintain zero volts. As a result, only one selected memory cell 50a sharing the same source line 72 can be written at a time.
In
In
Alternatively, as shown in
In a similar manner, a multi-level write operation using an impact ionization mechanism can be performed by ramping the write current applied to BL terminal 74 instead of ramping the BL terminal 74 voltage.
In another embodiment, a multi-level write operation can be performed on memory cell 50 through a band-to-band tunneling mechanism by ramping the voltage applied to BL terminal 74, while applying zero voltage to SL terminal 72, a negative voltage to WL terminal 70, and zero voltage to substrate terminal 78 of the selected memory cells 50. The unselected memory cells 50 will remain in holding mode, with zero or negative voltage applied to WL terminal 70, zero voltage applied to BL terminal 74, and a positive voltage applied to SL terminal 72. Optionally, multiple BL terminals 74 can be simultaneously selected to write multiple cells in parallel. The potential of the floating body 24 of the selected memory cell(s) 50 will increase as a result of the band-to-band tunneling mechanism. The state of the selected memory cell(s) 50 can be simultaneously read for example by monitoring the change in the cell current through a read circuit 91 coupled to the source line. Once the change in the cell current reaches the desired level associated with a state of the memory cell, the voltage applied to BL terminal 74 can be removed. In this manner, the multi-level write operation can be performed without alternate write and read operations.
Similarly, the multi-level write operation using band-to-band tunneling mechanism can also be performed by ramping the write current applied to BL terminal 74 instead of ramping the voltage applied to BL terminal 74.
In another embodiment, as shown in
Reference cells 50R representing different memory states are used to verify the state of the write operation. The reference cells 50R can be configured through a write-then-verify operation, for example, when the memory device is first powered up or during subsequent refresh periods. Thus while selected representative memory cell 50a is being written, selected reference cell 50R containing the desired voltage state (or a similar voltage) to be written is read and the value is used to provide feedback to read circuit so that the write operation may be terminated when the desired voltage level in selected representative memory cell 50a is reached. In some embodiments, multiple columns of reference cells containing different reference values corresponding to the different multilevel cell write values may be present (not shown in
In the voltage ramp operation, the resulting cell current of the representative memory cell 50a being written is compared to the reference cell 50R current by means of the read circuitry 99a. During this read while writing operation, the reference cell 50R is also being biased at the same bias conditions applied to the selected memory cell 50 during the write operation. Therefore, the write operation needs to be ceased after the desired memory state is achieved to prevent altering the state of the reference cell 50R.
As shown in
An example of a multi-level write operation without alternate read and write operations, using a read while programming operation/scheme in the bit line direction is given, where two bits are stored per memory cell 50, requiring four states to be storable in each memory cell 50.
With increasing charge in the floating body 24, the four states are referred to as states “00”, “01”, “10”, and “11”. To program a memory cell 50a to a state “01”, the reference cell 50R corresponding to state “01” is activated. Subsequently, the bias conditions described above are applied both to the selected memory cell 50 and to the “01” reference cell 50R: zero voltage is applied to the source line terminal 72, zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78, a positive voltage is applied to the WL terminal 70 (for the impact ionization mechanism), while the BL terminal 74 is being ramped up, starting from zero voltage. Starting the ramp voltage from a low voltage (i.e. zero volts) ensures that the state of the reference cell 50R does not change.
The voltage applied to the BL terminal 74a is then increased. Consequently, holes are injected into the floating body 24 of the selected cell 50 and subsequently the cell current of the selected cell 50 increases. Once the cell current of the selected cell 50 reaches that of the “01” reference cell, the write operation is stopped by removing the positive voltage applied to the BL terminal 74 and WL terminal 70.
Unselected representative memory cell 50b, which shares a row with selected representative memory cell 50a, has its bipolar device 30 turned off because there is no voltage between the collector and emitter terminals. It retains its logic state during the short duration of the multi-level write operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 50c, which shares a column with selected representative memory cell 50a, is in the holding state. Less base current will flow into the floating body 24 due to the smaller potential difference between SL terminal 72n and BL terminal 74a (i.e. the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30). It also retains its logic state during the short duration of the multi-level write operation.
