Signature filter system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the invention.
This invention relates to signal processing arrangements and, in particular, to digital filtering arrangements.
2. Description of the prior art.
The prior art provides digital filtering arrangements with whole-number digital data processors which require complex computational hardware to implement whole-number computations. Prior art correlators are implemented as frequency-domain correlators by first performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to convert time-domain input information to frequency-domain information, then by performing a correlation operation in the frequency-domain, and then by performing an inverse FFT for converting the frequency-domain correlated information to time-domain information for interpretation by an operator. The large quantity of whole-number computational operations such as multiplication operations for an FFT computation, complex hardware, and extensive computations result in expensive correlation processors which are not able to operate in real-time. Further, prior art equipment such as digital correlators are implemented based upon requiring input resolution comperable to the desired output resolution. Therefore, prior art systems such as the CAFDRS system provided by United Geophysical of Pasadena, Calif. use a compositor to composite information prior to correlation in order to reduce the data rate of correlation input information. Further, such prior art systems cannot perform real-time correlation computations but can only perform correlation computations off-line; where on-line real-time correlation is not feasible in the prior art because of correlator speed limitations. The prior art operation of compositing-before-correlation, which is used to reduce data rates, introduces many limitations such as requiring repeatable signal sources and requiring repetition of ensonifying signals for compositing-before-correlation. Further, the non-real-time off-line operation of prior art correlators, resulting from the relatively low performance of prior art whole-number correlators, precludes correlation of information as acquired in real-time and precludes the ability for correlating all of the information acquired withoutt first compositing.
The prior art has considered that a correlator must have a computational word size that is related to a required output word size. For example, a 16-bit correlator generates 16-bit correlation output words by performing computations with 16-bit computational circuits on 16-bit input trace and pilot words. Consequently, prior art correlators typically having a 16-bit word size have been implemented with complex computations for manipulating 16-bit words.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to signal processing and filtering arrangement, particularly using single bit sample filtering for detection and location of objects. Signature signals are received and processed with single bit filtering circuits, such as with correlation filter circuits, to generate filtered signals having an improved signal to noise ratio and having signature discrimination capability. This filtering arrangement can be used to map the subsurface terrain in a seismic embodiment, to locate objects in a location embodiment, to communicate information in a communication embodiment, and to more efficiently store information in a memory embodiment. Generation of a plurality of different signature signals and correlation processing of the different signals by different filter channels facilitates improved system capability.
In one embodiment; a filtering system comprises a plurality of signatuure signal generators being spaced apart, each signature signal generator generating an overlapping signature signal that is overlapping the signature signal generated by at least one of the other spaced apart signature signal generators, each signature signal having a signature that is different from the signature of the signature signal of each of the other spaced apart signature signal generators for propagating through a propagation medium and a signature signal processor being spaced apart from each of the plurality of signature signal generators for generating output signal samples in response to the overlapping signature signals propagating through the propagation medium from the plurality of signature signal generators; wherein the signal processor includes a receiver for generating single bit resolution input signature signal samples in response to the overlapping signature signals propagating through the propagation medium from the plurality of signature signal generators, a plurality of single bit resolution reference signal generators each corresponding with a different one of the signature signal generators in the plurality of signature signal generators and each generating single bit resolution reference signal samples having a signature that is different from the signature of the single bit resolution reference signal samples generated with each of the other reference signal generators and each having a signature that is the same as the signature of the overlapping signatuure signal generated with the corresponding one of the plurality of signature signal generators, and a plurality of single bit resolution filter processors each corresponding with a different one of the single bit resolution reference signal generators in the plurality of single bit resolution reference signal generators and each generating output signal samples by filter processing the single bit resolution input signature signal samples generated with the receiver in response to the single bit resolution reference signal samples generated with the corresponding one of the reference signal generators.
In accordance with a feature of the present invention, an improved filter processor haivng single bit filtering capability is provided.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, an improved detection and location arrangement is provided.
A still further feature of the present invention provides for generation and processing of overlapping signature signals.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of this invention as illustrated in the accompanied drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A better understanding of the invention may be obtained from a consideration of the detailed description hereinafter taken in conjunction with the drawings which are briefly described below.
FIG. 1 comprising FIGS. 1A-1F is a block diagram of a system in accordance with the present invention wherein FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a signal processing system having a separate correlator and compositor; FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a system having a combined correlator and compositor; FIG. 1C is a block diagram of a system having a plurality of transmitters and a plurality of correlators for correlation-after-compositing; FIG. 1D is a block diagram of a system having a plurality of transmitters and a plurality of correlators for compositing-after-correlation; FIG. 1E is a block diagram of a data processing arrangement in accordance with FIGS. 1A-1D for providing frequency-domain correlation and frequency-domain compositing; and FIG. 1F is a block diagram of a data processing arrangement in accordance with FIGS. 1A-1D for providing frequency-domain correlation and time-domain compositing.
FIG. 2 comprising FIGS. 2A and 2B is a detailed block diagram representation in accordance with FIG. 1 wherein FIG. 2A provides a detailed block diagram of the signal processing arrangement in accordance with FIG. 1 and wherein FIG. 2B illustrates a converter in more detail in accordance with FIG. 2A.
FIG. 3 comprising FIGS. 3A-3D shows chirp signal waveforms illustrating operation of the system in accordance with the present invention wherein FIG. 3A illustrates simple correlation operations; FIG. 3B illusrates compositing-before-correlation operations; FIG. 3C illustrates compositing-after-correlation operations for sequential up-chirp signals; FIG. 3D illustrates compositing-after-correlation operations for simultaneous up-chirp and down-chirp signals; and FIG. 3E illustrates ensonification with overlapping chirp signals.
FIG. 4 illustrates a single-bit correlator mechanization in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 comprising FIGS. 5A and 5B presents flow diagram and state diagram representations of correlator and compositor operations in accordance with the present invention whherein FIG. 5A illustrates a multi-channel embodiment and FIG. 5B illustrates a single channel embodiment.
FIG. 6 comprising FIGS. 6A-6H provides detailed schematic and block diagram representations of a correlator and compositor arrangement in accordance with the present invention wherein FIG. 6A shows a detailed block diagram of a correlator and compositor arrangement; FIG. 6B shows a counter arrangement for implementing control logic in accordance with the arrangement shown in FIG. 6A; FIG. 6C shows a ROM arrangement for implementing control logic in accordance with the arrangementt shown in FIG. 6A; FIG. 6D shows a detailed control logic and correlator arrangment in accordance with FIGS. 6A and 6B; FIG. 6E shows a multi-channel correlator arrangement in accordance with FIG. 6D; FIG. 6F shows a composite control arrangement in accordance with FIG. 6D; FIG. 6G shows a synchronous one-shot logical schematic; and FIG. 6H shows a CRT display arrangement.
FIG. 7 comprising FIGS. 7A-7I provides detailed block diagram and schematic representations and provides signal diagrams for a communication embodiment in accordance with the present invention wherein FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of a communication arrangement; FIG. 7B shows multiple up-chirp communication waveforms in accordance with the communication arrangement of FIG. 7A; FIG. 7C shows multiple up-chirp and down-chirp waveforms in accordance with the communication arrangement of FIG. 7A; FIG. 7D shows a detailed block diagram and schematic representation of a multiple chirp generator for generating chrip waveforms in accordance with FIGS. 7B and 7C; FIG. 7E shows a detailed schematic and block diagram representation of a chirp generator in accordance with FIG. 7D; FIG. 7F shows a detailed block diagram and schematic representation of a correlation demodulator in accordance with FIG. 7A; FIG. 7G shows a rate multiplier embodiment of a chirp generator in accordance with FIG. 7D; FIG. 7H shows a digital differential analyzer arrangement of a chirp generator in accordance with FIG. 7D; and FIG. 7I shows an alternate embodiment of a multiple chirp generator arrangement in accordance with FIG. 7D.
FIG. 8 shows chirp signal waveforms illustrating operation of the system in accordance with FIG. 7 for an analog chirp signal communication arrangment.
FIG. 9 comprising FIGS. 9A-9J illustrates signal processing arrangements using charge couple devices (CCDs) in accordance with the present invention wherein FIG. 9A illustrates a CCD channel processor arrangement; FIG. 9B illustrates a CCD beam forming arrangement; FIG. 9C illustrates a CCD hydrid memory arrangement; FIG. 9D illustrates signal degradation and compensation in accordance with the hybrid memory arrangement in accordance with FIG. 9C; FIG. 9E illustrates an alternate embodiment of a CCD memory arrangement; FIG. 9F illustrates an adaptive memory refresh arrangement; FIG. 9G illustrates the signal forms associated with the adaptive memory refresh arrangement shown in FIG. 9F; FIG. 9H shows a first refresh circuit; FIG. 9I shows a refresh circuitry having an analog implicit servo; and FIG. 9J shows a hybrid refresh circuit having an implicit servo.

By way of introduction of the illustrated embodiment, the components shown in FIGS. 1-9 of the drawings have been assigned general reference numerals and a description of each such component is given in the following detailed description. The components in the figures have been assigned three-digit reference numerals wherein the hundreds-digit of the reference numeral is related to the figure number except that the same component appearing in successive drawing figures has maintained the first reference numeral. For example, the components in FIG. 1 have reference numerals between 100 and 199 and the components in FIG. 2 have reference numerals between 200 and 299.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The system of the present invention can take any of a number of forms. Preferred embodiments of several forms of the present invention are shown in the accompanying figures and will be described in detail hereafter.
A preferred embodiment disclosing coupling and connection of circuits, devices, and elements is provided in the discussions, in the tables, and in the figures herein. For example; a source circuit, device, or element generates a source signal and a distination circuit, device, or element is coupled to the source circuit, device, or element and operates in response to the source signal.
A digital filtering system is provided for acquiring and processing signals using a digital filter for signal separation and signal enhancement. A digital correlator is provided for generating high resolution output data in response to low resolution input data processed with low resolutiton computational circuits. In one embodiment, a real-time time-domain correlator is provided with single-bit resolution computational elements to implement the correlation filtering operation. Use of the high speed real-time correlator of the present invention permits further enhancement of signals with the capability of compositing-after-correlation and with the capability of correlation using a plurality of correlation operators. Particular advantages are achieved with the use of the real-time correlator in a geophysical exploration system embodiment and in a communication embodiment. Systems applications of the digital filter includes a communications modem for modulating and demodulating chirp signals to enhance data communication and compositing-after-correlation in a geophysical exploration system. Detailed circuitry is provided to implement such systems including an improved chirp signal generator, a multi-chirp signal generator, a chirp modulator, and a correlation demodulator.
The present invention provides signal processing and digital filtering arrangements for signal enhancement which are applicable to multitudes of different types of systems. In a geophysical exploration system, an improved digital filtering arrangement is provided which yields improved digital filtering capability with a significant reduction in cost when compared to prior art systems. Futher, the availability of the low cost and high performance correlator of the present invention permits use of correlation digital filters in multitudes of applications that previously could not qualify such digital filtering capability. For example, use of digital filters may significantly enhance processing such as in the medical diagnostic systems, equipment diagnostic systems, radar and sonar signal processing systems, pattern recognition systems, communication systems, and in many other signal processing and data processing applications.
A simplified correlator arrangement is provided for digital filtering operations, where the digital correlator is implemented to process low resolution input data such as single-bit data in a high speed and low cost arrangement while still providing high resolution output data. A characteristic of the correlation operation is that input data resolution does not limit output data resolution; where greater output data resolution can be obtained than available with the input data by enhancing the information over many samples. This may be considered to be an averaging of a statistical combination of many samples to enhance precision and may be considered analagous to the integration signals using analog filters to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and other such characteristics. In one configuration of the correlator of the present invention, a one-bit resolution computational operation is provided to implement a low cost high speed correlator, where the input or trace signal and the operator or pilot signal may have only one-bit resolution. A one-bit computation is simple to implement, thereby providing low cost and high speed when compared to conventional whole-number computations typically performed on 16-bit words.
This arrangement generating high resolution correlator output information in response to low resolution input information is described in a preferred embodiment, wherein low resolution input information may be single-bit information and the high resolution output information may be a 20 bit information. The prior art has considered that it is necessary to have input resolution and computational resolution comparable to required output resolution. In accordance with this feature of the present invention, intrinsic characteristics of a filtering algorithm are recognized wherein low resolution input information may be used to generate high resolution output information. Preferred embodiments of the present invention take advantage of this characteristic by receiving low resolution input information such as single-bit information, processing low resolution information such as single-bit information, and updating high resolution output information in response to the low resolution input information and low resolution data processing.
An arrangement for compositing-after-correlation is provided for a geophysical application which yields substantial advantages over the prior art systems. One advantage is that a plurality of different pilot signals may be generated sequentially to reduce "computational noise" associated with the correlation function such as the "side lobes" associated with a correlation peak. Another advantage is that uncontrollable pilot signals such as dynamite blasts may be used, wherein each return trace may be correlated against a measured pilot signal. Yet another advantage may be elimination of a compositor, where compositing is a summation operation and wherein the correlation algorithm of the present invention provides multiplication and summing operations; where compositing may be implicit in the correlation operation and need not be implemented in a special compositor. Still a further advantage is that the time associated with a "listening" period between transmitted chrip signals may be eliminated by overlapping or superimposing pilot signals which are separable through correlation rather than through time delays.
A correlator is a widely applicable digital filter and is exemplary of the generalized digital filtering arrangemets of the present invention. A correlator can enhance signals so efficiently that information can be extracted from signals where no information appears to exist. It may be used to perform many signal processing and filtering operations including separation of signals from noise, separation or demultiplexing of multitudes of signals that are mixed together, and enhancing low level signals. For example, a geophysical exploration application may use a correlator to separate millions of seismic signals reflected from subsurface structures which are all combined together and which are mixed with high levels of noise.
The digital correlator of the present invention is an important technological advancement that supercedes limitations of prior art correlators and which generally enhances applicability of correlators. Prior art correlators have three major limitations which are low speed, high price, and low accuracy. The correlator of the present invention overcomes these limitations, having a price-to-performance characteristic that is significantly better than with prior art correlators and having the highest levels of accuracy.
Speed is a primary consideration where correlators are often required to process voluminous amounts of data that is being acquired in real-time. Prior art correlators are too slow to process information in real-time for high data rate applications. Therefore, many prior art systems have limited throughput and require expensive data buffering to compensate for correlator speed limitations. For such prior art systems, expensive disc memories are used to buffer input information until the correlator can "catch-up" with the acquired data and the acquisition of data must be discontinued until the correlator can process the previously acquired data. Therefore, such systems must tolerate the high cost of buffer memories and the low productivity caused by discontinuing operations until the correlator can "catch-up". The correlator of the present invention has extremely high speed, permitting data to be correlated in real-time as acquired without limiting system productivity and without requiring expensive buffer memories as with prior art systems. For example, the correlator of the present invention can process geophysical information in real-time from 1,024-channels with 1-millisecond samples but the prior art CAFDRS geophysical exploration system cannot even process information in real-time from 24-channels with 4-millisecond samples. For a geophysical application, the correlator of the present invention is almost 1,000-times faster than the CAFDRS correlator. Other prior art correlators may provide greater speed than the CAFDRS correlator but have significantly higher cost, where the correlator of the present invention may have approximately a 100-times speed advantage over the very expensive highest speed prior art correlators.
Price is a primary consideration, where correlator price may be a primary system constraint. Higher speed prior art correlators may be priced at over $50,000 and may total almost $100,000 when buffer memories, peripherals, and interfaces are included. The correlator of the present invention can be produced to sell profitably for under $10,000 in a sophisticated geophysical configuration. Further, price advantages accrue as a result of the reduction in buffer memory requirements and in enhanced throughput as a result of the real-time capabilities of the correlator of the present invention.
Accuracy is a secondary consideration with prior art corelators, where 16-bit resolution (1-part in 65,000) is typical. Applications requiring greater precision cannot be accommodated with prior art correlators which have a fixed resolution characteristic and a limited flexibility to adjust resolution to the specific requirements of the application. The correlator of the present invention has substantially unlimited resolution capability, wherein the resolution can be modularly expanded to meet any practical requirement. A preferred embodiment is configured for 20-bit resolution (1-part-per-million), which is more than 10-times the resolution of prior art correlators having 16-bit resolution.
The coreelator of the present invention provides state-of-the-art capability with a price-to-performance characteristic that may be more than ten-times better than available with prior art correlators based upon a unique correlation concept and design. The correlator of the present invention uses new correlator concepts to achieve high speed and high accuracy at low cost in contrast to the "brute-force" approaches used in prior art correlators. Therefore, the correlator of the present invention can be qualified for applications which could not tolerate the high price, low speed, or other limitations of prior art correlators.
A geophysical exploration embodiment of the present invention will now be described.
Geophysical exploration equipment is primarily used to locate oil, where seismic vibrations are impressed on the earth and geophone transducers sense the reflected seismic signals as indicative of subsurface structures. The received waveforms are extremely complex, including signals from millions of subsurface reflectors all superimposed together with varying amplitudes and with high levels of noise. The processing of these extremely complex seismic signals is usually performed on layge scale computers at computer centers implementing complex filtering computations in software.
Signal enhancement and data compression are often provided in the field using a compositor, which effectively adds corresponding samples from many vibrator sweeps to reduce the amount of data that must be recorded. Because of the complexity of the raw data and the composited data, it is not possible for an operator to determine the nature of the subsurface structures nor to adequately determined if meaningful information is being acquired. Field exploration is very expensive typically costing $5,000 per day, where acquisition of poor information without the ability to detect and correct the situation during data acquisition may have extreme consequences. It is often necessary to return and "reshoot" the area at extremely high cost, but there may not be the opportunity to reshoot the area because of conditions such as weather and accessibility associated with areas such as in Alaska, or because of prohibitive costs to reaccess the area, or because of equipment availability. The ability to correlate and evaluate seismic datta in the field permits obtaining of clear and meaningful information with the ability to continue to accumulate information until acquired data is satisfactory. Further, the ability to correlate and evaluate seismic data in the field permits exploration of important subsurface structures that are not along the exploration route but which are often detected during exploration. Still further, the ability to correlate in the field permits optimization of data such as by compensating for noise, enhancing seismic data associated with important subsurface structures, and reducing the amount of time expended by precluding the need to take excessive data "just to be safe". Many other important considerations are related to correlation of data in the field. As one analogy, a correlator in a field system may be considered to provide the advantages of eyesight to an explorer, where the absence of a correlator in a field system may be considered to by "exploring blind".
Many prior art geophysical exploration systems have compositors and a few of the more advanced prior art systems have correlators, where these prior art compositors and correlators are extremely expensive yet are low in performance. For example, the CAFDRS system utilizes two computers and two disc memories, wherein a first computer performs compositing in real-time as the data is acquired and the second computer performs correlation if and when time is available, but not in real-time. It is estimated that the CAFDRS system includes a cost of $100,000 for the computers and computer peripherals that are required for compositing and correlation operations, yet correlation is still not provided in real-time. Further, the CAFDRS system provides only 24-channels of input data which significantly limits productivity and seismogram resolution.
The system of the present invention utilizes a new correlation concept which provides both compositing and correlation operations in a low-cost high-speed system. The system of the present invention may accommodate 1,024-channles of input data (which yields 40-times greater productivity than with the CAFDRS system), provided real-time correlation as rapidly as the signals are acquired (approxmiately 500-times greater speed than with the CAFDRS system) and at an estimated cost for the data processing subsystem of under $10,000 for 24-channels (compared to an estimated cost of $100,000 for the CAFDRS data processing subsystem). Further, the system of the present invention provides the capability for compositing-after-correlation, which is a capability that greatly enhances the productivity of exploration and the significance of the acquired data. Further, the system of the present invention significantly simplifies auxiliary systems such as the "front end" sensor system including cabling, geophones, and signal processing and the system of the present invention simplifies operation by atuomatically compensating for noise, gain, and filtering usually performed manually by an operator in prior art systems. Other advantages of the system of the present invention includes significant increases in productivity such as by elimination of the non-productive "listening period" and the ability to get significantly more information out of the acquired signals than possible with prior art systems.
The system of the present invention provides many important features which can be better understood from a comparison with prior art systems. Two advanced systems in the field of geophysical exploration are the GEOCOR system and the CAFDRS system, each of which includes a compositor and a correlator in a semi-portable truck system. The CAFDRS systemm uses general purpose computers for compositing and for correlation, yielding relatively slow operation and limited preformance. The GEOCOR system uses special purpose computers for compositing and correlation and provides higher levels of performance. The system of the present invention provides significant improvements over these prior art systems, where the system of the present invention uses a special purpose compositor-correlator arrangement that provides real-time correlation and provides compositing-after-correlation capability which are not available in prior art systems. Further, the system of the present invention obtains significantly greater productivity than available with prior art systems; yielding 80-times the productivity of the CAFDRS system as a result of a larger array and other features that significantly enhance productivity. The salient features of these systems are briefly discussed below.
Array size is an important consideration, where array size determines the area covered for each shotpoint and the resolution or spacing between traces, where array size is related to productivity and precision respectively. The CAFDRS system provides a conventional 24-geophone array which is a common size for most systems. The GEOCOR system provides a 256-geophone array which is a significant improvement over other prior art systems. The sytem of the present invention provides a 1,024-geophone array yielding a significant improvement at lower cost.
Sample rate is an important consideration, wherein sample rate defines the resolution of a trace and defines the smallest size subsurface structure that can be identified. The CAFDRS and GEOCOR systems provide sample rates of 500 and 250 samples-per-second, which is typical for prior art geophysical systems. The system of the present invention provides greater sampling rates than possible with even the most advanced prior art systems, permitting identification of smaller subsurface structures.
Sweep period defines length of a VIBROSEIS sweep, where sweep length is usually limited to 32-seconds in prior art systems by disc storage limitations. The system of the present invention provides a unique composite-after-correlation capability which permits elimination of the sweep listening period which is required with prior art systems and permits many sweeps to be superimposed and to be continuously generated without exceeding reasonable memory limitations.
Sample quantity is related to sweep considerations, where the number of samples is defined by the length of the sweep and the sample rate of the system. Prior art systems such as the CAFDRS system have memory limitations, wherein a long sweep is incompatible with a high sample rate. The system of the present invention permits virtually unlimited sweep lengths at high sample rates, consistent with the composite-after-correlation capability of the present invention.
Correlation capability is an important requirement for geophysical exploration systems. Prior art systems provide only off-line non-real-time correlation, wherein data acquisition operations are discontinued while correlation is being performed. The ability of the system of the present invention to correlate in real-time while input information is being acquired significantly enhances throughput and productivity while providing the highest levels of data processing. Further, the system of the present invention is the only system providing compositing-after-correlation capability, which further enhances seismogram precision and flexibility by providing pilot signal flexibility and improves productivity by eliminating the need for a listening period. Further, prior art systems implement correlation with 16-bit resolution. The system of the present invention uses a correlation algorithm that provides 20-bit correlation resolution, providing an improvement in correlation resolution by a factor of 16-times.
Ensemble size is a characteristic of existing systems which defines the number of VIBROSEIS sweeps that can be composited prior to correlation. Because the system of the present invention provides compositing-after-correlation and because the system of the present invention eliminates the usual listening period between the VIBROSEIS sweeps, the limitations of discrete ensembles looses significance; where the system of the present invention has an unlimited ensemble size.
Excitation to ensonify the subsurface structures is typically generated with a VIBROSEIS using chirp sweep techniques. Dynamite blasts remain an important excitation source, but the CAFDRS and the GEOCOR systems have only VIBROSEIS capability and cannot accommodate dynamite blasts because they cannot provide composite-after-correlation capability. The system of the present invention can accommodate dynamite blasts and other non-repeatable excitation sources because of the compositing-after-correlation capability.
Relative productivity is a primary consideration for geophysical exploration because of the high expense associated with geophysical exploration, typically $5,000 per day, and the limited opportunity for exploration due to climatic conditions such as in the Arctic and in its jungles where a considerable amount of exploration takes place. The system of the present invention provides the highest productivity available primarily because of the large array size and also because of elimination of VIBROSEIS listening periods, adaptive determination of the amount of the data required rather than acquiring an excessive amount of data "just to be safe", and with the implementation of techniques that obtain more data from the acquired signals than achieved with prior art systems.
Cost is an important consideration, where it is estimated that the system of the present invention can be sold for significantly less than one-third of the cost of systems having compositing and correlation capability such as the CAFDRS and GEOCOR systems and that the system of the present invention can be sold for significantly less than the cost of systems not having such compositing and correlation capability; yet the low cost system of the present invention may have 10-times the productivity of the most advanced prior art systems.
The improved filtering system of the present invention is being adapted for Digital Nutronics Corp of Northridge California under the trade names as the GEophysical EXploration (GEX) system.COPYRGT. and the SEismic EXploration (SEX) system.COPYRGT..
DESCRIPTION OF CORRELATION AND COMPOSITING
The correlation operation is a well known mathematical operation, defined by the integral equation set forth in equation (1) below.
.intg.f(t)g(t-T) equation (1)
This integral equation represents a continuous function such as for an analog system but the correlation computation may be synthesized with a discontinuous or sampled function such as implemented with digital computers.
A definition of terms will now be presented to facilitate better understanding of this description. A correlation computation is based upon a form of comparison between two signals, wherein a first signal may be called an operator or a pilot signal because it represents a filter operator and a second signal may be called an input signal or a trace signal because it represents an input trace signal to be filtered or to be processed in conjunction with the operator or pilot signal. The correlator computation generates a correlation output signal which represents the degree of correlation between the trace signal and the pilot signal. Digital correlation may be performed between a sampled digital trace signal and a sampled digital pilot signal to generate a sampled digital output signal. The sampled may be time-domain samples representing the amplitude of the signal at discrete time intervals or may be frequency-domain samples representing the amplitude fo the signal at discrete frequency intervals. The trace signal samples and the pilot signal samples may have the same intervals to provide corresponding samples between the pilot and trace signals for correlation. The sample interval of the output signal may correspond to the sample interval of the trace signal and the pilot signal. Corresponding samples may be shown in tabular form herein for simplicity of discussion, wherein corresponding time or phase related samples may be lined-up vertically to indicate such time or phase relations.
Digital correlation computations may be grouped into two categories, time-domain correlation and frequency-domain correlation. Time-domain correlation requires significantly more computational operations than frequency-domain correlation but frequency-domain correlation involves first transforming of time-domain data into frequency-domain data in order to perform frequency-domain correlation and second transforming of correlated frequency-domain data into time-domain data for convenient evaluation by an operator.
Time-domain correlation is implemented by comparing an input or trace signal with a correlation operator or pilot signal as the pilot signal is shifted past the trace signal. For each shift position between the pilot signal and the trace signal as they are shifted therebetween, each corresponding pair of samples of the pilot signal and the trace signal for that particular shift position are compared by multiplying each corresponding pair of samples and by summing up all of the products related to that particular shift position. This sum-of-the-products number for a particular shift position defines the correlation output signal for that particular shift position. This is shown in equation (1), wherein a time-domain trace signal f(t) is compared with a time-domain pilot signal g(t) as the pilot signal is shifted past the trace signal under control of the shift operator T which displaces the correlation pilot signal g(t) by a variable T as the function g(t-T) shifts along the trace signal f(t). This correlation operation can be shown with digital samples for a simplified embodiment, as exemplified with the following description with reference to Table I.
A simplified description will now be presented with reference to Table I to exemplify time-domain correlation. A trace signal is received and sampled as a function of time, where the sequential samples are shown in Table I as samples A through H. A correlation pilot signal may be another sampled signal or may be a set of samples of synthesize a desired filter operator. The correlation pilot signal is shown in Table I as a signal represented by samples 1 through 4. The pilot signal is shown in Table I in five different positions of displacement along the trace signal, wherein the pilot signal may be considered to be shifted to the right by one shift position as the correlation computation progresses from pilot signal position I through pilot signal position V. In pilot signal position I, the four pilot signal samples 1 through 4 are compared to the corresponding four samples of the trace signal A through D by multiplying each corresponding sample and adding the products to from the first output signal sample I. For the first pilot signal position (I), pilot signal samples 1 through 4 correspond to trace signal samples A through D respectively, where multiplication of the corresponding samples (A and 1, B and 2, C and 3, and D and 4) and the summation of the products provides an output signal sample as shown by the equation I=A1+B2+C3+D4 in the right-hand portion of Table I. Shifting the pilot signal one-bit position to the right causes pilot signal samples 1 through 4 to correspond with trace signal samples B through E respectively. The output equation shown as II=B1+C2+D3+E4 represents the sum-of-the-products calculation for the second pilot signal shift position II. Similarly, again shifting the pilot signal successive one-bit positions to the right, shown as pilot signal positions III-V, causes the pilot signal samples to correspond to other groups of trace signal samples and yields the correlation output equations shown in the right hand column of Table I.
The equations representing the correlation computation output signal samples shown in Table I defines the magnitude of the correlation computation output signal sample for the related shift position, wherein the amplitude of this output signal sample represents the degree of correlation or similarity between the trace signal and the pilot signal and represents the phase or time relationship associated with that pilot signal shift position. Magnitude of the output signal sample at each output sample point may be plotted relative to the pilot signal shift position, as shown in the bottom line of Table I; wherein the output signal samples represent the time-domain waveform samples related to the filtered or correlation trace signal. The correlation output signal is shorter than the trace signal; wherein the length of the corelation output signal in number of samples (N.sub.Z) is related to the difference between the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) plus one as shown in equation (2). In the above simplified example, the input signal has 8-samples and the operator signal has 4-samples, yielding a solution of 5-samples (8-4+1) as shown in Table I. In a geophysical embodiment, the trace signal may have 32,000 samples and the pilot signal may have 24,000 samples; yielding an output signal having 8,001 samples (32,000-24,000+1).
The number of computations for time-domain correlation is related to both, the number of samples in the pilot signal and the number of samples in the trace signal, wherein the number of samples in the pilot signal defines the number of multiplication and summation computations for each shift position and the number of samples in the trace signal realtive to the pilot signal defines the number of shift positions. The number of multiplication and summation operations required to implement time-domain correlation may be defined with equation (3) and equation (4), respectively, wherein N.sub.P represents the number of pilot signal samples and N.sub.T represents the number of trace signal samples.
Output Samples=(N.sub.T -N.sub.P +1) equation (2)
Products=N.sub.P (N.sub.T -N.sub.P +1) equation (3)
Sums=(N.sub.P -1) (N.sub.T -N.sub.P +1) equation (4)
TABLE I______________________________________TRACE A B C D E F G HPILOT I 1 2 3 4 A1+B2+C3+D4PILOT II 1 2 3 4 B1+C2+D3+E4PILOT III 1 2 3 4 C1+D2+E3+F4PILOT IV 1 2 3 4 D1+E2+F3+G4PILOT V 1 2 3 4 E1+F2+G3+H4OUTPUT I II III IV V______________________________________
TABLE II______________________________________TRACE A B C D E F G HPILOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8OUTPUT A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 F6 G7 H8______________________________________
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR1## T.sub.0 T.sub.1 T.sub.2 T.sub.3 T.sub.4 T.sub.5 T.sub.6 T.sub.7 T.sub.8 T.sub.9 T.sub.10 T.sub.11 T.sub.12 T.sub.13 T.sub.14 T.sub.15 ##STR2## ##STR3## P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.0 -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.1 -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.2 -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.3 -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.4 -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- Z.sub.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- -- Z.sub.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- -- Z.sub.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- -- Z.sub.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 -- Z.sub.11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.sub.0 P.sub.1 P.sub.2 P.sub.3 Z.sub.12 ##STR4## Z.sub.0 Z.sub.1 Z.sub.2 Z.sub.3 Z.sub.4 Z.sub.5 Z.sub.6 Z.sub.7 Z.sub.8 Z.sub.9 Z.sub.10 Z.sub.11 Z.sub.12 ##STR5## M.sub.0 M.sub.1 M.sub.2 M.sub.3 M.sub.0 M.sub.1 M.sub.2 M.sub.3 M.sub.0 M.sub.1 M.sub.2 M.sub.3 M.sub.0__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE IV______________________________________CORR OUT SUM-OF-THE-PRODUCTS______________________________________Z.sub.0 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.0 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.1 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.2 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.3Z.sub.1 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.1 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.2 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.3 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.4Z.sub.2 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.2 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.3 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.4 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.5Z.sub.3 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.3 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.4 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.5 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.6Z.sub.4 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.4 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.5 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.6 + P.sub. 3 .multidot. T.sub.7Z.sub.5 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.5 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.6 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.7 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.8Z.sub.6 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.6 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.7 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.8 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.9Z.sub.7 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.7 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.8 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.9 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.10Z.sub.8 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.8 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.9 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.10 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.11Z.sub.9 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.9 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.10 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.11 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.12Z.sub.10 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.10 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.11 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.12 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.13Z.sub.11 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.11 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.12 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.13 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.14Z.sub.12 = P.sub.0 .multidot. T.sub.12 + P.sub.1 .multidot. T.sub.13 + P.sub.2 .multidot. T.sub.14 + P.sub.3 .multidot. T.sub.15______________________________________
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________Z.sub.0 = T.sub.0 .multidot. P.sub.0 + T.sub.1 .multidot. P.sub.1 + T.sub.2 .multidot. P.sub.2 + T.sub.3 .multidot. P.sub.3Z.sub.1 = T.sub.1 .multidot. P.sub.0 + T.sub.2 .multidot. P.sub.1 + T.sub.3 .multidot. P.sub.2 + T.sub.4 .multidot. P.sub.3Z.sub.2 = T.sub.2 .multidot. P.sub.0 + T.sub.3 .multidot. P.sub.1 + T.sub.4 .multidot. P.sub.2 + T.sub.5 .multidot. P.sub.3Z.sub.3 = T.sub.3 .multidot. P.sub.0 + T.sub.4 .multidot. P.sub.1 + T.sub.5 .multidot. P.sub.2 + . . .Z.sub.4 = T.sub.4 .multidot. P.sub.0 + T.sub.5 .multidot. P.sub.1 + . . .Z.sub.5 = T.sub.5 .multidot. P.sub.0 + . . .__________________________________________________________________________ 9
TABLE VI______________________________________TIME SAMPLE TRACE 1 TRACE 2 TRACE 3______________________________________TA A 1A 2A 3ATB B 1B 2B 3BTC C 1C 2C 3CTD D 1D 2D 3D______________________________________
TABLE VII______________________________________A .fwdarw. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8B .fwdarw. B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8C .fwdarw. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8D .fwdarw. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8E .fwdarw. E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8X .fwdarw. X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8______________________________________
TABLE VIII______________________________________ X1 = A1+B1+C1+D1+E1 X2 = A2+B2+C2+D2+E2 X3 = A3+B3+C3+D3+E3 X4 = A4+B4+C4+D4+E4 X5 = A5+B5+C5+D5+E5 X6 = A6+B6+C6+D6+E6 X7 = A7+B7+C7+D7+E7 X8 = A8+B8+C8+D8+E8______________________________________
Frequency-domain correlation will now be described with reference to Table II. A frequency-domain trace signal is shown with samples A-H, wherein a frequency-domain signal may be provided by first sampling a time-domain signal and then converting the sampled time-domain signal to a frequency-domain signal with well known transforms such as a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computation. Samples A-H represent the frequency related spectral lines, wherein sample A may represent amplitude of a lowest frequency spectral line and sample H may represennt amplitude of a highest frequency spectral line. A frequency-domain correlation pilot signal is shown as samples 1-8 which correspond to the frequency related samples of the trace signal samples and pilot signal samples represent plots of magnitude as a fuanction of frequency, which may be considered to be a spectrum plot or a frequency-domain representation of a sampled signal.
Correlation in the frequency-domain is implemented simply by multiplying each corresponding sample of the trace signal and the pilot signal to generate the related sample of the correlation output signal in the frequency-domain, as shown by the output signal in Table II. For example, multiplication of trace signal sample A and pilot signal sample 1 for the lowest frequency sample fo the spectrum yields a correlation output signal sample A1 having an amplitude related to the product A1 for the lowest frequency output signal sample. Similarly, multiplication of the trace signal sample H and the pilot signal sample 8 for for the highest frequency sample of the spectrum yields a correlation output signal sample H8 having an amplitude related to the product H8 for the highest frequency output signal sample. Similarly, all intermediate frequency output signal samples may be computed as shown in the bottom row of Table II. Therefore, the computations for frequency-domain correlation are merely a quantity of multiplication computations that are related to the frequency resolution or, alternatively, the number of spectrum samples in the frequency-domain.
The prior art has considered time-domain correlation to be impractical using prior art techniques, as will be illustrated below. In a geophysical exploaration application, the trace signal may have 32,000-samples and the pilot signal may have 24,000-samples, therefore requiring approximately 192-million multiplication and 192-million addition operations per channel to implement time-domain correlation, as calculated from equations (3) and (4). Assuming that a conventional computer can perform a multiplication computation in 15-microseconds and an addition computation in 2-microseconds, approximately one-hour of computational time may be required per channel of correlation computations. Further, assuming that it is desired to have 1,000-channels per system, approximately 1,000-hours of computational time may be required to implement the correlation computations; which is approximatly 100,000-times slower than real-time. Therefore, real-time time-domain correlation has not been used in prior art systems which are implemented with conventional digital data processing techniques.
Conventional general purpose processors and special purpose processors cannot achieve sufficient computational speed required for even a single trace signal based upon the above geophysical example, where it is not conceivable that conventional techniques could be utilized to provide such computations for a minimum requirement of 24-traces and certainly not for an ultimate requirement of 1,000-traces.
One feature of the present invention provides a real-time time-domain correlator that can accommodate the geophysical application described in the above example, including a trace signal having 32,000-samples, a pilot signal having 24,000-samples, and 1,000-channels.
In accordance with the present invention, a unique correlator arrangement is provided to permit high speed computations, such as 25-million multiplication operations per second with a low cost correlator embodiment. Further, a low cost multi-processor arrangement is provided using a plurality of low cost correlators. Each of the plurality of low cost correlators may be dedicated to a part of a channel, to a single channel, or to a plurality of channels as required to meet the speed requirements of the particular system.
One embodiment of the correlator of the present invention can be better understood with a simplified example to illustrate operation. This example is exemplary of one algorithm for implementing the present invention but has been simplified to more clearly illustrate the concepts involved.
An array of numbers is shown in Table III, which will be used to schematically illustrate the alogorithm. Sixteen trace signal samples T.sub.0-T.sub.15 are shown across the top of Table III. Trace signal terminology shall herein be used to indicate an input waveform in the temporal-domain or time-domain such as a continuous signal from a geophone sensor. Samples of the trace signal are designated with sequential time related subscripts such as T.sub.0 -t.sub.15. For this example, samples taken at increasing time intervals are labeled with sequentially increasing numbers, wherein T.sub.0 is a first temporal-domain sample, T.sub.1 is the next subsequent temporal-domain sample, T.sub.2 is the next subsequent temporal-domain sample, etc. Therefore, the trace samples shown in Table III represent samples taken at increasing times as the trace signal progresses towards the right.
A pilot signal is represented in Table III as samples P.sub.0 -P.sub.3, wherein the pilot signal samples are intended to represent samples of a correlation operator or pilot signal to be correlated with a trace signal T. As discussed for the trace signal above, pilot signal samples P.sub.0 -P.sub.3 represent sequential samples taken as a function of increasing time as the subscript designation of the sample increases, as shown by the sequence of pilot signal sample subscripts increasing as the pilot signal progresses to the right.
One correlation algorithm of the present invention is based upon comparing the pilot signal samples with a corresponding set of trace signal samples as the pilot signal samples are shifted along the trace signal samples toward the right side of Table III. For example, the four pilot samples P.sub.0 -P.sub.3 of this example are compared with the first four trace samples T.sub.0 -T.sub.3 to generate the first correlator output sample Z.sub.0 ; compared with the next four trace samples T.sub.1 -T.sub.4 to generate the next correlator output signal Z.sub.1, etc to progressively compare the pilot signal samples with all sequential sets of trace signal samples to generate the Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 correlation output samples. In one embodiment, the pilot signal samples may be shifted one-sample to the right after each sequential set of comparisons to provide the next set of comparisons in sequence. This shifting to the right of the pilot signal is shown in Table III, where each shift and comparison operation is shown one line nearer the bottom of Table III as the comparison computation progresses toward the right of the trace signal T.sub.0 -T.sub.15 or as the comparison computation progresses forward with increasing time. Therefore, a time sequence of correlated output signals samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 may be generated as a function of increasing time as the pilot signal comparison computation progress towards the right portion of the trace indicative of increasing time.
The comparison computations shown as correlated output signal samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 are evaluated in Table IV, wherein the schematic notation shown in Table III is set into equation form. The trace and pilot signal samples that are lined-up or correspond to each other as shown in Table III are multiplied together to provide products, then all of these products for that particular correlated output sample are summed together to generate the correlated output sample Z.sub.K. For example, the first correlated output term Z.sub.0 shows correspondence of trace and pilot samples in Table III by the pilot samples being directly below the corresponding trace samples shown as P.sub.0 and T.sub.0, P.sub.1 and T.sub.1, P.sub.2 and T.sub.2, and P.sub.3 and T.sub.3. The corresponding samples are multiplied together to generate products and the products are summed together as shown in Table IV to generate the Z.sub.0 correlated output sample. For example, the P.sub.0 sample and the corresponding T.sub.0 sample are multiplied together to generate the product term P.sub.0.T.sub.0 and, similarly, the other three corresponding samples are multiplied together to generate the product terms P.sub.1.T.sub.1, P.sub.2.T.sub.2, and P.sub.3.T.sub.3. The four product terms are then added together to provide the correlated output sample Z.sub.0. Similarly, the other correlated output samples Z.sub.1 -Z.sub.12 are calculated by first multiplying the corresponding shifted pilot and trace signal samples shown having vertical relationships in the same column of Table III and then by summing the product terms related to the particular output sample. The difference between each output sample is primarily that the pilot signal has been shifted right relative to the trace signal or, alternately, the trace signal could be shifted left relative to the pilot signal to progressively change the corresponding sample relationships and thereby to progressively change the phase between the pilot signal and selected portions of the trace signal.
Each horizontal row of Table III corresponds to a different relative location of the pilot signal samples and the trace signal samples, where the changes in this correspondence progresses towards the right-hand portion of Table III with increasing time as the comparison of the pilot signal progressess towards increasing time related samples of the trace signal. Each horizontal row of Table III corresponds to a different correlation comparison or output sample, being identified with correlated output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12. The output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 are shown progressing vertically downward towards the bottom of Table III to illustrate correspondence with the pilot signal shift positions progressing vertically downward and the output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 are also shown progressing horizontally at the bottom of Table III to illustrate correspondence with the pilot signal as it is shifted horizontally to the right of Table III. Therefore, the notation in Table III ilustrates a time related schematic notation as the pilot signal is compared with the trace signal progressing to the right of Table III. A time related computational operation is provided by shifting the pilot signal and trace signal relative to each other as a function of progressing vertically downward to define output samples related to the progression of pilot signal comparisons as the pilot signal samples are progressively shifted along the trace signal samples and therefore along the output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 which are related to progressively increasing time-related correlations.
The example discussed with reference to Table III illustrates a pilot signal being shifted relative to a trace signal to provide different shift orientations therebetween. This shifting notation is used for simplicity of discussion and is illustrative of one implementation. It is herein intended that this shifting notation exemplify various comparison arrangements including shifting of a pilot signal relative to a trace signal, shifting of a trace signal relative to a pilot signal, shifting in a direction of increasing time, shifting in a direction of decreasing time, and other changes in relative positions between a pilot signal and a trace signal. In yet another embodiment, shifting operations may be implicit in accessing of parameters from a random access memory rather than from a shifting type memory, wherein a sequence of accesses may be achieved with a counter being incremented through a sequence of addresses. Still further, comparisons need not be sequential in nature, wherein various correlation output samples may be calculated in a nonsequential form, such as calculating Z.sub.6, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.10, and other samples in either a random form or a non-sequential form. Still further as described in an alternate embodiment with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 hereinafter, calculation of correlation output samples may be provided in a form that partially calculates product terms for each of the output samples rather than calculating a complete output sample at a particular time. The calculation of product terms associated with each trace sample as that trace sample becomes available has particular advantages for real-time correlation and exemplifies an important feature of the present invention. For example, calculation of all product terms for the T.sub.3 trace sample when it becomes available permits the computation to progress in real-time without buffering and without storing trace samples until the whole trace signal has been sampled; wherein the product computations for the T.sub.3 trace sample may include generating the P.sub.3 and T.sub.3 product and adding it to the Z.sub.0 output sample, calculating the P.sub.2 and T.sub.3 product and adding it to the Z.sub.1 output sample, calculating the P.sub.1 and T.sub.3 product and adding it to the Z.sub.2 output sample, and calculating the P.sub.0 and T.sub.3 product and adding it to the Z.sub.3 output sample.
In a non-real-time embodiment, the complete correlated output samples may be calculated for each shift position of a pilot signal along a trace signal. The product terms for each output sample may be spread over a period of time, where a four-sample pilot signal may be spread over four trace signal samples which are acquired over four-sample intergvals. Therefore, a time delay may be necessary until four trace samples are accumulated before a particular correlated output sample can be completely calculated. For example, the Z.sub.0 sample cannot be completely calculated until the T.sub.0 -T.sub.3 trace samples have been acquired and processed.
The system of the present invention provides real-time correlation, where a trace signal may be correlated with a pilot signal in real-time as the trace signal samples become available. Various advantages accrue from computing output products in real-time as the trace samples become available. These advantages include (1) elimination or reduction of input buffer memory which may be required for a non-real-time algorithm to store trace samples until a sufficient number of trace samples have been accumulated to generate a complete correlated output sample Z.sub.5 and (2) computing "on-the-fly" in real-time as the signals become available in contrast to a non-real-time algorithm which accumulates trace samples for a period of time for computing an output sample only after complete information has been accumulated. Still other advantages accrue that wil become obvious from the descriptions hereinafter.
An algorithm will now be presented to exemplify the real-time correlation feature of the present invention. Pilot signal symmetry is shown in Table IV, which means that the first column is related to the P.sub.0 sample products, the second column is related to the P.sub.1 sample products, etc; wherein the shifting of the pilot signal along the trace signal to generate the sequential output samples Z.sub.K is illustrated by the increasing time-related notation of the trace samples for each of the pilot samples. For example, the first column of Table IV shows the P.sub.0 sample multiplied by the T.sub.0 sample for the Z.sub.0 output sample, by the T.sub.1 sample for the Z.sub.1 output sample, by the T.sub.2 sample for the Z.sub.2 output sample, etc. This is indicative of the shifting of the P.sub.0 pilot sample across the trace signal to generate the P.sub.0 product term for each of the output samples. Alternately, Table IV may be restructured for columns with the same trace sample, such as in Table V wherein the first column is related to products having a T.sub.0 sample term, the second column is related to products having a T.sub.1 sample term, etc. Therefore, when the T.sub.0 trace signal is acquired, it can be multiplied by the P.sub.0 pilot signal sample and added to the Z.sub.0 output sample. Then when the T.sub.1 trace signal sample is acquired, it can be multiplied by the P.sub.1 pilot signal sample and added to the Z.sub.0 output sample (which is the T.sub.0.P.sub.0 product term) to progressively build-up the Z.sub.0 output sample. Further, the T.sub.1 trace signal sample can be multiplied by the P.sub.0 pilot signal sample and added to the Z.sub.1 output sample to build-up the Z.sub.1 ouput sample. Further, as the T.sub.2, T.sub.3, and subsequent trace signal samples are acquired; the product computations associated with each received trace signal sample can be computed and each product term can be added to the related Z.sub.K output sample that is being built-up in the corresponding Z.sub.K memory location as the trace samples are received. Therefore, a correlation computation may be implemented that generates sequential product terms as the related trace signal samples are received to progressively build up the Z.sub.5 output samples, thereby eliminating the prior art requirement to store input trace signal samples unitl a complete set of trace signal samples is acquired. Effectively, this real-time alogrithm generates sub-computational solutions for each Z.sub.K output sample as the computation progresses in real-time in contrast to the prior art approach of storing all traces samples, then completely calculating a particular Z output sample and then progressing to the calculation of the next complete Z output sample.
An orderly structure is shown in Table V, wherein each column has the same trace signal samples related to a constant sample time interval. Therefore, as time progresses toward the right of Table V, the trace signal may be sampled and all computations related to a particular trace signal sample may be performed without dependence on any other trace signal samples.
The maximum number of products that must be generated for each input trace sample is equal to the number of samples in the pilot signal, which is four in the present example. Further, the first trace samples and the last trace samples do not require this maximum number of product terms, as shown in Table III. This is further shown in Table V, wherein the T.sub.0 trace sample need only be multiplied by the P.sub.0 pilot sample, the T.sub.1 trace sample need only be multiplied by the P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 pilot samples, etc. Therefore, it can be seen that extra computational time may be available at the start of a trace and at the completion of a trace for a real-time correlation algorithm, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
In summary, the real-time correlator algorithm of the present invention defines an output signal sample as the sum-of-the-products of a pilot sample and a trace sample for a fixed shift position or phase relationship therebetween. Therefore, each point is defined by a sample of a pilot signal multiplied by a corresponding sample of a trace signal and with the corresponding products summed together. For an "on-the-fly" algorithm, all trace signal samples may not be available simultaneously and therefore partial products may be built-up. This accomplished by taking each trace signal sample in turn as it becomes available and comparing that trace signal sample with a plurality of samples of the pilot signal, adding each product to a different output signal sample. For example, a trace signal sample may be multiplied by a first pilot signal sample and added to a first output signal sample, multiplied by a second pilot signal sampe and added to a second output signal sample, multiplied hby a third pilot signal sample and added to a third output signal sample, etc.
A further feature of the present invention provides for composition-after-correlation, where it is desired to continue to build-up the output terms over many traces. Therefore, the start of a trace would not necessarily clear the output sample memory but may add the correlated trace product computations from the new trace to the corresponding product computations of the last prior trace.
The real-time time-domain correlaton algorithm and arrangement of the present invention is significantly different from the prior art non-real-time frequency-domain correlation arrangements. In prior art systems, correlation of a multi-trace set of data is performed by processing the data for each trace signal separate and independent of processing of the data for the other traces. In one embodiment implemented in the CAFDRS system, 24-input channels provide 24-individual trace signals which are processed with a compositor to provide 24-individual composited trace signals. A non-real-time frequency-domain correlator is implemented with a General Automation SPC-16 minicomputer, wherein the minicomputer accesses one composited trace signal from the stored composited data and performs a correlation computation between the single trace signal and apilot signal. Each of the 24-traces are correlated independent of all other traces. Therefore, the correlator is merely a single trace correlator that correlates each of a plurality of traces in sequence with the pilot signal. The prior art correlator architecture does not consider that a plurality of traces are provided from a plurality of channels, where the correlator is implemented as merely a single channel correlator that is time-shared between a plurality of channels.
In accordance with a feature of the present invention, a multichannel correlator arrangement is provided wherein the correlator algorithm and implementation considers the number of channels and processes information from a plurality of channels in an interleaved or overlapping form. This multichannel correlator arrangement is a unique feature of the real-time time-domain correlator of the present invention, wherein prior art non-real-time correlators provide for buffering of input trace signals such as with disc memories where prior art correlators partition and structure correlation computations independent of real-time considerations. For example, the prior art non-real-time correlators process all samples of a first trace signal before processing any samples associated with another trace signal, wherein the samples at the end of a first trace signals that had been acquired after the samples at the beginning of the other traces may be processed first. Therefore, in prior art systems all samples in a single trace may be processed before earlier received samples at the beginning of other traces are processed where prior art correlators correlate data in a form that is not only not in real-time but is not even time sequential for the relative times of arrivals of the samples.
Spacial-domain and temporal-domain signals will now be illustrated with a brief example with reference to Table VI. Time samples A-D may be considered to be temporal-domain samples wherein samples A-D are taken at different times and therefore have a variable temporal-domain characteristic. Samples of a plurality of trace signals such as trace signals 1-3 may be made at a particular sample interval such as sample interval A. Samples 1A-3A taken at sample interval A from trace signals 1-3 respectively have a constant temporal-domain characteristic, wherein the time of each sample is substantially the same, and have a variable spacial-domain characteristic, wherein each sample is taken from a different trace signal generated by a different transducer of an array of transducers across the array in the spacial-domain. Similarly, samples 1A-1D may be taken from a single trace at successive sample intervals thereby having a constant spacial-domain characteristic related to a single trace signal and having a variable temporal-domain characteristic being the sequential samples at increasing sample times TA-TD.
For simplicity herein, any references to temporal-domain samples are intended to mean samples having a variable temporal-domain characteristic and having a constant spacial-domain characteristic such as trace signal 1 samples 1A-1D; trace signal 2 samples 2A-2D; or trace signal samples 3 samples 3A-3D. Similarly, any reference to spacial-domain samples are intended to mean samples having a constant temporal-domain characteristic and having a variable spacial-domain characteristic such as time TA samples 1A-3A; time TB samples 1B-3B; time TC samples 1C-3C, or time TD samples 1D-3D.
Spacial-domain and temporal-domain samples are herein intended to mean samples taken with both a variable temporal-domain characteristic and a variable spacial-domain characteristic such as samples taken across an array of trace signals at sequential sample times exemplified by samples 1A, 2B, and 3C or samples 1B, 2C, and 3D.
Further, a spacial-frequency is herein intended to mean the frequency across the array such as the wave pattern sensed by an array of transducers for a particular sample interval and a temporal-frequency is herein intended to mean the frequency as a function of time such as sampled with a plurality of sample intervals for a particular trace signal.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the real-time- time-domain correlator of the present invention provides correlation computations for the samples that is consistent with the time-of-arrival or time-of-acquisition of the samples. Therefore, the earlier samples associated with each of a plurality of trace signals may be processed before the later arrivals associated with the plurality of any of the trace signals. Effectively, correlation is performed across an array in the spacial-domain based upon constant time-of-arrival or constant temporal-domain samples in constrast tothe prior art arrangements of correlating along a trace with constant spacial-domain trace samples and varying time-of-arrival or temporal-domain samples. Another way of defining this feature of the present invention is to consider the correlation algorithm of the present invention as providing correlation in the spacial-domain across a plurility of channels for a particular time-interval in contrast with the prior art correlator arrangements which provide correlation in the temporal-domain or time-domain along a trace with varying time-of-arrival but constant channel of spacial-domain samples. This consideration may be better understood with a simplified example shown in Table VI. Three traces are shown as traces 1 through 3, with each trace having four samples A through D. For simplicity, it is herein assumed that all corresponding time samples are sampled simultaneously for each of the three channels. Therefore, at time T, sample 1A is taken from channel 1, sample 2A is taken from channel 2, and sample 3A is taken from channel 3. In prior art systems, each trace is correlated effectively simultaneously and independent of all other traces. For example, prior art correlators accept samples 1A through 1D of trace 1 and correlate all of these samples in trace 1 independent of other traces. In prior art systems, after completion of correlation of trace 1, trace 2 will be correlated and finally trace 3 will be correlated in sequence. Each trace signal corresponds to a channel in the spacial-domain, where the horizontal dimension set forth in Table VI may be considered to be taken in the spacial-domain at constant time and each of the samples A through D may be considered to be taken in the temporal-domain with increasing time. In accordance with one feature of the present invention, a correlator is provided for real-time time-domain correlation across the temporal-dimension or in the temporal-domain of the array, wherein correlation is provided for all samples taken at time TA; being samples 1A, 2A, and 3A; across the array of traces during substantially constant time. In one embodiment of the present invention, these samples are correlated as they are received in time; where the prior art requirement, to buffer all of the information until a complete trace is accumlated, is eliminated with the system of the present invention, thereby reducing the amount of memory required and further enhancing the real-time nature of the correlation computation.
A distinction between prior art correlation algorithms and the real-time time-domain algorithm of the present invention discussed above will be further exemplified relative to Table VI. Trace signal samples are typically taken at substantially fixed time intervals across an array, wherein the samples across the array have a constant temporal-domain or time-domain parameter and have a variable spacial-domain parameter from trace-to-trace across the array. For example, sample A represents a substantially constant time period, wherein each of the traces; trace-1, trace-2, and trace-3; are sampled at sample time A to provide constant time samples 1A-3A across the array. The real-time time-domain algorithm of the present invention provides for processing these constant temporal-domain, variable spacial-domain samples and to provide correlation computations thereon. In prior art systems, all of the samples for all of the traces are acquired, buffered, and composited prior to correlation where samples 1A-3A, 1B-3B, etc are acquired and buffered prior to correlation. After all samples are taken in the temporal-domain as shown in Table VI as a row; prior art systems correlate each individual trace in the spacial-domain as shown in Table VI as a column, wherein each trace is correlated independent of all other traces. For example, prior art systems would correlate trace 1 comprising samples 1A-1D, then store the correlated output samples of trace 1; then correlate trace 2 comprising samples 2A-2D, then store the correlated output samples of trace 2; wherein correlation would progress on a trace-by-trace basis from channel-to-channel in the spacial-domain.
The spacial-domain may be considered to be the domain having a spacial variable, wherein the plurality of trace channels may be related to a distribution of transducers along an array in the spacial-domain and each trace from a particular transducer is related to a constant spacial-domain parameter with samples taken at a variable time in the temporal-domain. Similarly, samples taken across an array at particular time intervals may be considered to have a constant temporal-domain parameter for each set of constant time samples and a variable spacial-domain paramater.
One feature of the present invention provides a significantly different correlation algorithm for real-time operation, wherein correlation is provided as the samples are received, wherein each correlation operation is related to a constant time-domain parameter and a variable spacial-domain parameter across the array. For example, when sample A is acquired across the array (samples 1A-3A), the samples acquired for a particular sample time interval may all be correlated as the samples are received. At subsequent sample times such as sample B time, another set of constant temporal-domain, variable spacial-domain samples (samples 1B-3B) are acquired and correlated. This real-time correlation algorithm of the present invention progressively builds up the correlation output signal as the samples are acquired, thereby mitigating the need to buffer large amounts of input information until a complete set of trace samples are acquired as with prior art systems. Further, with the compositing-after-correlation feature of the present invention, the need to accumulate the samples for compositing-before-correlation is eliminated thereby further enhancing the feasibility of real-time compositing-after-correlation.
In summary, one real-time correlation feature of the present invention can be contrasted to prior art correlation algorithms with reference to Table VI; wherein the real-time correlation algorithm of the present invention provides successive correlation computations across the rows of Table VI for each sample before progressing to subsequent samples arriving at subsequent time-intervals on a sample-by-sample progression basis as contrasted to prior art correlation algorithms which provide correlation along the columns of Table VI for each trace before progressing to the correlation of the next trace on a trace-by-trace progression basis. This real-time algorithm of the present invention will be described hereinafter relative to FIG. 6E for a multi-processor arrangement such as having an individual correlation processor for each channel, wherein each sample for each channel may be processed as it is received simultaneously or in parallel by each of the multi-processor channel arrangements. An alternate embodiment of this feature of the present invention described with reference to FIG. 5A hereinafter may provide a processor for a plurality of channels being time-shared between the plurality of channels such as by sequentially processing each of the received samples for a particular sample interval having a constant temporal-domain parameter as described above; wherein the sequential processing across the array such as across a row associated with Table VI before sequentially progressing to other subsequent samples exemplifies this real-time correlation algorithm in accordance with the instant real-time correlation algorithm feature of the present invention.
For simplicity of discussion, signal samples are shown lined up in columns and rows in the tablets for exemplifying the features of the present invention, where this row and column configuration is provided for simplicity and is not intended to be a limitation on the present invention. For example, sampling of all traces for a particular sample interval is shown associated with each row of Table VI wherein all samples in a particular row such as samples 1A-3A correspond to a particular sample time.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the samples need not be taken at a constant sample time but the samples may be taken sequentially such as by using a sequential multiplexer arrangement; wherein the sampling process may be sequential and may be either continuous or discontinuous with time intervals between samples. As an example of this feature of the present invention, the samples shown in Table VI may be taken in the sequence of samples 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 1C, etc in a sequential fashion for scanning across the traces in the spacial-domain and then repeating the scanning across the traces for subsequent sample times. This embodiment may be implemented with all samples having constant sample intervals and alternately may be implemented with differences between the sample intervals. For example, samples 1A-3A may be taken rapidly for a substantially constant time of sampling for all traces at sample time A (samples 1A-3A), followed by a longer time delay before sampling the traces at sample time B, followed by relatively rapid sampling of all traces at sample time B (samples 1B-3B), etc. Sampling techniques as well known in the art such as in data acquisition systems and telemetry systems, wherein sampling intervals may be controlled by clock pulse rates and sampled signals may be selected with an address counter being incremented with controlling clock pulses to sequence between addresses of a plurality of channels; wherein a particular channel may be selected with a multiplexer operating in response to an address counter.
The operation of compositing will now be described. Composition is used in the prior art to accumulate input signals for improvement of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and for data compression to reduce data rates required for recording or postprocessing. Compositing will now be described with reference to Tables VII and VIII.
A schematic notation will be described with reference to Table VII to illustrate composting. Six signal rows are shown labeled signals A through E and X. Signal A is received, sampled, and digitized to provide a sequence of samples shown as samples A1-A8 having substantially constant time periods therebetween. Similarly, waveforms B through E have sequential samples B1-B8 through E1-E8 respectively. Waveform X illustrates a composited waveform having composited samples X1-X8 which are calculated from the corresponding samples in waveforms A-E as described with the equations shown in Table VIII. The first composited sample X1 in composited waveform X is calculated by adding up all of the corresponding samples of the received signals, wherein signals A-E have correspondiing first samples A1-E1 and wherein corresponding first samples A1-E1 are summed together to generate the first composited sample X1. Similarly, corresponding second samples A2-E2 are summed together to generate the second composited sample X2, corresponding third samples A 3-E3 are summed together to generate the third composited sample X3, etc.
In a geophysical embodiment, a VIBROSEIS may be used to ensonify subsurface structures and a return signal A is sampled to provide sequential time related samples A1-A8. Next, the VIBROSEIS may be used to again ensonify subsurface structures and the return signal B is sampled to provide sequential time related samples B1-B8 corresponding as nearly as possible to samples A1-A8 respectively of waveform A. This process may be repeated many times, wherein 16-times is a typical quantity thereby generating 16-signals that are sampled and wherein a composited signal is generated having the sum of all corresponding samples. Therefore, a composited signal X is generated by compositing corresponding samples of a plurality of waveforms A-E to generate the composited samples X1-X8 for the composited waveform X.
Compositors are well known in the art such as provided by Scientific Data Systems of Santa Monica, Calif. as Trace Compositor Model 1011 described in Technical Manual SDS 980262A dated Nov. 1967 and incorporated herein by reference and such as the compositor in the CAFDRS system manufactured by United Geophysical of Pasadena, Calif.
Prior art compositors have many limitations and problems. For example, the ensonifying signals such as the VIBROSEIS must be precisely synchronized with the receiving of the reflected signals to insure that the sequential trace signals line-up therebetween. Further, it is necessary that ensonifying signals be identical to insure that corresponding samples composited together are related to the same sweep signal. Still further, the operation of compositing precludes the use of non-repeatable ensonifying sources such as explosives because of the above requirement for repeatability between ensonifying signals. Yet further, the operation of compositing integrates, averages, smears, and otherwise obscures the specific information from each signal.
As will be discussed in detail below, an arrangement that correlates trace signals without compositing obtains substantial advantages such as precluding the need to have precisely repeatable ensonifying signals, permitting use of non-repeatable ensonifying sources such as dynamite, eliminating a large memory requirement for storing trace signals, and eliminating a large computational requirement associated with storing composited signals and computing the composited signals respectively. Further, a compositor arrangement requires a listening period, as will be described hereinafter, which may be eliminated with the system of the present invention to enhance productivity.
A correlator may be considered to be a device for data compression, wherein large amounts of data may be processed to compress the data into a reduced form. For example, A geophysical embodiment may have 1,000-channels and 32,000-samples per channel based upon a sample rate of 1,000-samples per second and a 32-second trace. Therefore, a total of approximately 32-million (1,000-channels times 32,000-samples per channel) would have to be buffered for prior art geophysical correlator arrangements. Further, assuming a 24,000-sample pilot signal, total of 8,001 output signal samples would be generated per channel as calculated with equation (2) (32,000-trace samples minus 24,000-operator samples plus (1) providing data compression that reduces a total of 32-million input signal samples (1,000-channels) to only 8-million output signal samples (1,000-channels) for data compression by a factor of 4. Further, the use of compositing to further compress the input information, such as with compositing-before-correlation or by compositing-after-correlation in accordance with the present invention, provides additional data compression by a factor related to the number of composites. For example, a system providing sixteen composites provides an additional data compression factor of 16 by compositing 16-ensembles together to reduce the number of individual samples that must be stored and processed. Therefore, data compression for the above example provides a data compression factor of 4 for correlation and a data compression factor of 16 for compositing, yielding data compression by a factor of 64. Therefore, the quantity of output signal samples may be only about 2% of the total number of trace signal samples.
Data compression is further improved with the system of the present invention by eliminating the need to buffer composited information prior to correlation. In the above example, 32-million composited samples would be buffered or stored prior to correlation and an additional 8-million samples would be buffered or stored after correlation, yielding a total storage requirement of 40-million samples. In accordance with the compositing-after-correlation feature of the present invention; the need to store the composited information before correlaton is eliminated where the above requirement for storing 40-million samples (32-million composited samples and 8-million correlated samples) is reduced to a requirement for storing only the 8-million correlated signals for an improvement of 5-times (8-million samples compared to 40-million samples). This advantage is further enhanced by the consideration that this large number of samples must be continually accessed for compositing and correlation updates, where a reduction in the number of samples by a factor of 5 may also provide a reduction in memory access data rates.
Resolution Considerations
It is generally considered that the accuracy of a digital computation is limited by the least accurate computational parameter. Therefore, prior art systems are implemented under the incorrect assumption that high resolution input data and high resolution computations are necessary to obtain high accuracy output data for a correlation computation. For example, if a 10-bit resolution digital number is added to a 15-bit resolution digital number, the sum will be a 15-bit resolution digital number having 10-bits of significant resolution which is the 10-most-significant-bits (MSBs) and 5-bits of nonsignificant resolution which is the 5-least-significant-bits (LSBs). Further, if a 10-bit resolution digital number is multiplied by a 15-bit resolution digital number, the product will be a 25-bit resolution digital number with 10-MSBs of significant resolution and 15-LSBs of nonsignificant resolution. Therefore, the prior art has considered that it is necessary to provide high significance resolution input data and high significance resolution computations to obtain high significance resoltuion output data. For example, prior art correlators provide 16-bits of significant digital resolution for input words and 16-bits of significant computational resolution to attempt to achieve up to 16-bits digital output accuracy. This prior art rationale has necessitated implementation of complex whole-word data processors in prior art systems. For simplicity of discussion, the term "resolution" is herein intended to mean "significant resolution"; wherein the distinction of significant resolution over non significant resolution will be achieved by referring to non significant resolution by the full terminology "non-significant resolution". Although many non significant bits of resolution may be provided which do not contribute to the effective resolution or accuracy of the system such as by adding non significant zero LSBs; the terms accuracy or precision is therefore intended to be related to the significant resolution of a number and not to the nonsignificant resolution of the number.
One feature of the present invention provides high resolution output data in response to low resolution input data and low resolution computations for a digital filter processor. Therefore, in accordance with one feature of the present invention, a digital filter exemplified with a correlator arrangement is provided for receiving input data having a first resolution characteristic and for generating output data having a second resolution characteristic; wherein the output data has a greater, or higher, or better resolution characteristic than the input data. In effect, output data can be provided having a resolution characteristic that is relatively independent of the resolution characteristic of the input data. In one embodiment, input data having single-bit resolution is processed with a single-bit correlator arrangement in accordance with the present invention for providing output data having 20-bit resolution. The single-bit input resolution may not significantly limit the resolution of the output data, where the resolution of the output data is determined more by the number of correlation samples than by the input signal resolution and where even 20-bit output resolution is not an inherent limitation for single-bit input resolution data. For example, correlation with a larger number of samples may permit 24-bit, 32-bit, and greater levels of output data resolution depending upon the number of correlation samples.
A digital number may be defined as having a resolution determined by the number of binary-bits, wherein the number of bits to the base two defines the number of counts for the linear resolution of the systems. For example, a 10-bit number is said to have a resolution of 10-bits, which means that the resolution is one part in 2.sup.10 or one part in 1,024-counts. Therefore, a 10-bit digital number provides an exponential resolution of 10-bits which is equal to a linear resolution of one part in 1,024 or approximately a resolution of one-tenth of one-percent (0.001).
The feature of the present invention wherein high-resolution output correlation numbers are generated in response to low resolution input numbers will now be discussed with reference to several examples to illustrate the concept.
In a first example, a digital system will be considered having single-bit resolution for the pilot and trace signal samples and wherein the pilot signal has 66,000 correlatable samples. For a single-bit trace signal sample and a single-bit pilot signal sample, the product may be either a one-bit product for a comparison condition or a zero-bit product for a non-comparison condition. This consideration can be better understood with reference to multiplication of a pair of sign-bits. A positive sign-bit product is obtained when the sign-bit of the trace signal sample and the sign-bit of the pilot signal sample have the same sign, either both being positive or both being negative, thereby yielding a positive product sign-bit. Similarly, a negative sign-bit product is obtained when the sign-bit of the trace signal sample and the sign-bit of the pilot signal sample are different wherein one sign-bit is positive and the other sign-bit is negative. The magnitude of an output signal sample is determined by the sum-of-the-products. Therefore, a minimum output signal sample magnitude may be obtained for all summed products being negatiive sign-bits indicative of non-comparisons and a maximum output signal sample magnitude may be obtained for all summed products being positive sign-bits or one-bits indicative of full comparison between the trace signal and the pilot signal. For the present example having 66,000 pilot signal samples; a maximum output signal sample magnitude may be 66,000 which is related to approximately a 16-bit digital resolution. Combinations of positive and negative products yield output signal sample magnitudes inbetween the minimum of zero and the maximum of 66,000 wherein the magnitude of an output signal sample is related to the degree of correlation for a particular comparison between the trace signal and the pilot signal. Therefore, a correlation computation having only single-bit input data resolution can generate output data with 16-bit resolution or any other resolution output information depending upon the number of correlation samples considered.
In a second example, an input analog signal may have noise superimposed thereon and may have a low signal-to-noise ratio. An analog filtering arrangement such as an integrator may be used to smooth or filter the input signal to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, wherein the smoothing is a summation type of operation and wherein the smoothed or filtered output signal may have greater precision than the noisy input signal. For example, an input signal may be a 2-volt DC signal having .+-.1-volt of ripple or noise superimposed thereon. Therefore, an instantaneous measurement or sample of the input DC signal may be anywhere within the range of 2-volts.+-.1-volt, yielding a relatively low accuracy measurement of 50%. After filtering, the output signal may be a 2-volt DC signal having only 0.1-volt of noise or ripple superimposed thereon. Therefore, an instantaneous measurement or sample of the output DC signal may be anywhere within the range of 2-volts.+-.0.1-volt yielding a relatively high accuracy measurement of 5% which is approximately 10-times better than the accuracy of the input signal. Therefore, integration or summation of a signal over a period of time or over a plurality of samples may be used to integrate-out or filter-out errors in that signal, combining signal portions to provide an output signal that has a higher accuracy and resolution than the related input signal.
Resolution and accuracy of a correlator is related to (1) the resolution and accuracy of the input trace and pilot signal samples, (2) the number of sub-computational products which are related to the number of samples in the pilot signal, and (3) the number of signals that are composited together after correlation. For the single-bit correlator of the present invention, accuracy and resolution of the input signal samples may be one-bit. For a 24,000 sample pilot signal, the accuracy and resolution is about 14-bits. For 16-trace composite-after-correlation operations, the accuracy and resolution are enhanced with another 4-bits. Therefore, a system having a single-bit correlation with a 24,000-sample pilot signal and with 16-composite-after-correlation operations may provide an 18-bit output signal sample resolution (14-bits plus 4-bits).
In general with computations such as the correlation computation, summation of a plurality of samples increases resolution and accuracy of an output signal with respect to an input signal because of the summation or integration process.
In accordance with the present invention, a high accuracy correlator can be implemented by providing computational resolution less than the resolution required for the output signal, thereby reducing costs and increasing speed over prior art correlators that implement computations having a computational resolution comparable to the resolution required for the output signal. In a preferred embodiment, the trace signal and the pilot signal may each be single-bit resolution signals and the computation may be implemented with single-bit multiplication and addition computations. In another embodiment, the input signal and the data signal may be represented by a single-bit signal and a multi-bit signal, wherein the trace signal may be the single-bit signal and the pilot signal may be the multi-bit signal, or conversely. In yet another embodiment, the trace signal and/or the pilot signal may be a single-bit binary signal, a ternary signal, or a multi-bit binary signal and wherein both the trace signal and the pilot signal may have the same resolution or may have different resolutions. In still another embodiment, the trace signal and the pilot signal may be represented with low resolution multi-bit signals such as 4-bit resolution signals to yield a high resolution output signal such as a 20-bit resolution output signal. Therefore, advantages are obtained by representing the trace and pilot signals as lower resolution binary signals for generating higher resolution output signals, wherein the input signals may be represented as low resolution single-bit binary, ternary, or multi-bit binary signals for generating higher resolution output signals. In accordance with yet another feature of the present invention, the two correlation input signals, which are the trace signal and the pilot signal, may have different resolutions; wherein the pilot signal may be single-bit binary resolution signal and the trace signal may be a ternary signal or a multi-bit binary signal. In general, different lower resolution input correlation signals may be used to generate higher resolution output signals. In an embodiment described above, the input correlation signals (the trace signal and the pilot signal) may be single-bit resolution binary signals which are used to generate a 20-bit resolution output signal. Alternately, one of the two input correlation signals (the trace signal or the pilot signal) may be a single-bit binary signal and the other one of these two input correlation signals may be a ternary signal. In yet another embodiment, the trace signal and the pilot signal may both be ternary signals. In still another embodiment, one of the two input correlation signals (either the trace signal or the pilot signal) may be a multi-bit digital signal such as a four-bit digital signal and the other of these two input correlation signals may be either a one-bit binary signal or a ternary signal. In still another embodiment, the two input correlation signals (the trace signal and the pilot signal) may be multi-bit binary signals either having the same resolution such as both of these signals being four-bit binary signals or may have different resolutions such as one of these signals being a two-bit binary signal and the other of these signals being a four-bit binary signal to generate a 20-bit output signal. Other combinations of accuracy and resolution will now become obvious to those skilled in the art from the teachings of the present invention.
A simplified discussion will now be provided to illustrate how low resolution input information can preserve amplitude information sufficient to reconstruct signals through digital filtering such as through correlation to generate high resolution output signals. These discussions are provided in simple form for intuitive understanding and are not intended to be rigorous derivations nor error analysis. Further, these discussions on errors, noise, and resolution are provided merely for backup information to impart an intuitive understanding of a rationale that shows why the system of the present invention operates in the form described. It should be noted that one skilled in the art may practice the present invention from the hardware and software embodiments disclosed herein independent of whether the underlying qualifications are understood and accepted. For example, from the teachings of the present invention one skilled in the logical design art can design a correlator to accept single-bit input signal samples for generating higher resolution output signal samples independent of whether such a logical designer understands why it is permissible to round-off input signals to single-bit resolution. The following discussions are presented to inpart an intuitive feeling associated with considerations such as very small signal-to-noise ratios (large noise components), enhancement of resolution with correlation computations, and other such considerations and is not intended as a rigorous analysis or qualification of the implementations provided herein.
The correlation computation of the present invention may be used to locate signals mixed with high levels of noise, wherein the noise may have a very high amplitude and the signal may have a very low amplitude. Therefore, conversion of trace input samples with high resolution provides high resolution noise information, wherein the signal is "buried" in the noise and the high resolution of the input signal merely relates to sampling of noise with high resolution. Therefore, sampling or extremely noisy signals to high resolution may not provide a meaningful advantage over sampling of noisy signals with low resolution such as with one-bit resolution. Signal enhancement may be achieved through correlation operations enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio but may not be achieved by high-resolution conversion of input samples, wherein correlation operations do not require high resolution noise information and other digital filtering operations discussed do not require high resolution noise information. It may be considered that a noisy signal is inherently a low resolution signal because the noise superimposed thereon reduces the significance of an input signal sample. Therefore, because of the low resolution associated with the noisy input signal, sampling to high resolution such as with a ten-bit analog-to-digital converter provides extensive nonsignificant information that is not necessary for a correlation computation.
A correlation algorithm may be described as searching a trace signal in the temporal-domain or phase-domain to find a match with a pilot signal, wherein the correlation computation is extremely sensitive to phase considerations and may have only a secondary sensitivity to amplitude considerations. Phase information is preserved in low resolution input samples because phase may be related to the sign-bit of the input sample to detect when a zero-crossing occurs as positive-to-negative or negative-to-positive transitions; wherein the magnitude of peak signals may be of less significance and may actually degrade the sensitivity of the correlation operation especially in the presence of extensive noise.
When a small analog signal has high levels of noise superimposed thereon, the random nature of the zero-crossings of the noise signal components may be biased by the amplitude of the signal component. For example, a positive signal component reduces the negative duty-cycle of the noise signal component. Therefore, magnitude of the signal component may be related to a duty-cycle characteristic of the noise signal. The duty-cycle of a purely random noise signal is 50% in the positive-state and 50% in the negative-state, which is then biased to provide different duty-cycle relationships in the positive and negative states based on the biasing by the signal superimposed thereon. Duty-cycle is herein intended to mean the percent of time that a signal occupies a state, wherein noise duty-cycle may be the percent of time that the noise is in the positive-state compared to the percent of time that the noise is in the negative-state. For example, a 50% duty-cycle may indicate that the noise is in the positive-state for a duration of time equal to the time the noise is in the negative-state and a 100% duty cycle may indicate that the noise is always in the positive-state and never in the negative-state. If the noise has a relatively high frequency, then a large number of zero-crossing conditions will occur. Further, if the signal-to-noise ratio is small, then the noise duty-cycle will not be biased too far from the normal 50% duty-cycle nature of noise and, therefore, the large number of zero-crossings will be essentially preserved. Because the signal amplitude may be resident in the duty-cycle of the nosie in the positive-state and in the negative-state, a low resolution input sample such as a one-bit input sample may be sufficient to completely define the duty-cycle nature of the noise as biased by the signal. Further, the duty-cycle considerations and the relatively large number of zero-crossing transitions preserve the phase nature of the signal in the noise and therefore provide good correlation even with low resolution input samples and low signal-to-noise ratios. Further, high resolution samples may provide noise amplitude information having only a small component of signal amplitude information; wherein the correlation computation used in conjunction with low input signal-to-noise ratios is very sensitive to phase information which is preserved with low resolution input samples and is relatively insensitive to high resolution amplitude information; wherein high resolution amplitude information may be related mostly to noise amplitude and therefore may not significantly enhance the phase information; and wherein signal amplitude information may be implicit in the noise duty-cycle and therefore in zero-crossing information available from low resolution samples. Different amplitudes of the signal component in either the positive-state or negative-state biases the noise component from a 50% duty-cycle to a greater duty-cycle in the positive-state when biased with a positive signal component and a greater duty-cycle in the negative-state when biased with a negative signal component; wherein the magnitude of the duty-cycle is related to the magnitude of the signal bias impressed thereon.
Therefore, a small signal superimposed upon large amplitude noise biases the noise duty-cycle in relation to the signal amplitude and polarity and therefore the signal amplitude and polarity can be reconstructed from the noise duty-cycle. Because noise zero-crossing information is related to noise duty-cycle, a low resolution sample such as a single-bit sample is sufficient to extract noise duty-cycle information and therefore to reconstruct the signal impressed thereon. This consideration can be better understood by the analogy of filtering of analog signals, where a filter effectively averages noise and generates a filtered output signal related to duty-cycle of the noise as biased by the signal impressed thereon.
Input signals are usually mixed with extensive amounts of noise so that a visual observation of the input signals may only show large amounts of noise but may not show the signals included therein. Therefore, a whole-number analog-to-digital conversion of input samples may provide primarily sampled noise information that is non-significant, where the whole-number resolution may merely provide the noise magnitude to high resolution and may provide the signal magnitude to low resolution. Therefore, monitoring the sign-bit of the signals with a single-bit analog-to-digital conversion may provide substantially the same signal resolution as provided with a whole-number analog-to-digital conversion for a noisy input signal. Therefore, roundoff of the input signal may have an inconsequential effect and may not require the high resolution input signals as provided with prior art systems.
The system of the present invention may provide significant precision advantages over the prior art systems, notwithstanding the above discussed roundoff of the input signal. As discussed herein, the correlation and compositing algorithms enhance resolution by combining or filtering many samples having random noise superimposed thereon to reduce the amount of noise and to effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In the system of the present invention, the sum-of-the-products computation may use low resolution input signals such as single-bit signals and the low resolution computation may be used to update output words having high resolution such as 16-bit words or 20-bit words or any resolution word required; wherein the sum-of-the-products computation may not be rounded-off in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In prior art systems, the input signal may be converted with 16-bit resolution and the computations; such as a Fast Fourier Transform, correlation computation in the frequency-domain, and an inverse Fast Fourier Transform; typically have a fixed word size such as 16-bits wherein the multiplication, addition, and other computations are rounded-off to the 16-bit word size during the computation. Assuming that the correlation computations permit enhancement of resolution, prior art arrangements provide the correlation computation in the frequency-domain thereby generating high resolution information which is subsequently processed with an inverse Fast Fourier Transform which rounds-off the high precision correlated information to 16-bit information through many iterative stages of transform computations, thereby progressively degrading the precision of the computation through successive computation and roundoff operations, where roundoff errors accumulate as the computation progresses through the inverse Fast Fourier Transform operations and wherein the error buildup may be based upon a root-sum-of-the-squares (RSS) statistical relationship or other well known error propagation relationships. Therefore, roundoff after correlation as implemented in prior art systems causes an error buildup in the output information while the absence of roundoff after correlation in accordance with the present invention preserves the accuracy obtained with the correlation computation.
In view of the above, roundoff during signal acquisition may have small impact or even an inconsequential impact on precision of output information while roundoff after the correlation computation may have a significant impact on precision of output information. Therefore, low resolution conversion and multiplication and high resolution output in accordance with the present invention may provide significant accuracy improvements over the prior art arrangements where prior art arrangements provide smaller amounts of roundoff in the input but propagate roundoff through the correlation computation and the computations following the correlation computation. Therefore, the system of the present invention provides lower cost higher speed input signal conversion and multiplication computations in conjunction with high output resolution in contrast with prior art systems.
Description Of FIG. 1
The present invention provides various unique arrangements of subsystems to configure improved digital filtering systems and provides unique arrangements for the subsystems. System arrangements 100-105 are shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, wherein advantages achievable with different arrangements in accordance with the present invention will be discussed with reference thereto. Preferred embodiments of the subsystems discussed with reference to FIGS. 1A-1F are discussed in more detail with reference to FIGS. 2-9 hereinafter. Alternately, subsystems shown in FIGS. 1A-1F may be implemented with well known prior art devices that may be arranged in the unique manner in accordance with the present invention and having the unique cooperation discussed with reference to FIGS. 1A-1F. For simplicity of discussion, the system of the present invention may be described with reference to a geophysical exploration system or other systems. It is herein intended that any references to a geophysical exploration system or other system be exemplary of the more general applicability of the system of the present invention and be useable in other applications such as sonar applications, radar applications, communication applications, and other applications.
A plurality of system configurations 100-105 are illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1F respectively and will be discussed hereafter to illustrate preferred embodiments of the systems of the present invention.
One embodiment of the present invention is shown as system 100 in FIG. 1A. Transmitter 108 may generate transmitted signals 109 to ensonify an environment. Reflections from the environment shown as signal 109 may be received by an array of transducers 110 to generate transducer output signals 111 to signal processor 112. Signal processor 112 may process array signals 111 to generate processed output signals 113 for processing with compositor 114 and correlator 116 and for subsequent outputting with output device 118.
Transmitter 108 may be a VIBROSEIS for generating seismic energy to ensonify subsurface structures. Alternately, transmitter 108 may be a pieso-electric crystal transducer for a sonar application, a radar transmitter for a radar application, or other well known transmitter devices. Transmitted signal 109 may be a signal having a constant frequency such as with a constant frequency radar or sonar pulse or may have a variable frequency such as a chirp signal as used in chirp radar systems and in geophysical exploration systems.