Unselected representative memory cell 50d, which shares neither a row nor a column with selected representative memory cell 50a, is in the holding state. It too retains its logic state during the short duration of the multi-level write operation.
It is noteworthy that the holding operation for memory cell 50 in multistate mode is self selecting. In other words, the quantity of holes injected into the floating body 24 is proportional to the quantity of holes (i.e., the charge) already present on the floating body 24. Thus each memory cell selects its own correct degree of holding current.
Buried well layer 22 may be formed by an ion implantation process on the material of substrate 12 which may be followed by an etch so that buried well 22 is above the portion of substrate 12 remaining after the etch. Alternatively, buried well layer 22 may be grown epitaxially above substrate 22 and the unwanted portions may then be etched away. Buried well layer 22, which has a second conductivity type (such as n-type conductivity type), insulates the floating body region 24, which has a first conductivity type (such as p-type conductivity type), from the bulk substrate 12 also of the first conductivity type. Fin structure 52 includes bit line region 16 having a second conductivity type (such as n-type conductivity type). Memory cell 550 further includes gates 60 on two opposite sides of the floating substrate region 24 insulated from floating body 24 by insulating layers 62. Gates 60 are insulated from floating body 24 by insulating layers 62. Gates 60 are positioned between the bit line region 16 and the insulating layer 28, adjacent to the floating body 24.
Thus, the floating body region 24 is bounded by the top surface of the fin 52, the facing side and bottom of bit line region 16, top of the buried well layer 22, and insulating layers 26, 28 and 62. Insulating layers 26 and 28 insulate cell 550 from neighboring cells 550 when multiple cells 550 are joined to make a memory array. Insulating layer 26 insulates adjacent buried layer wells 22, while insulating layer 28 does not. Thus the buried layer 22 is therefore continuous (i.e. electrically conductive) in one direction. In this embodiment, the surface 14 of the semiconductor is at the level of the top of the fin structure. As in other embodiments, there is no contact to the buried layer 22 at the semiconductor surface 14 inside the boundary of memory cell 550.
As shown in
Memory cell 550 can be used to replace memory cell 50 in an array similar to array 80 having similar connectivity between the cells and the array control signal terminals. In such a case, the hold, read and write operations are similar to those in the lateral device embodiments described earlier for memory cell 50 in array 80. As with the other embodiments, the first and second conductivity types can be reversed as a matter of design choice. As with the other embodiments, many other variations and combinations of elements are possible, and the examples described in no way limit the present invention.
Referring now to
A bit line region 16 having a second conductivity type, such as n-type, for example, is provided in floating body 24 and is exposed at surface 14. Bit line region 16 is formed by an implantation process formed on the material making up floating body 24, according to any of implantation processes known and typically used in the art. Alternatively, a solid state diffusion process could be used to form bit line region 16.
A floating body region 24 of the substrate 12 is bounded by surface 14, bit line region 16, insulating layers 26 and 28 and buried layer 22. Insulating layers 26 and 28 (e.g., shallow trench isolation (STI)), may be made of silicon oxide, for example. Insulating layers 26 and 28 insulate cell 150 from neighboring cells 150 when multiple cells 150 are joined in an array 180 to make a memory device as illustrated in
A gate 60 is positioned in between bit line regions 16 of neighboring cells 150 and 150A and above the surface 14, the floating body regions 24, and one of the adjacent insulating layers 26 as shown in
Cell 150 further includes word line (WL) terminal 70 electrically connected to gate 60, bit line (BL) terminal 74 electrically connected to bit line region 16, source line (SL) terminal 72 electrically connected to the buried layer 22, and substrate terminal 78 electrically connected to substrate 12.
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Referring now to
A region 16 having a second conductivity type, such as n-type, for example, is provided in floating body 24 and is exposed at surface 14. Region 16 is formed by an implantation process formed on the material making up floating body 24, according to any of implantation processes known and typically used in the art. Alternatively, a solid state diffusion process could be used to form region 16.
A floating body region 24 of the substrate 12 is bounded by surface 14, region 16, insulating layers 26, and 28, buried layer 22, and trench 26T. Insulating layers 26 and 28 (e.g., shallow trench isolation (STI)), may be made of silicon oxide, for example. Insulating layers 26 and 28 combined with trench 26T insulate cell 150 from neighboring cells 150 when multiple cells 150 are joined in an array 180 to make a memory device as illustrated in
A gate 60 is positioned in trench 26T in between bit line regions 16 of neighboring cells 150 and 150A and above the surface 14 over the floating body regions 24 forming a “T” shaped structure as shown in
Cell 150 further includes word line (WL) terminal 70 electrically connected to gate 60, bit line (BL) terminal 74 electrically connected to region 16, source line (SL) terminal 72 electrically connected to the buried layer 22, and substrate terminal 78 electrically connected to substrate 12.
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Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many other embodiments of the memory cell 150 other than the exemplary embodiments described in conjunction with
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As illustrated in
If floating body 24 is positively charged (i.e. in a logic-1 state), the bipolar transistor 30 formed by bit line region 16, floating body 24, and buried well region 22 will be turned on as discussed above in conjunction with
For memory cells in the logic-0 state, the bipolar device will not be turned on, and consequently no base hole current will flow into floating body region 24 as discussed above in conjunction with
A periodic pulse of positive voltage can be applied to the SL terminal 72 as opposed to applying a constant positive bias to reduce the power consumption of the memory cell 150 in a manner analogous to that described in conjunction with
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
The read operation can be performed by applying the following bias condition to memory cell 150: a positive voltage is applied to the selected BL terminal 74, and a positive voltage greater than the positive voltage applied to the selected BL terminal 74 is applied to the selected WL terminal 70, zero voltage is applied to the selected SL terminal 72, and zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78. The unselected BL terminals will remain at zero voltage, the unselected WL terminals will remain at zero voltage, and the unselected SL terminals will remain at positive voltage.
The bias conditions for an exemplary embodiment for a read operation for the exemplary memory array 180 are shown in
In one particular non-limiting and exemplary embodiment illustrated in
In the remainder of exemplary array 180, the unselected bit line terminals 74b through 74p remain at 0.0 volts, the unselected word line terminals 70b through 70n remain at 0.0 volts, and the unselected SL terminals 72a and 72c (not shown in
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It is noteworthy that the voltage levels described in all the different cases above are exemplary only may vary substantially from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of both design choice and processing technology node, and are in no way limiting.
A two row write logic-0 operation of the cell 150 is now described with reference to
In
An example of bias conditions and an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating the intrinsic n-p-n bipolar devices 30 of unselected memory cells 150, including representative memory cells 150b, 150e, 150g and 150h, during write logic-0 operations are illustrated in
As illustrated in
In
As illustrated in
In one particular non-limiting embodiment, the following bias conditions are applied to the selected memory cell 150a: a potential of about 0.0 volts to SL terminal 72b, a potential of about −0.2 volts to BL terminal 74a, a potential of about +0.5 volts is applied to WL terminal 70a, and about 0.0 volts is applied to substrate terminals 78a through 78n+1; while about +1.2 volts is applied to unselected SL terminals 72a and 72c (not shown) through 72n+1, about 0.0 volts is applied to unselected BL terminals 74b through 74p, and about 0.0 volts is applied to unselected WL terminals 70b through 70n.
The bias conditions of the selected representative memory cell 150a under write logic-0 operation are further elaborated and are shown in
The unselected memory cells 150 during write logic-0 operations are shown in
The floating body 24 potential of memory cells sharing the WL terminal 70 as the selected memory cell will increase due to capacitive coupling from WL terminal 70 by ΔVFB. For memory cells in state logic-0, the increase in the floating body 24 potential is not sustainable as the forward bias current of the p-n diodes formed by floating body 24 and junction 16 will evacuate holes from floating body 24. As a result, the floating body 24 potential will return to the initial state logic-0 equilibrium potential. For memory cells in state logic-1, the floating body 24 potential will initially also increase by ΔVFB, which will result in holes being evacuated from floating body 24. After the positive bias on the WL terminal 70 is removed, the floating body 24 potential will decrease by ΔVFB. If the initial floating body 24 potential of state logic-1 is referred to as VFB1, the floating body 24 potential after the write logic-0 operation will become VFB1−ΔVFB. Therefore, the WL potential needs to be optimized such that the decrease in floating body potential of memory cells 50 in state logic-1 is not too large. For example, the maximum floating body potential due to the coupling from the WL potential cannot exceed VFB1/2.