Array 110 may be an array of geophones in a geophysical application, an array of hydrophones in a sonar application, an array of radar receivers such as in a phased array antenna for radar systems, or other well known transducer arrays. Array 110 may be a single-dimensional linear array, a rectangular two-dimensional array, or other array configuration such as discussed in copending patent application Holographic System For Object Location And Identification incorporated herein by reference. Transducer signals 111 may be unprocessed signals obtained directly from the array transducers or may be preprocessed such as with isolation amplifiers associated with array 110.
Signal processor 112 may be any well known signal processor including arrangements of filters and amplifiers for processing analog signals and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) such as used in geophysical exploration systems and acoustic imaging systems. Processed signals 113 may be digital signals from an ADC included in signal processors 112 for processing with digital devices such as compositor 114 and correlator 116.
Compositor 114 may be used to enhance a signal such as for enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, where the function of a compositor is well known in the art. A compositor performs signal enhancement by adding corresponding samples from each of a plurality of sequential trace signals 113; where the operation of a compositor is discussed in detail hereinafter. Correlator input signals may be digital signal samples 115 from compositor 114 or digital signal samples 113 from signal processor 112. Correlator 116 receives input trace signals in either composited form as signals 115 or in uncomposited form as signals 113 for correlating trace signals 113 or 115 with a pilot signal 122. The output of correlator 116 is filtered signal 117 which may have an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, an enhanced resolution through compression of a chirp signal into a pulse signal, or otherwise enhanced filtered signals. Compositor 114 and correlator 116 may be whole-number compositors and correlators that are well known in the art such as used in the CAFDRS system. Alternately, in accordance with the present invention correlator and compositor arrangements may process single-bit resolution digital signals to provide low cost and high speed correlation and compositing.
Filtered signals 117 may be provided to output device 118 which may include a CRT display, a magnetic tape recorder, and a general purpose digital computer as provided in a sonar acoustic imaging system; a magnetic tape recorder, a plotter, and a digital computer as provided in a geophysical exploration system; or other well known output devices.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, a combined correlator and compositor device 121 is provided for simplicity of mechanization and for providing a capability of compositing-after-correlation. The arrangement of system 101 shown in FIG. 1B replaces compositor 114 and correlator 116, which are discussed with reference to FIG. 1A above, with the combined correlator and compositor arrangement 121 including correlator 119 and compositor 120. In FIG. 1B, transmitter 108 generates signals 109 which are sensed by array 110 to generate array signals 111 to signal processors 112, as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A above. Processed signals 113 from signal processor 112 may be processed with correlator 119 such as a one-bit correlator and then by compositor 120, wherein the operation of compositing may be implicit in the correlation algorithm and may not actually require a separate compositor device. This arrangement may provide substantial savings in cost of a compositor and may provide the valuable capability of compositing-after-correlation as will be described in detail hereinafter. Output signal 117 from correlator and compositor arrangement 121 may be further processed with output device 118 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A above. A preferred embodiment of a combined compositor and correlator is provided herein and discussed in detail with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 hereafter. Alternately, correlator 119 and compositor 120 may be separate devices such as prior art correlator and compositor devices which may be arranged in the preferred embodiment of system 101 shown in FIG. 13 to obtain the further advantages of compositing-after-correlation.
An alternate embodiment for the system of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 10 as system 102. Transmitter 128 is shown including a combination of individual transmitters 128A and 128B generating different signals 129A and 129B respectively. As discussed above for signal 109 with reference to FIG. 1A, signals 129A and 129B are used to ensonify an environment. Reflections related thereto may be sensed by array 110 providing transducer signals 111 to signal processor 112 for generating processed signals 113 as discussed for FIG. 1A above. The plurality of ensonifying signals 129A and 129B may be chirp signals having different signatures for separation through correlation as will be discussed in detail hereafter. For example, signal 129A may be an up-chirp signal and signal 129B may be a down-chirp signal. In a geophysical embodiment, transmitters 128A and 128B may each be a separate VIBROSEIS signal generator, wherein VIBROSEIS 128A may generate up-chirp signal 129 and VIBROSEIS 128B may generate down-chirp signal 129B. Up-chirp signal 128A and down-chirp signal 129B may be combined or mixed together as they propagate through the subsurface environment and as they are reflected from various subsurface reflectors towards transducer array 110. Devices shown in FIG. 10 such as array 110, signal processor 112, and compositor 114 may be the same as discussed with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B above. Composited output signal 115 may include the combined components of reflections associated with each transmitted signal 129A and 129B superimposed together.
Correlator 116 may include a plurality of correlator devices 116A and 116B for correlating processed signal 113 with pilot signals 122A and 122B respectively. If pilot signal 122A is an up-chirp signal similar to that generated by transmittor 128A, correlator output signal 117A from correlator 116A may represent correlation information related to up-chirp signal 129A. Similarly, if pilot signal 122B is a down-chirp signal similar to that generated by transmitter 128B, correlator output signal 117B from correlator 116B may represent correlation information relating to down-chirp signal 129B. Therefore, mixing of up-chirp and down-chirp signals 129A and 129B may generate a combination processed signal 113 related to both up-chirp and down-chirp signal reflections which may be separated with correlators 116A and 116B for correlating input trace signal 113 with up-chirp pilot signal 122A for generating up-chirp related signal 117A and with down-chirp signal 122B for generating down-chirp related signal 117B respectively. Mixing and separation of signals in accordance with the present invention will be discussed in detail with reference to FIGS. 3 and 7 hereinafter. Separated output signals 117A and 117B from correlators 116A and 116B respectively may be recorded on different output devices 118A and 118B respectively for separately outputting the separated information. Output devices 118A and 118B may each be the same as output device 118 as discussed for FIG. 1A above.
A particular advantage of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1C is that different ensonifying signals 129A and 129B may simultaneously generate different forms of information. For example, a high-frequency chirp signal 129A may generate high resolution information and a low-frequency chirp signal 129B may generate low resolution information, or different chirp signals may have different ranges, or different chirp signals may have other different characteristics therebetween. Therefore, generation of a plurality of different ensonifying signals 129A and 129B and separation of the reflected signals through correlation may permit isolation of different characteristics of reflectors in the environment with simultaneous or overlapping signals.
As will be discussed in detail hereinafter, ensonifying an environment with different signals 129A and 129B will cause mixing and superposition of these signals in the environment as they propogate through the environment. An alternate arrangement may provide generating a plurality of different signals and mixing these different signals before transmission such as with an electronic signal input to a VIBROSEIS signal generator which may be used to ensonify an environment with a single transmittor excited by having a plurality of different signal components, such as represented by signals 122A and 122B, for separation through correlation as discussed with reference to FIG. 1C above. Such an arrangement having overlapping signals will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 7 hereinafter.
In an alternate embodiment, system 103 is shown in FIG. 1D as being similar to system 102 shown in FIG. 1C except that system 102 provides correlation-after-compositing capability and system 103 provides compositing-after-correlation capability. As discussed for system 102 above, system 103 includes a plurality of transmitter devices 128A and 128B to generate transmitted signals 129A and 129B respectively which may be reflected by subsurface structures and wherein the reflected signal may be received by array 110 to generate transducer signals 111 for processing with signal processor 112 to generate processed transducer signals 113. Correlator 116 may comprise a plurality of individual correlators 116A and 116B to correlate processed signal 113 with a first pilot signal 122A corresponding to transmitted signal 129A and a second pilot signal 122B corresponding to transmitted signal 129B to generate individual correlation output signals 117A and 117B respectively to compositor 121. Compositor 121 may be a multiple channel compositor, which may be similar to the single channel compositor 114 described with reference to FIG. 1A except that multiple channel compositor 121 may receive a plurality of corresponding signal samples 117A and 117B substantially simultaneously for compositing together. Therefore, each sample in compositor 121 may have a plurality of substantially simultaneously received trace samples 117A and 117B for compositing theretogether for each composite sample operation in contrast to the single channel compositor 114 of FIG. 1A which merely composites one trace sample for each compositor operation. Alternately, compositor 121 may include a plurality of compositors such as compositor 114, wherein an individual compositor 114 may be provided in each channel such as for separately compositing signals 117A and 117B. Output device 118 may be used for outputting correlated and composited signal 117 (as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A above) or, alternately as shown in FIG. 1C, a plurality of output devices such as output devices 118A and 118B may be used to output separately correlated and separately composited information in conjunction with the arrangement set forth in FIG. 1D.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, system 104 shown in FIG. 1E and system 105 shown in FIG. 1F may be used to further process the processed signal 113 from signal processor 112. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) device 123 may be used to generate frequency-domain information to correlators 124 in response to time-domain information 113 from signal processor 112. Correlators 124 may be frequency-domain correlators that implement correlation by multiplying corresponding frequency-domain samples of a trace signal from FFT processor 123 with frequency-domain pilot signal samples 122A or 122B to generate a correlated frequency-domain signal. System 104 may provide compositing of separately correlated frequency-domain signals with compositor 125 and then provide an inverse FFT 126 to generate correlated and composited time-domain signal 117 for output with output device 118. Alternately as shown in FIG. 1F, the frequency-domain correlator output signals may be processed with inverse FFT 126 to obtain time-domain signals to compositor 116 which may be a time-domain compositor for generating time-domain composited and correlated signals 117 to output device 118.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 1E provides frequency-domain correlation, frequency-domain compositing, and compositing-after-correlation capabilities while the arrangement shown in FIG. 1F provides frequency-domain correlation, time-domain compositing, and compositing-after-correlation capabilities. Although the arrangements described with reference to FIGS. 1E and 1F provide for combining of the correlation output signals in compositors 126 and 116 respectively, alternate embodiments may provide correlation output signals for individual compositing with separate compositors so that each signal separated with correlators 124 may be composited separately for separate recording such as discussed with reference to FIG. 1C above using a plurality of output devices.
Correlators and compositors are well known in the art such as the compositor and correlator arrangements of the CAFDRS system. Because that prior art system implements correlation and compositing under program control in GP computers, many alternate arrangements may be implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention by reprogramming of the GP computers. For example; because the CAFDRS correlator performs frequency-domain correlation with a single operator, the embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 1C-1F may be implemented for correlating the trace signal against a plurality of operators and separately storing the correlation output signals therefrom. Alternately, correlation output signals may be composited together in the frequency-domain as discussed with reference to FIG. 1E or may be each converted to the time-domain with the well known inverse FFT computation for compositing in the time-domain. Therefore, although preferred embodiments of the present invention discussed with reference to FIG. 1A-1F may use the improved correlator and compositor arrangement of the present invention; alternately prior art compositors and correlators may be used to implement the arrangements shown in FIGS. 1A-1F and to implement other arrangements in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, systems embodiments 100-105 shown in FIGS. 1A-1F may operate in real-time providing fully processed data to output device 118 simultaneously as data is being acquired from transducer array 110. Alternately, systems 100-105 may operate in a non-real-time or in an off-line manner wherein information may be received from array 110 and buffered or temporarily stored such as with a memory contained in compositor 114 or correlator 116 until it can be fully processed. In such an off-line non-real-time system, data may be selectively processed with compositor 114 and/or correlator 116 so that only part of the information received is processed to permit higher speed portions of the system to continue to operate. In the non-real-time embodiment, the system may generate information for compositing and for correlation and may cease data acquisition operations until the previously acquired data has been processed and output. A real-time high speed correlator and compositor arrangement will be discussed in detail hereinafter in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Subsystem components shown in FIGS. 1A-1F will now be discussed in more detail.
Transducer array 110 may consist of a single transducer or a plurality of transducers. The plurality of transducers may be arranged in various geometrical configurations. For example, a geophysical system may provide a linear single-dimensional array of transducers, an underwater acoustic system may provide a two-dimensional rectangular array of transducers, a medical diagnosis system may provide an array of transducers stratigically located on the body of a patient, and an equipment diagnosis system may provide a three-dimensional array of transducers located on the structure of a machine. In a geophysical application, input signals 109 may be seismic signals or shock waves transmitted through subsurface geophysical structures and sensed with seismic transducers known as geophones. In an underwater acoustics application, input signals 109 may be acoustic signals transmitted through a water medium and sensed with acoustic transducers known as hydrophones. In a radar application, input signals may be electromagnetic radar or radio signals transmitted through the atmosphere or through space and sensed with electromagnetic transducers such as radar antennas and receivers which may be integrated together in a phased array antenna arrangement. In a medical diagnostic application, input signals 109 may be electrocardiograph signals sensed with well known electrocardiograph electrodes or may be acoustic sensed with hydrophone type electrodes. In a machine diagnosis application, input signals 109 may be vibration signals, fluid flow signals, electrical signals or other well known signal forms sensed with well known transducers such as vibration transducers, fluid flow meters, electrical sensors, or other well known transducer devices.
In view of the above, input signals 109 may be any form of signals such as vibration signals, acoustic signals, radio signals, electrical signals, fluid flow signals, or other well known signals and transducers 110 may be any well known transducers for sensing input signals 109 such as geophones, hydrophones, vibration transducers, flow transducers, electrical sensors, and other well known transducer elements. Further, transducer array 110 may be a single transducer or a plurality of transducers arranged in various array configurations including a single-dimensional linear array, a two-dimensional rectangular array, or a three-dimensional array. Further, array 110 may not necessarily be linear, rectangular, or in any other well known geometric arrangement; but may be arranged for optimum response such as a distribution of sensors on the body of a patient, a distribution of sensors on a structure of a machine, or a distribution of geophones on the ground. Still further, array 110 may be a one-dimensional array, a two-dimensional array, or a three dimensional array wherein these array configurations may have regular or irregular forms or patterns. Further, input signals 109 may be available as an array of signals and may not require a physically identifiable array of transducers, wherein the transducers may be implicit in the device and the array may merely constitute an array of input signals without the necessity for transducers to change the form of the signals.
Signal processors 112 may be any signal processors required to process array signals 111 to provide processed output signals 113. Signal processors 112 may include analog signal processor circuits and digital signal processor circuits. Transducer signals 112 may be analog or digital signals and processed signals 113 may be analog or digital signals. In a geophysical application, signal processors 112 may include amplifiers, filters, multiplexers, and analog-to-digital converters to provide processed digital output signals 113. In an underwater acoustic application, signal processors 112 may include phase sensitive demodulators, filters, multiplexers, and analog-to-digital converters to provide processed digital signals 113. In an alternate embodiment, signal processors 112 may include squaring amplifiers or other arrangements to generate an incremental squarewave or a digital sign-bit for output signal 113, as will be described in detail for a preferred embodiment hereinafter. Further, signal processors 112 may include analog signal processors such as amplifiers and filters to generate analog output signals 113 such as for compositing or correlation with analog devices such as with charge coupled devices or other well known analog signal processing arrangements. In still other embodiments, signal processors 112 may be an integral part of transducer array 110 such as with a batch fabricated transducer array and signal processing arrangement or for monolithic transducers and signal processors.
Output device 118 may be any output devices including displays, recorders, control systems, and other output devices. In a geophysical embodiment, output devices 118 may include a magnetic tape recorder for recording either composited or correlated and composited information for subsequent processing at a large scale computer center. A geophysical system embodiment further provides visual display outputs such as with a galvanometer strip-chart recorder or a plotter for plotting composited and/or correlated data for operator viewing. In an acoustic imaging system, output device 118 may include a CRT display for displaying acoustic images and may include a magnetic tape recorder or other recording device for more permenent storage of processed information. In a diagnostic embodiment, output device 118 may be an oscilloscope or a plotter for displaying correlated waveforms to a doctor in a medical diagnostic system or to a mechanic in an equipment diagnostic system. In a control embodiment, output device 118 may be a control system for controlling a missile or an aircraft in response to correlated data 117 or for controlling a machine such as a machine tool to adaptively optimize operation in response to correlated output signals 117. Many other output devices are well known in the art and may be used with the system of the present invention, where output device 118 may even be a data communications terminal for communicating information with a remote computer center over telephone lines or over a microwave data link. Therefore, output device 118 is considered to be a generalized output device that may be satisfied by any user system, data acquisition system, data communication system, or other such arrangements.
Description Of FIG. 2
The signal acquisition arrangement of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B to illustrate the signal acquisition portions of the systems shown in FIG. 1. The arrangement of FIG. 2A may represent a single trace channel associated with the multi-channel arrangements of FIG. 1. Transducer 210 may be one of a plurality of transducers included in array 110 and may be a geophone such as manufactured by Geo Space Corp of Houston, Tex. Transducer signal 111 may be processed with well known amplifier arrangements 211 and well known filter arrangements 212 prior to conversion with converter 213. Amplifiers 211, filters 212, and converter 213 may be included in signal processor 112 (FIG. 1).
Filters 212 may be any combination of filters and may include a low-cut filter, a high-cut filter, an anti-aliasing filter, and other well known filter arrangements such as provided with prior art geophysical exploration systems. Converter 213 may be an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) such as used in prior art geophysical systems or such as a preferred embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 2B hereafter. Amplified and filtered signal 215 may be processed with converter 213 to provide digital signal 113 to processor 214. Processor 214 may include compositor 114 and correlator 116 (FIG. 1) and may include various computer and data processing arrangements for data processing of converted signal 113.
Converter 213 shown in FIG. 2A will now be discussed in more detail with reference to FIG. 2B. Amplified and filtered signals 215 may be received from a plurality of channels such as the channel shown in FIG. 2A and may be multiplexed with analog multiplexer 220 to be sequentially converted with analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 222 for input to a computer 223 and for storage in memory 224. Each of the plurality of channels 215 may be selected by a multiplexer NUX 220 under control of address register 221. Address register 221 may be a well known sequential counter arrangement or may be programmable by loading a desired channel address 227 from computer 223 into address register 221. The selected analog signal from NUX 220 may be converted with ADC 222 to provide a digital output signal to computer 223. Operation of ADC 222 may be under control of self-contained sequencing logic as with prior art ADC devices or may be operated under program control of computer 223 with control signals 226, as discussed in copending patent application Apparatus And Method For Providing Interactive Audio Communication which is incorporated herein by reference. Computer 223 may be used in conjunction with memory 224, wherein memory 224 may be a computer main memory for storing instructions or may be an output memory device such as a disc memory or a magnetic tape memory.
Description Of FIG. 3
The signal processing system of the present invention can be readily described with various examples to illustrate the signal forms and the signal processing operations. Various signal forms are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D and will be used to exemplify various features of the present invention.
Signals processed with the system of the present invention may be any well known signal form and may include many signal forms that may be readily synthesized or generated with well known signal generators. In a preferred embodiment, the signal may have a sinusoidal form or a squarewave form, but other embodiments utilizing sawtooth signals, trapezoidal signals, pulse signals, and even noise signals may be used in accordance with the present invention. For simplicity herein, sinusoidal type signals will be considered to exemplify the present invention, wherein sinusoidal signals are intended to exemplify the broader teachings of the present invention which are applicable to a wide range of different signal types.
A schematic notation will be defined to illustrate signals in a form that more clearly exemplifies the present invention. Drawing of sinusoidal signals and combining of sinusoidal signals may be relatively complex and may not illustrate the teachings of the example in a clear and simple form that is readily understood. Therefore, a schematic signal notation will now be described with reference to FIG. 3A, where this schematic notation will be used for simplicity and clarity. A pilot signal 310 is shown in FIG. 3A using this schematic notation. A horizontal line 305 is shown to illustrate the duration of the signal from the start of the signal representing an earliest time shown at the left-hand edge of the signal to the completion of the signal representing later time at the right-hand edge of the signal; wherein time is assumed to be linearly increasing as the signal progresses toward the right-hand portion of the figure as shown with arrow t. Waveform 310 is shown changing as a chirp signal wherein the frequency changes as time progresses. Waveform 310 is shown as an up-chirp signal starting at a low frequency and progressing in a frequency sweep towards a higher frequency. Vertical lines are used to represent frequency by the spacing therebetween. Waveform 310 shows a wider spacing between vertical lines at the left-hand edge of the signal and a narrower spacing between vertical lines at the right-hand edge of the signal, wherein the wider spacing is indicative of lower frequency portions and the narrower spacing is indicative of higher frequency portions of waveform 310. The relative spacing between vertical lines may be considered to be proportional to the relative periods between signal cycles or may be representative of a fixed number of signal cycles between adjacent vertical lines. For example, the vertical lines may represent a period of five signal cycles; wherein vertical lines spaced further apart are intended to represent signal cycles therebetween having a longer period and therefore a proportionally lower frequency than is represented by vertical lines having smaller spacing therebetween. The frequency is shown increasing toward the right-hand portion of waveform 310, where the vertical lines get closer together until the spacing becomes very small as indicated by the shaded portion of waveform 310 at the right-hand edge of the waveform.
A multiplexed signal 315 may be shown in schematic form by projecting the component vertical lines of signals 311-314 vertically downward projected on multiplexed signal 315. Multiplexed signal 315 contains vertical lines corresponding to the combination of vertical lines contained in the phase related signals 311-314 that are multiplexed together. For example, the first vertical line of signals 311-314 is the first vertical line of signal 311 which is projected vertically downward to provide the first vertical line for multiplexed signal 315. Similarly, the second vertical line in signals 311-314 is the second vertical line of signal 311 which is projected vertically downward and drawn as the second vertical line for multiplexed signal 315. Similarly, the third and fourth vertical lines of signals 311-314 are shown as the first vertical line in signal 312 and the first vertical line in signal 313 respectively which are projected vertically downward and drawn as the third and fourth vertical lines for multiplexed signal 315. Similarly, all other vertical lines in signals 311-314 are projected vertically downward to form the vertical lines shown for signal 315. When concentrations of vertical lines are projected from the combination of a plurality of vertical lines in signals 311-314, the vertical lines may be slightly spread when projected on multiplexed signal 315 to illustrate the concentration of projected vertical lines. Therefore, multiplexed signal 313 provides a schematic representation related to the concentration of frequency related components shown schematically with vertical lines from signals 311-314 which are superimposed as projected onto multiplexed signal 315.
Correlation output signals may be represented by a showing of peak signals, related sidelobe signals, and other signal components. For example, a correlation output signal 316 shows four peak signals such as peak signal 317 with related sidelobe components. Further, output signals 343 and 344 (FIG. 3D) show sidelobe signals 346 and 347 and output signal 345 shows the absence of sidelobe signals 348. Further, correlation output signal noise components and other perturbations are shown with output signals 329 and 331 (FIG. 3C) as noise signal components 330 and 332. A schematic notation is used for correlation output signals such as signal 316 that is different from the schematic notation used for frequency chirp signals 310-314 and multiplexed signal 315, wherein the shape of the envelope of digital sample magnitudes is represented with output signals as shown with output signal 316. This digital magnitude envelope representation is different from the frequency related vertical line notation used for chirp signals 310-314 and the multiplexed signal vertical line notation used with multiplexed signal 315. As will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 hereinafter, the output signal is represented by a plurality of output signal samples having amplitudes being represented by a binary magnitude representation of a digital number. Therefore, a correlation output signal such as signal 316 may not be a continuous signal as shown in FIG. 3A in continuous signal envelope schematic form, but may actually be a sequence of digital samples. A continuous envelope representation is used for correlation output signals such as signal 316 to illustrate the envelope associated with the sequence of digital samples, wherein the amplitude of a correlation output signal 316 at a particular point is provided by a digital word associated with that sample point, wherein the digital word has a digital magnitude related to the amplitude of the correlation output signal sample at the related point. For example, digital output signal samples associated with signal peak 317 may have large digital magnitudes, digital output signal samples associated with sidelobes of peak signal 317 may have smaller digital magnitudes, and digital output signal samples associated with the low level signal inbetween peak signals may have very small digital signal sample magnitudes.
Chirp waveforms are well known in the art and may be defined as an up-chirp having an increasing frequency and a down-chirp having a decreasing frequency. Frequency changes may be linear frequency changes, where frequency may vary directly as a function of time; but frequency changes or sweeps may follow other functions such as being exponential frequency changes or other frequency changes having various analytic functions and further may be random or discontinuous frequency changes having a discontinuity or having random frequency changes such as with a noise signal. For simplicity of discussion, a chirp signal may be shown as a linear up-chirp signal or a linear down-chirp signal to exemplify the features of the present invention. It is herein intended that any simplified discussion relative to a chirp signal, a linear frequency sweep, or other such well known and simple signal be merely exemplary of the more general concepts of the present invention which are applicable to a broad range of signal forms and are not limited to the simple linear chirp signals used for simplicity to exemplify the features of the present invention.
A chirp signal may be defined as a sinusoidal waveform that changes in frequency, wherein the change in frequency may be a linear change in frequency or other change in frequency. A chirp may be an up-chirp starting from a low frequency and increasing in frequency, a down-chirp starting at a high frequency and decreasing in frequency, or other variations in frequency. A chirp is a well known signal that may be generated by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or a variable frequency oscillator (VFO), wherein a VCO and a VFO may generate a sinusoidal signal, a squarewave signal, a trapezoidal signal, or other signal having a controllable frequency characteristic. For simplicity of discussion, a chirp signal will be shown as a sequence of vertical lines (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 7B, and 7C) wherein the spacing between the vertical lines is related to the frequency. For example, waveform 310 (FIG. 3A) is shown as an up-chirp signal starting at a lower frequency having a larger spacing between vertical lines and progressing toward a higher frequency having successively smaller spacings between vertical lines. In one schematic notation, these vertical lines may be used to indicate a quantity of cycles of the waveform, where the spacing between vertical lines in waveform 311 may indicate every fifth cycle of a sinusoidal waveform. Therefore, as the vertical lines become more closely spaced, the five sinusoidal cycles have shorter periods and therefore have a higher frequency.
One feature of the present invention provides for separation of signals such as separation of a chirp signal from noise and separation of a plurality of superimposed chirp signals which may also be superimposed on noise. For simplicity of illustration, effects such as a superimposed noise may not be shown to provide a clear illustration of the signals contained therein. Nevertheless, the effects of noise and other such influences are intended to be implicit in the waveform diagrams and discussions presented herein.
A chirp signal may be generated by many well known techniques. In a geophysical embodiment, a chirp signal may be generated by a VIBROSEIS vibration generator which is a vibrator that introduces vibratory or seismic signals into the ground. Various types of sweep generators may be used to provide a chirp signal including a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a variable frequency oscillator (VFO) which are well known in the art. Similarly variable frequency or pulse rates may be generated with well known digital devices such as a digital differential analyzer (DDA) or a counter arrangement using digital feedback. One such product is the voltage-to-frequency converter Model No. 3329 manufactured by Optical Electronics Inc of Tucson, Ariz. which generates an output frequency having sinusoidal, triangular, and squarewave outputs at a frequency proportional to an input DC signal. Another well known voltage-to-frequency converter is model VFV manufactured by Datel Systems Inc of Canton, Mass. These voltage-to-frequency converters may be used to generate a signal having controllable frequency such as an up-chirp signal by providing an analog function module for generating an input signal to the voltage-to-frequency converter. For example, if a voltage integrator is used as the input to the voltage-to-frequency converter having a constant voltage input, the integrator will generate a linear ramp voltage to the voltage-to-frequency converter and the voltage-to-frequency converter will generate a linear chirp frequency in response thereto as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 7 hereinafter. Various other analog functions may be generated such as an analog exponential function which may be implemented with a pair of cascaded integrators. Further, other analog function modules such as multipliers, dividers, reciprocals, and logrithmic function generators are commercially available. For example, Function Modules Inc of Costa Mesa, Calif. provides a multiplier/divider module P/N 550, divider module P/N 540, reciprocal module P/N 545, logrithmic module P/N 530 and other analog function generating modules. Still other analog function generating modules are well known in the analog computer art such as discussed in the textbooks by Korn and by Levine referenced herein. Further, Hybrid Systems Corp of Burlington, Mass. provides multiplying, dividing, and square rooting modules model numbers 107, 125, 106 and 101 respectively for generating analog functions. Still further, various inverse analog functions may be provided using implicit servos with the function generation module in an implicit servo feedback loop as discussed in the textbook by Levine referenced herein. In view of the above, well known analog function generator modules may be provided to generate virtually any desired function in analog signal form and a commerically available voltage-to-frequency converter may be used to convert the analog function to a frequency function to synthesize a frequency related sweep or chirp having substantially any desired sweep characteristics.
The operations of correlation and compositing will be better understood with the following discussion referenced to FIGS. 3A-3C. Briefly stated, the operation of correlation is related to the searching of a signal with an operator or pilot signal to find the similarity therebetween and further to compress the similarities into a pulse or amplitude peak signal and the operation of compositing is related to the adding or summation or integration of corresponding signal portions. The operations of correlation and compositing include summation operations on information that may be statistically uncorrelated due to high levels of random noise, wherein such summation operations may enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal and may be used to enhance the resolution or precision of the signal. The operation of compositing merely enhances the signal-to-noise ratio and the related signal amplitude but does not change the form or signature of the repetitive signals contained therein. The operation of correlation enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of a signal and further changes the characteristics of the signal by grouping many terms of the signal to perform what is known in the art as compressing a signal to a pulse. These operations of increasing signal-to-noise ratio, signal location, and signal compression are useful where a correlator can find signals buried in noise, can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, and can compress a long signal into a pulse to provide high resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio. These effects are very important, wherein the signal-to-noise ratio and therefore the discriminating power of the correlator is related to the length of the pilot and trace signals, yet the length of the signal does not degrade the time resolution because of the compression to a pulse. Therefore, extremely long chirp signals may be used in noisy environments, wherein the noise is significantly reduced by the length of the signal received and the time resolution is reconstructed when the long chirp signal is compressed into a pulse. These characteristics will be exemplified with FIGS. 3A-3C hereinafter.
The waveforms shown in FIG. 3A exemplify a typical correlation and compositing application. This arrangement may be discussed with reference to geophysical exploration applications to exemplify the features of the present invention. It is herein intended that any reference to a particular application be exemplary of a broad range of applications to which the example may be applied.
A pilot signal 310 is shown as a chirp signal which may be generated with a VIBROSEIS to ensonify subsurface structures in a geophysical application. Subsurface structures cause the pilot signal to be reflected, wherein the reflected signals are received with a geophone array and wherein the time between the generation of the pilot signal 310 and acquisition of each reflected signal 311-314 is related to the distance or depth of the reflector. Pilot signal 310 is reflected from a first shallow depth reflector and received as reflection signal 311. Deeper reflectors cause reflection signals REFL 2-REFL 4 312-314 to be reflected at subsequently greater depths and thereby to be received by the geophone array at sequentially longer time intervals. This is indicated by the reflection signals REFL 1-REFL 4 311-314 starting at progressively longer time intervals from the generation of the pilot signal 310 as shown by the start of the reflected signals 311-314 being progressively shifted to the right of FIG. 3A. Therefore, each reflected signal 311-314 represents reflection from a different subsurface structure and the time delay from the start of pilot signal 310 to reflected signals 311-314 represents the relative depths of the subsurface structures. Amplitude of the reflected signals may vary as a function of size of the reflector, reflection characteristics of the subsurface structure, depth of the subsurface structure, absorption and dispersion characteristics of the subsurface environment and other such characteristics. For simplicity, amplitude variations are not shown in FIGS 3A-3C but will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the prior art. The various reflected signals 311-314 are received by the geophones, wherein a geophone signal or trace signal is shown in simplified schematic form as multiplexed waveform MUXED 315. The geophone transducer senses the reflections as the seismic energy is reflected from the subsurface structures, wherein the geophone transducer senses the various reflections as superimposed signals or multiplexed signals MUXED 315. These superimposed signals are shown schematically as waveform 315 wherein the vertical lines of waveforms 311-314 are projected vertically downward to construct multiplexed signal 315 containing the superimposed components supplied by reflected waveforms 311-314. The summation of all of the signal components having different frequencies is shown as MUXED signal 315 wherein the densities of vertical lines are related to the frequency components superimposed together.
An observer viewing multiplexed signal MUXED 315 may not be able to distinguish between the individual reflections. This consideration is rendered even more complex when large amounts of noise are superimposed on signal 315, when reflected signals are varied in amplitude, when reflected signals are shown in continuous signal form rather than the vertical line schematic notation of this example, and when occurrence of hundreds and possibly millions of different reflections are superimposed together. Therefore, multiplexed signal 315 is shown in simplified schematic form representing only four superimposed reflections to illustrate the concepts of the present invention.
A correlation algorithm may be used to separate each reflection from multiplexed waveform 315, to separate the reflected signals from the noise, and to compress each reflected signal into a pulse. The correlation algorithm "searches" the multiplexed signal 315 with the pilot signal 310 to detect common portions therebetween. The "search" is performed by shifting or sliding pilot signal 310 past multiplexed signal 315 and by comparing the two signals at each particular shift position to evaluate the degree of similarities. The correlation output signal 316 provides a figure-of-merit related to the degree of similarity, wherein this correlation output signal 316 is generated by summing all products of all corresponding samples between the pilot signal 310 and the multiplexed signal 315 for a particular shift position therebetween as discussed above with reference to Tables I-VI. This sum-of-the-products computation is shown as a correlated signal CORR 316, wherein the position along correlated signal 316 is related to the shift position of the pilot signal 310 as it is shifted along and compared with the multiplexed signal 315. For example, when pilot signal 310 has been shifted to a position corresponding to reflection signal 311; a comparison between the pilot signal 310 and the multiplexed signal 315 shows a good comparison because the sum-of-the-products computation has a high value for this position showing good comparison. The sum-of-the-products computations provide a peak 317 related to compression of reflection REFL 1 311 into pulse 317 by correlation with pilot signal 310. Similarly, as pilot signal 310 is shifted along multiplexed signal 315 and compared for each shift position, additional good comparisons are provided for positions defined by pulses in correlated waveform 316 corresponding with the start of reflections 312-314 shown directly above the correlated output pulses of waveform 316. Therefore, a very complex multiplexed signal 315 can be searched with a pilot signal 310 to detect similarities therebetween and a correlation output signal 316 provides peaks 317 related to the degree of correlation between pilot signal 310 and multiplexed signal 315 for each shift position. Therefore, a correlation output peak 317 may be provided for pilot signal shift positions having good correlation, thereby indicating the finding of a chirp signal buried in multiplexed signal 317; wherein the correlation output peak 317 may indicate the start of a chirp signal component buried in multiplexed signal 315 and the amplitude of the peak signal 317 may be related to the degree or figure-of-merit of the comparison. For simplicity of explanation, correlation signal 316 shows correlation peaks and correlation peak sidelobes, but does not obscure the example by showing noise, amplitude relationships, or other complexities that may exist in such a correlated signal.
In a geophysical embodiment, peaks of correlated signal 316 are related to location of reflectors in the subsurface environment, wherein the relative displacements of the peaks of the correlation signal 316 are related to signal propogation times through the subsurface environment and wherein propogation times are related to depths of the subsurface structures. Therefore, for a geophysical embodiment correlated waveform 316 may be related to four important reflectors at particular depths defined by the distances along correlated signal 316 and where greater depths are represented by greater distances from the left-hand edge of correlated signal 316.
The operation of compositing-before-correlation will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 3B. Pilot signal 310 (FIG. 3A) is shown as pilot signal 318 in FIG. 3B for convenience. Pilot signal 318 is used to ensonify subsurface structures resulting in a first trace signal shown as multiplexed signal MUXED 1 319 which is received and stored by a geophysical exploration system. Multiplexed signal 319 is shown identical to multiplexed signal 315 (FIG. 3A) representing the same subsurface structures as for the example described with reference to FIG. 3A. One difference exists between ideal multiplexed signal 315 and multiplexed signal 319, wherein a noise pulse 322 is introduced into signal 319. Similarly, pilot signal 318 is again used to ensonify subsurface structures resulting in a second multiplexed signal MUXED 2 320 which is received and stored by the geophysical exploration system. Multiplexed signal 320 is shown identical to multiplexed signal 319 except that the noise pulse 322 in multiplexed signal 319 is not included in multiplexed signal 320; vertical line 323 is shown with reduced amplitude; and an additional noise signal 334 is introduced into multiplexed signal 320 to illustrate the effects of random noise. The effects of random noise is shown different between different traces, being multiplexed signal 319 and multiplexed signal 320. Multiplex signals 319-320 may be composited by adding corresponding samples to generate composited signal COMP 321. Corresponding samples of traces 319 and 320 are represented by vertical correspondence, wherein traces 319 and 320 are added together, corresponding vertical point by corresponding vertical point, to form composited signal 321. Composited signal 321 is shown with constant amplitude normalized to a peak amplitude for simplicity, although it should be understood that the amplitude of composited signal 321 is related to the sum-of-the-amplitudes of the trace signals 319 and 320. Noise signals 322 and 334 are not repeated in alternate trace signals and therefore may sum to small signal amplitudes 324 and 326 respectively. Signal amplitude 323 that is shown degraded by noise in trace signal 320 is summed with corresponding trace signals to provide corresponding composited sample 325 having a reduced effect of the signal degradation introduced in multiplex signal 320 but not introduced in multiplexed signal 319; wherein the effect of this degraded signal component 323 is reduced by the adding of the non-degraded signal component from multiplexed signal 319. Therefore, it can be seen that compositing operations will reduce effects of random errors such as noise, where the randomness of the noise signal components will integrate to lower amplitudes and the repetitive nature of the actual signal portions will integrate to higher amplitudes, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and mitigating the effects of noise and other random type error mechanism.
The operation of correlation may be performed after the compositing operation by correlating composited signal 321, wherein the correlated output signal 327 is similar to correlated output signal 316 (FIG. 3A) except that noise may be reduced and signals may be enhanced through compositing operations.
The operation of compositing-after-correlation will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 3C. Pilot signal 328 is shown identical to pilot signal 310 for simplicity. It is assumed that pilot signal 328 illuminates subsurface structures to generate a first trace signal 319 which is correlated to provide correlated signal 329 similar to correlated signals 316 and 327 and to generate a second trace signal 320 which is correlated to provide correlated signal 331 similar to correlated signals 316 and 327 because of the same subsurface structures being ensonified. Correlated signal 329 is shown with noise signal component 330 and correlated signal 331 is shown with noise signal component 332, wherein noise signals 330 and 332 are not repeated for different correlated signals because of the random nature of the noise. Compositing of the corresponding samples of correlation signal 329 and correlation signal 331 is similar to the compositing of uncorrelated trace signals 319 and 320 which was discussed with reference to FIG. 3B above; wherein the compositing of correlated signals 329 and 331 yields composited correlated signal 333. Composited correlated signal 333 does not show the effects of noise 330 from signal 329 nor noise 332 from signal 331 because these noise signal components 330 and 332 were not repeated on other correlated waveforms where their significance is reduced by compositing in signal 333. Therefore, compositing-after-correlation has an effect of enhancement of signal-to-noise ratios similar to compositing-before-correlation.
Prior art systems may perform compositing-before-correlation because the compositing operation is substantially simpler than the correlation operation, wherein compositing involves merely summation of corresponding samples while correlation involves multiplication computations and substantially greater amounts of sum-of-the-products computations and wherein multiplication to derive the products is a complex and time consumming computation when implemented with prior art digital computers. Therefore, prior art systems perform compositing for data compression; where many trace signals are combined to minimize storage and computations and where correlation computations may be performed on the composited signal as discussed with reference to FIG. 3B. The high-speed real-time nature of the correlator of the present invention permits real-time correlation while the trace signals are being received and provides compositing-after-correlation capability yielding substantial advantages over the prior art systems. These advantages include (1) elimination of the requirement for large amounts of compositor memory, where the correlation memory requirements are smaller than the compositor memory requirements; (2) use of different pilot signals to ensonify the subsurface structures; and (3) use of ensonifying signals that are not repeatable such as with dynamite blasts by correlating the pilot signal out of the trace signal before compositing wherein compositing may obscure effects of different pilot signals. Other advantages of the compositing-after-correlation feature of the present invention are discussed elsewhere herein.
Another feature of the present invention will now be exemplified with reference to FIG. 3D. A plurality of chirp signals may be provided as pilot signals for ensonifying subsurface structures. A VIBROSEIS signal generator may be used to generate the plurality of ensonifying signals. For example, a first up-chirp signal 336 may be generated with a first VIBROSEIS and a first down-chirp signal 337 may be generated with a second VIBROSEIS. Alternately, signal 336 and signal 337 may be electronically generated and electronically mixed as discussed for summing or multiplexing circuit 759 with reference to FIG. 7D, wherein MUX signal 342 may have a plurality of different chirp signals multiplexed therein and may be used to excite a VIBROSEIS for generating a multiplexed pilot signal. For simplicity, each chirp signal 336 and 337 are shown lined-up and starting at the same time and having the same chirp envelope. It will be recognized that the teachings of this simplified example are readily expandable to having chirp signals that start at different times, chirp signals having different length chirp envelopes, and other forms of chirp signals that may be multiplexed together.
Multiplexing may be accomplished by electrically combining a plurality of different chirp signals or by implicitly combining a plurality of different signals. For example, the use of a plurality of VIBROSEIS generators each ensonifying the subsurface environment with a different chirp signal provides implicit or implied multiplexing of chirp signals because the different chirp signals impressed on the subsurface environment are combined in the subsurface environment and are effectively multiplexed together. An electronic form of multiplexing will be discussed with reference to FIG. 7D, wherein a plurality of chirp signals are added together electronically with circuit 759 to provide a multiplexed chirp signal.
The plurality of chirp signals 336 and 337 are reflected from subsurface structures, wherein the reflections appear to be multiplexed together as shown for multiplexed signal 342 related to two such reflections. The build-up of multiplexed signal 342 is shown by a first reflection of up-chirp signal 336 and down-chirp signal 337 having a time delay related to the distance of the reflecting structure, wherein SIG 3 338 and SIG 4 339 represent the components of the chirp signals reflected from a first subsurface structure. Similarly, SIG 5 340 and SIG 6 341 represent the components of the chirp signals reflected from a second subsurface structure. Reflected signals 338-341 are shown multiplexed together in time relation therebetween as multiplexed signal 342. Correlation of multiplexed signal 342 with up-chirp signal 336 will detect and separate out up-chirp components of the reflected signal shown by SIG 3 338 from a first reflector and SIG 5 340 from a second reflector to generate output signal 343 in response thereto. Similarly, correlation of multiplexed signal 342 with down-chirp signal 337 will detect and separate out components of the reflected signal shown by SIG 4 339 from a first reflector and SIG 6 341 from a second reflector to generate output signal 344 in response thereto. The correlation output peak signals shown in output signal 1 343 and output signal 2 344 line up vertically in time and phase because the pilot signals chirp SIG 1 336 and chirp SIG 2 337 are lined up in time and phase and the reflecting structures are detected at the same distances, thereby resulting in the same time intervals between each chirp signal reflection.