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Several different types of a write logic-0 operation have been described as examples illustrating the present invention. While exemplary voltage levels have been given, the actual voltages used in practice may vary substantially from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of design choice and processing technology node used, and are in no way limiting.
A write logic-1 operation can be performed on memory cell 150 by means of impact ionization as described for example with reference to Lin cited above, or by means of a band-to-band tunneling (GIDL) mechanism, as described for example with reference to Yoshida cited above.
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The unselected memory cells during write logic-1 operations are shown in
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For unselected representative memory cell 150b sharing the same WL terminal 70a and BL terminal 74a but not the same SL terminal 72 as the selected memory cell 150a, both BL and SL terminals are positively biased. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150b is no longer in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For unselected representative memory cell 150c sharing the same SL terminal 72b and BL terminal 74a but not the same WL terminal 70 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72b is now grounded with the BL terminal now positively biased. As a result, memory cell 150c will be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150d sharing the same WL terminal 70a and SL terminal 72b but not the same BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, both the SL terminal 72 and BL terminal 74 are now grounded. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150d is not in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For unselected representative memory cell 150e sharing the same WL terminal 70a but not the same SL terminal 72 nor BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal remains positively biased. As a result, memory cell 150e will still be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate holes current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, and while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in a neutral state. There is a possible write disturb issue with memory cell 150e in this case which will be discussed in more detail below in conjunction with
For unselected representative memory cell 150f sharing the same SL terminal 72b but not the same WL terminal 70 nor BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, both the SL terminal 72 and BL terminal 74 are now grounded. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150f is no longer in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For unselected representative memory cell 150g sharing the same BL terminal 74a but not the same WL terminal 70 nor SL terminal 72, a positive bias is applied to the BL terminal 74a and the SL terminal 72n+1. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150g is no longer in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For unselected representative memory cell 150h not sharing WL, BL, and SL terminals 70, 74 and 72 respectively as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72n+1 will remain positively charged and the BL terminal 74b and the WL terminal 70n are grounded. As can be seen, memory cell 150h will be at holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate holes current to replenish the charge in floating body 24; while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in neutral state.
One solution to the write disturb in representative memory cell 150e is to design memory cell 150 such that the impact ionization is less efficient at generating charge carriers when the source line terminal 72 is positively biased than it is in the case when the bit line terminal 74 is positively biased using techniques known in the art. This creates enough current to place representative memory cell 150e in a holding mode while generating a larger current sufficient for writing a logic-1 in memory cell 150a.
Alternatively, a different set of bias conditions may be used as illustrated in
As further illustrated in
Also shown in
For unselected representative memory cell 150b sharing the same WL terminal 70a and BL terminal 74a but not the same SL terminal 72 as the selected memory cell 150a, both BL and SL terminals are positively biased with a larger bias applied to the BL than the SL. As a result, bipolar device 30 is on and memory cell 150b is in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150c sharing the same SL terminal 72b and BL terminal 74a but not the same WL terminal 70 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72b is now grounded with the BL terminal now positively biased. As a result, memory cell 150c will be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150d sharing the same WL terminal 70a and SL terminal 72b but not the same BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72b is now grounded and the BL terminal 74b has a slight positive bias. As a result, memory cell 150d will be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150e sharing the same WL terminal 70a but not the same SL terminal 72 nor BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72a and the BL terminal 74b both have a slight positive bias. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n-p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150e is no longer in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body. This also eliminates the potential write disturb condition for representative memory cell 150e present with the bias conditions of
For unselected representative memory cell 150f sharing the same SL terminal 72b but not the same WL terminal 70 nor BL terminal 74 as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72b is grounded and BL terminal 74b has a small positive bias. As a result, memory cell 150f will be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150g sharing the same BL terminal 74a but not the same WL terminal 70 nor SL terminal 72, a positive bias is applied to the BL terminal 74a and a smaller positive bias is applied to SL terminal 72n+1. As a result, memory cell 150g will be in a holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 because the intrinsic bipolar device 30 will generate hole current to replenish the charge in floating body 24, while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in the neutral state.
For unselected representative memory cell 150h not sharing WL, BL, and SL terminals 70, 74 and 72 respectively as the selected memory cell 150a, the SL terminal 72n+1 and the BL terminal 74b will have a slight positive bias while the WL terminal 70n is grounded. As a result, there is no potential difference between the emitter and collector terminals of the n− p-n bipolar device 30 and consequently memory cell 150e is no longer in a holding mode. However, because the write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
Different structures and methods of operation have been discussed with respect to exemplary memory array 180 comprised of a plurality of memory cells 150. Many other embodiments are possible within the scope of the invention. For example, regions of the first conductivity type may be changed from p-type to n-type and regions of the second conductivity type may be changed from n-type to p-type combined with a reversal of the polarities of the bias voltages for various operations. The bias levels themselves are exemplary only and will vary from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of design choice. Memory array 180 may be altered so that the outside rows share a source line 72 with the adjacent row and have a dedicated word line 70. Many other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to persons skilled in the art, thus the invention is not to be limited in any way except by the appended claims.
It is noteworthy that memory cell 550 constructed using either of the fin structures 52 and 52A described in conjunction with
Another embodiment of memory cell 150 is shown in
A method of manufacturing memory cell 150 as shown in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
Present in
The manufacturing of memory cell 250 is substantially similar to the manufacturing of memory cell 50 described in conjunction with
While the drawing figures show the first conductivity type as p-type and the second conductivity type as n-type, as with previous embodiments the conductivity types may be reversed with the first conductivity type becoming n-type and the second conductivity type becoming p-type as a matter of design choice in any particular embodiment.
The memory cell states are represented by the charge in the floating body 24, which modulates the intrinsic n-p-n bipolar device 230 formed by buried well region 22, floating body 24, and BL bit line region 16. If cell 250 has holes stored in the body region 24, then the memory cell will have a higher bipolar current (e.g. current flowing from BL to SL terminals during read operation) compared to if cell 250 does not store holes in body region 24.
The positive charge stored in the body region 24 will decrease over time due to the p− n diode leakage formed by floating body 24 and bit line region 16 and buried layer 22 and due to charge recombination. A unique capability of the invention is the ability to perform the holding operation in parallel to all memory cells of the array.
An entire array holding operation is illustrated in
A fraction of the bipolar transistor current will then flow into floating region 24 (usually referred to as the base current) and maintain the state logic-1 data. The efficiency of the holding operation can be enhanced by designing the bipolar device formed by buried well region 22, floating region 24, and bit line region 16 to be a low-gain bipolar device, where the bipolar gain is defined as the ratio of the collector current flowing out of SL terminal 72 to the base current flowing into the floating region 24.
For memory cells in state logic-0 data, the bipolar device will not be turned on, and consequently no base hole current will flow into floating region 24. Therefore, memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in state logic-0.
A periodic pulse of positive voltage can be applied to the SL terminal 72 as opposed to applying a constant positive bias to reduce the power consumption of the memory cell 250.
An example of the bias condition for the holding operation is hereby provided: zero voltage is applied to BL terminal 74, a positive voltage is applied to SL terminal 72, and zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about +1.2 volts is applied to terminal 72, about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal 74, and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal 78. However, these voltage levels may vary from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of design choice.
In the entire array holding operation of
In the single row hold operation of
A single memory cell read operation is illustrated in
In
The unselected memory cells during read operations are shown in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
The various voltage bias levels above are exemplary only. They will vary from embodiment to embodiment as a function of both design choice and the process technology used.
A write logic-0 operation can also be performed on a column basis by applying a negative bias to the BL terminal 74 as opposed to the SL terminal 72. The SL terminal 72 will be zero or positively biased, while zero voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78. Under these conditions, all memory cells sharing the same BL terminal 74 will be written into state logic-0 and all the other cells will be in a holding operation.
The various voltage bias levels above are exemplary only. They will vary from embodiment to embodiment as a function of both design choice and the process technology used.
A write logic-1 operation can be performed on memory cell 250 through impact ionization as described for example with reference to Lin above.