Output signal 1 343 and output signal 2 344 may be composited-after-correlation by adding signals 343 and 344 sample-by-sample to generate each of the corresponding output samples of the composited signal 345. Therefore, in accordance with yet another feature of the present invention, FIG. 3D illustrates the generation of a plurality of different pilot signal signatures either simultaneously, overlapping therebetween, or sequentially following each other; receiving and correlation of the multiplexed pilot signals such as to define subsurface structures; and compositing-after-correlation of the correlation output signals to obtain a composite-after-correlation signal 345.
In accordance with still another feature of the present invention; noise, sidelobes and other perturbing effects on an output correlation signal may be reduced by compositing a plurality of signals after correlation, wherein each of the composited signals may be related to different correlation pilot signals. For example, correlation output signal 343 is related to up-chirp signal 336 and correlation output signal 344 is related to down-chirp signal 337. The perturbing effects such as noise, sidelobes, and other perturbing effects may be different for different types of pilot signals; wherein compositing-after-correlation may be used to reduce these perturbing signal components by adding the different correlation output signals having different perturbing components and thereby adding the different perturbing components together causing cancellation of these perturbing components therebetween. For example, correlation output signal 343 is shown with sidelobe 346 and correlation output signal 344 is shown with sidelobe 347; wherein sidelobes 346 and 347 may be different therebetween such as caused by different correlation operators. Compositing or adding corresponding samples of correlation output signal 343 and correlation output signal 344 together generates composited signal 345 which may have enhanced signal peaks because the signal peaks are similar and may have reduced perturbing components such as shown in signals 343 and 344. Therefore composited signal 345 may have reduced sidelobe signal 348 and reduced noise and other perturbing effects because of the adding together of different perturbing components from correlation output signal 343 and correlation output signal 344 thereby providing cancellations therebetween.
Separation of different signature signals through correlation is based upon two primary considerations and many secondary considerations. The primary considerations are how well a signature signal correlates with itself and how poorly a signal correlates with other signature signals. For example, if a first signature signal generates a large output signal peak when correlated with a first pilot signal and generates a small output signal peak when correlated with a second signature signal and if a second signature signal generates a large output signal peak when correlated with the second pilot signal and generates a small output signal peak when correlated with the first signature signal, then the first and second signature signals may be separated therebetween through correlation. These characteristics of good signature signals may be described as having good autocorrelation by correlation with the same signature signal and having poor cross-correlation by correlation with the different signature signal for separation therefrom. The secondary considerations may be the signal-to-noise ratio, the number of pilot signal samples, the number of trace signal samples, and others.
One well known code having a good autocorrelation function is a Barker code. A Barker code may be used with the features of the present invention for providing signature signals in accordance with Barker codes.
An arrangement providing a plurality of chirp generators such as for simultaneously ensonifying a geophysical environment provides advantages such as for generating different signature signals related to different signal characteristics. A correlator arrangement may be provided having a plurality of correlator channels, wherein each correlator channel operates in response to a pilot signal related to a different one of the ensonifying signals to individually separate out the reflections related to each of the ensonifying signals. In an alternate arrangement, a single correlator channel may be provided having a pilot signal that is related to the combination or superposition of a plurality of the ensonifying signals. For example, the plurality of ensonifying signals may include an up-chirp signal and a down-chirp signal transmitted simultaneously and the pilot signal for the correlator may be related to the sum or combination of the up-chirp and down-chirp ensonifying signals for separating out reflections related to the combined or multiplexed up-chirp and down-chirp ensonifying signals. Such an arrangement may be exemplified with reference to FIG. 3D wherein up-chirp signal 336 and down-chirp signal 337 may be used to ensonify a subsurface environment and wherein up-chirp signal 336 may be generated by a first VIBROSEIS and down-chirp signal 337 may be generated by a second VIBROSEIS or, alternately, up-chirp signal 336 and down-chirp signal 337 may be combined electronically such as with the multiplexing arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7 hereinafter to form a combination or multiplexed up-chirp and down-chirp signal for exciting a VIBROSEIS to ensonify the geophysical environment.
A plurality of correlators may be provided as discussed with reference to FIG. 3D above for correlating the multiplexed signal 342 with up-chirp signal 336 in a first correlator and with down-chirp signal 337 in a second correlator to generate output signals 343 and 344 respectively which may be composited together to generate signal 345, as discussed in detail above. Alternately, a single correlator may be used for correlating multiplexed signal 342 in response to a multiplexed pilot signal, wherein the multiplexed pilot signal may be a pilot signal having up-chirp signal 336 and down-chirp signal 337 multiplexed together for providing a combination up-chirp and down-chirp pilot signal. Correlating multiplexed signal 342 with the combination up-chirp and down-chirp pilot signal may provide an output signal related to correlation with both, up-chirp signal 336 and down-chirp signal 337; which may be similar to composited signal 345. In view of the above, it may be desirable to generate a plurality of signature signals multiplexed together either by electronic summing or by propagation through an environment and wherein signal components may be separated from multiplexed signal 342 by either (1) correlating with individual pilot signals and compositing the plurality of correlation output signals theretogether or (2) correlating with a composite pilot signal being related to a plurality of signal signatures combined theretogether for generating an output signal related to characteristics of each of a plurality of correlation operations.
An arrangement has been discussed with reference to FIG. 3D above for providing compositing-after-correlation associated with chirp pilot signals. In an alternate embodiment, a plurality of ensonifying signals may be provided such as with dynamite blasts or other characteristic signatures. The signature of an ensonifying signal may be determined by monitoring the signals and loading a pilot signal memory such as pilot signal memory discussed with reference to FIGS. 4 and 6 hereinafter. The acquired pilot signal may then be used to correlate with a related trace signal for identification of subsurface reflectors. In accordance with the composite-after-correlation feature of the present invention, subsequent ensonifying signals may be stored as pilot signals for correlation of subsequent trace signals to provide compositing of a sequence of trace signals associated with different ensonifying signals such as with sequential dynamite blasts. In a first embodiment, a dynamite blast may be initiated and the pilot signal signature thereof may be monitored and stored in a pilot signal memory, followed by correlation of the stored pilot signal with a related trace signal related thereto for updating output signal samples. After completion of correlation of a first trace signal, a second dynamite blast may be initiated and the pilot signal signature monitored and stored in the pilot signal memory, followed by correlation of the stored pilot signal with a trace signal related thereto for updating output signal samples; wherein correlation of the second trace signal with the second pilot signal may composite output samples of the second correlation with output samples of the first correlation. Similarly, a plurality of sequential dynamite blasts may be initiated, sampled to generate related pilot signals, correlated with the related trace signals, and then composited with prior correlation output signal samples in an output signal memory arrangement as discussed with reference to FIG. 6 hereinafter.
In an alternate embodiment, a plurality of ensonifying signals such as dynamite blasts may be initiated in sequence, wherein each ensonifying signal may be monitored and stored in a different pilot signal store. It may be desirable to provide each ensonifying signal in sequence without overlap therebetween to permit convenient detection and sampling of each ensonifying signal without being overlapped and obscured by other ensonifying signals, where ensonifying signals such as dynamite blasts may have a relatively short duration compared to the propagation time through the ensonified environment. In such an embodiment, reflections of each of the ensonifying signals from subsurface structures may be superimposed or multiplexed theretogether and receive as a multiplexed trace signal. The plurality of pilot signals sampled in response to the plurality of ensonifying signals may each be correlated with the single trace signal which has all reflections multiplexed together; wherein the correlated output signals associated with each correlator channel may be related to reflections associated with a particular one of the dynamite blasts. The plurality of correlation output signals from the plurality of channels may be composited theretogether such as by updating output signal samples with an update circuit and output sample memory common to each of the plurality of correlator channels, as will be further discussed with reference to FIG. 6 hereinafter.
In still another embodiment, a plurality of VIBROSEIS signal generators may simultaneously ensonify the subsurface environment wherein each of a plurality of VIBROSEIS generators may be positioned at a different shotpoint and may generate different ensonifying signals. For example, a first VIBROSEIS generator at a first shotpoint may generate up-chirp ensonifying signals and a second VIBROSEIS generator at a second shotpoint may generate down-chirp ensonifying signals. A geophysical exploration system in accordance with the present invention may provide a multi-channel correlator for correlating reflected seismic signals with an up-chirp pilot signal in a first correlator channel and with a down-chirp pilot signal in a second correlator channel to provide a plurality of correlation output signals each being related to a different shotpoint. This simultaneous ensonification from a plurality of shotpoints provides enhanced productivity, as will be discussed in detail in the section on a multiple shotpoint arrangement provided hereinafter.
In yet another alternate embodiment, a plurality of explosive signals may be provided at different shotpoints, wherein the explosive signal at each shotpoint may have a characteristic signature that is different from the characteristic signatures of explosive charges at other shotpoints for separation therebetween through correlation, as discussed above for simultaneous VIBROSEIS ensonification at each of a plurality of shotpoints. In yet another alternate embodiment, each explosive blast may be initiated in sequence without having overlapping therebetween such as for providing a first blast at a first shotpoint and then providing a second blast at a second shotpoint, wherein the second blast may not be initiated until after the first blast has been completed. Although the ensonifying blasts may not be overlapping, the reflected signals from each of the ensonifying blasts from different shotpoints may be overlapping therebetween. An arrangement may be provided for sampling each of the ensonifying explosions at each of the shotpoints and for storing the sampled ensonifying explosion as a correlator pilot signal. Seismic reflections from subsurface reflectors related to the plurality of ensonifying blasts from different shotpoints may be multiplexed together as they propogate through the subsurface environment and may be received as a multiplexed signal having reflected seismic signals related to ensonifying signals from each of a plurality of shotpoints reflected from each of a plurality of subsurface reflectors. A multi-channel correlator may provide correlation in response to each of a plurality of pilot signals wherein each pilot signal may have been derived by monitoring the ensonifying signals for each of the shotpoints. Therefore, simultaneous ensonification from a plurality of shotpoints may be provided with explosive generators in place of the VIBROSEIS generators discussed above. This simultaneous ensonification from each of a plurality of shotpoints and separation of reflected seismic signals related to the different shotpoints is discussed in detail herein in the section on the multiple shotpoint arrangement.
Description Of FIG. 4
A hardware embodiment of a correlator in accordance with the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 4. A pilot signal register 412 and a trace signal register 417 are provided for storing pilot signal samples and trace signal samples respectively. Input circuitry 423 may be used to load or recirculate the pilot signal samples and the trace signal samples. Computational circuitry 413, 419, and 420 are used to update output signal samples stored in registers 421.
A pilot signal may be received with squaring amplifier 410 to provide a single-bit digital squarewave signal to input gates 411 enabled by the LOAD P signal through inverter 414. As digital register 412 is clocked, the squarewave pilot signal from amplifier 410 is sampled or shifted into register 412 to load single-bit pilot signal samples into register 412. Similarly, a trace signal may be processed with squaring amplifier 415 for input to trace shift register 417 through selection gate 416 in response to the LOAD T signal through inverter 418. In this manner, registers 412 and 417 can be loaded with single-bit pilot signal samples and single-bit trace signal samples. In an alternate embodiment, squaring amplifiers 410 and 415 may be replaced with analog-to-digital converters for generating whole-number multi-bit samples for storage in registers 412 and 417. For simplicity of illustration, a single-bit correlator is discussed with reference to FIG. 4.
After the pilot and trace signals are loaded into registers 412 and 417 respectively, the LOAD P and LOAD T signals may be controlled to be high to disable the loading of new pilot and trace signals through gates 411 and 416 respectively as disabled by inverters 414 and 418 respectively and to enable the recirculation or feedback path into registers 412 and 417 respectively. The pilot signal in register 412 and the trace signal in register 417 may be recirculated to provide access to the desired pilot signal and trace signal in registers 412 and 417 respectively to provide the multiplication operation with exclusive-OR (XOR) circuit 419 such as an S/N 7486 exclusive-OR circuit and a summation operation with counter 420. As the pilot signal samples in register 412 and the trace signal samples in register 417 are recirculated, the pilot signal samples are shifted one-bit to the left with an extra time delay imposed by flip-flop 413; wherein the pilot signal samples stored in register 412 are processed one-bit per recirculation with respect to the trace signal samples stored in register 417 to effectively shift the pilot signal samples along the trace signal samples, as discussed with reference to Table III above. As each pilot and trace signal becomes available from registers 412 and 417 respectively, a one-bit multiplication is provided with exclusive-OR circuit 412 to provide command signal 424 to counter 420 to control updating of the output signal sample in register 421. Command signal 424 may command counter 420 to either increment or not-increment the count for an embodiment using an up-counter such as S/N 7490 or S/N 74163 up-counters. Alternately, command signal 424 may command counter 420 to either increment or decrement the count for an embodiment using an up-down counter such as S/N 74190 or S/N 74192 counters. Alternately, the command signal 424 may command counter 420 to either decrement or not-decrement the count for an embodiment using a down-counter such as S/N 74190 and S/N 74192 counters operating in a down-counter mode. Such counter operations are discussed in greater detail with reference to Z-counter 613 with reference to FIGS. 6D and 6E hereinafter and for other counter arrangements herein.
If output signals from registers 412 and 417 are the same, either both zeros or both ones; command signal 424 will be a zero and if the outputs of registers 412 and 417 are different, wherein one of the signals is a one and the other signal is a zero, then command signal 424 will be a one. Counter 420 may be incremented in response to a zero-state of signal 424 and may not be incremented for a one-state of signal 424 for the above mentioned up-counter embodiment. Therefore, the greater the magnitude of an output signal sample in counter 420 or in registers 421, the greater the correlation between the trace signal and the pilot signal and the lower the magnitude of an output signal sample in counter 420 or in registers 421, the less the correlation between the trace signal and the pilot signal. If an inverter is placed in any one of the signal paths into or out of exclusive-OR gate 419, the counter information will be inverted wherein counter 420 and registers 421 will then have a sample magnitude that is the inverse of the sample magnitudes discussed above.
Each recirculation of the pilot signal in pilot register 412 and of the trace signal in trace register 417 provides a single comparison or a single output signal sample, as shown for each row in Table III. Counter 420 is shown being loaded from registers 421 and being unloaded into registers 421, wherein a sequence of output signal samples such as samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 (Table III) may be stored in counter 420 and registers 421. In an embodiment related to Table III, registers 421 may comprise 12 16-bit registers and counter 420 may comprise one 16-bit counter totaling storage for thirteen output signal samples; wherein registers 421 and the counter 420 are recirculated similar to that shown for recirculation around registers 412 and 417 to sequentially load the next output signal sample in sequence from registers 421 into counter 420 and to load the last prior updated sample from counter 420 into registers 421. This loading and storing of the contents of counter 420 may be accomplished once per recirculation of registers 412 and 417, wherein the plurality of comparisons between the pilot signal in register 412 and the trace signal in register 417 are each used to control the incrementing or non-incrementing of counter 420 in response to the comparison for each bit of the pilot signal and the trace signal stored in registers 412 and 417. Therefore, for each recirculation of registers 412 and 417, counter 420 updates an output sample related to a plurality of comparisons made with gate 419 between the pilot signal in register 412 and the trace signal in register 417. For the next subsequent recirculation, the last updated output signal sample from counter 420 may be stored in registers 421 and the next output signal sample in sequence may be loaded from registers 421 into counter 420 for updating during the next sequential recirculation of registers 412 and 417 under control of command signal 424 from exclusive-OR gate 419.
The computational and output memory arrangement using exclusive-OR gate 419, counter 429, and registers 421 has been described briefly for simplicity with reference to FIG. 4 above to illustrate the single-bit correlation algorithm of the present invention. This computational output arrangement will be discussed in greater detail for an alternate embodiment of the single-bit correlation algorithm with reference to FIG. 6 hereinafter.
Because AND-OR-NOT circuits 411 and 416 generate inverted outputs, the pilot and trace signal samples stored in registers 412 and 417 are stored in inverted or ones-complement form. Therefore, by obtaining the output on the Q output line of registers 412 and 417, the inverted information in registers 412 and 417 may be again inverted to provide non-inverted outputs from registers 412 and 417.
Control logic may be provided for the arrangement shown in FIG. 4, wherein such control logic is well known in the art. Further, analog signal processing arrangements may be provided in a form similar to that shown in FIG. 2A. Further, prior art arrangements can readily be modified to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the teachings of the present invention. One such prior art arrangement is the MW-10 system manufactured by Real Time Geophysics Inc of Norwood, Mass. wherein the documentation related thereto is incorporated by reference.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 4 uses well known components where squaring amplifiers 410 and 415 may be .mu.A710 comparitors; inverters 414 and 418 may be S/N 7404 inverters; AND-OR-NOT gates 411 and 416 may be S/N 7451 gates; shift registers 412 and 417 may be S/N 7491A circuits or may be well known MOS-FET shift register circuits; D flip-flop 413 may be an S/N 7474 circuit; exclusive-OR circuit 419 may be an S/N 7486 circuit; counter 420 may be a plurality of 4-bit up-counter circuits such as S/N 7490 or S/N 74163 circuits or a plurality of 4-bit up-down-counter circuits such as S/N 74190 or S/N 74192 circuits; and registers 421 may be a plurality of parallel-input parallel-output register circuits such as S/N 74174 circuits, or 74175 circuits, or a random access memory (RAM) such as S/N 74200 circuits, or a plurality of shift registers such as S/N 7491A circuits, or other well known register or memory circuits.
Description of FIG. 5A
The features of the correlator of the present invention will now be illustrated with an example using a general purpose computer embodiment. The present invention provides many important features that will be exemplified therewith including real-time correlation, time-domain correlation, compositing-after-correlation, and other features.
The system of the present invention has been discussed with reference to FIG. 1B above for a combination correlator and compositor arrangement and with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B above for a stored program computer implementing the digital data processing operations including correlation and compositing. In particular, signal processor 112 is shown in FIG. 2B including a multiplexer 220 and 221 and an ADC 222 while the correlator-compositor arrangement 121 (FIG. 1B) is shown in the form of a general purpose computer 223. Any well known general purpose stored program computer may be used such as the PDP-11 computer and associated interfaces and peripherals supplied by Digital Equipment Corp of Maynard, Mass. and the SPC-16 computer and associated interfaces and peripherals supplied by General Automation of Anaheim, Calif. Alternately, the SPC-16 computer implementation of the CAFDRS system may be modified to practice the teachings of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the computer system of copending patent application S/N 101,881 referenced above and continuations therefrom, incorporated herein by reference, may be used to practice the teachings of the present invention.
The correlator arrangement shown in FIG. 2A uses a computer to implement a correlation algorithm under program control. Such a software correlation embodiment is described herein because of the simplicity in illustrating the features of the present invention. From the teachings of this example, those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to practice the present invention with other embodiments such as special purpose logical embodiments.
A flow diagram is provided in FIG. 5A illustrating the operation of a correlation algorithm in accordance with the present invention. This algorithm may be implemented in a software form with a general purpose digital computer or in a hardwired logic form with a special purpose logical arrangement. For simplicity of discussion, the implementation of the flow diagram set forth in FIG. 5A will be exemplified with a software embodiment using a stored program computer.
System 200 (FIGS. 2A and 2B) provides for implementing the correlation algorithm shown in flow diagram form in FIG. 5A. A plurality of channels 215 are received with multiplexer 220 for selecting one of said plurality of channels for input to a correlator. Trace signals 215 may be preprocessed such as with analog signal processors 112 including amplification and filtering. A particular trace channel is selected with multiplexer 220 in response to an address placed in an address register 221 to address the desired channel. The selected channel is processed with ADC 222 to generate a digital signal to computer 223 in response to the analog signal from multiplexer 220. Computer 223 may control multiplexer 220 by transmitting an address to address register 221 to select one of a plurality of input channels 215 with multiplexer 220. Computer 223 may also control operation of the ADC 222 with ADC control signals 226. Computer 223 operates with memory 220 for accessing and for storing digital information including a stored program for operating computer 223 and including correlation output signal samples and correlation pilot signal samples. MUX 220 may be implemented with a plurality of analog switches such as FET switches selected with address decoding logic for decoding a desired address from address register 221 to select an appropriate analog switch for communicating the selected input channel 215 to the output of MUX 220. ADC 212 may be a conventional whole-number successive approximation ADC or may be a single-bit ADC as described in detail hereinafter. Computer 223 may be any well known stored program digital computer and memory 224 may be any well known memory arrangement such as a core memory, a disc memory, a tape memory, or combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, system 200 may be implemented with equipment sold commercially by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Mass.; wherein computer 223 may be the PDP-11 computer, memory 224 may be the PDP-11 computer main memory in a core memory form and may also be peripheral memory such as well known tape and disc memories using interface memory controllers provided by Digital Equipment Corp. Further, input signal processors MUX 220 and ADC 222 may be commercially available devices such as provided for use with said PDP-11 computer by Digital Equipment Corp. Alternately, an addressable MUX 220 and a controllable ADC 222 operating in conjunction with a stored program computer 223 under program control is presented in copending patent applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, from the disclosures set forth herein with reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5A and other disclosures thereof; one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to practice the present invention.
The flow diagram set forth in FIG. 5A represents a real-time correlation algorithm for a plurality of input trace signals processed in a time-shared manner. A plurality of iterative loops are provided to process each sample for each trace signal, which will now be briefly described and which is described in detail hereinafter. Inner loop 503 iteratively processes a particular trace signal sample T.sub.L with each of the pilot signal samples P.sub.J to update the output signal samples Z.sub.K for the particular channel N. Middle loop 502 sequences across a plurality of trace signal channels N to obtain a trace signal sample T.sub.LN from each of the plurality of trace signals for a substantially constant sample time; wherein each spacial-domain sample across the array of trace signals is iteratively processed with the appropriate pilot signal samples P.sub.JN with inner loop 503. Further, outer loop 501 is used to control sampling in the temporal-domain. Therefore, each iteration through outer loop 501 selects the next sequential sampling time t.sub.S ; each iteration through middle loop 502 selects a sample from each of the trace signal channels N for the sample time interval controlled with outer loop 501; and each iteration through inner loop 503 selects a pilot signal sample for processing the trace signal sample that was selected with middle loop 502 for the time interval samples selected with outer loop 501.
Assuming that there are J pilot samples, N trace channels and L sample time intervals; inner loop 503 iterates to process the quantity of J pilot samples for each of the N channel trace signal samples selected with inner loop 502, for each of the sampling intervals selected with outer loop 501; yielding a total number of J iterations through inner loop 503 for each of N iterations through middle loop 502 for each of L iterations through outer loop 501 for a total of J.multidot.N.multidot.L iterations through inner loop 503 to implement a complete correlation computation.
A symbolic notation will now be defined for simplicity of describing correlation algorithms. A trace signal sample may be designated with a symbol T having the appropriate subscripts to designate the spacial-domain channel N and the temporal-domain sample L. Similarly, a pilot signal sample may be designated with a symbol P having the appropriate subscripts to designate the spacial-domain channel N and the temporal-domain sample J. Similarly, an output signal sample may be designated with a symbol Z having the appropriate subscripts to designate the spacial-domain channel N and the temporal-domain sample K. Therefore, temporal-domain samples for the trace signal, the pilot signal, and the output signal are designated with the subscripts L, J, and K respectively and the spacial-domain channel is designated with the subscript N. Therefore, a trace signal sample may be designated T.sub.LN for defining the temporal-domain trace signal sample L from the spacial-domain trace channel N. Similarly, a pilot signal sample may be designated P.sub.JN for defining the temporal-domain pilot signal sample J from the spacial-domain pilot channel N. Similarly, an output signal sample may be designated Z.sub.KN for defining the temporal-domain output signal sample K from the spacial-domain channel N. Therefore, subscripts L, J, and K define the temporal-domain designation of the sample for the trace signal, pilot signal, and output signal respectively for a particular channel N.
The subscript N may be used to designate the channel when appropriate such as for an embodiment having a plurality of different channels but the subscript N may be eliminated for simplicity of discussion and when the channel designation is not needed.
The subscript notation discussed above may have particular significance to a computer programmer because the subscripts may be used as indicies for multi-level indexing. For example, the stored pilot signal samples P.sub.JN and the output signal samples Z.sub.KN may be stored in sections of memory called pages or blocks in the form of tables, wherein the index N may identify a table of samples in a page or block of memory for a particular channel and wherein the J or K subscript associated with the pilot signal sample and output signal sample respectively may identify the sample from the table. In a simple embodiment, the subscript N may represent the more significant portion of an index parameter and the subscript J may represent the less significant portion of an index parameter; wherein first indexing of a pilot sample address with the N-index will address the appropriate block of memory and second indexing of the indexed pilot sample address with the J-index will address the location in the block of memory storing the desired pilot signal sample or first indexing of an output sample address with the N-index will address the appropriate block of memory and second indexing of the indexed output sample address with the K-index will address the location in the block of memory storing the desired trace signal sample.
The software embodiment of the correlator algorithm of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 5A. FIG. 5A may represent either a software embodiment or a hardware embodiment. In a software embodiment, FIG. 5A may be used as a computer flow diagram which may be coded in any well known instruction set for general purpose digital computers such as the Digital Equipment Corp PDP-11 mini-computer. In a hardware embodiment, FIG. 5A may represent a state diagram executed under control of special purpose logical counter and decoder control arrangements for sequencing through a plurality of states in iterative or repetitive form, where each state represents one or more operations performed in response to the state control signals. Therefore, the teachings of the present invention described with reference to FIG. 5A may be implemented in either a software embodiment or a hardware embodiment by those of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings provided herein. Further, a hardware embodiment is discussed herein with reference to FIG. 5B using many of the teachings set forth in the discussions referenced to FIG. 5A but departing from 5A for both, simplicity of discussion and for teaching of an alternate embodiment.
Flow diagram 500 may be exemplified with the computation algorithm shown in Table III and Table IV, where flow diagram 500 will be further discussed hereinafter with reference to examples set forth in Table III following the generalized description of flow diagram 500.
A plurality of iterative or repetitive loops are shown in FIG. 5 to iteratively generate or build-up partial correlation solutions until all of the input trace samples have been received and processed for completing the solutions. A plurality of loops are provided within other loops to show the various stages of data processing. Inner loop 503 provides for processing each trace signal sample for each channel with the complete set of pilot signal samples. Middle loop 502 provides for sequencing across an array of channels or traces to setup the processing for each sample of each channel, wherein each trace sample of each channel is processed with inner loop 503 for the particular sample selected with middle loop 502. Outer loop 501 provides for sequencing through a plurality of trace samples in the temporal-domain or time-domain, wherein each temporal-domain sample including a sample from each of the plurality of channels is processed with middle loop 502 to select each channel sample in sequence and each channel sample is processed with each of a plurality of pilot signal samples with inner loop 503. Therefore, flow diagram 500 provides iterative loops within iterative loops for efficient implementation of the real-time correlation algorithm of the present invention in either software or in hardware. In a software embodiment; iterative loops 501, 502, and 503 may be programmed as subroutines having calling sequences to setup initial conditions of the subroutine as shown in flow diagram 500 and as discussed in detail hereinafter. Programming of various levels of subroutines; shown with operations 501, 502, and 503; is well known in the prior art and may be defined as nesting of subroutines wherein the nested subroutines shown in flow diagram 500 are programmable by those or ordinary skill in the art from the teachings of the present invention.
The correlation routine may be programmed as a reenterant routine under control of an executive program for time-shared operation or may be programmed as a dedicated routine such as with a general purpose digital computer performing only the correlation operations. In a dedicated embodiment, entrance point 1 may be operationally connected to exit point 2. In a reentrant routine operating under control of a time-shared executive routine, the executive routine may transfer to point 1 to enter correlation program 500 and correlation program 500 may return to the executive routine from point 2.
Flow diagram 500 will be discussed herein in the form of a reentrant subroutine under control of an executive routine for simplicity of discussion. The executive routine may transfer to the correlation routine entered at point 1 through operation 510. A calling sequence may be implemented in operation 510 to store the return address and to provide other overhead or executive operations. Correlation operations may be initialized in operation 511 where initialization may include loading of pilot signal samples and zero-setting the trace sample parameter L and the pilot start sample parameter Jo. The pilot signal samples may be stored in an off-line memory such as a disc or tape memory and may be accessed with well known computer arrangements. Alternately, computer 223 may sample the pilot signal such as with multiplexer 220 and ADC 222. Pilot samples may be whole-number samples such as 5-bit or 16-bit samples or may be single-bit samples such as one-bit samples described herein. Pilot signal samples may be stored in a main computer memory such as a core memory in sequential addresses such as for well known table lookup operations and for convenient indexing through the table of pilot signal samples with an index parameter which may be related to the pilot signal sample parameter J as discussed hereinafter. Initialization of trace sample parameter L to a zero defines that the first sample in time will be processed first and wherein the L-parameter may be incremented from the zero initial condition as the correlation computation progresses to subsequent time-domain trace signal samples. The pilot start sample parameter Jo may be initially set to zero and may be incremented as the computation progresses, as described for the L-parameter above.
The program may next test a composite command in operation 528 to determine if compositing-after-correlation is required. If compositing-after-correlation is not required, the program may branch along the NO path to clear the output sample memory in operation 529. Clearing of a memory is a well known prior art operation and may be performed with an iterative loop incrementing through memory addresses and clearing the addressed locations. If compositing-after-correlation is required, the memory storing the output signal samples from the last correlation is not cleared but is preserved, wherein the program will loop around operation 529 along the YES path to test for a start signal in operation 512 without clearing output memory in operation 529. This compositing control operation is discussed further with reference to operation 517 hereinafter.
The correlation program may be synchronized with the input trace signal, where synchronization may be performed with a sync pulse tested in operation 512. If a sync pulse is not detected, the program may loop back around test 512 as a delay until a sync pulse is detected. When a sync pulse is detected in operation 512, the program will branch to outer loop routine 501 to process the trace signal samples. In one embodiment, the sync pulse may be received as a discrete input (DI) detected with a skip-on-discrete (SD) instruction in operation 512. If the discrete sync pulse is not detected, the program will execute a transfer (TR) instruction following the SD-instruction which will loop back along the NO path to wait for a sync pulse. If a sync pulse is detected with an SD-instruction, the program will skip over the transfer instruction and follow the YES path to commence with the processing of trace signal samples.
When the sync pulse is detected in operation 512, the program will branch to outer loop routine 501 to process sequential trace signal samples for a plurality of parallel trace channels. Routine 501 begins with an initialization operation 513 to initialize the computation to channel zero (N=0). Because of the real-time nature of the sampling and processing of trace signals, time t will be measured in operation 514 and stored as time sample t.sub.S. After processing the samples for a particular sample interval, the program may delay until the next sample time prior to iterating through the outer loop 501 for the next subsequent set of acquired samples, as will be discussed for operations 523 and 524 hereinafter. Timing may be performed with an off-line real-time clock, by counting time with the program, or by considering time delays implicit in the program as is well known in the prior art.
After initializing the outer loop 501 for a particular time interval in operations 513 and 514, middle loop routine 502 will be executed to process each time related sample for each of the plurality of channels, where the program sequences through the plurality of channels with operations 515 and 516 and performs correlation computations on a single trace sample for a single channel with inner loop routine 503 before looping back to operation 513 to again initialize the outer loop 501 for the next sequential sample for each channel.
Middle loop 502 may be entered from operation 514 of outer loop 501 to load a trace sample in operation 515 and to initialize the computation for processing that sample in operation 516. Trace sample T.sub.LN is obtained from channel N in the sequence of channels for each time related sample L. Middle loop 502 iteratively processes samples from each of the plurality of channels N for each sample time period L by continually looping back to operation 515 for each subsequent channel N associated with a particular time interval L.
Inner loop 503 may be initialized in operation 516 to define the starting pilot signal sample with P.sub.Jo and to define the starting output signal sample with Z.sub.O. Inner loop 503 then iteratively updates each of the output signal samples Z.sub.K starting with output signal sample Z.sub.O with each of the related pilot signal samples P.sub.J starting with pilot signal sample P.sub.Jo. The pilot signal sample address J is decremented for each iteration, analogous to the shifting of the pilot signal past the incoming trace signal as discussed above for the correlation algorithm.
Inner loop 503 provides processing for each input trace sample with all of the appropriate pilot samples for that channel and provides for exiting inner loop 503 when the last output signal sample has been updated with the product of the related pilot signal sample and the particular trace signal sample. Updating of each output signal sample is performed by multiplying the trace signal sample T.sub.LN and the appropriate pilot signal sample P.sub.JN, then adding the product thereof to the related output sample Z.sub.KN, and then storing the updated output signal sample Z.sub.KN in the related storage location.
The trace signal sample T.sub.LN and the pilot signal sample P.sub.JN may either or both be a single-bit sample, a ternary sample, or a digital whole-number sample and the product thereof may be a single-bit sample, a ternary sample, or a whole-number sample. This product may be added to the least significant portion of the output signal sample Z.sub.KN which is accessed from memory. The updated output signal sample Z.sub.KN is then stored back into memory. The pilot sample P.sub.JN and the output sample Z.sub.KN may be accessed from memory and stored in memory with well known techniques such as table-lookup techniques, wherein the subscripts K, J, and N may be used as index operators for indexing through a table of parameters. Output signal sample Z.sub.KN may be accessed from a stored table with multi-level indexing such as indexing to the appropriate section of memory related to the channel N and indexing to the appropriate sample K within that channel N with multi-level indexing using index operators K and N. Adding of the product T.sub.LN .multidot.P.sub.JN to the output sample Z.sub. KN may be performed without roundoff, thereby permitting the updated output sample Z.sub.KN to build-up to a greater precision than available in the resolution of the product, as discussed in detail above.
If correlation output memory had been cleared in operation 529 above, then the first execution of operation of 517 for each output point would fetch a zero value for Z.sub.KN because the output memory location Z.sub.KN had been zero-set in operation 529 for correlation without compositing. Therefore, the output signal samples in storage locations Z.sub.KN will buildup from zero for the single correlation operation being implemented. If compositing-after-correlation is selected with test 528, then the program will branch along the YES path to bypass operation 529 to preserve the results of prior correlation operations. The new correlation updates for a new correlation computation may be added to the corresponding output signal samples from prior correlation computations, wherein correlation updates from the present correlation computation may be used to update the output signal samples from a prior correlation computation for implementing compositing-after-correlation. Therefore, the effects of compositing-after-correlation of two independent trace signals is similar to the mere correlation of a single trace signal with a pair of operators or the correlation of a double-length trace signal with a single operator; wherein the system of the present invention improves correlation with compositing-after-correlation operations.
After performing the partial sum-of-the-product computation in operation 517, the program branches to operation 518 to test the K-parameter to determine if the K-parameter is equal to Kmax, indicative of the last output sample Z.sub.Kmax for a particular channel N being processed. If the last output signal sample has not been processed, operation loops back to sequence through the set of output samples Z.sub.KN and related pilot samples P.sub.JN to complete the processing for the particular trace signal sample T.sub.LN through operations 519 and 527. When the last output signal sample for the particular channel has been updated, indicated by the K-parameter being equal to the Kmax-parameter, the program branches to operation 520 to exit the inner loop 503 for iteratively looping back through middle loop 502 or outer loop 501 or for exiting the subroutine if the correlation operations have been completed.
If the K-parameter is not equal to the Kmax-parameter as tested in operation 518, the additional output samples must be updated for the particular trace signal sample. This iterative sequence progresses to operation 519 for decrementing the J-parameter, which is related to the shifting of the pilot signal, and for incrementing the K-parameter which is related to the updating progression through the output samples. This operation of decrementing the J-parameter and incrementing the K-parameter can be better understood with the discussion referenced to Table III above.
Many computations associated with this algorithm may be eliminated with the test set forth in operation 527, wherein computations may be eliminated that are related to the blank spaces shown in Table III which do not have pilot signal samples P.sub.0 -P.sub.3 associated therewith and which therefore represented the absence of an output signal update requirement. If a pilot signal sample is within the scope of the computation indicated by the pilot signal parameter J being inbetween O and Jmax, the appropriate output signal sample Z.sub.KN must be updated with the product of the pilot signal sample P.sub.JN and the trace signal sample T.sub.LN as performed in operation 517. If the pilot signal parameter J is outside of the range from O to Jmax such as with a negative value of J, then output signal sample Z.sub.KN should not be updated in the computation of operation 517. Therefore, computational time may be saved by skipping the correlation computation shown in operation 517 for a J-parameter outside of the computational range as defined with operation 527, where a pilot signal parameter J outside of the range of the computation causes the program to branch along the NO path directly to operation 518 instead of to operation 517 in order to save computational time and to avoid undesirable updates of the output signal. The program iteratively progresses each trace signal sample within inner loop 503 to sequentially update a plurality of output signal samples in response to a plurality of pilot samples within the range of the computation for each input trace signal sample of each channel and the program skips the computation in operation 517 and merely increments through the iteration for pilot signal sample parameters J outside the range of the computation.
When inner loop 503 has incremented through all of the output signal samples for a particular trace signal sample, as determined by K equalling Kmax in operation 518, the program exits inner loop 503 through operations 520 and 521 to loop back to operation 515 for processing of samples of the other channels for a particular sample interval and then through operations 520, 525, 522, 523, and 524 to operation 513 for processing of samples of subsequent sample intervals after all channels have been processed for a particular sample interval.
After a particular trace signal sample has been processed to update the output signal samples for a particular channel in inner loop 503, the program loops back to operation 515 in middle loop 502 to sequence through each of the N-channels for a particular sample time L. A test is made in operation 520 to determine if the trace signal sample just processed with inner loop 503 is the sample for the last channel Nmax. If the sample for the last channel Nmax has just been processed, the program branches along the YES path from operation 520 to exit middle loop 502 for processing trace signal samples for the next time period. If the trace signal sample just processed with inner loop 503 is not from the last channel Nmax, then the program branches along NO path from operation 520 to operation 521 to increment the N-parameter to identify the next sequential trace channel and to loop back to operation 515 in middle loop 502 to iteratively select the next trace channel for correlation with the pilot signal in inner loop 503. Middle loop 502 provides iterations to process the particular time interval samples for each of a plurality of trace channels in sequence until the last channel has been processed for that time interval, at which time middle loop 502 is exited through operation 520 to wait for and to process the samples for the next sample time interval.
After processing each trace signal sample with inner loop 503 for each of the N-channels for the same time interval as controlled with middle loop 502, the program branches out of the middle loop 502 to operation 525 to determine if the last processed time interval sample L is the last time interval sample Lmax which must be processed. If the last sample has been processed, the program branches out of outer loop 501 to operation 526 for exiting the correlation routine through point 2. Exiting of the routine is indicative of completion of the correlation for each of the trace signals. Exiting of routine 500 may be performed by accessing a return address and transferring indirect to this return address location which may be an executive routine location for commencing with executive routine operations.
If the test in operation 525 shows that the last time interval sample Lmax has not been processed, wherein L is not equal to Lmax; then the program branches to operation 522 to increment the trace signal parameter L to the next sample and to increment the pilot signal start sample Jo for outer loop processing of the next set of time interval samples. The program then progresses to operation 523 for sampling the time parameter t and calculating a time interval parameter .DELTA.t by subtracting the last prior sample t.sub.S from the present time t. The .DELTA.t-parameter is tested in operation 524 to determine if the proper time interval has expired for sampling of the N-channel signals for the next set of trace signal samples. If the time interval has not expired, the program loops back to operation 523 along the NO path to continue to again sample the time parameter t and to again test the change in time .DELTA.t until the time interval t.sub.I has expired. When the time interval has expired, the program loops back along the YES path from operation 524 to operation 513 to iterate through the correlation for the next time interval set of samples from each of the N-channels.
The correlator of the present invention may generate a correlation output as digital samples stored in an output memory device. In an embodiment requiring preserving of each correlation output signal, the results of a correlation computation may be transmitted to a using system or may be recorded on a disc memory or on magnetic tape for future use. A subsequent correlation solution may be preserved independent of the prior correlation by clearing out the correlation memory prior to starting a new correlation operation. Further, if it is desired to provide compositing-after-correlation, the correlation output memory may not be cleared but the results of a subsequent correlation computation may be added to the results of the prior correlation computation thereby implementing compositing-after-correlation by not clearing the correlation output memory. Clearing of memory is a simple task that is well known in the art. Clearing of memory in a hardware embodiment may be accomplished by disabling or zero-setting one stage of a fetch and restore recirculation loop while a sequence of memory locations are accessed, as discussed with reference to FIG. 6D hereinafter. Alternately, memory may be cleared by enabling a clear input such as for a memory or a counter device having appropriate memory and counter circuitry for clearing. Clearing of memory in a software embodiment may be provided with a program loop that iteratively increments through memory and zero-sets the stored information such as by writing zeros into the stored locations or by other well known programming techniques. A simple test to determine whether compositing-after-correlation is to be performed for a particular correlation operation may be readily implemented with digital logical devices or with program operations to determine if memory should be cleared for not compositing-after-correlation or if memory should be preserved for compositing-after-correlation.
Various operations such as looping operations 512 and 524 are shown in a form that particularly lends itself to simplicity of discussion. Greater efficiency may be provided using a real-time correlation routine that periodically returns to the executive routine such as during a wait time delay period shown with operations 512 and 524 to perform other calculations while waiting for a sync pulse to arrive in operation 512, or a sample time interval to expire in operation 524, or for other such reasons. In such real-time operations, the correlation routine may transfer to a real-time executive routine when time is available or when priority operations associated with other operations must be performed and the executive routine may transfer back or return to the correlation routine to continue the correlation algorithm. Such real-time operation is well known in the art and may be applied to the program flow diagram 500 of FIG. 5A by those of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings herein.
The subscripts set forth in FIG. 5A may be representative of well known indexing operations such as multi-level indexing operations. For example, the P.sub.J pilot signal may have a J-index which is decremented as shown in operation 519, wherein the J-parameter may be used as an index parameter for indexing through the pilot signal sample memory to access the appropriate pilot signal sample P.sub.J for the computation in operation 517. Alternately, the pilot signal may have a multi-level JN-index, where a first level of index may be based upon the channel index number N and wherein a second level of index may be based upon the pilot sample index number J. Using one well known multi-indexing programming arrangement, the location of a pilot sample to be accessed may be indexed first with the N-channel parameter defining the more significant portion such as a "page" or "block" of addresses of the stored pilot signal samples and may be further indexed with the J-sample parameter defining the less significant portion of the addresses within the "page" or "block" of N-addresses of pilot signal samples associated with the selected channel N. Therefore, a common correlation program can be used for all samples and for all channels by merely changing the index parameters L, N, and K.
As discussed above, correlation is accomplished for a plurality of time interval samples in the temporal-domain as selected with outer loop 501; wherein each temporal-domain set of samples across the N-channels in the spacial-domain is sequentially processed with middle loop 502; and wherein each of the samples in the temporal-domain (iteratively selected with outer loop 501) and in the spacial-domain (iteratively selected with middle loop 502) is iteratively processed with inner loop 503 by performing the correlation computations on the trace signal sample by comparison with all of the pilot signal samples and by updating of the appropriate output signal samples. Outer loop 501 and middle loop 502 may be considered to be a two-dimensional selection program, wherein middle loop 502 provides for scanning across the array of N-channels in the spacial-domain and outer loop 501 provides for scanning along the trace signals in the temporal-domain.
In view of the above description and flow chart 500, many important features and teachings have been exemplified in accordance with the present invention. For example, a unique algorithm has been provided for real-time correlation and for time-domain correlation. Real-time correlation is exemplified by the partial signal updating of the output signal samples for each trace signal sample, thereby precluding the need to store the input trace samples, and thereby providing all processing associated with a particular trace signal sample when that trace signal sample is received. Further, time-domain correlation is exemplified by the multiplication of each trace sample with all of the related pilot signal samples and by the shifting of the pilot signal and trace signal in relation thereto; which is in direct contrast to the prior art frequency-domain correlation such as with transformation using Fast Fourier transforms and multiplication of matricies in the frequency-domain. A further feature of the present invention is exemplified with the sampling of a plurality of channels in the spacial-domain for a substantially constant time-interval in the temporal-domain and the processing of a set of spacial-domain samples before temporal-domain samples. Yet further, an arrangement is provided for reducing the number of computations required to implement the correlation algorithm by detecting when updates are required with operation 527 and by not performing update operations that are not required. Still further, flow diagram 500 exemplifies iterative processing and nesting of iterative routines for more efficient correlation computations.
In order to provide a better understanding of the correlation algorithm set forth in FIG. 5A, a brief example will be discussed with reference to Table IX. Table IX sets forth the parameters associated with the flow diagram of FIG. 5A and provides numerical values for these parameters to illustrate the iterative nature of the processing and to specifically exemplify the operation.
The column headings of Table IX will now be described. The ROW NO column provides sequential row numbers as a reference to the operations set forth in Table IX. The operations shown in FIG. 5A that are sequentially executed to change the parameters of this example are listed in the column titled OPERATION REF, wherein the 500 series numbers in this column correspond to the 500 series numbers referencing operations in FIG. 5A. For example, reference number 511 in row 1 of Table IX corresponds to operation 511 of FIG. 5A. The columns SAMPLE TIME L, CHANNEL N, PILOT START SAMPLE Jo, PILOT SAMPLE J, and OUTPUT SAMPLE K correspond to the parameters L, N, Jo, J, and K discussed above with reference to FIG. 5A. The column entitled SKIP OPERATIONS shows an arrow opposite a blank row related to a group of sequential operations that have been skipped for simplicity of discussion. For example, row 6 shows a skip operation symbol indicative of skipping the large number of iterations through operation 519 inbetween row 5 and row 7 while the K-parameter is being incremented from output sample K=2 in row 5 to output sample K=11 in row 7. A showing of the skipped operations would not add to the description wherein the repetitive nature of the processing and the following description will permit one skilled in the art to reconstruct the skipped operations from the teachings of the present invention.
TABLE IX__________________________________________________________________________ TRACE PILOT START PILOT OUTPUT OPERATION SAMPLE CHANNEL SAMPLE SAMPLE SAMPLE SKIPROW NO REF NO L N Jo J K OPERATIONS__________________________________________________________________________ 1 511 0 -- 0 -- -- 2 513 0 0 0 -- -- 3 516 0 0 0 0 0 4 519 0 0 0 -1 1 5 519 0 0 0 -2 2 6 .uparw..dwnarw. 7 519 0 0 0 -11 11 8 519 0 0 0 -12 12 9 521 0 1 0 -12 1210 516 0 1 0 0 011 519 0 1 0 -1 112 519 0 1 0 -2 213 .uparw..dwnarw.14 519 0 1 0 -11 1115 519 0 1 0 -12 1216 521 0 2 0 -12 1217 516 0 2 0 0 018 519 0 2 0 -1 119 519 0 2 0 -2 220 .uparw..dwnarw.21 519 0 2 0 -11 1122 519 0 2 0 -12 1223 522 1 2 1 -12 1224 513 1 0 1 -12 1225 516 1 0 1 1 026 519 1 0 1 0 127 519 1 0 1 -1 228 .uparw..dwnarw.29 522 15 -- 15 -- --30 513 15 0 15 -- --31 516 15 0 15 15 032 519 15 0 15 14 133 519 15 0 15 13 234 .uparw..dwnarw.35 519 15 0 15 4 1136 519 15 0 15 3 1237 .uparw..dwnarw.38 521 15 2 1539 516 15 2 15 15 040 519 15 2 15 14 141 519 15 2 15 13 242 .uparw..dwnarw.43 519 15 2 15 4 1144 519 15 2 15 3 1245 526 15 2 15 3 12__________________________________________________________________________
An example of operation of the embodiment discussed above with reference to FIG. 5A will now be provided for the parameters discussed above for Table III. In Table III the trace sample parameter L ranges from 0 through 15, the maximum trace sample parameter Lmax is 15; the pilot start sample parameter Jo ranges from 0 through 3, the pilot sample parameter J ranges from 0 through 3, the maximum pilot sample parameter Jmax is 3, the output sample parameter K ranges from 0 through 12, and the maximum output sample parameter Kmax is 12. Table III has been used to illustrate operation of a single trace channel but the arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 5A illustrates a multiple trace arrangement. For the example described with reference to Table IX, a set of three channels will be assumed wherein the channel parameter N ranges from 0 through 2 and the maximum channel parameter Nmax is 2.
Operation of the algorithm shown in FIG. 5A will now be discussed in detail with reference to Table IX.
The program enters the routine through operation 510 and initializes the trace sample parameter L to zero and the pilot start sample Jo to zero as shown in row 1 for operation 511. The program detects a sync pulse in operation 512 and enters outer loop 501 to initialize the channel parameter N to channel zero in operation 513 (row 2), then enters middle loop 502 to sample the input trace signal for sample time zero channel zero (L=0 and N=0 for row 3) in operation 515. The program initializes the J-parameter and the K-parameter by loading the Jo-parameter of zero into the J-parameter and by zero setting the K-parameter in operation 516 (row 3).
Operation commences to inner loop 503 to compute the output term Z.sub.KN for output samples K=0 and channel N=0 (row 3) associated with pilot signal P.sub.J for the first pilot sample of J=0 (row 3). The K-parameter is tested in operation 518, where the K-parameter is equal to zero and not equal to Kmax (row 3). The program branches to operation 519 where the J-parameter is decremented to -1 and the K-parameter is incremented to 1 (row 4). The J-parameter is tested in operation 527, where the J-parameter is negative (-1) and therefore less than zero, where the P-samples for the J-parameter less than zero are not used to update the output samples. Therefore the program branches to operation 518, skipping operation 517 wherein the output samples are not updated for this and subsequent negative values of the pilot sample parameter J. The program then tests for the K-parameter in operation 518, but the K-parameter equals 1 (row 4), causing the program to branch through operation 519 which decrements the J-parameter to -2 and increments the K-parameter to 2 (row 5).
The program continues to loop through operations 518, 519, and 527 for 10-iterations (8-skipped iterations with row 6 and rows 7 and 8) until the output sample parameter K is incremented to 12 (row 8). Therefore, the test for K=Kmax in operation 518 causes the program to branch along the YES path because K=12 (row 8) and Kmax=12 (Table III); resulting in the program exiting from inner loop 503 to operation 520. The 13-iterations through inner loop 503 corresponding to the 13-output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 (Table III) to provide an update of the output samples with the trace sample multiplied by the pilot samples. This iteration provides no updates for output samples Z.sub.1 -Z.sub.12 because the test in operation 527 determined that the pilot signal parameter J corresponding to the output samples Z.sub.1 -Z.sub.12 were negative, as illustrated in the T.sub.o column of Table III having blanks in those table positions.
After exiting from inner loop 503 through operation 520, the N-parameter is tested to see if the output samples of the last channel Nmax have been updated, but N=0 (row 8) and not Nmax which equals 2. Therefore, the program branches to operation 521 to increment the N-parameter from zero (row 8) to 1 (row 9). The program then loops back within middle loop 502 to sample channel 1 for N=1 (row 9) and then to initialize the J-parameter to Jo which is zero and to zero-set the K-parameter in operation 516 (row 10). Therefore, operation 516 sets up the computation to iterate through inner loop 503 for the next trace signal sample which is the trace signal sample for the second trace channel N=1. The program iterates through inner loop 503 13-times related to the 13-output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 (rows 11-15) but updates only the first output sample Z.sub.0 as discussed above for trace channel zero (rows 4-8). The primary difference between the operations performed in rows 3-8 and in rows 10-15 is that the program has incremented from the first channel (N=0) to the second channel (N=1), where all other parameters are the same.
As discussed for row 9 above, the program exits inner loop 503 and increments the channel parameter N, wherein the channel parameter N is incremented to N=2 (row 16). The program again iterates through inner loop 503 with operations shown in rows 17-22 which are the same as the operations performed in rows 3-8 except that the correlation computations are performed for the third channel (N=2). One difference for the programmed operations for the third channel is provided in operation 520 where Nmax=2 for this example and therefore when N=2 (rows 22 and 23) the program branches out of middle loop 502 along the YES path from operation 520 into outer loop 501 to test the L-parameter in operation 525. Because Lmax=15 (Table III) and L=0 (row 22), the program branches along the NO path from operation 525 to operation 522 to increment the L-parameter to 1 and the Jo-parameter to 1 (row 23).
At the end of the sample interval defined in operations 523 and 524, the program loops back to operation 513 in outer loop 501 where the channel parameter N is initialized back to zero to identify the first channel for this second sample time interval (row 24) to start the iterative processing for each channel associated with the second sample time interval L=1. The program inputs a trace sample in operation 515 related to the first channel and the second time interval, wherein N=0 and L=1 respectively (row 24); then the program initializes the J-parameter to the Jo-parameter which is 1 and the K-parameter K to zero (row 25) to set up the parameters for iterative processing of input samples T.sub.LN =T.sub.10. The program updates the first output sample Z.sub.0 for the first channel (N=0) in operation 517 and iterates through inner loop 503 13-times until the K-parameter is incremented to Kmax which is 12, thereby causing the program to exit inner loop 503 from operation 518 along the YES path because K=Kmax=12. The J-parameter is initially set to J=1 (row 25) and therefore must be decremented twice (row 26 and row 27) before going negative, wherein the first two output samples Z.sub.0 and Z.sub.1 are updated before the test in operation 527 detects a negative pilot sample parameter J to skip the output update computation in operation 517. Inner loop 503 continues to generate the computations for each trace signal sample, middle loop 502 continues to sample each channel for a particular time interval, and outer loop 501 continues to sequence through time intervals until all correlation computations have been completed.
The last sample time is also shown in Table IX to illustrate how the program exists from the iterative routines, where the intermediate iterations between the second sample time (L=1) (row 27) and the sixteenth sample time (L=15) (row 29) are skipped (row 28) for simplicity of description. One skilled in the art can readily complete the skipped operations from the teachings herein and the above examples for rows 1-27, where these skipped operations are substantially identical to the iterative operations discussed for rows 1-27.
Continuing the discussion from operation 522 where the sample time parameter L has been incremented to 15 and the pilot start sample parameter Jo has been incremented to 15, the program performs the time delay operation for the sixteenth sample interval with operations 523 and 524 before looping back to operation 513 for initializing the channel parameter N to the first channel (N=0) (row 30) to input the first channel sample for this sixteenth sample time interval in operation 515 and for initializing the pilot sample parameter J to Jo which is 15 and for zero setting the output sample parameter K in operation 516 (row 31). Iterations through inner loop 503 are exemplified with decrementing of the pilot sample parameter J and incrementing of the output sample parameter K (rows 32-36) until the output sample parameter K is incremented to the Kmax parameter value of 12 (row 36) resulting in the program exiting from inner loop 503 along the YES path from decision operation 518. The operations shown in rows 31-36 are similar to the operations discussed for rows 3-8 above except that the sample time parameter L and related pilot start sample parameter Jo are equal to 15, related to the sixteenth and last trace sample interval. For this example Jmax=3, wherein all values of J greater than 3 which are the values of J related to output samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.11 are not used in the output computation as detected in operation 527; resulting in the program looping back through operation 518 and skipping compute operation 517 for these values of pilot sample parameters J greater than J=3.
The second channel N=1 is iteratively processed for sample intervals L=15 similar to the processing of the first channel N=0 for sample intervals L=15 (rows 30-36) and therefore the detailed description for the second channel N=1 is skipped as indicated in row 37. The program starts the processing of the third and last channel N=2 for the last sample interval L=15 in operation 521 by incrementing the channel parameter N to N=2 (row 38) then looping back in middle loop 502 to sample the third channel N=2 for the last time interval L=15 in operation 515 and to initialize the computation for this sample in operation 516 by setting the pilot sample parameter J to the pilot start sample Jo which is 15 and to zero-set the output sample parameter K (row 39). The program then enters inner loop 503 and iterates through the inner loop 13-times until the output sample parameter K is incremented to Kmax=12, causing the program to exit inner loop 503 from operation 518 along the YES path to operation 520. These 13-iterations through inner loop 503 are exemplified with rows 40-44 similar to the above operations shown in rows 18-22 except that the sample time parameter L has been incremented to L=15 for rows 40-44. The program tests the channel parameter N in operation 520, wherein the channel parameter N is now equal to Nmax=2 (row 44) causing the program to branch along YES path to operation 525 to test the sample time parameter L. The sample time parameter L is equal to Lmax of 15 (row 519) causing the program to exit the correlation routine along the YES path from operation 525 to operation 526.
In view of the above example, the iterative operations through the correlation program have been shown in detail to illustrate in detail how the computation progresses.
Description Of FIG. 5B
An alternate embodiment of the system of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B may represent a computer flow diagram for a software embodiment as discussed with reference to FIG. 5A above or may represent a state diagram for a hardwired logical embodiment as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 6 hereinafter. Because FIG. 5A has been discussed primarily with reference to a software embodiment, FIG. 5B will be discussed primarily with reference to a hardware embodiment; illustrating the similarity between computer flow diagrams and hardware state diagrams and illustrating the ability to either program a computer or to design logic to implement a computer flow diagram and a hardwired logic state diagram. For example, the textbook by Chu referenced hereinafter discusses implementation of state diagrams with hardwired logic with reference to FIGS. 11-5 and 11-6 on pages 408 and 411 therein and the textbooks by Sherman, Stark, Jeenel, Golden, Schriber, Maurer, Martin, and Swallow referenced hereinafter discuss programming of computers in response to flow diagrams. Therefore those skilled in the art will be able to program flow diagram operations with a general purpose computer and be able to design hardwired logic from the flow diagrams and state diagrams of FIG. 5A and 5B; wherein the information contained in a flow diagram and in a state diagram are substantially the same and would permit those skilled in the art to program a computer or design hardwired logic to implement flow diagram and state diagram operations.
The state diagram of FIG. 5B will now be discussed in detail. Table III exemplifies an algorithm substantially the same as that mechanized with the state diagram of FIG. 5B, wherein reference to Table III will assist in understanding the state diagram of FIG. 5B. A sequencer using integrated circuits may be used to sequence through a sequence of states, wherein the sequencer may comprise a word-counter and a bit-counter or the sequencer may be implicit in the counters and sequential logic of the correlation processor. The sequencer is shown commencing operation at reference point 1 and proceeding to test for a sync pulse in operation 540. The sequencer remains "locked up" waiting for a sync pulse, as shown by the looping-back along the NO path and the sequencer proceeds along the YES path to operation 541 when a sync pulse is detected. The sync pulse may be used to clear a counter or to reset logic to permit the sequencer to continue operation through the state diagram wherein the logic may be "locked up" waiting for the sync pulse to clear or to reset logical elements. Upon detection of a sync pulse; the parameters L, Jo, J, and K may be cleared in operation 541; wherein the arrival of a sync pulse may "unlock" the sequencer by clearing counters, as will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6D hereinafter. The parameters L, Jo, J, and K have the same significance as in the discussion referenced to FIG. 5A above and will be briefly summarized below. The L-parameter represents the designation of a trace signal sample, wherein the first trace signal sample is designated by L=0. The Jo-parameter represents the designation of the first pilot signal sample, where the Jo-parameter may be equal to the L-parameter as shown in Table III and where the designation of the trace signal sample in the top row of Table III and the designation of the pilot signal sample in the top pilot signal sample row of Table III, which is the first pilot sample, have corresponding numbers therebetween for this particular algorithm. The J-parameter represents the pilot signal sample which ranges from J=Jo set forth in the top pilot signal sample row of Table III through J=0 for the last pilot signal sample designated P.sub.0. The K-parameter represents the output signal sample, wherein the first output signal sample is Z.sub.0 having a K value of zero and being incremented through the last output signal sample which is Z.sub.15 in Table III representing a Kmax-parameter of 15.
After clearing the L, Jo, J, and K parameters in operation 541, the pilot sample P.sub.J and trace sample T.sub.L are accessed in operation 542, wherein the P.sub.J signal sample is the appropriate pilot signal sample and the T.sub.L signal sample is the appropriate trace signal sample for the computation.
In a hardware embodiment, the signal samples such as the pilot signal samples P.sub.J and the output signal samples Z.sub.K may be accessed from a shift register memory, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a core memory, a disc memory or other well known memory devices which may be used for storing signal samples. The trace signal sample T.sub.L may be accessed by sampling an input trace signal in real-time or may be stored in a buffer memory and accessed when appropriate. For the first pass through the iteration, J is equal to zero for the first pilot signal sample P.sub.0 and L is equal to zero for the first trace signal sample T.sub.0. The accessed trace and pilot signal samples T.sub.L and P.sub.J are multiplied in operation 543, wherein this multiplication computation may be an incremental multiplication such as by using a hardware exclusive-OR circuit as discussed in detail in FIG. 6 hereinafter or may be various combinations of whole number, ternary, and incremental multiplications that can be implemented with well known stored program computer and hardware logical arrangements.
The product of T.sub.L and P.sub.J computed in operation 543 is used to update output signal sample Z.sub.K by adding the product T.sub.L.P.sub.J to the Z.sub.K sample as shown in operation 543. The computed product T.sub.L and P.sub.J may be added to the related output signal sample Z.sub.K which may be accessed from memory and the updated output signal sample may then be stored back in memory. In an alternate embodiment, the output signal samples may be stored in the persistency of a cathode ray tube (CRT) such as used in an oscilloscope rather than in a digital memory as will be briefly discussed hereinafter. In this oscilloscope storage embodiment, each column of Table III may represent a different sweep of the CRT beam to record the output signal sample Z-parameters on the CRT by intensity modulating the Z-axis with the product solutions T.sub.L times P.sub.J, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter.
After the computation in operation 543, the K-parameter is tested to see if K=Kmax, indicative of the last output sample Z.sub.Kmax which indicates that all of the output signal samples have been updated for a particular trace signal sample, thereby necessitating accessing of the next trace signal sample for the next computation iteration. If the K-parameter is not equal to Kmax as tested in operation 544; the sequencer will branch along the NO path to operation 545 to decrement the J-parameter and to increment the K-parameter. This operation can be better understood with reference to Table III, where the J-parameter associated with the pilot signal sample P.sub.J decreases and the K-parameter associated with the output signal Z.sub.K increases as operation progresses vertically downward in Table III for a particular trace signal sample T.sub.L. For example, the sample for L=3 starts with a pilot signal sample P.sub.3 for J=3 related to an output signal sample Z.sub.0 for K=0. As the computation progresses, the pilot sample designator J is decremented from 3 to 2 to 1 to 0 for successive iterations through operation 545 and the output sample designator K is incremented from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3 for the corresponding iterations through operation 545 related to the decremented pilot samples and a particular trace signal sample.
The J-parameter may be tested for being negative in operation 546, where the sequencer branches along the YES path to operation 547 if the J-parameter is negative and along the NO path to operation 542 if the J-parameter is positive. This can be better understood with reference to Table III, where computations for a particular trace signal sample such as T.sub.3 continues through pilot samples P.sub.3 -P.sub.0, wherein updating of the output signal samples is disabled when the pilot sample designator J is decremented beyond the last pilot signal sample P.sub.0 to negative pilot signal samples. While the J-designator is not negative, the sequencer will continue to iterate through the accessing of the pilot signal samples P.sub.J and the computation of multiplying the pilot signal samples P.sub.J with the trace signal sample T.sub.L in operations 542 and 543. As the pilot designator J is decremented towards a negative value in operation 545 for successive iterations, the computation progresses towards the P.sub.0 pilot signal sample, as shown in Table III.
When the iteration progresses past the P.sub.0 sample to the pilot signal designator J equalling a negative value, the computation may be disabled because such negative pilot signal samples should not update the output signal samples Z.sub.K. This is illustrated in FIG. 5B, wherein a negative J-parameter detected in operation 546 causes the sequencer to disable the computation in operation 547 and to loop back to operation 544 without accessing the computational parameters P.sub.J and T.sub.L nor computing the product thereof in operations 542 and 543.
In other embodiments, the sequencer may loop back from operation 547 to operation 542 thereby not skipping operations 542 and 543, wherein disable operation 547 may set a flip-flop to disable the computation performed in operation 543 from updating the output signal samples Z.sub.K with computational solutions corresponding to negative pilot sample designator J values.
As the sequencer causes the processor to iterate through operations 542-547, the output sample designator K is incremented in operation 545 and tested in operation 544 until K=Kmax, thereby causing the sequencer to exit the iterative loop of operations 542-547 to operation 548. The logic will test to see if the trace signal sample T.sub.L has been incremented to the last trace signal sample T.sub.Lmax. If L=Lmax, then the last trace signal sample has been processed and the sequencer will loop back along the YES path to lockup waiting for a new sync pulse in operation 540; indicative of the need to start a new correlation operation. If the L-parameter is not equal to Lmax as tested in operation 548, the sequencer branches along the NO path to operation 549 to increment the trace sample designator L for identification of the next trace signal sample T.sub.L and to increment the first pilot sample designator Jo to select a first pilot sample P.sub.Jo one increment further advanced from the prior first pilot sample, as illustrated in the first row of pilot signal samples shown in Table III. In the embodiment exemplified with Table III, the first pilot sample designator Jo is equal to the trace sample T.sub.L designator L and, therefore, the Jo-parameter may be set equal to the L-parameter for one embodiment of the correlator of the present invention.
After incrementing the L and Jo designators, the sequencer branches to operation 550 to load the pilot signal first sample designator Jo into the pilot signal designator memory location J and to clear or zero-set the output sample designator K. The significance of this operation can be understood with reference to Table III, wherein operations for a new trace signal sample such as T.sub.3 are initialized by incrementing the start pilot sample designator Jo from 2 to 3 for designation of a stored first pilot sample of P.sub.3 by loading the start pilot signal designator Jo into the J-parameter memory location to select P.sub.Jo =P.sub.3 and to clear the output sample designator K to initially select Z.sub.K =Z.sub.0. The sequencer then branches back to operation 542 to access the sequence of pilot signal samples P.sub.J starting with the P.sub.3 first pilot signal sample, computing the sequence of updated output signal samples Z.sub.K in operation 543, then incrementing the output sample designator K and decrementing the pilot sample designator J in operation 545; wherein these iterations proceed until the last output signal sample Kmax is updated followed by incrementing to the next input trace signal sample T.sub.L for processing.
The embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B are directed to an algorithm such as discussed with reference to Table III, but these embodiments are presented in slightly different forms to illustrate different features of the present invention. For example, FIG. 5A illustrates a time-shared embodiment for correlating a plurality of trace signals from a corresponding plurality of transducers with either a common pilot signal P.sub.J or separate pilot signals P.sub.JN. Therefore, the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5A may correlate each of the plurality of trace signals with a different pilot signal or with the same pilot signal. For example, the pilot signal sample may be a single-dimensional common pilot signal P.sub.J or may be a two-dimensional or different pilot signal P.sub.JN for each trace signal where the N-channel designation may identify the channel and the J pilot sample designator may identify the particular pilot sample for that pilot signal N. Alternately as discussed with reference to FIG. 5B, a single channel correlator may be implemented for correlating a trace signal from a single channel in contrast to the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 5A for time-sharing operations between a plurality of channels. Therefore, a single correlator may be dedicated to a single channel in accordance with the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 5B or may be shared between a plurality of channels in accordance with the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 5A and where a plurality of single channel or multiple channel correlators may be used to process information from a larger array of channels.
Another comparison between the embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B is related to time-sharing between other operations. The embodiment shown in FIG. 5A provides for a program to enter the correlation operation at point 1 and to exit the correlator operation from point 2 and may further provide for a program to enter and to exit on a re-entrant basis within the correlation computation such as with multi-level subroutines for permitting other system operations to be performed on a time-shared basis with the correlation operation shown in FIG. 5A. Alternately, the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 5B may be dedicated to a single channel correlation operation wherein a sync pulse may initiate the correlation operation and wherein the termination of the correlation operation following the YES path from operation 548 looping back to the start point 1 to again "lock up" the sequencer waiting for a sync pulse in operation 540.
Description Of FIGS. 6A-6C
A preferred embodiment of the correlator of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 6.
FIG. 6A is a block diagram of the correlator which is shown in detailed logical design form in FIG. 6D. Trace signal samples T.sub.L and pilot signal samples P.sub.J are received by product circuitry 611 to generate product signal 612. Trace signal samples T.sub.L may be received in real-time from signal processing circuitry and may be single-bit digital samples or whole-number digital samples. Pilot signal P.sub.J may be received in real-time from the signal processing circuitry such as for auto-correlation or may be received from a pilot sample memory shown as P-store 610 for cross-correlation. Product circuitry 611 may provide a single-bit product computation such as implemented with an exclusive-OR circuit in a preferred embodiment or may provide for multiplying a pair of multiple-bit samples or for multiplying a single-bit sample with a multiple-bit sample.
Product signal 612 from product circuit 611 may be used to update output signal samples Z.sub.K with Z-update circuitry 613 for a memory output device or to modulate the Z-axis signal of a CRT for a display output device. For the CRT embodiment, synchronization of the CRT sweep may be performed by control logic 615 and modulation of CRT beam intensity may be performed with product signal 612, where persistency of the CRT may be relied on for temporary storage and memory capabilities as discussed in detail hereinafter. In a digital storage embodiment, correlation output samples Z.sub.K may be stored in Z-store 614 and may be updated with product signal 612 using Z-update circuitry 613. Z-update circuitry 613 may sequentially access Z-output samples Z.sub.K from Z-store 614 for updating with product signal 612 and may then store updated output signal sample Z.sub.K into Z-store 614. Control logic 615 may sequentially access trace signal samples T.sub.L, pilot signal samples P.sub.J, and output signal samples Z.sub.K for updating the output signal samples Z.sub.K with the product of the trace signal sample T.sub.L and the pilot signal sample P.sub.J, then controlling the storing of output samples Z.sub.K back into Z-store 614. Further, control logic 615 may be responsive to an external signal such as a sync signal related to the start of correlation operations that is responsive to the start of transmission of a chirp signal with a VIBROSEIS signal generator.
Control logic 615 may be implemented with counters, decoders, and logical arrangements; or with a ROM micro-programmable control arrangement; or with other well known sequencing and controlling arrangements. A preferred embodiment will be discussed with reference to FIG. 6D for implementing control logic 615 with a logical arrangement for convenience of discussion.
Memory devices such as P-store 610 and Z-store 614 may be implemented with a read only memory (ROM) for P-store 610 and with a random access memory (RAM) for Z-store 614 to exemplify use of these different memories devices, as will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6D hereinafter. Alternately, memories may be provided for storage of trace signal samples T.sub.L, pilot signal samples P.sub.J, and the output signal samples Z.sub.K which may be implemented with a core memory, a ROM, a RAM, or other well known memories. As an alternate, these memory devices may be implemented with combinations of well known memories, wherein P-store 610 will be described for a ROM implementation and Z-store 614 will be described for a RAM implementation with reference to FIG. 6D hereafter to exemplify the use of a combination of memory devices. As another alternative, each memory device may include a combination of memory devices where for example Z-store 614 may include a RAM for temporary or buffer storage and a disc memory for more permanent larger scale storage; wherein the high access rate RAM may provide a least significant portion of Z-samples for high speed updating under control of product signal 612 and the low access rate disc memory may provide a full output signal sample word for low speed updating with the least significant portion of the Z-samples from the RAM.
In a perferred embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 6D, P-store 610 is described as an integrated circuit read only memory and Z-store 614 is described as an integrated circuit random access memory. Further, correlator 400 has been described with reference to FIG. 4 providing shift registers 412 and 417 for storing pilot signal samples and trace signal samples respectively and a plurality of registers 421 for storing output signal samples. These embodiments have been shown with different memory arrangements to exemplify the use of different types of memories for the system of the present invention. From these teachings, those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to implement a pilot signal memory, a trace signal memory, and an output signal memory using other memory techniques. For example, pilot signal memory P-store 610 may be implemented with a shift register memory (FIG. 4), an integrated circuit ROM (FIGS. 6D and 6E), an integrated circuit RAM, a core memory, a CCD memory, a disc memory or other well known memory devices. Similarly, a trace signal memory may be implemented with a shift register memory (FIG. 4), an integrated circuit RAM, a core memory, a CCD memory, a disc memory, or other well known memory devices. Similarly, an output signal memory Z-store 614 may be implemented with a register memory (FIG. 4), an integrated circuit RAM (FIGS. 6D and 6E), a core memory, a CCD memory, a disc memory, or other well known memory devices. The control arrangement 615 discussed in detail with reference to FIGS. 6B-6D may be configured by those of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings of the present invention to accommodate other memory devices for implementing the digital filtering algorithms of the present invention.
In accordance with a memory feature of the present invention, a unique memory arrangement such as for Z-store 614 will now be discussed in greater detail. Prior art systems use disc memories for storing composited and correlated information such as exemplified by the CAFDRS system mentioned above. These disc memory arrangements have the disadvantages of being mechanical rotating memories that are large in size, heavy in weight, and low in reliability compared to solid state devices. Further, disc memories cannot be rapidly accessed nor readily expanded compared to solid state devices. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention solid state memories may be used for information storage; wherein these solid state memories have high speed, small size and weight, solid state reliability, and simple expandability. In accordance with this memory feature of the present invention, a solid state memory such as a random access memory (RAM), a charge coupled device (CCD) memory, a magnetic bubble memory, or other solid state memories may be used for correlation and for compositing. Prior art disc memories have access times of approximately 30-milliseconds which may be 100,000-times slower than with solid state memories and disc memories require complex electro-mechanical rotating hardware that is expandable only within a limited range wherein the smaller configurations are burdened with high overhead costs.
A further feature of the present invention provides a solid state memory for rapid access in conjunction with high speed correlating and compositing operations which is used in combination with a disc memory for mass storage. In one embodiment, the least significant part of a correlator output word may be stored in a higher access rate RAM while the most significant part of the word may be stored in a lower access rate disc memory and wherein the least significant portion of the word in the RAM may be updated at high speed from the correlation computation and the most significant portion of the word in the disc memory may be updated at a slower rate from the least significant portion of the word in the RAM. This arrangement takes advantage of the high access rate of the RAM in conjunction with the low cost of the disc memory to provide the advantages of both, the high access rate of the RAM and the low cost storage of the disc memory.
In one example, 4-bit output words may be stored in RAM for updating by the correlation computation such as with incrementing or not incrementing the stored word in response to the single-bit correlation computation. Because a 4-bit (modulo-16) word can be incremented 15-times before overflowing, the 4-bit word may be used to store the least-significant-bits (LSBs) for a worst case of 15 accesses and increments before it is necessary to unload this word due to potential overflow considerations. Therefore, a 4-bit word stored in a high access rate memory (RAM) need only be used to update a 20-bit word stored in a lower access rate memory (disc memory) at a data rate of 1/15th the data rate of the high access rate memory. Therefore, access rate requirements on the low access rate memory can be substantially reduced such as by a factor of 15 in accordance with this feature of the present invention. In this mechanization, the correlator may access the RAM at high data rates to update the 4-bit words and the disc may access the RAM at a lower data rate such as 15-times lower than the correlator data rate to update the stored 20-bit words in the disc memory with the 4-bit words in the RAM.
Updating of the 20-bit words may be accomplished by adding the 4-bit word from the RAM to the corresponding 16-bit word in the disc memory and zero-setting the RAM word after it has been used to update the 20-bit word in the disc memory. Therefore, as the 4-bit words in RAM are incrementally updated at a high data rate, the 20-bit words on the disc are updated at 1/15th the data rate with the 4-bit words from the RAM; thereby placing the major storage burden on the disc memory and placing the major access rate burden on the RAM.
In accordance with the incremental correlation feature of the present invention, low signal-to-noise ratios provide approximately a 50% increment or don't increment duty cycle. Therefore, a 4-bit RAM word may not have to be sampled by the disc memory at a rate greater than once every 31-correlation updates because typically only half of the correlation operations may require the RAM word to be incremented. Other disc memory update rates may be provided as a safer hedge relative to preventing overflow of the RAM 4-bit word yet minimizing the disc memory access requirements. Further, the limiting circuit 645 of the compositor arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 6D may be used to prevent overflows and therefore optimize disc memory access rate requirements. In such an arrangement, incrementing of a 4-bit RAM word may be conditioned upon the 4-bit RAM word not being all ones, indicating a pending overflow condition of a signal peak. If the 4-bit RAM word were all ones, the increment operation may be disabled with circuit 645 (FIG. 6D) to preclude overflow. Loss of the increment of information due to limiting with circuit 645 may be relatively inconsequential in accordance with the characteristics of the correlation algorithm as discussed herein. Further, this disabling of incrementing for a maximum word magnitude is analogous to the condition of saturation of an analog signal, wherein saturation of the digital word merely limits the amplitude and may actually have beneficial results for the correlation algorithm such as by saturating large signals.
Prior art systems such as the CAFDRS and GEOCOR systems utilize a plurality of head-per-track disc memories to buffer data, wherein a first disc memory is used with a compositor and a second disc memory is used with a correlator. Such disc memories are expensive and unreliable, inherent in the rotating mechanical nature of these memories. A preferred memory arrangement in accordance with the present invention eliminates the requirement for rotating memories for one-line field operations. In this preferred embodiment, working memories may be integrated circuit memories or other solid state memories such as RAM, ROM, and shift register memories. In accordance with the correlate on-the-fly and the composite-after-correlation features of the present invention discussed herein, the prior art requirement for an input compositing disc memory is eliminated and, in accordance with the record on-the-fly feature of the present invention discussed herein, the requirement for a large compositor output memory may be eliminated; where input trace information may be correlated on-the-fly and composited-after-correlation without the need for an input compositor disc memory and the correlation output information may be recorded directly with a magnetic tape recorder without the need for an output disc memory. Therefore, the above mentioned advantage for eliminating the requirement for rotating memories accrue to the system of the present invention.
In an embodiment of a geophysical exploration system, a large off-line memory may be desired for large data processing operations such as for gathering and stacking operations. In the prior art, a supervisory computer may be used in conjunction with compositor and correlator disc memories to provide gathering and stacking operations on an off-line basis such as during the night time when data acquisition, compositing, and correlation operations have been discontinued. Therefore, it may be desired to have a large off-line rotating memory available in the system. In accordance with another feature of the present invention, a disc memory may be provided for off-line operations when the system is not experiencing severe shock and vibration conditions such as during the evening when the truck is stationery and therefore not causing vibration and shock conditions due to movements over rough terrain between shotpoints. In accordance with this feature of the present invention, a well known disc pack memory may be provided without degrading the cost and reliability advantages mentioned above. A disc pack memory may have a high tolerance to vibration when the disc pack is removed from the spindle and the weighed arm is locked into a stowed position. Further, a disc pack memory may provide many times more storage than with conventional disc or drum head-per-track rotating memories and may have a price that is only a small fraction of a price of head-per-track rotating memories. In one embodiment, a disc pack memory may be provided for $7,000 wherein the disc pack memory may have greater storage capacity than a disc head-per-track subsystem manufactured by DDC or by Pacific Micronetics selling for over $50,000.
The memory arrangement of the present invention has been described above for a high access rate RAM and a low access rate disc memory to exemplify a memory feature of the present invention. It is herein intended that the RAM and the disc memory arrangement be merely exemplary of any higher access rate memory used in conjunction with any lower access rate memory to provide advantages such as discussed herein.
Synchronization of signal processing and data processing operations with external signals is well known in the art, wherein such synchronization with received signals may be provided by those of ordinary skill in the art in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. For example, synchronization and triggering circuits are well known in the oscilloscope art such as the circuits used with the Tektronix model 454 oscilloscope. Similarly, special oscilloscope triggers and displays such as the Tektronix digital delay device model DD501 for providing triggering, synchronization, delay, and other such signal processing operations. Still further, arrangements for synchronizing a digital device to an input signal, digitizing the input signal samples, and storing the samples in memory is well known in the signal processing art. For example, Nicolet Instruments Inc of Madison, Wis. provides the Nicolet 1090 digital oscilloscope which provides for loading a memory with digitized samples of an input analog signal for display, wherein synchronization to input signals and loading of a memory with input signal samples is well known in the prior art and may be used in conjunction with the teachings of the present invention. In the present invention, signal SYNC shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 may be generated with well known synchronization circuits such as provided in the above mentioned products. Further, loading of a memory with a digitized pilot signal may be accomplished with circuitry such as used in the above mentioned Nicolet digital oscilloscope. Still further, outputting of digital information to an output device such as from Z-store 614 (FIG. 6A) may be provided with well known arrangements for outputting digital samples from a digital memory to an output device such as a recorder; where this outputting capability is provided with said Nicolet digital oscilloscope and with other well known prior art devices. Yet further, Z-store 614 may be connected to refresh an oscilloscope such as for displaying of stored information with said Nicolet digital oscilloscope.
In view of the above, synchronization, sampling, and storing of information is well known in the art and displaying or outputting of stored signal samples is well known in the art, wherein such well known synchronization, inputting, and outputting circuitry may be used in conjunction with the correlator arrangements of the present invention such as described for FIG. 6 above.
Control logic 615 (FIG. 6A) may be implemented by using well known control arrangements such as a counter arrangement which will be discussed with reference to FIG. 6B hereinafter and a microprogrammable read only memory (ROM) arrangement which will be discussed with reference to FIG. 6C hereinafter. These control arrangements may be implemented for the algorithm discussed with reference to FIG. 5B or may be implemented for other algorithms.
Control arrangement 615 is shown in FIG. 6B as being implemented with a plurality of counters for generating control signals and address signals for the correlation computation logic. C-counter 616 provides a plurality of clock signals and control signals for sequencing operations including a C3 control signal to be used as a clock signal for the other counters. J-counter 617 generates a J-address code for accessing a pilot signal sample P.sub.J from pilot signal memory 610 wherein J-counter 617 may be loaded with a Jo address, then clocked with the C.sub.3 clock signal to sequence through the pilot signal J-addresses. L-counter 618 counts trace signal samples in response to each sequence of J-counter 617 as will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6D or alternately in response to each sequence of K-counter 619 for incrementing L-counter 618. K-counter 619 sequences through the Z-output signal samples Z.sub.K for each trace signal sample T.sub.L until the last trace signal sample T.sub.Lmax is detected by L-counter 618, which may be used to disable K-counter 619. For each iteration of K-counter 619, an output signal controls loading of J-counter 617 with the first pilot sample address Jo which may be equal to the count value in the L-counter 618 for the algorithms discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B.
Operation of control logic 615 may be initiated with the sync signal loading counters 616-619 with initial conditions and may be terminated after the L-counter 618 has sequenced through all trace sample addresses. Termination may be determined by the output signal from L-counter 618 disabling K-counter 619 and C-counter 616; thereby disabling the C3 clock to J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619. Operation may be resumed in response to another sync command which clears L-counter 618, enabling operation of C-counter 616 and initializing the other counters. During continuing operations, J-counter 617 sequences through the J-address to access the appropriate pilot signal samples P.sub.J from P-store 610 for multiplication with the trace signal samples T.sub.L with product logic 611 to generate product signal 612. Simultaneously, K-counter 619 sequences through the K-addresses to access the appropriate output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-store 614 for updating of the output signal samples with Z-update logic 613. After the last trace signal sample T.sub.Lmax has been processed as determined with L-counter 618; the output of L-counter 618 may be used to disable sequential operation of the correlator until the next sync signal is detected.
An alternate embodiment of control logic arrangement 615 is shown in FIG. 6C as being implemented with an ROM for generating control signals and address signals for the correlation computation logic. C-counter 616 sequences through correlator operations, as discussed with reference to FIG. 6A above. The C3 clock signal from C-counter 616 may be used to increment A-counter 640 for addressing ROM 641 with address signals A.sub.o -A.sub.m. ROM 641 may have a plurality of codes stored in each ROM address location including the pilot signal sample address J and the output signal sample address K for accessing of P-store 610 and Z-store 614 (FIG. 6A). A disable bit signal D may be used to disable the computation for pilot signal samples outside of the desired range such as shown with blank spaces in Table III above. Further, an output control bit G may be used to designate the end of the correlation operation for disabling A-counter 640. In this ROM control logic embodiment, the sync signal may clear A-counter 640 to the zero-state, thereby permitting A-counter 640 to be incremented through a sequence of addresses for ROM 641. When the last-address is detected as indicated by output signal G from ROM 641, A-counter 640 is locked-up by output signal G to hold this last-address. Clearing of A-counter 640 with the sync signal will change the address from the last-address, indicated by the G-lockup signal, to the first-address which may be a zero-address. For the example shown in Table III, A-counter 640 may be a modulo-209 counter for sequencing through 208-ROM addresses. This can be calculated with reference to Table III, wherein each of 16-trace signal samples may be processed for each of 13-output signal samples for a total of 16.times.13=208 operations. For an alternate embodiment also shown with reference to Table III, A-counter 640 may be a modulo-53 counter for sequencing through 52-ROM addresses. This can be calculated with reference to Table III by skipping blank locations, wherein each of 13 output signal samples may be updated with each of four pilot signal samples and trace signal samples for a total of 13.times.4=52 operations.