An example of the bias condition of the selected memory cell 250a under impact ionization write logic-1 operation is illustrated in
In one particular non-limiting embodiment, the following bias conditions are applied to the selected memory cell 250a: a potential of about 0.0 volts is applied to selected SL terminal 72a, a potential of about +2.0 volts is applied to selected BL terminal 74a, and about 0.0 volts is applied to substrate terminals 78a through 78n. The following bias conditions are applied to the unselected terminals: about +1.2 volts is applied to SL terminals 72b (not shown) through 72n, and about 0.0 volts is applied to BL terminals 74b through 74p.
The unselected memory cells during write logic-1 operations are shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
The various voltage bias levels above are exemplary only. They will vary from embodiment to embodiment as a function of both design choice and the process technology used. Also, the first conductivity type may be changed from p-type to n-type and the second conductivity type may be changed from n-type to p-type, and the polarities of the applied biases may be reversed. Thus the invention is not to be limited in any way except by the appended claims.
A vertical stack of alternating conductive regions of first conductivity type and second conductivity type has been described in J_Kim discussed above, where a gate is overlaid surrounding the body region 24 on two sides. By removing the gates, a more compact memory cell than that reported in J_Kim can be obtained as in memory cell 350 discussed below.
The manufacturing of memory cell 350 is substantially similar to the manufacturing of memory cell 50 described in conjunction with
While the drawing figures show the first conductivity type as p-type and the second conductivity type as n-type, as with previous embodiments the conductivity types may be reversed with the first conductivity type becoming n-type and the second conductivity type becoming p-type as a matter of design choice in any particular embodiment.
An alternate method of operating memory cells 50, 150, and 450, which utilizes the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) principle discussed above with reference to Widjaja, is now described.
As shown in
The holding operation can be performed by applying the following bias: zero voltage is applied to BL terminal 74, zero or negative voltage is applied to WL terminal 70, and a positive voltage is applied to the substrate terminal 78, while leaving SL terminal 72 floating. Under these conditions, if memory cell 50 is in memory/data state logic-1 with positive voltage in floating body 24, the SCR device of memory cell 50 is turned on, thereby maintaining the state logic-1 data. Memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in blocking mode, since the voltage in floating body 24 is not substantially positive and therefore floating body 24 does not turn on the SCR device. Accordingly, current does not flow through the SCR device and these cells maintain the state logic-0 data. Those memory cells 50 that are commonly connected to substrate terminal 78 and which have a positive voltage in body region 24 will be refreshed with a logic-1 data state, while those memory cells 50 that are commonly connected to the substrate terminal 78 and which do not have a positive voltage in body region 24 will remain in blocking mode, since their SCR device will not be turned on, and therefore memory state logic-0 will be maintained in those cells. In this way, all memory cells 50 commonly connected to the substrate terminal will be maintained/refreshed to accurately hold their data states. This process occurs automatically, upon application of voltage to the substrate terminal 78, in a parallel, non-algorithmic, efficient process. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, a voltage of about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal 74, a voltage of about −1.0 volts is applied to terminal 70, and about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal 78. However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships there between.
As illustrated in
For memory cells sharing the same row as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50b), both the BL and substrate terminals are positively biased and the SCR is off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because read operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For memory cells sharing the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50c), the substrate terminal 78 remains positively biased while the BL terminal 74 is positively biased (at lower positive bias than that applied to the substrate terminal 78). As can be seen, these cells will be at holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in neutral state.
For memory cells sharing neither the same row nor the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50d), both the BL and substrate terminals are positively biased and the SCR is off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because read operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruptions to the charge stored in the floating body.
The silicon controlled rectifier device of selected memory cell 50a can be put into a state logic-1 (i.e., performing a write logic-1 operation) as described with reference to
For memory cells sharing the same row as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50b), the substrate terminal 78 is positively biased. However, because the BL terminal 74 is also positively biased, there is no potential difference between the substrate and BL terminals and the SCR is off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because the write logic-1 operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For memory cells sharing the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50c), the substrate terminal 78 remains positively biased while the BL terminal 74 is now grounded. As can be seen, these cells will be at holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in neutral state.
For memory cells not sharing the same row nor the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50d), both the BL and substrate terminals are positively biased and the SCR is off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because the write logic-1 operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
A write logic-0 operation to selected memory cell 50a is described with reference to
For memory cells sharing the same row as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50b), the substrate terminal 78 is grounded and the SCR will be off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because write operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
For memory cells sharing the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50c), the substrate terminal 78 is positively biased while the BL terminal 74a is now grounded. As can be seen, these cells will be at holding mode, where memory cells in state logic-1 will maintain the charge in floating body 24 while memory cells in state logic-0 will remain in neutral state.
For memory cells sharing neither the same row nor the same column as the selected memory cell (e.g. cell 50d), both the BL terminal 74p and substrate terminal 78 are positively biased and the SCR is off. Consequently these cells will not be at the holding mode. However, because the write logic-0 operation is accomplished much faster (in the order of nanoseconds) compared to the lifetime of the charge in the floating body 24 (in the order of milliseconds), it should cause little disruption to the charge stored in the floating body.
While one illustrative embodiment and method of use of the SCR operation of memory cell 50 has been described, other embodiments and methods are possible. For example, the first and second conductivity types may be reversed so that the first conductivity type is n− type and the second conductivity is p-type making the SCR a N1-P2-N3-P4 device and reversing the polarity of applied voltages. Voltages given in the various example operations are illustrative only and will vary from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of design choice. While substrate 12 is called a substrate for continuity of terminology and simplicity of presentation, substrate 12 may alternately be a well in either another well or a true substrate in a structure similar to that described in conjunction with
A novel semiconductor memory with an electrically floating body memory cell is achieved. The present invention also provides the capability of maintaining memory states employing parallel non-algorithmic periodic refresh operation. As a result, memory operations can be performed in an uninterrupted manner. Many embodiments of the present invention have been described. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that these embodiments are exemplary only to illustrate the principles of the present invention. Many other embodiments will suggest themselves to such skilled persons after reading this specification in conjunction with the attached drawing figures. For example:
The first and second conductivity types may be reversed and the applied voltage polarities inverted while staying within the scope of the present invention.
While many different exemplary voltage levels were given for various operations and embodiments, these may vary from embodiment to embodiment as a matter of design choice while staying within the scope of the present invention.
The invention may be manufactured using any process technology at any process geometry or technology node and be within the scope of the invention. Further, it should be understood that the drawing figures are not drawn to scale for ease of understanding and clarity of presentation, and any combination of layer composition, thickness, doping level, materials, etc. may be used within the scope of the invention.
While exemplary embodiments typically showed a single memory array for the purpose of simplicity in explaining the operation of the various memory cells presented herein, a memory device employing the memory cells of the presentation may vary in many particulars in terms of architecture and organization as a matter of design choice while staying within the scope of the invention. Such embodiments may, without limitation, include features like, for example, as multiple memory arrays, segmentation of the various control lines with or without multiple levels of decoding, simultaneously performing multiple operations in multiple memory arrays or in the same arrays, employ many different voltage or current sensing circuits to perform read operations, use a variety of decoding schemes, use more than one type of memory cell, employ any sort of interface to communicate with other circuitry, and employ many different analog circuits known in the art to generate voltage or currents for use in performing the various operations on the memory array or arrays. Such analog circuits may without limitation be, for example, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), operational amplifiers (Op Amps), comparators, voltage reference circuits, current mirrors, analog buffers, etc.
Thus the invention should not be limited in any way except by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/844,715, filed Apr. 9, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/174,377, filed Oct. 30, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,644,001, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/618,442, filed Jun. 9, 2017, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,141,315, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/238,343, filed Aug. 16, 2016, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,704,869, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/930,049, filed Nov. 2, 2015, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,450,090, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/330,083, filed Jul. 14, 2014, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,208,840, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/018,947, filed Sep. 5, 2013, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,817,548, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/897,516, filed Oct. 4, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,547,756. This application is also commonly assigned with U.S. patent application entitled “COMPACT SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY DEVICE HAVING REDUCED NUMBER OF CONTACTS, METHODS OF OPERATING AND METHODS OF MAKING,” Ser. No. 12/897,528, filed on Oct. 4, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,514,622. The entire contents of all of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
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