A brief description will now be provided for the modulo-209 ROM control logic embodiment. For the first trace signal sample T, the first ROM word may have a J-address of zero for pilot signal sample P.sub.0 and a K-address of zero for output signal sample Z.sub.0. Subsequent ROM words may increment through K-addresses from a K-address of one through a K-address of 15. Disable signal D may be zero-set for disabling updates related to the blanks in the first column of Table III related to the trace signal sample T.sub.0. The 14th word in ROM 641 may have a J-address of one pertaining to the P.sub.1 pilot signal sample in the second column shown in Table III and a K-address of zero pertaining to the Z.sub.0 first output signal sample; followed by a J.sub.o -K.sub.o word, and followed by 14-words with a disable signal D related to the blank positions of column two in Table III. Similarly, each block of 13-words in ROM 641 may correspond to the pilot signal sample J-addresses and output signal sample K-addresses for each trace signal sample T.sub.L as represented by each column in Table III and with the D-signal from ROM 641 being zero-set for the blank positions shown in Table III and being one-set for the words corresponding to the non-blank positions having pilot signal samples P.sub.0 -P.sub.3 shown in Table III.
The last address in ROM 641 (A=A.sub.208) may have a one-set G-bit being indicative of the last control word pertaining to the last output signal sample Z.sub.12 of the last trace signal sample T.sub.15 as shown in Table III. The G-bit signal may be used to disable A-counter 640 and may also be used to disable computation logic as indicative of the end of the computation.
In an alternate arrangement, the signals in ROM 641 may correspond to the parameters set forth in Table IX which has been used to exemplify operation with reference to FIG. 5 above.
For the example provided in Table III, the J-address may be a two-bit address for defining pilot signal sample addresses 0-3 and the K-address may be a four-bit address for identifying output signal sample addresses 0-12. Therefore, for the example shown in Table III and the implementation discussed with reference to FIG. 6C, an arrangement having 208-words of 8-bits may be required; wherein the 8-bit word may include a J-address of two-bits, a K-address of four-bits, a D-signal of one-bit, and a G-signal of one-bit. The cost of this ROM may be determined from a 208-word by 8-bit memory involving 1664-bits which may cost only $0.001 per bit in production quantities for a total ROM cost of approximately $1.66. For larger more complex systems, the size and therefore the cost of ROM 641 may increase exponentially with the size of the problem; wherein the ROM logic discussed with reference to FIG. 6C may be more competitive for smaller correlation embodiments and wherein the counter logic discussed with reference to FIG. 6B may be more competitive for larger correlation embodiments.
In view of the above, control logic 615 may be mechanized with a counter arrangement or with an ROM arrangement to implement the algorithms discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B or to implement other correlation algorithms that will now become obvious to those skilled in the art from the teachings of the present invention.
Description of FIG. 6D
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6D is consistent with the real-time computational algorithm discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B above, the mechanization discussed with reference to FIGS. 6A-6C above, and the example presented in Table III above. Although the above discussed algorithms, mechanizations, and examples provide sufficient detail to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the present invention; extensive detail is provided in FIG. 6D to illustrate a specific logical design, circuit design, and selection of components for practicing the present invention.
A brief discussion of the arrangements set forth in FIG. 6D will now be provided, followed by a more detailed description of this arrangement. A sync signal may be used to initiate a correlation operation wherein the sync signal is input to synchronous one-shot SOS 651 when enabled by AND-gate 638 under control of compositor logic 632. Compositor logic 632 may count the numbers of correlations to be composited together, compare the number of composited correlations with a programmed number, and disable subsequent correlation operations after the proper number of correlations have been composited together by disabling the sync signal with disable signal 636 and AND-gate 638. A preferred embodiment of compositor control 632 will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6F hereinafter.
Correlation may be initiated with a sync pulse to AND-gate 638 to be enabled or disabled with signal 636 from compositor control 632 which controls the number of sync pulses and therefore the number of correlations that are to be composited together. An enabled sync pulse to synchronous one-shot SOS may initiate an output pulse OUT to preload or to clear C-counter 616, J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619 such as by loading zero inputs or other input states or by being connected to a clear input of these counters for embodiments having counters with clear inputs. The C-counter 616 may successively iterate through a sequence of control states or clock states C0-C3 to sequence correlator operations. One of the states of C-counter 616 may be used as a clock signal C3 to the other counters 617-619 to clock counters 617-619 at the appropriate time.
J-counter 617 may be initially preloaded with the Jo-parameter from L-counter 618 and controlled to count down for selecting the appropriate pilot signal sample P.sub.J from P-ROM 625. For each countdown of J-counter 617 through the zero-state, L-counter 618 may be incremented as being indicative of completion of a correlation operation for a particular trace signal sample T.sub.L for being advanced to the address of the next sample T.sub.L+1. In one embodiment, the L-address from L-counter 618 may be equal to the Jo-parameter as discussed with reference to Table III and FIGS. 5A and 5B above, where outputs QA, etc. of L-counter 618 may be connected to preload J-counter 617 at the appropriate time. K-counter 619 may be controlled to sequence through output signal samples Z.sub.K for each trace signal sample T.sub.L, where output signal address K of K-counter 619 may be used to address Z-RAM 614 to select the appropriate output sample Z.sub.K in sequence for updating with the correlation computation.
After all output signal samples Z.sub.K have been updated for a particular trace signal sample T.sub.L, the address of the last K-counter sample may be detected as the Km-signal from K-counter 619 which may be used to control preloading of J-counter 617 with the Jo-address from L-counter 618 for the next trace sample iteration and preloading of K-counter 619 with an initial address such as a zero address for the start of the next update iteration for output signal samples Z.sub.K. When L-counter 618 has been incremented to the number of the last trace signal sample Lm, output signal Lm of L-counter 618 may be used to identify completion of a correlation computation with compositor control 632 when selected with composite control switch 650.
A trace signal sample T.sub.L may be accessed in real-time as it becomes available for processing with squaring amplifier 623 and latching flip-flop 624 to provide a latched trace signal sample T.sub.L to exclusive-OR circuit 626. Pilot signal P.sub.J may be accessed from P-ROM 625 under control of the J-address from J-counter 617 to be multiplied with the trace signal sample T.sub.L from flip-flop 624 for a single-bit multiplication operation with exclusive-OR circuit 626 for generating an output product signal to gate 627. Decoder 628 may be used to identify redundant or unnecessary computations, exemplified by the blank spaces in Table III, and decoder 628 may be used to disable the computation with disable signal 652 to gate 627. Alternately, decoder 628 may be used to reduce the number of computations so that the mechanization shown in FIG. 6D does not sequence through such unnecessary computations, as will be discussed in more detail hereinafter.
Disable signal 652 from decoder 628 detects unnecessary computations by monitoring the J-address parameter of J-counter 617 for disabling the product signal from gate 626 with gate 627 to disable updating of the output sample Z.sub.K.
Output signal samples Z.sub.K are accessed from Z-RAM 614 with the output signals K from K-counter 619. Accessed output samples Z.sub.K may be loaded into Z-counter 613 for updating in response to a single-bit product signal from gates 626 and 627. The single-bit product signal either enables or disables incrementing of Z-counter 613 for an incremental correlation computation, wherein output signal samples Z.sub.K stored in Z-RAM 614 are sequentially loaded into Z-counter 613 for updating and then stored in Z-RAM 614 after updating. Output signal samples Z.sub.K stored in Z-RAM 614 may be samples from a single correlation computation or may be composited and correlated information. Start of a new compositing operation may be preceeded by clearing output signal samples Z.sub.K stored in Z-RAM 614 with NAND-gates 630 under control of the CLR signal from clear switch CLR, where prior output signal samples stored in Z-RAM 614 may be cleared to begin compositing of new output signal samples.
An adaptive composite control may be implemented with detector gate 643 for generating adaptive output signal 642 to clock compositor control 632 when selected with switch 650. Detector gate 643 detects when an output signal sample Z.sub.K exceeds a selected magnitude Z.sub.KS and generates an output signal 642 to decrement Q-counter 635 in compositor control 632 in response thereto.
A limiter control may be implemented with detector gate 645 for generating limit control signal 644 to disable updating of the output signal sample Z.sub.K in Z-counter 613 if the magnitude of that output signal sample Z.sub.K is equal to a selected limitor magnitude Z.sub.KL. This limitor control prevents output signal samples Z.sub.K from being updated beyond a maximum magnitude and therefore from overflowing.
A detailed description of the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D will now be provided.
External control arrangements used to control the correlator shown in FIG. 6D includes the composite control and the clear control. The sync signal initiates a correlation operation if enabled by composite control signal 636 from composite control 632. If Z-RAM 614 had previously been cleared with the clear signal CLR from the clear switch CLR, the sync signal initiates a correlation operation without compositing. If Z-RAM 614 had not been cleared with the clear signal CLR from the clear switch CLR, the sync signal may initiate another correlation for compositing with output samples of a prior correlation that are stored in Z-RAM 614. Composite control 632 enables the sync signal with enable signal 636 to AND-gate 638.
As discussed above, the Z.sub.K -samples stored in Z-RAM 614 are incrementally updated in response to trace signal samples T.sub.L, wherein the computational logic for updating the Z.sub.K -samples does not distinguish between updating in response to trace samples from the same trace signal or from sequential trace signals. Control logic 615 keeps track of updating in response to a single trace signal and compositor control 632 keeps track of the number of sequential correlated trace signals that are to be composited together. Therefore, output signal samples Z.sub.K in Z-RAM 614 are enhanced in relation to the number of updates for a trace signal and in relation to the number of trace signals without specific distinction as to whether the updates are being obtained from a single long trace signal or from a plurality of short trace signals.
Synchronous one-shot 651 initiates a correlation computation in response to either an enabled sync pulse for generation of a new correlation computation or in response to clear signal CLR for clearing output samples stored in Z-RAM 614. Output signals OUT and OUT from synchronous one-shot 651 preload C-counter 616, J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619. For simplicity of discussion, counters 613 and 616-619 will be shown as synchronous up-down-counters with asynchronous load capabilities such as the S/N 74190 and the S/N 74191 counters. Other counters may be used such as the S/N 74163 up-counter. The states that are preloaded into counters 616-619 are determined by the input lines A, etc. The clear inputs CR to counters 616, 618, and 619 are grounded to zero-set counters 616 and 617 and to zero-set the most-significant-bits of counter 619. The +V signal input to the least-significant-bit of counter 619 preloads a least significant one-bit into counter 619. The Jo-input signals to J-counter 617 from the L-output signals of L-counter 618 are used to preload the first pilot signal sample address Jo into J-counter 617. Alternately, if the counters have a clear input such as with the S/N 74163 counters, then the counters may be cleared with the clear input. J-counter 617 is cleared by preloading zeros wherein the load signal to the load input LD of J-counter 617 is responsive to output signal OUT from one-shot 651 through NOR-gate 621 to preload J-counter 617 with the state of L-counter 618. Because output signal OUT of one-shot 651 provides for clearing L-counter 618 by loading zero-states as discussed above, loading of the zero-set states of L-counter 618 into J-counter 617 results in clearing J-counter 617. The S/N 74190 and S/N 74191 type counters are loaded by placing a zero-state signal on load input LD. Therefore, output signal OUT from one-shot 651 loads the zero-state condition into counters 616 and 618 and output signal OUT from one-shot 651 is inverted with NOR-gate 621 to provide an inverted or zero-state load signal LD to counters 617 and 619.
C-counter 616 is shown in an up-count mode, where down-up control signal DU is shown grounded for commanding an up-count. C-counter 616 is initially cleared by loading a zero-state as a ground condition CR on input lines A, etc under control of inverted load signal OUT to load input LD to synchronize C-counter 616 with the sync signal to AND-gate 638. C-counter 616 may be continuously enabled to count with ground signal on enable input G. External clock signal C is used to clock C-counter 616 to sequence through a group of control states which may be four-states C0-C3 or may be more than four-states. For a four-state C-counter embodiment, a two-bit C-counter 616 may be used such as by monitoring the two least-significant-bits QA and QB from C-counter 616 with decoder 622. Decoder 622 may generate decoded output signals C0-C3 in response to the two least-significant-bits QA and QB output from C-counter 616 or may generate additional output states in response to more-significant-bits of C-counter 616. Decoder 622 may be a well known integrated circuit decoder such as the S/N 7442A decoder which may be connected as a two-bit decoder by grounding the two most-significant-bit inputs C and D into decoder 622 and connecting the QA and QB signals from C-counter 616 to the two least-significant-bit inputs A and B respectively of decoder 622. Output signals from decoder 622 may be provided in complemented or uncomplemented form, wherein the outputs of many well known decoders may be in complemented form and may be provided in uncomplemented form by processing with well known inverters such as S/N 7404 inverter circuits.
Operation of C-counter 616 and decoder 622 may provide a sequence of control signals starting with the C0 control signal and sequencing through the C3 control signal or may provide other sequences of control signals as C-counter 616 is incremented through a binary count, wherein each binary count state may be decoded with decoder 622. For the mechanization shown in FIG. 6D, it will be assumed that the first output signal C0 is provided to Z-counter 613 to command loading of Z-counter 613, followed by the next output signal C1 provided to clock input CK of Z-counter 613 to clock Z-counter 613 for updating output signal sample Z.sub.K stored therein in response to the update signal from gates 626 and 627, followed by the next output signal C2 provided to Z-RAM 614 for writing the Z.sub.K signal from Z-counter 613 into Z-RAM 614, and followed by the next output signal C3 provided to clock input CK of counters 617-619 to clock counters 617-619 for the next output sample Z.sub.K update operation. Well known RAM circuits such as Z-RAM 614 may require only a single mode control signal such as a read or a write signal, where the C2-signal going to the one-state may command a write-mode and the C2-signal going to the zero-state may command a read-mode such as with the S/N 74200 RAM integrated circuit. Alternately, some memories may require separate read and write signals, where the C2 control signal may be used as a write command signal W and an additional CN control signal may be used as a read command signal R as shown for Z-RAM 614. Therefore, sequencing through the C0-C3 control states may control a sequence of operations of (1) loading Z-counter 613 from Z-RAM 614 under control of control signal C0; (2) updating the sample loaded into Z-counter 613 under control of clock control signal C1; (3) storing the contents of Z-counter 613 into Z-RAM 614 under control of write control signal C2; and (4) updating J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619 by clocking with control signal C3 to advance to the next address state for addressing the next pilot signal sample P.sub.J and the next output signal sample Z.sub.K for the next set of sequential control operations.
The sequence of operations of loading output signal sample Z.sub.K into Z-counter 613; updating output signal sample Z.sub.K in Z-counter 613; storing updated output sample Z.sub.K in Z-RAM 614; and updating the pilot signal and output signal memory addresses with J-counter 617 and K-counter 619 respectively provides a preferred sequence of operations for a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 6D. As discussed above, use of the S/N 74200 RAM makes the read operation implicit in the absence of the write command C2 wherein accessing of Z-RAM 614 may be achieved automatically by the next update sample address from K-counter 619 in the absence of the write control signal C2.
Output signals C0-C3 from decoder 622 may be used for clock signals and may have transitionary conditions due to the changes of more than one flip-flop at a time in C-counter 616 thereby causing transitionary states to appear on output signals C0-CN from decoder 622. Therefore, decoder 622 may be gated with clock signal C to provide a time delay for transitionary conditions to stablize prior to enabling output signals C0-CN from decoder 622. In an embodiment where decoder 622 is implemented with an S/N 7442A circuit; least significant output signals QA and QB of C-counter 616 may be connected to the A and B least significant input terminals of decoder 622 and clock signal C may be connected to the most significant input terminal of decoder 622. In this arrangement, clock signal C may clock C-counter 616 with a positive transition to the one-state and may enable signals C1-CN when clock signal C makes a negative transition to a zero-state which may be about one-half clock period after C-counter 616 has changed state. Therefore, the gating of decoder 622 with clock signal C precludes race conditions which could be caused by transitions of C-counter 616.
J-counter 617 may be connected as a down-counter by connecting the down-up signal input DU to a positive voltage. J-counter 617 may be loaded with the Jo-parameter from L-counter 618, initially under control of the sync pulse generated output signal OUT from one-shot 651 and subsequently from the last address Km of K-counter 619; both signals being NORed together with NOR-gate 621. J-counter 617 is clocked with clock signal C3 from decoder 622 to decrement through the J-address parameters starting with the Jo-address to sequentially access pilot signal samples P.sub.J from P-ROM 625. Output signal lines QA, etc from J-counter 617 containing the J-address are communicated to P-ROM 625 as the P-ROM address. Similarly, output lines QA, etc from L-counter 618 may be communicated to inputs A, etc of J-counter 617 for preloading the Jo first pilot signal sample address which in a preferred embodiment may be the same as the contents of L-counter 618. J-counter 617 is permitted to count-down from the preloaded address Jo through zero, where a zero-address may generate an output signal such as from min-max output MM or ripple clock output RC to enable input G of L-counter 618. These min-max or ripple clock outputs may be used to increment L-counter 618 as indicative of completion of the correlation operation for the last prior trace signal sample, to identify the next trace signal sample to be processed, and to provide the next Jo signal to J-counter 617. J-counter 617 and L-counter 618 are shown connected with ripple clock output RC of J-counter 617 being input to enable input G of L-counter 618 for incrementing L-counter 618 with the zero-state of J-counter 617. J-counter 617 may be disabled by min-max output signal Lm of L-counter 618 connected to enable input G of J-counter 617 as shown in FIG. 6D. As an alternate, J-counter 617 may be disabled by min-max output signal Jm of J-counter 617 connected to enable input G of J-counter 617 (not shown). As discussed in detail herein, decoder 628 disables updating of output signal samples Z.sub. K in response to negative J-numbers thereby making such negative J-numbers "don't care" numbers. J-counter 617 may count through a zero-state to a least significant negative-state which is an all one-state. Therefore, J-counter 617 may generate two ripple count RC output pulses for the all zero-state and the all one-state to L-counter 618, thereby generating two clock pulses for each countdown operation of J-counter 617. This double pulse condition may be compensated for with a divide-by-two circuit in L-counter 618, implemented with the first counter stage identified with a QA output signal, wherein the least-significant-bit after the divide-by-two A-bit would be the B-bit related to the QB output from L-counter 618 as shown in FIG. 6D. As an alternate, a divide-by-two toggle flip-flop (not shown) may be connected between the RC-output of J-counter 617 and the G-input of L-counter 618. Other alternate arrangements may be implemented in consideration of this condition.
L-counter 618 may be connected as an up-counter by connecting input control signal DU to ground to command an up-count operation. L-counter 618 is initially cleared by loading zeros in response to output signal OUT from one-shot 651 and then permitted to count outputs from J-counter 617 to enable input G as being indicative of completion of processing of another trace signal sample T.sub.L. Therefore, L-counter 618 counts trace signal samples T.sub.L wherein the completion of processing of a trace signal sample is identified by the signal to enable input G enabling the C3 clock to increment L-counter 618. The output of L-counter 618 shown as output signals QB, etc may be used as the Jo input to J-counter 617. Further, the min-max output Lm of L-counter 618 may be used to disable J-counter 617 by applying a one-state signal to enable input G of J-counter 617 to disable counter operation in response to the Lm signal, which is indicative of completion of processing of a last trace sample T.sub.Lm for a particular correlation.
K-counter 619 may be initially preloaded in response to output signal OUT from one-shot 651 by loading a zero-state or an LSB one-state. K-counter 619 is then permitted to sequence through a group of output signal sample addresses K for each trace signal sample T.sub.L under control of clock signal C3. K-counter 619 may be connected as an up-counter as controlled by down-up control signal DU being connected to ground. When K-counter 619 increments to a maximum address, the maximum output signal Km is generated as indicative of completion of processing of all output signal samples Z.sub.K corresponding to a particular trace signal sample T.sub.L. Maximum output signal Km may be used to initiate processing for a new trace signal sample T.sub.L by clocking flip-flop 624 to sample the trace input sample T.sub.L and by generating a load command to J-counter 617 and K-counter 619 through flip-flop 639 and NOR-gate 621 to preload the Jo address from L-counter 618 into J-counter 617 and to preload a start address into K-counter 619 to initiate processing of a next-trace signal sample T.sub.L. Correlation of a new trace signal is initiated by loading counters 616-619 in response to an output signal OUT from one-shot SOS as being indicative of the start of a new trace signal for correlation and for synchronizing counters 616-619 with the new trace signal.
It is desired that the Km signal be generated in response to the largest K-address but operation of K-counter 619, implemented with an S/N 74191 integrated circuit, will also generate the Km-output signal in response to an all zero-state. Generation of the min output in response to an all zero-state may be pre-empted by preloading K-counter 619 to a non-zero state. Therefore, K-counter 619 may be preloaded to an LSB or unity-state by connecting the A-input to a positive voltage and connecting the B-input and other more significant inputs to ground. As discussed herein, the max-min output of K-counter 619 may be used to preload J-counter 617 and K-counter 618 for subsequent iterations. For this embodiment, the output signal sample addresses K may be stored in locations ranging from Z-RAM address K=1 to Z-RAM address K=Km such as by having an address that is one least-significant-bit greater than the subscript number of the address parameter K. For example, numbering output sample address K to range from 1 through 13 instead of from 0 through 12 as shown in Table III would be consistent with the mechanization of K-counter 619 shown in FIG. 6D.
A one-bit time delay may be provided for the NXT signal with flip-flop 639 to reduce a potential race condition between clocking of L-counter 618 in response to ripple clock output RC from J-counter 617 and the related loading of J-counter 617 and K-counter 619 in response to the NXT signal from NOR-gate 621. Feedback signal Km to NOR-gate 621, indicative of completion of output sample updates in response to a particular trace signal sample, may be input to D flip-flop 639 under control of clock signal C and may be output to NOR-gate 621 one C-clock pulse period thereafter. The clock signal to flip-flop 639 may be free running input clock C as shown, or may be one of the control clock signals C0-C3, or may be any of these control clocks inverted to provide the proper phase relationships between the clocking of counters 617-619 and loading of counters 617 and 619 under control of the NXT signal.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6D may provide a trace signal T.sub.L from an external source such as geophone transducer and may provide a pilot signal P.sub.J from P-ROM 625. Input trace signal sample T.sub.L may be processed with squaring amplifier 623 such as a .mu.A710 comparitor for generating a single-bit squarewave output in response to an analog input signal. Alternately, amplifier 623 may be a Schmidt trigger such as an S/N 7414 integrated circuit or other type of input circuit. An input flip-flop 624 may be used to sample the input signal from squaring amplifier 623 so that the trace signal to gate 626 is held constant for a particular trace sample period. In an alternate embodiment, the output signal of squaring amplifier 623 may be provided directly to gate 626, wherein a trace signal that is changing during the computational period may be preferred to an arrangement where a device such as flip-flop 624 samples and stores a trace signal for the trace sample period.
P-ROM 625 may be accessed with the J-address signals from J-counter 617 to define sequential samples P.sub.J of the pilot signal to be processed for each trace signal sample T.sub.L. P-ROM 625 may be an S/N 74187 ROM circuit or other well known ROM circuit. Memory enable inputs ME may be connected to ground to select the ROM or may be controlled with J-address signals from J-counter 617 for cascading ROM circuits, as described in The TTL Data Book referenced hereinafter on pages 410-416 therein. Address inputs A, etc may be excited with the J-address from J-counter 617 for selecting each pilot signal sample P.sub.J in sequence. An S/N 74187 ROM circuit may be used to implement ROM 625 having 256-words by 4-bits. Output words Y1-Y4 may be used as a single parallel output word, or may be increased in length by paralleling ROM circuits, or for the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 6D may provide a single-bit signal from one of the signal outputs shown as the Y1 output signal for input to gate 626. Similarly, Y2 and Y3 output signals may provide pilot signal samples for other correlator channels when separate pilot signals for each of a plurality of correlator channels is desired, as discussed in detail hereinafter with reference to FIG. 6E.
Output signal Y4 from P-ROM 625 may be used as a disable signal 652 for J-addresses less than zero or greater than Jmax, shown as blank locations in Table III. Alternately, disable signal 652 may be generated with decoder logic to detect negative J-addresses from J-counter 617 and to detect J-addresses greater than Jmax from J-counter 617 for disabling gate 627 with disable signal 652. Decoder 628 may be implemented as a well known decoder such as using combinational logic for generating an output signal 652 in response to J-addresses, wherein J-addresses between a range of Jo and Jmax may enable gate 627 and J-addresses outside of that range may disable gate 627 with disable signal 652. Decoder 628 may be defined for the example set forth in Table III, wherein the range of acceptable J-addresses is from J=0 to J=3. Assuming that J-counter 617 is a seven-bit counter, then a J-address with the five MSBs being zero-states defines acceptable J-addresses and with the five MSBs having at least a single one-state defines unacceptable J-addresses outside the range of J=0 to J=3. For this example, decoder 628 may be a NOR-gate such as an S/N 74260 five-input NOR-gate for NORing together the five-MSBs of the J-address. Consistent well known NOR-gate operation, output signal 652 from NOR-gate decoder 628 is in the zero-state if one or more of the five MSBs of the J-address is in the one-state for disabling NAND-gate 627 and output signal 652 from NOR-gate decoder 628 is in the one-state if all of the five MSBs of the J-address are in the zero-state for enabling NAND-gate 627.
Exclusive-OR circuit 626 compares a trace signal sample T.sub.L with a pilot signal sample P.sub.J to generate an output signal related to a comparion therebetween. The output signal from gate 626 will be in the one-state if both input signals are in the one-state or if both input signals are in the zero-state indicating a comparison condition and the output signal of gate 626 will be in the zero-state if one of the input signals is in the one-state and the other of the input signals is in the zero-state indicating a non-comparison condition.
The output signal of an exclusive-OR gate is related to a non-comparison condition, where the output signal is in the one-state when the input signals are in different states (the one-state and the zero-state) and where the output signal is in the zero-state when the input signals are in the same states (the one-states or the zero-state). For convenience of description, a complement exclusive-OR gate 626 is shown in FIG. 6D for generating a product signal, where the output signal is in the one-state when the input signals are in the same state and where the output signal is in the zero-state when the input signals are in different states. The complement exclusive-OR symbol 626 is shown in FIG. 6D, wherein a small circle is shown on the output as being indicative of a inversion of the exclusive-OR signal consistant with well known prior art symbology. A complement exclusive-OR gate is known as a coincidence gate, wherein these gates are discussed in detail in the textbook by Chu referenced hereinafter at pages 109-115 therein. These gates may be synthesized with conventional gate logic as shown in Chu or may be implemented with an S/N 7486 exclusive-OR gate (described in The TTL Data Book on pages 209-213 therein) followed by an S/N 7404 inverter gate for a complement exclusive-OR circuit mechanization. NAND-gate 627 may be used to control updating of the Z.sub.K sample with Z-counter 613 under control of the output signal from gate 626 when enabled with signals 644 and 652. Disable signal 652 enables updating for a range of J-addresses between J=O and J=Jm and disables updating for J-addresses outside of this range. Gate 627 is shown as a NAND-gate to invert the enabled product signal from gate 626 to compensate for the complement G-input logic of Z-counter 613 shown by the small circle on the G-input to Z-counter 613. Enabled update signal from gate 626 may be used to control Z-counter 613 for updating an output signal sample Z.sub.K. Z-counter 613 may be connected for an up-count mode by connecting the down-up mode control DU to ground; wherein a non-comparison or zero-state output signal from gate 626 will be inverted with NAND-gate 627 to disable incrementing of Z-counter 613 and a comparison or one-state output signal from gate 627 will be inverted with NAND-gate 627 to enable incrementing of Z-counter 613 by controlling enable input G. In an alternate embodiment, Z-counter 613 may be connected for a down-count mode by connecting the down-up mode control DU to a positive voltage as shown for J-counter 617; wherein a non-comparison or zero-state of the output signal from gate 626 will disable decrementing of Z-counter 613 and a comparison or one-state of the output signal from gate 626 will enable decrementing of Z-counter 613 by controlling enable input G. In still another embodiment, enable input G of Z-counter 613 may be connected to ground for continuously enabling Z-counter 613 and the output of gate 627 may be connected to down-up input control DU for incrementing in response to a one-state from gate 626 and for decrementing in response to a zero-state from gate 626. In yet another embodiment an AND-gate may be used in place of NAND-gate 627 for incrementing in response to a zero-state from gate 626 and for decrementing in response to a one-state from gate 626. Therefore, various embodiments permit incrementing and not incrementing, decrementing and not decrementing, or incrementing and decrementing Z-counter 613 in response to comparison between a trace signal sample T.sub.L and a pilot signal sample P.sub.J to gate 626.
Z-counter 613 may be loaded with output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-ROM 614 for updating each sample. Updated output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-counter 613 may be stored back into Z-ROM 614 after updating. The C00 control signal from decoder 622 controls loading of Z-counter 613 with output signal sample Z.sub.K addressed by output address K of K-counter. Output signal sample Z.sub.K is available on output lines Z.sub.K of Z-RAM 614 at the C0 control signal time because the C2 control signal is in the one-state at the C0 control signal time, thereby causing the addressed Z-RAM parameter to be available to Z-counter 613 at the C0 time. The next control signal C1 clocks Z-counter 613 to update the output signal sample Z.sub.K in response to the output of gate 626, making the updated output signal sample Z.sub.K available to Z-ROM 614 as the Z.sub.K signal from Z-counter 613 for storing under control of write control signal C2 following update control signal C1 to Z-counter 613. Sequential loading, updating and storing operations controlled by sequential control signals C0, C1, and C2 and the subsequent updating of the K-address parameter by clocking K-counter 619 with the C3 clock signal provides a sequence of repetitive operations for accessing, updating, storing, accessing, updating, storing, etc for Z-RAM 614 and Z-counter 613.
Z-counter 613 is loaded with output signal sample Z.sub.K from Z-RAM 614 input to the A, etc inputs of Z-counter 613 for loading thereof. Output signals QA, etc from Z-counter 613 are recirculated to Z-RAM 614 through NAND-gates 630 as inverted output signal samples Z.sub.K for storing in Z-RAM 614 under control of read/write mode control signal C2 after updating of the Z.sub.K sample with Z-counter 613 under control of update control clock signal C1. Clear enable signal CLR is provided to NAND-gates 630 in response to a clear command from clear switch CLR, wherein output signal samples Z.sub.K to Z-RAM 614 are recirculated in response to a one-state of clear signal CLR and are not recirculated in response to a zero-state of clear signal CLR which forces all Z.sub.K inputs to Z-RAM 614 to the one-state as indicative of a zero-set or cleared complement number.
Read and write control for Z-RAM 614 is provided with write control clock signal C2 to OR-gate 629 for controlling write input W for Z-RAM 614. Write clock C2 for Z-RAM 614 is enabled with COM signal 636, indicative of the total number of composites not being completed, and with output signal Lm from L-counter 618, indicative of a correlation operation being in process.
Z-RAM 614 may be accessed with a K-address from K-counter 619 to Z-RAM inputs A, etc with the memory enable signal ME in the zero-state for selecting Z-RAM 614. Alternately, cascading of RAM circuits may use the ME signal input as an address input as described in The TTL Data Book on pages 463-465 for an S/N 74200 RAM circuit. Similarly, control signal C2 may select writing of the Z.sub.K -parameter into Z-RAM 614 when the C2 write enable signal is in the zero-state shown by the C2 designation and may provide for outputting stored Z.sub.K -samples in a read mode when the C2 signal is in the one-state. In alternate memory embodiments, an RAM may be implemented with a write clock to write input line W and a read clock to read input line R such as shown for write clock C2 and read clock CN.
Z-RAM 614 may be a single-bit by 256-word S/N 74200 RAM circuit wherein four S/N 74200 circuits may be connected in parallel for a four-bit Z.sub.K word used with a single four-bit Z-counter circuit 613, or eight-RAM circuits S/N 74200 may be connected in parallel for an eight-bit Z.sub.K word used with a pair of cascaded four-bit Z-counter circuits 613 to implement an eight-bit Z-counter, or larger numbers of Z-RAM circuits may be connected in parallel as discussed in The TTL Data Book on pages 463-465 therein and larger numbers of counter circuits may be cascaded as discussed in The TTL Data Book on pages 417-436 therein.
An adaptive compositing and correlating arrangement will now be discussed.
As a plurality of correlated signals are composited together, the output signal samples related to correlation peaks increase in amplitude at a significantly greater rate than the noise signal peaks and other undesirable signal components. The number of composites to provide a desired quality output signal may be related to the amount of noise, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the degree of correlation between signals. For the conditions of good correlation and low noise, the correlation signal peaks will build-up rapidly for a relatively few composites. For the conditions of poor correlation and high noise, the correlation signal peaks will build up slowly even for a larger number of composites. Similarly, the signal-to-noise ratio may be improved as a function of the number of samples correlated and composited together, where this function may be a square-root function of the number of correlation and composite summations for a particular output sample. For a low signal-to-noise ratio or a high noise condition, a larger number of correlation and composite operations may be required to compensate for the poor signal-to-noise ratio. For a high signal-to-noise ratio or a low noise condition, a smaller number of correlation and composite operations may be required to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio to a desired level.
A figure-of-merit indicative of the quality of output signal samples may be related to the amplitude of the output signal sample peaks. If correlation and compositing were permitted to continue until the correlated signal sample peaks are built-up to a large magnitude, then a good quality output signal may be provided. One approach would be to detect when an output signal sample exceeds a prescribed amplitude as indicative of a good quality correlated output signal. Because of the possibility of noise bursts occasionally providing an erroneous peak, it may be desired to obtain a plurality of output signal samples having large magnitudes as indicative of a good quality correlated output signal. An adaptive correlation arrangement will now be discussed using compositor control 632 to adaptively control compositor operations until a good quality correlated output signal is obtained, as indicated by obtaining a prescribed number of correlated output signal samples that have exceeded a prescribed magnitude as being indicative of a good quality correlated output signal.
An embodiment will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 6D for an adaptive compositor control based upon a programmable quantity of correlated output signal samples exceeding a selected sample magnitude. In one embodiment, the selected signal magnitude may be programmable such as with a thumbwheel switch arrangement as discussed for the programmable compositor control 632 with reference to FIG. 6F hereinafter. Compositor control 632 may be a programmable compositor control as discussed with reference to FIG. 6F hereinafter and may be used to generate output signal COM 636 for enabling sync pulse to AND-gate 630 under control of input signal Lm from L-counter 618 as discussed above. In an alternate embodiment, an adaptive arrangement may be provided by controlling compositor control 632 with adaptive control signal 642 from a detector such as NAND-gate 643. NAND-gate 643 may monitor output signal samples Z.sub.K associated with Z-counter 613 and Z-RAM 614 to detect when an output signal sample Z.sub.K has been updated to a predetermined or selected magnitude Z.sub.KS. For convenience of illustration, NAND-gate 643 is shown monitoring signal lines Z.sub.K as being indicative of a selected magnitude output signal sample Z.sub. KS. Inverters may be provided in sample lines Z.sub.K such as inverter 646 to define the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS of signals Z.sub.K detected with NAND-gate 643. When NAND-gate 643 detects the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS of signal Z.sub.K, output signal 642 goes low for that sample time; thereby clocking counter 635 in composite control 632. Composite control 632 may receive a clock signal CK from gate 643 as signal 642 for an adaptive control embodiment or may receive a clock signal from L-counter 618 output signal Lm, which was described above for a non-adaptive embodiment, as selected by compositor select switch 650.
As output samples Z.sub.K are detected having amplitudes equal to the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS, output signal 642 from NAND-gate 643 decrements Q-counter 635 from the programmed-state toward the zero-state. After the programmed quantity of selected magnitude signals are detected with NAND-gate 643, Q-counter 635 is decremented to zero by a programmed quantity of selected magnitude samples and generates output signal 636 to disable further compositing operations; where the adaptive condition of a programmed quantity of output signal samples having achieved a selected amplitude Z.sub.KS is indicative of a desired output signal quality.
As discussed herein, one figure-of-merit or determination of output signal quality is based upon the quantity of output signal samples that exceed a selected sample magnitude Z.sub.KS. An algorithm has been selected wherein Q-counter 635 is decremented in response to an output signal sample Z.sub.K reaching a selected magnitude Z.sub.KS, wherein output signal samples that have exceeded the selected magnitude are not counted because they have a different code than the selected magnitude code detected with NAND-gate 643; wherein codes larger than the selected magnitude and codes smaller than the selected magnitude are not detected by NAND-gate 643. Therefore, only as an output signal sample Z.sub.K traverses through the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS does NAND-gate 643 generate output signal 642 to decrement Q-counter 635. One contingency exists wherein an output signal sample may be incremented to a selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS but several update iterations may pass without that output signal sample being incremented past the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS. Therefore, in the adaptive compositing embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 6D, an output signal sample remaining at the selected output signal selected magnitude Z.sub.KS may improperly continue to decrement Q-counter 635. It is desired that an output signal sample be permitted to decrement Q-counter 635 only once as the output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.K traverses the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS. Therefore, the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS is gated with update signal UPD from gate 627 through an inverter and with update control signal C1 through an inverter. Therefore, the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS is gated to increment Q-counter 635 only when that particular output signal Z.sub.K is incremented past the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS as being indicative of the particular output signal sample Z.sub.K being at the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS. This is controlled by being gated with update command signal UPD which is indicative of a pending update past the selected signal magnitude and further gated with control signal C1 which is also used to clock Z-counter 613 to increment the particular output signal sample Z.sub.K past the selected output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.KS. Therefore, NAND-gate 643 generates output signal 642 to decrement Q-counter 635 only when an output signal sample Z.sub.K is at the selected magnitude Z.sub.KS and is being incremented to the next magnitude therefrom.
Output signal COM 636 from compositor control 632 may be used to excite an announciator such as a lamp or a buzzer to alert an operator to the completion of compositing condition and may be used as an input to an external device such as a supervisory computer to alert the external device to the completion of compositing condition. This condition may be used to initiate recording of correlated and composited output signal samples Z.sub.K in Z-RAM 614 or may be used to control other devices and operations.
In view of the above, a plurality of pulses are generated as signal 642 with gate 643 wherein each output pulse 642 may be related to a different output signal sample Z.sub.K traversing selected output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.KS and wherein the quantity of samples exceeding the selected signal magnitude Z.sub.KS may be indicative of the quality of the output sample information.
An overflow limiting arrangement will now be discussed.
An arrangement has been discussed above for providing a number of composites-after-correlation to build-up output signal sample peaks in an adaptive manner to a large value. It is possible that a correlated output signal sample may build up to a maximum value and then be incremented beyond the maximum value to an overflow condition. As is well known in the art, when counter arrangements such as Z-counter 613 are incremented past the maximum value of an all one-state, the counter will overflow by making a transition to the minimum value of an all zero-state; consistent with the well known modulo counter logic which implies a loss of overflow information beyond the maximum value. In a correlation operation, amplitude of a sample provides a figure-of-merit of the various correlation comparisons, wherein a large magnitude output signal sample is indicative of good correlation and a small magnitude output signal sample is indicative of poor correlation. In accordance with this overflow limiter feature of the present invention, if a peak signal reaches the largest magnitude permitted by a correlator, the peak magnitude may be limited or saturated to preserve the maximum magnitude and overflows may be precluded with saturation or limiting logic. Such limiting may not significantly degrade information contained in the saturated signal sample particularly when compared to the gross error caused by an overflow condition.
In accordance with the saturation limiting concept discussed above, a digital saturating or digital limiting arrangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 6D. Signal 644 may be a limiting signal generated by a detector such as NAND-gate 645 in response to a limiting magnitude Z.sub.KL of output signal sample Z.sub.K. If the output signal sample Z.sub.K has a limiting magnitude such as a maximum magnitude having an all one-state, this maximum limiting signal magnitude Z.sub.KL may be detected with NAND-gate 645 which will generate a zero-state output signal 644 in response to the limiting magnitude sample Z.sub.KL. Limiting detection signal 644 may be used to disable NAND-gate 627, thereby disabling updating of Z-counter 613 for a particular sample having a limiting magnitude Z.sub.KL. Therefore, output signal samples loaded from Z-RAM 614 into Z-counter 613 will be updated by incrementing towards a limiting magnitude such as a magnitude of an all one-state. NAND-gate 645 detects the limiting magnitude and generates signal 644 to disable NAND-gate 627 in response to a limiting magnitude sample in Z-counter 613, thereby disabling updating of Z-counter 613 with signal 644 when Z-counter 613 contains an output signal sample Z.sub.K having a maximum magnitude Z.sub.KL. Therefore, output signal samples Z.sub.K may be incremented toward the maximum magnitude Z.sub.KL but will not be incremented past the maximum magnitude as controlled by NAND-gate 645 and signal 644. This arrangement may be termed a digital saturation or digital limiting control circuit to saturate the digital magnitude at or to limit the digital magnitude to a prescribed maximum value without permitting overflows or other gross error conditions. Although a maximum signal magnitude of an all one-state has been discussed for simplicity, NAND-gate 645 may detect any signal sample magnitude determined with an input code of inverted and non-inverted bits of output signal sample Z.sub.K related to the desired maximum output signal sample magnitude.
In a preferred embodiment, limit detector 645 may be used in conjunction with adaptive compositor control 643 wherein digital limiter 645 may detect an output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.KL greater than the threshold output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.KS detected with adaptive compositor control 643, wherein Z.sub.KL may be greater than Z.sub.KS. Therefore, output signal sample magnitudes may be incremented to the adaptive threshold magnitude Z.sub.KS and detected by adaptive control detector 643 before being limited by limitor threshold detector 645 at limiting magnitude Z.sub.KL.
For simplicity of discussion, adaptive detector 643 and limiter 645 have been discussed for detection of selected magnitude and limited magnitude signals for an incremental update arrangement. Detectors 643 and 645 may be used to detect adaptive magnitude Z.sub.KS and limiter magnitude Z.sub.KL for incremental update, decremental update, or incremental-decremental update arrangements; wherein the Z.sub.K signal magnitudes detected with detectors 643 and 645 may be selected for the particular update embodiment.
In a preferred embodiment, it may be desirable for K-counter 619 to continuously access Z-RAM 614 so that output signals Z.sub.O -Z.sub.Km from Z-RAM 614 may be continually available in sequence to external devices such as for refreshing a CRT or for recording on a magnetic tape. This output capability may be controlled in response to a signal indicative of completion of correlator and compositor operations such as output signal Lm from L-counter 618, which is indicative of the completion of correlation of a trace signal, or output signal 636 of compositor control 632, which is indicative of completion of compositing-after-correlation operations. In a preferred embodiment, output signal 636 from compositor control 632 may be provided to external equipment as indicative of completion of compositing and correlation operations and may be used to enable output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-RAM 614 to external devices. This may be accomplished by permitting K-counter 619 to continue to sequence through the K-addresses after correlation and compositing operations have been completed as shown by K-counter 619 having an input enable signal G connected to ground for continuous enabling of K-counter 619 operations. Further, output signals from K-counter 619 such as output K-addresses, maximum output signal Km, and/or the CRT sync signal may be provided to external equipment for synchronization and identification of the Z.sub.K samples from Z-RAM 614. This output mode of operation causes K-counter 619 to sequence through to maximum address Kmax indicated by output signal Km which preloads K-counter 619 through flip-flop 639 and NOR-gate 621 with load signal NXT to again start sequencing through the set of addresses. Z-RAM 614 may continue to generate output signals Z.sub.K in response to K-addresses from K-counter 619 for monitoring by external equipment.
To preserve the contents of Z-RAM 614 during the output mode operation, write signal C2 may be disabled by compositor control signal COM to OR-gate 629. Therefore, K-counter 619 may continue to sequence through output signal K-addresses for accessing output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-RAM 614, wherein compositor signal COM disables the write signal for Z-RAM 614 after compositing operations have been completed to preserve the output signal samples without modification.
Sequencing of K-counter 619 through the set of K-addresses may be continuously provided during the output mode. Initiation of a clear operation with clear switch CLR generating clear signal CLR for initiating of a new set of composite-after-correlation operations is performed by controlling compositor control 632 to enable the sync signal after clearing of the compositor control 632 for a new set of composites. This will cause output signals from one-shot 651 to generate preload signal NXT through NOR-gate 621 to cause preloading of K-counter 619 to the first address state independent of whether K-counter 619 has been in the middle of a count associated with the output mode discussed above. Therefore, there is no need to synchronize compositor logic and clear logic with operations of K-counter 619, wherein generation of load signal NXT in response to compositor control signals or clear control signals through one-shot 651 may automatically force K-counter 619 into synchronization, thereby discontinuing output mode operations without causing detremental effects in the correlator logic. It may be necessary for output devices to monitor output K-addresses from K-counter 619 to insure that a complete set of output information has been obtained or in an alternate embodiment to monitor maximum output signal Km from K-counter 619 to determine if a complete set of output information has been obtained. In another alternate embodiment it may be necessary for output devices to monitor maximum output signal Km in conjunction with CRT sync signal NXT to determine if maximum output signal Km has initiated CRT sync signal NXT as being indicative of completion of an output mode iteration or to determine if minimum output address Km did not initiate CRT signal sync NXT as indicative of early termination of the output mode cycle in response to a clear command from clear switch CLR preloading K-counter 619 to force synchronization with clear mode operations.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6D is illustrated in simplified form for simplicity of discussion and for compatibility with discussions related to Table III and FIG. 5. For example, a plurality of counters are shown such as C-counter 616, J-counter 617, L-counter 618, K-counter 619, and Z-counter 613 which are shown as S/N 74191 type counters. These counters may be implemented as single four-bit counter circuits or may be cascaded to provide the desired number of states using well known techniques discussed in The TTL Data Book on pages 417-436. The TTL Data Book further provides a detailed logical diagram on the counter circuit such as for illustrating the ripple clock and max-min output signal logic shown on pages 417-436 therein. Although the max-min and ripple clock logic for the S/N 74191 counter circuit may be used to exemplify the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D, external logic may be used to provide a max-min and ripple clock output signal for any number of counter stages whether the number of stages are factorable by four relative to the four-stages per S/N 74191 circuit permitting use of the ripple clock and max-min logic of the integrated circuit or whether the number of stages are not factorable by four and therefore may be implementable with discrete logic circuits. Further, Z-RAM 614 may be a single-bit RAM such as the S/N 74200 RAM, wherein a plurality of individual S/N 74200 RAM integrated circuits may be connected in parallel for providing a parallel whole word output Z.sub.K as discussed on pages 463-470 of The TTL Data Book. Therefore, Z-counter 613 and Z-RAM 614 may be expanded to have a large number of bits per word by cascading Z-counter circuits S/N 74191 and by connecting in parallel RAM circuits S/N 74200 as described on pages 417-436 and pages 463-470 respectively in The TTL Data Book. Similarly, P-ROM 625 may be a one-bit by 256-bit ROM or may be a 4-bit by 256-bit ROM such as implemented with integrated circuit S/N 74187. For the S/N 74187 4-bit by 256-word ROM circuit, one-bit such as the Y1-bit may be selected for the single-bit P.sub.J output signal, wherein other bits such as the Y2-bit and Y3-bit may not be necessary and may not be used. Further, ROM and RAM circuits may be cascaded to provide a greater number of words, may be connected in parallel to provide a greater number of bits, or may be connected in parallel and cascaded to provide a greater number of bits together with a greater number of words than available with individual ROM and RAM integrated circuits. Connecting of ROM and RAM circuits in cascade and in parallel is well known in the art such as discussed on pages 410-416 and 463-470 of The TTL Data Book and as discussed elsewhere in prior art literature.
In the above discussions relative to FIG. 6D; counters 613, 616, 618, and 619 have been described as operating in an up-counter mode and counter 617 has been described as operating in a down-counter mode consistent with the examples provided with reference to Table III and FIGS. 5A and 5B above. This consistency is provided for simplicity of discussion and is not a necessary requirement of the implementation. For example, embodiments may be provided for J-counter 617 implemented either as a down-counter or as an up-counter; where pilot signal samples may be stored in P-ROM 625 having time sequential samples progressing from a lower address to a higher address for J-counter 617 operating in a down-counter mode or pilot signal samples may be stored in P-ROM 625 having time sequential samples progressing from a higher address to a lower address for J-counter 617 operating in an up-counter mode. Similarly, C-counter 616 has been discussed for operation in an up-counter mode but alternate embodiments may be provided for C-counter 616 operating in an up-counter mode, a down-counter mode, or any counter mode wherein sequential signals CO-C3 are selected in a sequence of operations independent of the direction of count of C-counter 616. Similarly, K-counter 619 may be implemented as either an up-counter or a down-counter. K-counter 619 generates addresses K for accessing Z-RAM 614 where the count direction and count code of K-counter 619 is not a fixed constraint, but K-counter 619 should be initialized to the same state and should count in the same sequence of codes for accessing the same memory locations from Z-RAM 614; wherein it is not important which storage location in Z-RAM 614 corresponds with a particular Z output sample as long as that Z.sub.K output sample is consistently stored in the same location and otherwise kept track of for updating the appropriate output sample Z.sub.K with the related computational solution from gate 626. Similarly, L-counter 618 may count output samples as an up-counter or as a down-counter, and L-counter 618 may be implemented consistent with the supplying of the Jo-parameter to preload J-counter 617. The primary purpose of L-counter 618 is for determining the end of the trace signal by counting trace signal samples T.sub.L and for generating the Lm output signal indicative of the last trace signal sample. Another purpose of L-counter 618 is for generating the Jo-parameter for preloading of J-counter 617. Similarly, Z-counter 613 is used to incrementally update Z.sub.K parameters from Z-RAM 614, wherein updating may be provided as incrementing and not-incrementing in response to a one-state and a zero-state respectively from gate 626 or incrementing and not-incrementing in response to zero-state and a one-state from gate 626 respectively. Alternately, the output of gate 627 may be input to the down-up signal terminal DU of Z-counter 613 for decrementing and incrementing in response to a zero-state and a one-state respectively output from gate 626 or for incrementing and decrementing in response to a one-state and a zero-state respectively from gate 626. The mechanization of incrementing and not-incrementing or decrementing and not decrementing of Z-counter 613 in response to the output of gate 626 will determine whether the output signal magnitude will increase in a positive direction or increase in a negative direction for good correlations.
Resistors may be used which are not shown in FIG. 6D for simplicity but are described in the product literature and are well known in the art. For example, pull-up resistors may be used for open-collecter output circuits, wherein an open-collector output signal line may be connected to a positive voltage source with a resistor such as connecting to a +5-volt source with a 5K-ohm resistor. Open collector outputs using pull-up resistors may need individual pull-up resistors for each output signal line unless they are being wire-ORed together, in which case they may be connected to the same pull-up resistor. Similarly, unused inputs may be left open or may be connected to a positive supply directly or with a pull-up resistor such as connecting to a +5-volt supply with a 1K-ohm pull-up resistor. A plurality of unused inputs may all be connected to the same pull-up resistor.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6D has been presented in simplified form to better exemplify the features of the present invention. A significant increase in speed may be achieved by implementing additional techniques in the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D as discussed below.
Operation of the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D may be increased in speed by overlapping operations such as controlled by control signals C0-C3. Such overlapping operations may be performed by providing parallel or redundant devices. For example, a plurality of Z-counter and Z-RAM devices may be provided such as for accessing a Z.sub.K word from a first Z-RAM for loading a first Z-counter while storing an updated Z.sub.K word from a second Z-counter into a second Z-RAM. This implementation may include a second K-counter, wherein two sequential adjacent K-addresses may be stored in the two counters or may include a K-register used in conjunction with a K-counter wherein the K-counter may store the latest Z-RAM address such as the access address and a K-register (not shown) may store the Z-RAM store address of the last updated word, where the store address might be one address less than the access address.
Improvement in speed with the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D may also be obtained by providing an arrangement for determining the first Z-output sample to be updated such as with a KO counter for preloading the K-counter with the value of the address of the first output sample to be updated, which might be implemented similar to the arrangement discussed above for the preloading of the J-counter with the address Jo of the first pilot signal sample P.sub.Jo. With reference to Table III, the first output sample to be updated for any trace signal sample may be determined by a simple counter arrangement which may be incremented for each new trace signal sample processed. The first group of trace signal samples, which are the first four trace signal samples in the example shown in Table III, are used to update the output signal sample Z.sub.K starting with the first output signal sample Z.sub.O. Subsequent trace signal samples, such as trace signal sample T.sub.4 -T.sub.15 for the example shown in Table III, do not update the first output signal sample Z.sub.O but updated output signal samples other than Z.sub.O. For the example shown in Table III, trace signal sample T.sub.4 has a first updated output signal sample Z.sub.1, trace signal sample T.sub.5 has a first updated output signal sample Z.sub.2, etc wherein the last trace signal sample T.sub.15 has a first updated output signal sample Z.sub.12 which is the last output signal sample. Therefore, many output signal samples are not updated by each trace signal sample shown as blank locations in the upper right hand portion of Table III and therefore may be skipped in the computation by preloading the address of the first output signal sample Ko into K-counter 619 from a first updated output signal sample counter identified as the Ko-counter (not shown) which is incremented as the trace signal is sampled with the NXT signal.
Additional speed may be obtained by skipping update computations associated with subsequent output signal samples that should not be updated such as indicated by the blank spaces in the lower left-hand corner of Table III. For example, output signal samples will be updated as the pilot signal sample address-J is decremented through J=0, wherein the P.sub.O pilot signal sample associated with the J=0 address may be the last pilot signal sample used to update output signal samples Z.sub.K in response to any particular trace signal sample T.sub.L. This consideration may be shown with the P.sub.O pilot signal sample being the last pilot signal sample in each column of Table III and being followed vertically downward by blank spaces in Table III indicative of subsequent output signal samples not being updated. Therefore, detection of the P.sub.O pilot signal sample such as by detection of the J-counter 617 going through a zero-state related to J=0 may be used to detect updating of the last output signal sample in response to a particular trace signal sample. Termination of updating for that particular trace signal sample may be achieved by using the max-min mm output of J-counter 617 to initiate processing of the next trace signal sample by replacing the Km signal to NOR-gate 621 with the Jm signal to NOR-gate 621 to enable preloading of J-counter 617 with the Jo-parameter from L-counter 618 and to enable preloading of K-counter 619 for the start of the next set of output signal sample updates in response to the next trace signal sample T.sub.L. Therefore, the time required for the counters in control logic 615 to increment through unnecessary operations, such as shown in Table III as the blanks in the lower left-hand corner, may be reduced thereby reducing the time for performing the correlation operations.
In an alternative embodiment, the sequence may be terminated when J-counter 617 decrements to the zero-state as being indicative of the last necessary computation. The zero-state of J-counter 617 may be detected with decoder 628 or with min-max signal Jm to control loading of J-counter 617 with the Jo-parameter and loading of K-counter 619 to the initial state for the next updating of the output samples. Similarly, K-counter 619 may be preloaded with the address of the first output signal sample to be updated, wherein the first output signal sample to be updated may be related to the trace signal sample being processed. For example, the T.sub.8 trace signal sample starts with updating of the Z.sub.5 output signal sample (Table III); wherein the first output signal sample to be updated may be related to the address of the trace signal sample by the equation K=L-3 for the example shown in Table III. For simplicity of discussion, arrangement shown in FIG. 6D merely disables updating of output signal samples with decoder 628 and NAND-gate 627 for non-updating iterations related to blank spaces of Table III. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to identify the circuit shown in FIG. 6D to incorporate these optimination features from the teachings of the present invention.
Additional time may be saved by providing a sample buffer memory for trace signal samples T.sub.L so that trace signal samples may be received and stored at an average sample rate and may be provided to the correlation logic at the desired computational rate. Such an arrangement may be valuable to compensate for peak computational loads and for minimum computational loads associated with the above described time reducing control operations. This consideration will now be described with reference to Table III, wherein certain trace signal samples may have a reduced computational load. For example, trace signal sample T.sub.0 updates only a single output signal sample Z.sub.0, trace signal sample T.sub.1 updates only two output signal samples Z.sub.0 and Z.sub.1, etc. Also, many trace signal samples T.sub.4 -T.sub.12 update a total of four output signal samples where the above optimization arrangements may have unequal times between processing trace signal samples depending upon the location in the sequence of trace signal samples being processed. Therefore, a buffer memory for buffering trace signal samples T.sub.L may permit trace signal samples to be sampled at fixed time intervals such as an average time interval and may permit accessing of the buffered trace signal samples from the buffer memory at the required computational rate, where computational time may be longer than the average sample period for longer computational requirements and may be shorter than the average sample period for shorter computational requirements. Such as buffer memory may be implemented for loading trace signal samples under control of an incrementing next input sample counter and for accessing samples under control of an incrementing next output sample counter wherein the next input sample counter may be incremented at the average sampling rate and the next output sample counter may be incremented in response to completion of each correlation operation such as under control of load signal NXT from NOR-gate 621 as indicative of the need to sample the next trace signal sample. A well known first-in-first-out (FIFO) memory may be used to provide this trace signal buffer memory operation.
Additional improvements in speed may be obtained by using the output of gate 626 to determine whether the related output signal sample Z.sub.K is to be updated such as by incrementing in one embodiment or by decrementing in an alternative embodiment. If the output signal sample Z.sub.K is to be updated, it may be accessed from Z-RAM 614 for updating with Z-counter 613. If output signal sample Z.sub.K is not to be updated such as with a not-increment or not-decrement command from gate 626, it may not be necessary to access the output signal sample Z.sub.K from the Z-RAM 614. Therefore, the C0-C2 control signal sequence may be eliminated for a non-update condition controlled by gate 626, which may reset C-counter 616 and may clock counters 617-619 such as with the C3 clock signal or an equivalent clock signal but may not perform Z-RAM and Z-counter operations related to the non-update condition. In a system having a low signal-to-noise ratio or a high noise content, an input trace signal sample T.sub.L may have a duty-cycle of approximately 50% which may be slightly weighted or biased by the signal contained therein. Assuming a 50% duty-cycle of increment and non-increment commands from gate 626 for simplicity of discussion, only one-half of the update command iterations will command updating of output signal samples Z.sub.K with increment and non-increment or decrement and non-decrement algorithms. Therefore, implementation of conditional access update, and store operations for Z-RAM 614 may result in a saving of almost 50% of the time required for updating operations.
As discussed above for operation 527 (FIG. 5A) and decoder 628 (FIG. 6D) a test of the J-parameter or other related test may be used to determine which updates may be unnecessary or undesirable, wherein such unnecessary updates may be related to the blank spaces shown in Table III above and may be termed blank updates. Detection and elimination of such blank updates may be necessary to preclude erroneous updates of output signal samples Z.sub.K. The operations associated with blank updates such as memory accesses and computations may be skipped or eliminated to increase time available for other operations, to increase speed, and other such considerations.
A brief description of the blank update consideration will now be provided with reference to Table III. The number of memory access and multiplication operations for a correlation computation may depend on the mechanization. Embodiments may be provided wherein the number of operations are related to either the product of the number of trace signal samples and the number of pilot signal samples or to the product of the number of trace signal samples and the number of output signal samples. For the example shown in Table III, there are sixteen trace signal samples and four pilot signal samples which would be related to 64-computational operations for a first embodiment and there are sixteen trace signal samples and thirteen output signal samples which would be related to 208-computational operations for a second embodiment. In a preferred embodiment, the blank update operations may be eliminated where the required number of operations are related to the product of the number of pilot signal samples and the number of output signal samples; where Table III shows four pilot signal samples and thirteen output signal samples for a total of 52-update operations.
The number of updates may be determined by the relationship between the number of pilot signal samples and the number of trace signal samples as shown in equation (2), equation (5), equation (6), and equation (7).
N.sub.U =N.sub.P .multidot.N.sub.Z equation (5)
N.sub.U =N.sub.P (N.sub.T -N.sub.P +1) equation(6)
N.sub.U =N.sub.P .multidot.N.sub.T -N.sub.P.sup.2 +N.sub.P equation(7)
N.sub.U =N.sub.T .multidot.N.sub.Z equation(8)
N.sub.U =N.sub.T.sup.2 -N.sub.T .multidot.N.sub.P +N.sub.T equation(9)
Equation (2) shows the relationship between the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T), the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P), and the number of output signal samples (N.sub.Z). As discussed above for a preferred embodiment, the number of updates (N.sub.U) may be equal to the product of the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) and the number of output signal samples (N.sub.Z) as shown in equation (5) above. The value for the number of output signal samples (N.sub.Z) from equation (2) may be substituted into equation (5) yielding equation (6), which may be simplified by multiplying through to generate equation (7). With reference to equation (7), the number of updates (N.sub.U) varies as an exponential function of the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) and is related to the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T). For the example shown in Table III having sixteen trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and four pilot signal samples (N.sub.P), a total of 52-update computations (N.sub.U) are required. For a geophysical embodiment having 32,000 trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and 24,000 pilot signal samples (N.sub.P), a total of approximately 192-million update computations (N.sub.U) are required.
If update computations associated with the blank positions in Table III were implemented even though they were not used to update the output signal samples, then the computational load would be significantly greater. The total number of update locations in Table III including blank update locations and actual update locations is equal to the product of the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and the number of output signal samples (N.sub.Z) as shown in equation (8). Substituting equation (2) into equation (8) yields the number of updates (N.sub.U) in terms of the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) and the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) as shown in equation (9). Substituting the value of N.sub.T =16 and N.sub.P =4 for the example shown in Table III into equation (9) yields 208 update computations which is approximately four-times the number of update computations required for an embodiment excluding computations associated with blank locations in Table III. Similarly, for the geophysical embodiment wherein N.sub.T =32,000 and N.sub.P =24,000; the number of updates is equal to approximately 256-million update computations which is approximately 25% more than the 192-million update computations for the above example excluding the blank update computations.
In view of the above examples and with reference to equation (7) and equation (9), several considerations relating to the number of update computations and the skipping of blank update computations become apparent. First, the number of update computations becomes very large as the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) and the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) becomes large. Second, the reduction of update computations by skipping blank computations such as shown by the blank spaces in Table III has a reduction in significance as the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) approaches the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and has an increase in significance as the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) is made less than the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T). Third, determination of the blank update computations is necessary to preclude improperly updating of output signal samples, thereby involving a programming or logical circuit implementation to detect the unnecessary update computations, where such an implementation may also be used to skip the blank update computations. Therefore, an alternate embodiment of the present invention may include an arrangement for detecting blank update computations, exemplified by the blank spaces in Table III; may include an arrangement for disabling updating of output signal samples in response to blank update computations; and may include an arrangement for disabling operations associated with blank update computations such as memory accessing and store operations and output signal update operations.
The arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 6 and in particular FIG. 6D has been discussed for correlation operations. Further, it has been discussed above that compositing-after-correlation is implicit in the summation of single-bit correlation products with corresponding output samples to build-up significance of the output samples either through correlation of additional samples of a single trace signal or by compositing of additional samples of additional trace signals. The compositing operation associated with the correlator of the present invention may be better understood by illustrating how the arrangement shown in FIG. 6D can provide a compositing operation independent of the correlation operation. In a compositor embodiment, there is no need to implement a pilot signal memory nor pilot signal control operations; wherein J-counter 617, L-counter 618, P-ROM 625, decoder 628 and exclusive-OR gate 626 may be eliminated. The trace signal T.sub.L may be provided directly to gate 627 to control the incrementing and not-incrementing or decrementing and not-decrementing of Z-counter 613 in response to one-states and zero-states respectively of trace signal T.sub.L.
K-counter 619 keeps track of the addresses of composited trace signal samples. Overflow signal Km of K-counter 619 may be connected to K-counter enable input G to disable operation of K-counter 619 after the K-counter has sequenced to the Km maximum address, thereby locking-up K-counter 619 through enable signal G.
Receipt of a sync pulse to AND-gate 638 when enabled by signal 636 from compositor control 632 generates output pulse OUT for clearing C-counter 616 and generates output pulse OUT for preloading K-counter 619 to initiate another composite operation. As K-counter 619 increments from the initial address to the maximum address Km, input trace samples T.sub.L may be conditionally added to or not added to the samples stored in Z-RAM 614 by incrementing or not-incrementing the corresponding output signal samples Z.sub.K loaded into Z-counter 613. When the last trace sample T.sub.L is used to update the last composited signal sample in Z-RAM 614, identified by the last address Km from K-counter 619, the Km signal from K-counter 619 may again lock-up K-counter 619 pending arrival of the next input sync pulse which is indicative of the start of the next trace signal. Composite control 632 may operate similar to that described for the composite-after-correlation arrangement discussed above with reference to FIG. 6D. Therefore, a programmable quantity of trace signals may be composited together as discussed for composite control 632 above.
Another difference with a compositor arrangement compared to a composite-after-correlation arrangement is that K-counter 619 has a number of Z-RAM addresses corresponding to the number of trace signal samples T.sub.L, wherein the address Km may correspond to the address of the last trace signal sample and wherein the number of output signal samples Z.sub.K (N.sub.Z) may be equal to the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) for compositing. This is in contrast to the compositing-after-correlation embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above; wherein the number of Z-RAM addresses is equal to the number of output signal samples (N.sub.Z) which is equal to the difference between the number of trace signal samples (N.sub.T) and the number of pilot signal samples (N.sub.P) discussed with reference to equation (2) above. Therefore, the number of correlation output signal samples (N.sub.Z) is less than the number of composited output signal samples for a simple compositing arrangement without correlation, assuming that the number of trace signal samples is the same for the compositing-only embodiment and for the correlation or compositing-after-correlation embodiment.
Description Of FIG. 6E
The correlator arrangement of the present invention may be implemented as a plurality of correlator channels having portions of logic being dedicated to a particular channel and other portions of logic being shared between a plurality of channels. One embodiment of a multi-channel correlator arrangement is shown in FIG. 6E having computational logic dedicated to each of a plurality of channels and having control logic 615 being shared between all of the channels. A multi-channel correlator arrangement such as shown in FIG. 6E may be implemented by using a plurality of single-channel correlators, wherein such single-channel correlator arrangements are discussed with reference to FIGS. 5B, 6A, and 6D above. Alternately, a multi-channel correlator arrangement may be implemented such as with the time-shared arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 5A above.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6E will now be discussed in detail. A plurality of correlator channels may be configured to process each of a plurality of trace signals wherein each trace signal may be processed first with a squaring amplifier 623 for squaring a trace signal and then with a sample flip-flop 624 for sampling and storing the trace signal sample in response to the next command signal NXT. P-store 610 may be implemented with a P-ROM 625 for generating pilot signal samples in response to pilot signal sample addresses J generated by control logic 615. Multiplication or comparison of a trace signal sample T.sub.L and a pilot signal sample P.sub.J may be performed with exclusive-OR network 626 to generate a single-bit compare signal to NAND-gate 627 for enabling or disabling with disable signal D for updating a related Z.sub.K output signal sample. Each channel may have a Z-RAM 614 for storing output signal samples Z.sub.K and a Z-counter 613 for updating an accessed output signal sample Z.sub.K. The output signal sample Z.sub.K is selected with K-addresses from K-counter 619 in control logic 615 and is loaded into Z-counter 613 for updating under control of an update signal from NAND-gate 627. After updating, the updated output signal sample Z.sub.K is stored back into Z-RAM 614. Therefore, each trace signal correlator channel may be similar to the single channel correlator discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6D above.
For a multi-channel correlator arrangement, control logic 615 may be common to a plurality of correlator channels and may be shared between this plurality of correlator channels. For example, the control signals from control logic 615 such as clock signals C from C-counter 616, pilot signal sample addresses J from J-counter 617, trace signal sample addresses L from L-counter 618, and output signal sample addresses K from K-counter 619 may be shared between a plurality of correlator channels, wherein the control signals may be common to each channel and wherein the correlation operations of all channels may be synchronized together with control logic 615. Alternately, synchronization of each of a plurality of correlator channels may be provided with different sync signals for each of the channels having different time synchronization or being asynchronous therebetween. Such an arrangement requires operation of each correlator channel to operate asynchronously with respect to each other correlator channel. Therefore, control logic 615 may be duplicated for each of a plurality of asynchronously operating correlator channels. As still another alternate, portions of control logic 615 such as logic associated with C-counter 616 may be shared between each of a plurality of correlator channels and other portions of control logic 615 such as logic of J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619 may be dedicated to each of the correlator channels and may be duplicated for each correlator channel. Therefore, various combinations of dedicated control logic and shared control logic may be provided in conjunction with a plurality of correlator channels.
Each of the plurality of channels shown in FIG. 6E is shown having an input trace signal T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN and a pilot signal P.sub.JO -P.sub.JN. Various alternate embodiments may be provided with combinations of trace signals and pilot signals. For example, the trace signal to each of a plurality of channels may be different from the trace signals to the other channels or the trace signal to each of a plurality of channels may be the same as the trace signals to the other channels. Further, the pilot signal to each of a plurality of channels may be different from the pilot signals to the other channels or the pilot signal to each of a plurality of channels may be the same as the pilot signal to the other channels. These alternatives will be described in greater detail below.
In a first multi-channel correlator embodiment, the trace signals to each of a plurality of channels may be different from the trace signals to other channels and the pilot signals to each of the plurality of channels may be different from the pilot signals to other channels. Therefore, each of the plurality of channels may have a different trace signal and a different pilot signal than the other channels. In such an arrangement, trace signals T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN and pilot signals P.sub.JO -P.sub.JN may be all different therebetween.
In another multi-channel correlator embodiment, the trace signals to each of a plurality of channels may be the same as the trace signals to other channels and the pilot signals to each of the plurality of channels may be the same as the pilot signals to other channels. Therefore, each of the plurality of channels may have the same trace signal and the same pilot signal. In such an arrangement, trace signals T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN may be the same and pilot signals P.sub.JO -P.sub.JN may be the same, wherein trace signals and pilot signals may be represented without channel designations as T.sub.L and P.sub.J respectively.
In still another multi-channel correlator embodiment, the trace signals to each of a plurality of channels may be different from the trace signals to other channels and the pilot signals to each of the plurality of channels may be the same as the pilot signals to other channels. Therefore, each of the plurality of channels may have different trace signals and may have the same pilot signal. In such an arrangement, trace signals T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN may be all different therebetween and pilot signals P.sub.JO -P.sub.JN may be the same therebetween; wherein pilot signals may be represented without channel designations as P.sub.J. In this embodiment having a different trace signal and the same pilot signal for each channel, a plurality of different trace signals may be "searched" to find a common signature signal therein.
In yet another multi-channel correlator embodiment, the trace signals to each of a plurality of channels may be the same as the trace signals to other channels and the pilot signals to each of the plurality of channels may be different from the pilot signals to other channels. Therefore, each of the plurality of channels may have the same trace signal and may have different pilot signals. In such an arrangement, trace signals T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN may be all the same therebetween and pilot signals P.sub.JO -P.sub.JN may be different therebetween; wherein trace signals may be represented without channel designations as T.sub.L. In this embodiment having a different pilot signal and the same trace signal for each channel, the same trace signal may be "searched" with a plurality of different pilot signals to find different signature signals multiplexed in the trace signal.
A pilot signal common to a plurality of channels may be obtained from a single P-store 610 such as P-ROM 625, wherein a single P-ROM output such as pilot signal P.sub.JO may be fanned-out to each of a plurality of channels such as by being input to gate 626 of channel N in place of pilot signal P.sub.JN. Alternately, a separate P-store 610 such as a P-ROM 625 may be provided for each channel as shown for FIG. 6E wherein the same pilot signal may be stored in each P-ROM 625.
A trace signal common to a plurality of channels may be obtained by inputting the same trace signal to each of a plurality of correlator channels wherein a single trace signal such as signal T.sub.LO may also be input to channel N in place of trace signal T.sub.LN.
Output signal sample processor logic comprising Z-RAM 614 and Z-counter 613 may be provided separately for each correlator channel as shown in FIG. 6E for separate output signal sample processing. Alternately, output signal sample processor logic 613 and 614 may be common to a plurality of channels such as for compositing correlated signals from a plurality of channels theretogether. In such an arrangement, the update control signal C1 to clock Z-counter 613 (FIG. 6D) may be provided as a plurality of clock signals being clock signals Cl.sub.O -Cl.sub.N related to correlation channels O-N respectively. The plurality of clock signals may clock Z-counter 613 to update an output signal sample in response to each of a sequence of update signals for a particular output signal sample, wherein each of the correlator channels O-N may be selected in sequence by each of the corresponding clock signals Cl.sub.O -Cl.sub.N respectively to apply the update control signal from gates 627 for each channel in sequence to update the signal sample from Z-counter 613. This arrangement is particularly useful when synchronization of input trace signals is the same so that all of the input trace signal samples have correspondence therebetween and have correspondence to the same output signal sample accessed from Z-RAM 614 and available in Z-counter 613. This arrangement provides compositing-after-correlation between a plurality of correlation channels.
In an alternate embodiment, a plurality of trace signals T.sub.LO -T.sub.LN may have different synchronizations therebetween and different sets of control logic 615 for each correlator channel having a different synchronization characteristic, wherein it may be desirable to composite the correlated signals from each of a plurality of non-synchronous or asynchronous correlator channels theretogether. In such an arrangement, each channel may be sequenced to access an appropriate sample from Z-RAM 614 for updating in Z-counter 613 and for storing back into Z-RAM 614 before a next correlator channel is permitted to access Z-RAM 614 for updating a different Z-output signal sample. In this arrangement, each correlator channel may access Z-RAM 614 in it's proper time, update the accessed sample in Z-counter 613, and load the related sample back into Z-RAM 614 before the sequensor sequences to the next channel for updating of a different output signal sample. This arrangement is similar to the time-shared multi-channel arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 5A, wherein the sequensor may sequence through a plurality of trace signals for a particular signal sample interval for updating of an output signal sample accessed for a particular channel, then being stored back into Z-store 614 prior to sequencing to the next correlator channel. In a hardware embodiment, this arrangement may be implemented by expanding C-counter 616 shown in FIG. 6D to sequence through a plurality of clock states C0-C3 for each correlator channel in sequence. For a three channel system, C-counter 616 may sequence through clock signals C0.sub.O -C3.sub.O for channel O, followed by through clock signals C0.sub.1 -C3.sub.1 for channel 1, followed by clock signals CO.sub.2 -C3.sub.2 for channel 2, and then followed by clock signals C0.sub.0 -C3.sub.0 for again processing channel 0, etc. The related signals may be ORed together such as C0.sub.0 +CO.sub.1 +CO.sub.2 for generating the C0 signal into Z-counter 613; Cl.sub.0 +Cl.sub.1 +Cl.sub.2 for generating the C1 clock signal into Z-counter 613; C2.sub.0 +C2.sub.1 +C2.sub.2 for generating the write enable signal C2 into Z-RAM 614 through NAND-gate 629; and C3.sub.0 +C3.sub.1 +C3.sub.2 for generating the counter clock signal C3. Alternately, the C3.sub.0 -C3.sub.2 clock signals to J-counter 617, L-counter 618, and K-counter 619 may be provided to separate counters for each channel for this non-synchronous embodiment.
In view of the above, various combinations of commonality and separation may be provided between a plurality of correlator channels with combinations of the same trace signal or different trace signals to the plurality of correlator channels, the same pilot signal or different pilot signals to the plurality of correlator channels, and the same output signal processing logic or different output signal processing logic for the plurality of correlator channels.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6E is intended to be representative of a plurality of correlator channels ranging from channel-0 to channel-N. For an embodiment having two correlator channels identified as channel-0 and channel-1, then N=1. Similarly, for an embodiment having 10-channels defined as channels 0-9, then N=9. Similarly, other pluralities of correlator channels may be provided without departing from the descriptions provided herein. The vertical arrows shown in FIG. 6E are intended to represent additional correlator channels between channel-0 and channel-N which are not shown because they may be identical to the two channels, channel-0 and channel-N, shown in FIG. 6E.
Description Of FIG. 6F
Compositor control arrangement 632 provides for controlling a programmable number of composite operations after correlation for the correlation arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above. A programmable Q-counter 635 may be preloaded with a digital number such as from thumbwheel switches 333 or from other programmable sources to define the number of correlation operations that are to be composited together. Q-counter 635 is shown connected as a down-counter to count-down from the preloaded number under control of the clock signal CK which may be the Lm signal derived from L-counter 618, wherein the Lm signal is indicative of completion of a correlation operation. Therefore, Q-counter 635 may count-down from a programmed quantity of correlation operations being decremented at the completion of each correlation operation and underflowing when the number has been counted-down to zero to disable further correlations.
A programmable input device such as thumbwheel switches 633 may be provided to Q-counter 635 in parallel signal form. Thumbwheel switches 633 may be hexidecimal thumbwheel switches or BCD thumbwheel switches which are well known in the art such as Digiswitch thumbwheel switches manufactured by the Digitran Company of Pasadena, Calif. Thumbwheel switches 633 usually provide complement outputs which are inverted with inverters 634 to provide uncomplemented signals to Q-counter 635. Q-counter 635 may be an S/N 74190 counter which is a BCD counter used in conjunction with BCD thumbwheel switches or may be an S/N 74191 binary counter for use with hexidecimal thumbwheel switches.
Clearing of Z-RAM 614 has been discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above, wherein Z-RAM 614 is cleared with gates 630 under control of clear signal CLR from clear switch CLR as being indicative of the completion of a prior compositing and correlation operation and the intended initiation of the next compositing-after-correlation operation. Therefore, the CLR signal is connected to the load input LD of Q-counter 635 for loading Q-counter 635 from thumbwheel switches 633. Q-counter 635 is connected for a down-count with the up-down input UD connected to a positive voltage. Clock input CK to Q-counter 635 may be connected to the Lm signal line from L-counter 618, where the Lm signal is indicative of the last trace sample for a correlation. Therefore, the Lm signal would clock Q-counter 635 to decrement the initially preloaded number in response to the completion of each successive correlation and compositing operation. Alternately, clock input CK to Q-counter 635 may be connected to the adaptive control signal 642 (FIG. 6D), where the adaptive control signal 642 is indicative of an output signal sample Z.sub.k reaching a selected magnitude Z.sub.KS for decrementing Q-counter 635 as discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above.
When Q-counter 635 is decremented to zero, the min-max output signal mm goes high which disables subsequent counting of Q-counter 635 by being directly connected to the enable input G and the output signal mm generates disable signal 636 with inverter 637 to disable subsequent sync pulses, as discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above. Q-counter 635 remains disabled until preloaded with the CLR signal as discussed above.
Compositor control arrangement 632 discussed with reference to FIG. 6F permits a sequential group of compositing operations to be performed after correlation and then maintains the composited information in Z-RAM 614 until cleared such as with the clear switch CLR to initiate another composite-after-correlation operation.
For simplicity of discussion; Q-counter 635 has been discussed as a single four-bit counter circuit S/N 74191 and thumbwheel switch 633 has been discussed as a single four-bit switch. Alternately, Q-counter 635 and input source 633 may be cascaded such as in four-bit blocks to increase control beyond the maximum of 15 composites-after-correlation permissible with a single four-bit arrangement. Such cascading of counters and thumbwheel switches is well known in the art, where the cascading of the S/N 74191 circuits is described in The TTL Data Book referenced hereinafter. Further, thumbwheel switches are merely exemplary of one form of programming Q-counter 635, wherein thumbwheel switches 633 may be replaced by a digital register that may be loaded from a digital computer or other digital device or may be any prior art arrangement for preloading counter 635 with the desired number of composites.
Description Of FIG. 6G
A synchronous one-shot circuit SOS (FIG. 6G) is provided to generate a synchronous output pulse OUT having a prescribed pulse width and being synchronized with a clock signal CK in response to a transition of an input signal IN. Further, the SOS circuit may provide a latching function that permits error free generation of the output pulse independent of whether the input signal is shorter than the output pulse or longer than the output pulse. Further, the SOS circuit may be used to provide switch debounce and other such operations associated with input signals.
Latch circuit L is constructed with a pair of cross-coupled NAND-gates such as with S/N 74279 circuits. A low input to the top gate generates a high output LQ and a low input to the bottom gate generates a low output LQ. The memory function associated with latch L provides for storing the high output signal LQ or the low output signal LQ when the input signals go high. For example, switch S may be a manual switch with one pole connected to the IN line and the other pole connected to the RESET line. Switch S being positioned to the IN position will ground the IN line to set latch L to the LQ-state. The condition of the moving element of switch S bouncing on a terminal may apply alternate high and low conditions to the IN input of latch L, but the memory associated with latch L will maintain the latched position LQ independent of the switch bounce on the IN terminal. Latch L will not be reset until the moving element of switch S is positioned to the RESET input, thereby applying a ground signal to the reset input of latch L and causing latch L to assume the LQ state independent of switch bounce at the RESET terminal. Similarly, a short pulse on an input line IN will set latch L, where latch L will remain set until it is reset with the RESET signal or with the generation of an output pulse through gate G3, as will be discussed hereafter. For convenience, both an IN signal line and IN signal line are provided wherein the In signal line is inverted with gate G1 which may be wire-ORed with the IN signal line as an input to latch L.
The state of latch L is shifted through flip-flops F1 and F2 in sequential shift register fashion under control of clock signal CK. Initially with latch L being zero-set, flip-flops F1 and F2 had been reset due to the asynchronous clear signal to clear inputs CR, which will be discussed hereafter, or by shifting the input zero-state through flip-flops F1 and F2 under control of shift clock CK. Therefore, it will be assumed that flip-flops F1 and F2 are initially in the zero-set state. When latch L is one-set, latch output signal LQ goes high thereby making the input to flip-flop F1 high, but flip-flop F1 will remain in the latch zero-state and flip-flop F2 will remain in the latched zero-state. On the occurrence of a transition of clock signal CK, flip-flops F1 and F2 will set to the input signal states, wherein flip-flop F1 will be set to the one-state of input signal LQ and flip-flop F2 will be set to the zero-state of input signal F1Q. Flip-flop F1 being set to the one-state causes the input of flip-flop F2 to go to the one-state, wherein the next transition of clock signal CK will therefore set flip-flop F2 to the one-state. Therefore, the two clock pulses following the latch L being set to the one-state will progressively set flip-flop F1 to the one-state and then set flip-flop F2 to the one-state. The transitionary condition of flip-flop F1 having been set to the one-state and flip-flop F2 not as yet being set to the one-state is detected by gate G3 having as inputs the F1Q signal and F2Q signal to generate an output signal in response thereto. This transitionary condition of F1Q.F2Q lasts for precisely one clock period from the time that flip-flop F1 is clocked to the one-state and until the time that flip-flop F2 is clocked to the one-state.
Flip-flops F1 and F2 will remain in the one-state until latch L is reset. If latch L is reset with the RESET input signal, the zero-state of latch signal LQ will be shifted through flip-flops F1 and F2 under control of sequential clock signals CK to sequentially zero-set flip-flops F1 and F2. Alternately, if the reset of latch L is generated with NAND-gate G2, the reset signal may be used to reset latch L and to simultaneously reset flip-flops F1 and F2 through asynchronous clear inputs CR. NAND-gate G2 detects the occurrence of two conditions which are the input signal IN becoming low and the output of flip-flop F2 becoming high. The input signal IN becoming low (corresponding to the input signal IN becoming high) is indicative of the input signal that had set latch L being completed. Feedback signal F2Q is indicative of the completion of output signal OUT from gate G3 because output signal OUT is generated during the transitionary condition of flip-flop F1 being one-set and flip-flop F2 being zero-set; wherein this transitionary condition is completed when flip-flop F2 becomes one-set thereby disabling gate G3 with the F2Q signal.
Gate G2 prevents improper conditions from occurring such as the condition where the input signal IN has a short duration and is completed before output pulse OUT is generated and the condition that the input signal IN has a long duration where output pulse OUT is generated before input signal IN is completed. Gate G2 insures that latch L will not be reset until both, input signal IN has been completed and has gone low and output pulse OUT has been generated as indicated by the F2Q signal going high. Therefore, a short input pulse IN will be disabled from prematurely resetting latch L with the feedback signal F2Q and an early output pulse OUT will be disabled from prematurely resetting latch L with a long input pulse IN.
Operation of synchronous one-shot SOS is based upon an input signal responsive sequence of transitions by flip-flops F1 and F2 which is detected by AND-gate G3 wherein the output of AND-gate G3 is a one-clock period wide pulse occurring at the transition of input signal IN from a zero-state to a one-state. This is accomplished by providing a one-clock pulse period delay with flip-flop F2 and monitoring for the transition condition that flip-flop F2 input signal F1Q is high when flip-flop F2 output signal F2Q is low as indicative of a change in the input signal F1Q to the high state during the last immediately prior clock period. For example, input signal IN may be low for a period of time prior to making a transition to the one-state. Therefore, flip-flops F1 and F2 being continuously clocked with clock signal CK are continuously set to this zero-state of input signal IN. When a clock signal sets flip-flops F1 to the one-state thereby setting output signal F1Q to the one-state in response to a first clock pulse, the state of flip-flop F2 remains zero-set because the input signal F1Q is in the zero-state when the clock pulse CK occurs; wherein the input signal F1Q makes a transition to the one-state after the clock pulse CK has clocked flip-flop F1. Therefore, for that clock pulse period, the input to flip-flop F2 is high, the Q output of flip-flop F2 is low, and the Q of output flip-flop F2 is therefore high; consistent with the operation of such D flip-flops. AND-gate G3 detects this condition of a high input signal F1Q and a high output signal F2Q of flip-flop F2 as being indicative of a transition of the input signal IN, where AND-gate G3 generates an output signal OUT in response thereto. The next immediate clock pulse CK sets flip-flop F2 to the high-state of the input signal F1Q, thereby causing the Q output signal of flip-flop F2 to go to the low-state resulting in disabling the AND-gate G3 and causing the output of AND-gate G3 to go to the zero-state. Therefore, the output of gate G3 is one-set for one clock period occurring at the transition of the input signal IN from the zero-state to the one-state.
Operation of asynchronous one-shot SOS will now be discussed with reference to the following table
______________________________________ROW IN LQ CK F1 F2 OUT______________________________________1 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 1 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 04 1 1 0 0 0 05 1 1 1 1 0 16 1 1 0 1 0 17 1 1 1 1 1 08 1 1 0 1 1 09 1 1 1 1 1 010 0 0 0 0 0 0______________________________________
As an intial condition, synchronous one-shot SOS is assumed to be in the zero-state as shown in the above table which is consistent with a zero-state input signal IN which asynchronously zero-sets latch L and where the zero-state of latch L is synchronously shifted into flip-flops F1 and F2. Sequential occurrence and drop-out of clock signal CK shown in rows 2 and 3 merely preserves the steady state zero-set conditions.
When the input signal IN goes to the one-state, latch L will be one-set but synchronous flip-flops F1 and F2 will not change state until the clock signal transition occurs as shown in rows 4 and 5. When the clock signal CK makes a transition to the one-state, flip-flop F1 will be clocked to the one-state due to the one-state of the input signal LQ and flip-flop F2 will be clocked to again assume the zero-state due to the zero-state of the input signal F1Q occurring immediately prior to and during the occurrence of the clock pulse transition as shown in row 5. Clock signal CK will again go to the zero-state as shown in row 6 without changing the states of the synchronous elements and will again make a transition to the one-state as shown in row 7 to again clock flip-flops F1 and F2. Because input signal LQ to flip-flop F1 has remained in the one-state, flip-flop F1 will be clocked to preserve the one-state and because input signal F1Q to flip-flop F2 is now in the one-state, flip-flop F2 will be clocked to the one-state as shown in row 7.
Clock pulse CK will continue to go to the one-state and then to the zero-state as shown in rows 8 and 9 without changing the state of the SOS circuits until the input signal IN goes low as shown in row 10. When the input signal IN goes low and flip-flop F2 is in the one-state, input signals IN and F2Q to gate G2 cause the output of gate G2 to go to the zero-state which will reset latch L and will reset flip-flops F1 and F2 with an asynchronous clear signal to clear inputs CR, resulting in the zero-state shown in row 10.
In an alternate sequence of operation, if the input signal IN that went to the one-state in row 4 were to go to the zero-state in row 5; operation would proceed as illustrated independent of the state of input signal IN except that latch L and flip-flops F1 and F2 would be zero-set immediately after flip-flop F2 went to the one-state in row 7 instead of delaying through rows 7-10 until input signal IN went low as discussed above.
Output signal OUT is generated by AND-gate G3 in response to flip-flop F1 being one-set and flip-flop F2 being zero-set as shown in rows 5 and 6. As flip-flop F2 going to the one-state (row 7) terminates output pulse OUT, it enables AND-gate G2 to reset latch L and to reset flip-flops F1 and F2 when input signal IN goes low, wherein flip-flop F2 being one-set indicates the completion of the output signal OUT.
Description Of FIG. 6H
An output display arrangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 6H. An output CRT device such as models 601 and 602 manufactured by Tektronix of Beaverton, Oreg. may be excited with digital information from the correlator arrangement shown in FIG. 6D. The CRT accepts an X-axis analog signal and a Y-axis analog signal for controlling the electron beam in the X-axis and the Y-axis respectively. In one embodiment of the present invention, a Z-digital-to-analog converter Z-DAC 646 may be used to excite the Y-axis input with an analog signal related to the output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.K and a K-digital-to-analog converter K-DAC 647 may be used to excite the X-axis input with an analog signal related to the output signal sample address K. As K-counter 619 increments through the addresses of the output signal samples Z.sub.K, the addresses K are used to excite K-DAC 647 to sweep the electron beam across the CRT along the X-axis as the addresses K from K-counter 619 are incremented toward imcreasing magnitudes. Similarly, as the output signal samples Z.sub.K are accessed from Z-RAM 614 in response to addresses K from K-counter 619, the output signal sample magnitude Z.sub.K is used to excite Z-DAC 646 to control the Y-axis amplitude of the CRT trace related to the magnitude of the particular Z.sub.K sample.
A CRT may be automatically synchronized with the correlator of the present invention, wherein the K-addresses from K-counter 619 defines the X-axis displacement of the electron beam with K-DAC 647 and also accesses the related output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-RAM 614 to define the Y-axis displacement of the electron beam with Z-DAC 646. Because each K-address defines a particular X-axis position on the CRT and a particular output signal sampel Z.sub.K from Z-RAM 614, the same output signal sample Z.sub.K always corresponds to a particular X-axis location on the CRT. As the output signal K from K-counter 619 sweeps the electron beam across the CRT and as this output signal K from K-counter 619 also addresses the output signal samples Z.sub.K from Z-RAm 614, the progressive updating of the output signal samples Z.sub.K and the build-up of the magnitude of the output signal samples is traced on the CRT as the magnitudes progress upward in the Y-axis for successive X-axis sweeps.
After the correlation and compositing operations have been completed such as controlled by compositor control 632 with signal 636, K-counter 619 may free run continually accessing Z-RAM 614 without updating the data stored therein to provide for continuous refreshing of the CRT. This refreshing is accomplished by K-counter 619 continually counting in a sequence of K-addresses for accessing Z-RAM 614. The K-counter outputs of K-counter 619 and the output signal samples from Z-RAM Z.sub.K continuously excite K-DAC 647 and Z-DAC 646 respectively to successively refresh the output signal sample displayed on the CRT.
In an alternate embodiment of a CRT display, a storage CRT such as the model 602 storage CRT manufactured by Tektronix of Beaverton, Oreg. may be used to display correlated and composited information, shown as CRT 649 in FIG. 6H. Excitation of storage CRT may be the same as excitation of a refreshable CRT as discussed above with reference to FIG. 6H. In an embodiment where K-counter 619 is locked-up with output signal Lm from L-counter 618, refreshing for a refreshable CRT may not be provided. During correlation, output adddress K of K-counter 619 may be used for exciting the X-axis of the CRT through K-DAC 647 and output signal samples Z.sub.K may be used for exciting the Y-axis of the CRT through Z-DAC 646 to display the Y-amplitude of the output signal samples as the output signal samples Z.sub.K are updated for each iteration of K-counter 619. When compositing and correlation operations are completed, as controlled with composite control 632 generating completion signal 636, K-counter 619 may be locked-up, and may therefore discontinue sweeps of CRT 649. A history of updates may be provided on storage CRT 649 as the output signal samples Z.sub.K are progressively updated until the maximum update magnitudes, where the progressive updates are preserved on the storage CRT as the output signal samples are updated.
In a manual adpatively controlled embodiment, an arrangement may be provided for an operator to discontinue compositing operations such as by manually generating signal 636 to disable AND-gate 638 to disable sync signals from initiating additional compositing-after correlation operations. In this embodiment, an operator may monitor a CRT display, as discussed above for CRT 649, to monitor the amplitudes of correlation output peak signals. When the operator has determined that a sufficient number of composites has been completed by viewing the CRT display, the operator may discontinue compositing operations such as disabling sync signal to gate 638 as described above.
Description Of FIGS. 7A-7C
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, a signature correlation modem will be provided for a communication system to enhance communication operations. A communication system 700 is shown in FIG. 7A comprising an arrangement for communicating between digital device 710 and digital device 713 with signals 722 or 742 over a data link such as a telephone line. For simplicity of discussion, signal lines and the signals communicated thereon may each be referred to with the same reference number.
Prior art communication systems may use a modulator and demodulator (modem) arrangement to modulate a carrier signal with digital data for communication from a transmitting digital device and for demodulating the transmitted signal at a receiving digital device. Modulation is provided for ease of communication, wherein digital pulses may be used to modulate an audio frequency carrier for transmission over an audio frequency telephone data link and digital pulses may be used to modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier for transmission over an RF data link. Digital devices 710 and 713 may be digital computers, Teletypewriters, data entry systems, and other well known devices for communicating data. In prior art systems; modems 711 and 712 may be any well known prior art modems but, in accordance with the present invention, modems 711 and 712 may be chirp generator and correlator modems.
Well known prior art modems may provide frequency modulation wherein a digital data one-state may generate a lower frequency audio signal and a digital data zero-state may generate a higher frequency audio signal. The audio signal may be transmitted on a data link to a prior art demodulator in a receiving modem which demodulates the high and low frequency transmitted signals to reconstruct the digital one-bits and zero-bits for subsequent use by a digital receiving device. Prior art modems must have an adequate noise immunity to reduce errors to an acceptable level, but prior art modems are very sensitive to the amount of noise or the signal-to-noise ratio, characteristics of the data link, noise bursts, and other transmission phenomenon that degrades transmitted signals. Further, data rates are limited by the transmission characteristics such as noise because the shorter data bits associated with higher data rate signals either require higher frequency carriers or a reduced number of cycles of a lower frequency carrier; wherein signal degradation is related to carrier frequency and to the number of cycles of the carrier. For example, degradation of telephone line transmisions is increased as the transmitting frequency is increased. Further, the fewer the number of carrier signal cycles per transmitted digital data-bit, the smaller the amount of signal averaging or filtering that is possible and the lower the noise immunity of the system. In prior art systems, the limitation of having a transmitted carrier with a period no longer than the pulse width of the transmitted digital data pulse imposes a severe constraint which limits data rates and increases error rates.
Prior art modems are manufactured in quantity by many different companies. For example, the Data Communication Products department of the General Electric Company in Lynchburg, Va. manufactures a range of modems defined as modem models TDM and the Diginet series modems. Modems and modem error rates are discussed in Datamation in an article published in Oct. 1974 Evaluating Modems by Ritchie and in an article Reducing Telephone Network Errors by Norman published in Oct. 1971; wherein these articles are incorporated herein by reference. Digital devices may communicate information in parallel digital form and data links may communicate information in serial digital form such as in the well known Teletypewriter serial data format. Commercial devices are available for providing communication between a digital system operating with parallel digital words and a modem and data link operating with serial digital words, where the serial digital words may have a particular format with a start-bit, a pair of stop-bits, and a plurality of data-bits including a parity data-bit. This well known word format is described in an applications note by General Instrument Corp of Hicksville, N.Y. entitled Using The UAR/T In Data Communications by Paul R. Ahrens which is incorporated herein by reference. Further, description of the operation of the General Instrument Corp UAR/T Universal Synchronizer Receiver/Transmitter AY-5-1012 is provided in data sheets distributed by General Instrument Corp which are icorporated herein by reference. Other universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter devices are available such as from Standard Microsystems Corp of Hauppauge, N.Y. model COM2502 which is described in a preliminary data sheet dated Jun. 1972 and from Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc of Phoenix, Ariz. models MC2257L and MC2259L which are described in Electronic Products Magazine published on Feb. 21, 1972 on page 56 therein; wherein these descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. In view of the above, communication of digital data is well known in the art but prior art modems do not use correlation techniques and therefore have limited communications capability in the presence of noise and data link disturbances.
In accordance with one feature of the present invention, a correlator arrangement is provided for enhancing noise immunity by enhancing signal-to-noise ratio through correlation. As will be shown below, short digital pulses may be used to modulate a lengthy chirp signal; wherein a modulated chirp signal may be significantly longer than the modulating digital pulse and wherein a correlator may be used in the receiving system to demodulate the chirp signal for improving the signal-to-noise ratio and for compressing the long chirp signal to a short pulse having a time resolution at least as good as the width of the modulating digital pulse.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, an arrangement is provided for generating a plurality of chirp signals which may continuous without spacings therebetween or may be superimposed or overlapping therebetween. In a communication embodiment, it may be necessary to generate a plurality of chirp signals for modulation by a plurality of digital data-bits, wherein the digital data-bits may have close spacing therebetween and therefore the relatively long chirp signals may overlap therebetween, as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 7 hereinafter. Other embodiments such as a geophysical embodiment, a radar embodiment, and a sonar embodiment may also use such continuous or overlapping chirp signals. In accordance with this feature of the present invention, a multi-chirp signal generating device is provided for generating a plurality of chirp signals that are continuous or overlapping therebetween. These continuous or overlapping chirp signals may by synchronized, wherein the plurality of chirp signals may begin at the same time as discussed above for a geophysical embodiment, may be staggered in a periodic fashion as discussed hereinafter for a communication embodiment, may be overlapping in random fashion, or may be overlapping in other arrangements. This overlapping chirp feature of the present invention provides for overlapping different chirp signals, wherein the overlapping chirp signals may have poor correlation therebetween and therefore may be readily separatable through correlation with different pilot signals.
Chirp signals are discussed herein to exemplify the features of the present invention. Although a chirp signal may sometimes be used to identify a linear frequency sweep signal, the term chirp signal is herein intended to mean a generalized signal form and is not intended to be limited to a linearly swept frequency.
A more detailed description of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7A will now be provided.
System 700 comprises digital device 710 such as a Teletypewriter for generating digital data signals 714 and 734 to modem 711 which modulates chirp signals with the digital signals from digital device 710 for transmission on data link 722 and 742 such as a telephone line to receiving modem 712. A correlation demodulator in modem 712 compresses modulated chirp signals into signal peaks or short pulses for output to receiving digital device 713 which may be a Teletypewriter. Teletypewriters are well known digital typewriters which generate digital signals in serial form for transmission over a data link and which receive such digital signals in serial form to record an output message with a typewriter or a tape punch in response to the received digital signals. Well known digital typewriters may be used such as the Teletypewriter model ASR-33 manufactured by the Teletype Corporation of Skokie, Ill. Other digital devices may be used as sources 710 and as destinations 713 of digital data. For example, digital computer source 710 may transmit digital 714 and 734 onto telephone line 722 annd 742 through modem 711 and digital computer receiver 713 may receive digital data 726 and 746 from a telephone line 722 and 742 through receiving modem 712. Further, other data links may be used such as a microwave data link, a radio data link, and other well known data links.
Operation of the chirp-correlator modem feature of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the signals shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C.
Digital data may be received from a prior art data generator such as a Teletypewriter in the form shown as signals 714 and 734 (FIGS. 7B and 7C) having a zero-level start-bit and a pair of one-level stop-bits with a sequence of digital data-bits contained therebetween. Similarly, digital data may be provided from the receiver modem in the form shown as signals 726 and 746 (FIGS. 7B and 7C) having a start-bit, two stop-bits, and a plurality of data-bits consistent with modulating signals 714 and 734. Data signal 714 may be provided to a modulator in a modem for modulation of chirp pilot signals.
In order to obtain improvements such as enhanced noise immunity, reduced bandwidth, and increased data rates; digital data-bits of signals 714 and 734 are used to modulate signals such as chirp signals 715-721 and 735-741 respectively. If each transition of signals 714 and 734 initiates a chirp signal and if chirp signals are superimposed or multiplexed onto a transmission line, a correlator in a receiving modem can be used to demodulate the chirp carrier signals by correlating the multiplexed chirp signals with a chirp operator or pilot signal to reconstruct the digital modulating signals such as transition signals and to reconstruct the digital word in response to the reconstructed transition signals.
The vertical line schematic notation discussed above will be used to exemplify the data communication embodiment with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C. Chirp signals 715-721 may be initiated at a transition of digital signal 714. For example, chirp signal 715 starts at the transition to the start-bit of signal 714, chirp signal 716 starts at the transition from the start-bit to the following logical one-bit, and chirp signals 716-721 correspond to the subsequent transitions of signal 714 from one-bits to zero-bits or from zero-bits to one-bits. For this embodiment, the two-sets of adjacent one-states, which are the two adjacent one-states in the middle of signal 714 and the two adjacent stop-bits at the end of signal 714, are shown without a transition inbetween adjacent one-states and therefore are shown without a chirp signal being started inbetween adjacent one-states. Adjacent one-states or adjacent zero-states will not provide a transition and therefore will not initiate an intermediate chirp signal. This is a characteristic associated with a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal. Well known techniques can be used to convert a non-return to zero (NRZ) signal to a return-to-zero (RZ) signal and an RZ signal to a NRZ signal. Further, other conversion techniques permit generation of chirp signals in response to positive transitions, negative transitions, absences of transitions such as with adjacent NRZ bits that are the same (ones or zeros) or in response to other characteristics of a signal. Generation of chirp signals 715-721 is shown in FIG. 7B in response to both positive and negative transitions of an NRZ signal and generation of up-chirp signals and down-chirp signals are shown in FIG. 7C in response to negative and positive transitions respectively of an NRZ signal.
Signal 722 represents the the summation, or multiplexing, or mixing of chirp signals 715-721 associated with transitions of signal 714 onto a single transmission line, wherein the frequency related vertical lines associated with signals 715-721 are shown projected vertically downward onto multiplexed signal 722 to illustrate schematically the effects of multiplexing chirp signals 715-721. Signal 722 provides a complex waveform, wherein it is not readily obvious where the various chirp signals start or end nor the specific digital representation of this multiplexed chirp signal. Multiplexed signal 722 is shown as a set of multiplexed chirp signals without noise or distortions. When such a signal is transmitted over a data link, ambiguities such as noise, signal dropouts, distortions and other perturbing characteristics may be introduced; wherein subsequent correlation may be used to reconstruct the original signal even in the presence of such perturbations. For simplicity of discussion, such perturbations are not shown in the signals of FIGS. 7B and 7C. For the present example, digital signal 714 may be assumed to be generated by a Teletypewriter digital device 710 and chirp signals 715-721 may be assumed to be generated by chirp modulator 750 in response to digital signal 714. Multiplexed chirp signal 722 is transmitted from chirp modulator 750 to a correlation demodulator 751 in receiving modem 712 such as over a telephone data link 722. Correlator in receiving modem 712 correlates multiplexed chirp signal 722 with pilot signal 723, wherein pilot signal 723 may be a duplicate of each individual chirp signal 715-721.
Correlation of multiplexed signal 722 with chirp pilot signal 723 may generate a correlation output signal 724. Correlation output signal 724 provides a correlation output peak signal in each phase or time related bit position having good quality correlation between operator signal 723 and multiplexed signal 722. Therefore, correlation output signal 724 provides a correlation peak related to the start of each multiplexed chirp signal 715-721 related to each digital transition associated with digital signal 714. Output signal 724 may be processed by digital circuitry to reconstruct signal 714 as signal 726. In one embodiment, each correlation output peak of signal 724 is converted to a digital pulse such as with a digital peak detector circuit to generate digital pulses shown in signal 725 corresponding to corelation peaks in signal 724 which in turn correspond to transitions of digital bits in signal 714. Processing of digital pulses 725 may be performed by clocking a trigger flip-flop to reconstruct digital signal 714 as output signal 726, wherein each clock pulse to a trigger flip-flop may cause the trigger flip-flop to change state and wherein each clock pulse in signal 725 may cause a transition of a trigger flip-flop state to generate signal 726 to reconstruct original digital signal 714.
Prior art systems often use modulator-demodulator (modem) devices for modulating a fixed frequency carrier signal with digital signals for transmission to a remote location. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the chirp signature generator may be considered to be a novel form of a modulator and a correlator may be considered to be a novel form of a demodulator.
In prior art systems, each digital bit modulates a constant frequency carrier signal; wherein the one-bits may modulate a one-kilohertz carrier signal and the zero-bits may modulate a two-kilohertz carrier signal. The duration of time of such prior art modulated signals is related to the bit period. For example, a Teletypewriter may opreate at a 100-baud data rate having a period of approximately 9-milliseconds per bit representing only 9-cycles of a one-kilohertz modulated carrier signal and 18-cycles of a two-kilohertz modulated carrier signal.
In accordance with the data communication feature of the present invention, a correlator may be used to compress a long signal such as a long chirp signal into a short peak signal, wherein the chirp signal may overlap many bit-time periods and may be compressed with a correlator demodulator into a short peak signal having a time resolution less than one-bit time period. For example, modulated chirp signals 715-721 (FIG. 7B) are shown having a duration of 8-bit time periods and being compressed into correlation output pulses shown in signal 724 having a duration of approximately 1/4-bit time period; thereby providing chirp signal compression by a factor of approximately 32. Similarly, longer chirp signals may be provided for greater signal enhancement and detection which may permit compression to a correspondingly narrow pulse. Signal enhancement may be related to the number of samples or number of cycles associated with a transmitted signal, wherein the relatively short period and small number of carrier cycles associated with data-bits transmitted with prior art modems will not permit signal enhancement to the degree achievable with the relatively long chirp signal period and large number of cycles associated with data-bits transmitted with the modem of the present invention.
An alternate communication embodiment will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 7C, wherein a one-to-zero transition of signal 734 (identical to signal 714 above) initiates up-chirp signal 735 and a zero-to-one transition of signal 734 initiates down-chirp signal 736. As discussed with reference to FIG. 7B above, a plurality of chirp signals may be generated for digital bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 as signals 735-741 respectively. Chirp signals related to digital bits 1, 3, 6, and 9 representing one-to-zero transitions are shown as up-chirp signals 735, 737, 739, and 741. Chirp signals related to digital bits 2, 4, and 7 representing zero-to-one transitions are shown as down-chirp signal 736, 738, and 740. Chirp signals 735-741 are multiplexed together to form MUXED signal 742 for transmission over a data link; wherein MUXED signal 742 is formed by superimposing chirp signals 735-741, as discussed for generating signal 722 of FIG. 7B above.
Multiplexed signal 742 may be communicated over a data link to a receiving modem, where it is demodulated with each of two pilot signals, pilot 1 signal 743A being an up-chirp signal and pilot 2 signal 743B being a down-chirp signal corresponding to modulated up-chirp and down-chirp signals 735-741. Correlation of MUXED signal 742 with pilot 1 signal 743A generates CORR 1 signal 744A having correlation output peaks representing the sequence of up-chirp signals in MUXED signal 742 and, similarly, correlation of MUXED signal 742 with pilot 2 signal 743B generates CORR 1 signal 744B having correlation output peaks representing the sequence of down-chirp signals in MUXED signal 742. Therefore, one-to-zero transitions and zero-to-one transitions may be individually multiplexed onto a single data link as up-chirp signals and as down-chirp signals respectively and may be demultiplexed or separated out by correlation with related up-chirp annd down-chirp pilot signals 743A and 744B respectively to generate correlation output peaks related to the one-to-zero transitions and zero-to-one transitions respectively of data signal 734. As discussed with refrence to FIG. 7B above, CORR 1 signal 744B and CORR 2 signal 744B may each be converted to digital clock pulses, wherein CORR 1 signal 744A and CORR 2 signal 744B may be converted to clock signals 745A and 745B respectively representing the zero-setting and the one-setting respectively of the modulating digital data signal 734 to generate reconstructed data signal 746. The hardware embodiment used to generate these signals will be discussed in detail with reference to FIGS. 7D-7I hereinafter.
The embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 7C above illustrates the generation of a plurality of different chirp signals such as up-chirp and down-chirp signals. The degree of separation of the different chirp signals that are multiplexed together is related to the degree of correlation between the different modulated chirp signals or the different pilot signals. Up-chirp pilot signal 743A and down-chirp pilot signal 743B do not correlate therebetween and therefore permit good separation by correlation of up-chirp and down-chirp signals that are multiplexed together. Many other pilot signals may be provided that do not correlate well or corelate poorly therebetween and therefore provide good separation of signals related thereto. Therefore, the discussion relative to FIG. 7C provides a more general teaching, which is the separation of a plurality of different signals multiplexed together by modulating with different signature signals to be separated; wherein the different modulated signals may provide poor correlation therebetween for separation of modulated signals therebetween. The arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7B provides separation between chirp signals that are multiplexed together having a separable time relationship therebetween. The arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7C provides separation between chirp signals that are multiplexed together because of both, a time relationship therebetween and a signature relationship therebetween. Therefore, in accordance with another feature of the present invention, a plurality of signals having diferrent signatures may be modulated to permit separation therebetween. For example, in a geophysical exploration embodiment, a plurality of chirp signals may be superimposed together such as by mixing different chirp signals prior to exciting a VIBROSEIS generator or by generating a different chirp signal with each of a plurality of VIBROSEIS generators to ensonify subsurface structures with a plurality of chirp signals simultaneously or overlapping therebetween. For another example, in a digital communication embodiment a plurality of sets of data may be used to modulated different signature signals, may be superimposed therebetween, and may be transmitted substantially simultaneously or in overlapping fashion over a data link for increasing effective data rates. Separation of the different signature signals may be provided with a plurality of correlators, which each correlator may correlate multiplexed signal 742 with a different signature pilot signal. Therefore, each correlator may separate out signals having a signature related to the signature of the pilot signal of that correlator and may not separate out other modulated signals having signatures different than the signature of the pilot signal of that correlator. In accordance with this feature of the present invention, a significant improvement over prior art systems may be achieved. For example, prior art systems provide for multiplexing different carrier or subcarrier frequencies together such as by transmission of different radio signals on different carrier frequencies; while the system of the present invention provides for transmitting the same frequencies having differences in signal signatures to provide separation therebetween. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention many different modulated signals may be superimposed or multiplexed on a single frequency band.
The communication embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed in more detail.
Prior art communication technology utilizes various constant subcarrier frequencies to be modulated with different information so that each constant subcarrier and information modulated thereon may be separated with filters tuned to the related subcarrier frequency. Therefore, it is important in prior art systems that the subcarrier frequencies have a constant frequency for separation with filters. Further, each subcarrier frequency requires a certain bandwidth, wherein a plurality of subcarrier frequencies require a bandwith related to the sum of bandwidths of each subcarrier frequency, modulation sidebands, and the number of different subcarrier frequencies.
In accordance with the present invention, a variable frequency signal such as a chirp signal is provided that can be separated from other signals in response to a signal signature, wherein separation or demodulation may be performed with a correlator device in contrast to the constant frequency tuned filters of the prior art. Therefore, this feature of the present invention provides for modulation of correlatable signals having signatures that permit separation with a correlator, wherein the modulated signals may be chirp signals. Signals having different signatures such as an up-chirp signal and a down-chirp signal may be separated with correlation techniques. An arrangement will now be described for using variable frequency correlatable signals to perform the operations which are performed in the prior art with constant frequency carrier signals; wherein this feature of the present invention provides significant advantages over the prior art systems. For simplicity, chirp signals will be provided in the present discussion but any other signal form that satisfies these teachings of the present invention may be used in place of chirp signals.
Each of a plurality of signals may be used to modulate a chirp generator, as discussed for a digital signal embodiment with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C herein. If a first data signal modulates an up-chirp signal and a second data signal modulates a down-chirp signal, then the modulating signals may be transmitted together and separated with a correlator in contrast to prior art arrangements for modulating each of a plurality of different fixed frequency carrier signals with a data signal and separating each modulating signal with a tuned filter arrangement. Because of the similarity of functions, a chirp modulated with a data signal may be termed a carrier signal or a subcarrier signal and a plurality of chirp subcarrier signals separable therebetween through correlation may be used as a multiple subcarrier communication arrangement. A multiple chirp subcarrier arrangement may be implemented in accordance with the arrangement discussed with reference to FIGS. 7D-7F. A different signal or data channel may be input to a different modulation channel similar to modulation channel comprising counter 753, decoder 755, and a plurality of chirp generators 757-758. If the chirp generators associated with each counter 753 and decoder 755 have the same subcarrier chirp, then the data-bits associated with that signal modulate the subcarrier chirp signal. Similarly if a second data signal modulates chirp subcarrier signals with a second modulator channel comprising counters 754 and decoder 756 and related chirp generators having the same chirp characteristic therebetween but having different chirp characteristic than the first channel, the second signal will modulate a different chirp subcarrier signal. The two signals modulating different chirp subcarriers may be multiplexed together on the same data link as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C above and may be separated therebetween with a correlation demodulator such as described with reference to FIG. 7F, wherein each of a plurality of correlators 766 and 769 provide correlation with reference to a different chirp subcarrier signal for separation of each of a plurality of chirp signals. This chirp subcarrier modulating arrangement can be better understood by a discussion with reference to FIG. 7C. FIG. 7C has been used to illustrate modulation of an up-chirp signal in response to a negative transition signal and a down-chirp signal in response to a positive transition signal. Alternately, an up-chirp signal may be modulated with a first data signal and a down-chirp signal may be modulated with a different second data signal; wherein the modulation of a single chirp signal with a data signal has been discussed above with reference to FIG. 7B. Therefore, assuming that the up-chirp modulated signals multiplexed into signal 742 are related to a first data signal and the down-chirp modulated signals multiplexed into signal 742 are related to a second data signal; then correlation in a demodulator with pilot signal 734A will separate out the first data signal modulating the up-chirp subcarrier and with pilot signal 743B will separate out the second data signal modulating the down-chirp subcarrier. Therefore, the first data signal may be shown as correlation signal 744A and the second data signal may be shown as correlation signal 744B corresponding to correlation of the multiplexed signal 742 with up-chirp pilot signal 743A and with down-chirp pilot signal 743B respectively. Correlation signal 744A and correlation signal 744B may each be used to reconstruct the different modulating data signals as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7F wherein correlation signal 724 is used to reconstruct data signal 726 for each subcarrier chirp signal and may be used to communicate different portions of a single data signal such as discussed for the communication of positive and negative transitions of a single data signal 734 with reference to FIG. 7C or can be used to transmit a plurality of different data signals as discussed immediately above.
Output signals from the signature modem arrangement of the present invention may be very long continuous signals. Therefore, particular advantages may be achieved by using the correlate on-the-fly and output on-the-fly features of the present invention in combination with the signature modem feature of the present invention.
Description of FIG. 7D
A detailed hardware embodiment will now be discussed in accordance with the communication system 700 discussed with reference to FIG. 7A above and the examples discussed with reference to the waveforms shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C above. Modems 711 and 712 each include a modulator 750 and a demodulator 751 wherein a modulator in accordance with the present invention will be discussed hereafter with reference to FIGS. 7D and 7E and a demodulator in accordance with the present invention will be discussed hereinafter with reference to FIG. 7F.
One embodiment of modulator 750 is shown in FIG. 7D for providing a plurality of chirp signals in response to transitions of digital signals 714 and 734 generated by a digital device 710. A serial digital signal 714 is received by counters 753 and 754, wherein counters 753 and 754 may be any well known digital counter and in a preferred embodiment may be S/N 7490 four-bit decade counter circuits. Counter 753 may be incremented by positive transitions of signals 714 and 734 such as transitions from a zero-state to a one-state and counter 754 may be incremented by negative transitions of signals 714 and 734 such as transitions from a one-state to a zero-state. Counter 754 is shown with inverted input signals wherein transitions of input signals 714 and 734 are inverted by inverter 752, which may be an S/N 7404 inverter circuit, to clock counter 754 with negative transitions of signals 714 and 734 such as transitions from a one-state to a zero-state. Therefore, counters 753 and 754 may count different transitions, wherein counter 753 may count non-inverted or positive transitions and counter 754 may count inverted or negative transitions of signals 714 and 734.
Decoders 755 and 756 decode the count states of counters 753 and 754 respectively, wherein a sequence of transitions of input signals 714 and 734 will sequence through a plurality of counter states to sequence through a plurality of output states for decoders 755 and 756. Decoders 755 and 756 may be S/N 7442A BCD-to-decimal decoders for decoding BCD outputs of counters 753 and 754 to select an output signal on one of ten lines for each decoder. Each outpt line from decoders 755 and 756 is connected to a different chirp generator 757-758, wherein selecting of a decoder output line in response to a transition of signals 714 and 734 is used to initiate a chirp signal from a chirp generator 757-758.
For the embodiment shown in FIG. 7D, chirp generators 757-758 may generate identical signature chirp signals or may generate different signature chirp signals. In the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 7B, each chirp signal signature is the same for data-bits having either a positive or a negative transition as shown in waveforms 715-721. Therefore chirp generators 757-758 may generate identical chirp signals when selected by decoders 755 and 756. In the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 7C, each positive transition from a zero-state to a one-state of waveforms 714 and 734 initiates a down-chirp signal such as BIT 2 signal 736 and each negative transition from a one-state to a zero-state of waveforms 714 and 734 initiates an up-chirp signal such as BIT 1 signal 735. As discussed above, counter 753 may be responsive to zero-to-one level transitions and therefore may control a plurality of ten chirp generators including chirp generator 757 for generating down-chirp signals related to the zero-to-one transitions of signals 714 and 734 and counter 754 may be responsive to one-to-zero level transitions and therefore may control a plurality of ten chirp generators including chirp generator 758 for generating up-chirp signals related to one-to-zero transitions of signals 714 and 734. Therefore, steering of the input positive and negative transitions to counters 753 and 754 respectively permits control of down-chirp signals with positive transitions and up-chirp signals with negative transitions respectively; or conversely.
Chirp signals from chirp generators 757-758 may be summed together with operational amplifier 759 including input summing resistors and a feedback resistor and further representing line drive capability to drive the data link with signals 722 and 742. Operational amplifier 759 is typical of well known prior art operational amplifiers such as the .mu.A709 and .mu.A741 operational amplifiers manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor of Sunnyvale, Calif. The summing of signals with operational amplifiers as shown for amplifier 759 is well known in the art, as discussed in the reference to Korn and to Levine provide hereinafter.
The communication arrangement set forth in FIG. 7D can be further exemplified with the signals set forth in FIG. 3D, which will now be used to exemplify a multiple pilot or multiple carrier communication arrangement with reference to the arrangement set forth in FIG. 7D. A first modulated carrier signal may be an up-chirp signal 336 and a second modulated carrier signal may be a down-chirp signal 337. Signals 336 and 337 may be multiplexed together to form a multiple carrier signal or may be controlled separately to maintain discrete and separate carrier signals. For simplicity of discussion, modulated carrier signals 336 and 337 are shown as equal length chirp signals having the same sweep frequency range where signal 336 is an up-chirp signal and signal 337 is a down-chirp signal. Modulated carrier signals may be similar chirps having up-chirp and down-chirp sweeps as shown in FIG. 3D or may be other modulatd carrier signals such as exponential chirp signals or signals having particular signature characteristics for demodulation with a correlator device. Further, modulated carrier signals 336 and 337 are shown having equal length and starting at the same time for simplicity of discussion. In alternate embodiments, modulated carrier signals 336 and 337 may have different envelope lengths, different signature characteristics, different sweep frequency ranges, different starting times, and other such characteristics without departing of the teachings of the present invention.
With reference to FIGS. 3D and 7D, a first channel may receive a first data signal with counter 753 and a second channel may receive a second data signal with counter 754 for distribution to first channel chirp generators 757, etc and second channel chirp generators 758, etc. The first channel chirp generators may generate up-chirp shignals such as signal 336 and the second channel chirp generators may generate down-chirp signals such as signal 337. If the same digital data were entered into both channels of FIG. 7D, similar up-chirp and down-chirp signals would be generated at corresponding times as shown in FIG. 3D. For example, a first data-bit input to the first channel may be represented by up-chirp signal 338 and a first data-bit input to the second channel may be represented by down-chirp signal 339. Similarly, a second data-bit or transition entered into the first channel may be represented by up-chirp signal 340 and a second data-bit entered into the second channel may be represented by down-chirp signal 341. Data-bit signals 338-341 may be multiplexed together such as with operational amplifier 759, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 7D, to provide multiplexed signal 342 representing the sum of signals 338-341. After communication, separation of the up-chirp carrier signals and the down-chirp carrier signals may be performed with a plurality of correlators as shown in FIG. 7F, wherein a first correlator 766 may correlate the multiplexed signal 342 with an up-chirp pilot signal 336 to generate output signal-1 343 and a second correlator 769 may correlate the multiplexed signal 342 with a down-chirp pilot signal 337 to generate output signal-2 334. Output signal-1 343 and output signal-2 344 are similar because they represent the same digital signal input to each channel for this particular simplified example. Output signal-1 343 and output signal-2 344 may each be peak detected with peak detectors 767 and 770 respectively and used to reconstruct the digital input signals such as with output trigger flip-flop 768 as described above. Ability to modulate each of a plurality of different chirp carrier signals permits a plurality of different chirp signals to be multiplexed together for transmission, wherein each type of chirp signal may represent a different carrier signal for modulation with a different data signal for communication. At the receiver, each carrier signal may be separated out and demodulated with a correlator having a pilot signal corresponding to the carrier chirp signal for separation and demodulation.
In view of the above, a plurality of digital signals can be used to modulate different chirp carrier signals or other signals for separation or demodulation through correlation; wherein the modulation of different chirp signals may be defined as carrier modulation because each carrier channel represented by a different type of chirp signal can be separated from each other carrier channel such as with a correlation demodulator in a receiver.
In a data communication example discussed above with reference to FIGS. 3D and 7D, a plurality of carrier modulated frequency sweeps may be provided, wherein each carrier may have an identical frequency band or a similar frequency band and wherein modulated chirp signals 336 and 337 may have similar frequency ranges. The difference between these chirp carrier signals that permits separation therebetween may be in the way the same frequency band is utilized to accomodate a plurality of different signature signals such as with an up-chirp signature or with a down-chirp signature; wherein the up-chirp and down-chirp signals may be swept through the same frequency band but in different directions. Therefore, difference of carrier signatures may be provided having the same or similar or overlapping band or range of frequencies yet still be separable therebetween because of the different characteristic signature of each chirp signal independent of the common frequency band. This can be contrasted to prior art systemes wherein a plurality of carrier frequencies are provided and wherein each carrier frequency has substantially a constant frequency and has a different frequency than other carrier frequencies. Because the prior art must use a different frequency band for each carrier or subcarrier, the bandwidth required for a plurality of carrier channels is related to the sum of the bandwidths of each of the plurality of channels. In the system of the present invention, a plurality of channels may be modulated with signals having different correlation signature but having the same band or overlapping bands of frequencies. Therefore, in accordance with this feature of the present invention, a plurality of modulation carrier signals may be provided without increasing the bandwidth requirements over a single modulation carrier.
In view of the above, additional correlation carrier can be added to a communication system without requiring an increase in bandwidth as with prior art systems.
A further improvement in data communication may be obtained from an increase in data rates permissable with a correlator modem arrangement. In prior art systems; as the data rate increases, the time interval for transmitting a data-bit decreases and therefore noise immunity is reduced because of the smaller interval of transmitted carrier signal per data-bit. For example, a higher data rate provides a shorter data-bit period and therefore, assuminng that data rates are increased but modulating fequencies are maintained constant, a reduced number of carrier cycles are provided for each transmitted data-bit. The reduced time interval for each data-bit for higher data rates reduces the ability to improve the signal-to-noise ratio because of this reduced number of cycles or related effects; wherein signal-to-noise ratio and related error rates are major factors in determining data rates of a data link. In the system of the present invention, a chirp carrier modulation envelope is not limited to a related data-bit period. For example, FIG. 7B shows a start-bit for communicated signal 714, wherein the start-bit initiates generation of an up-chirp signal 715, and wherein up-chirp signal 715 is in no way limited in duration by the width of the start-bit of data signal 714. Therefore, even if data rates of signal 714 are increased causing a reduced data-bit time interval, the duration of the chirp signal envelopes may be preserved. Further, a long chirp period may be tolerated because the correlation operation "compresses" a chirp signal into a "pulse" as shown with correlation signal 724, wherein the time resolution of reconstructed digital data 714 may be related to the resolution of the peaks of correlator output signal 724 and wherein peaks of correlator output signal 724 may have a sharpness and related resolution that are a function of the quality of the correlation such as with the type of signatures, the number of octaves traversed by the chirp signals, and the length of the chirp signal. Therefore, it can be seen that higher data rates are possible without reducing the modulation chirp envelope duratio and by preserving a high signal-to-noise ratio inherent in a correlation embodiment with a long chirp signature; wherein data rates may be increased without the same impact of constrainst imposed upon prior art communications systems.
In view of the above, the system of the present invention can provide a significant increase in the amount of data that can be communicated on a data link due to the ability to multiplex a plurality of different carrier signals without significantly increasing bandwidth requirements and because data rates may be increased due to the high noise immunity associated with the chirp communication embodiment of the present invention.
Yet another communication feature of the present invention provides for simultaneous communication of information in a plurality of directions or to a plurality of destinations, wherein each destination may demodulate or separate out the appropriate information through correlation. This feature will now be described with reference to FIGS. 3D and 7A for a data communications embodiment providing duplex communication over a data link. Full-duplex communication involves transmission of information simultaneously in both directions with the receiving and the transmitting of information simultaneously. For example, digital device 710 may be generating data signals 714 and 734 to modulator 750 in originating modem 711 and may be simultaneously receiving data signals 726 and 746 from demodulator 751 in originating modem 711. Transmitted information from modulator 750 may be multiplexed onto data link 722 and 742 simultaneously with the receiving of information impressed on data link 722 and 742 by answering modem 712.
The prior art provides full-duplex communication by transmitting on a first frequency and receiving on a second frequency. For example, acoustic modem DC-3100 manufactured by Novation Inc of Tarzana, Calif. originates with digital signals for transmission on 1270 Hz and 1070 Hz for mark-bits and space-bits respectively and answers with digital signals for transmission on frequencies of 2225 Hz and 2025 Hz for mark-bits and space-bits respectively. Because originate and answer information is provided on different frequency bands, filters in the modem may be used to receive an answr on one frequency band while simultaneously transmitting information on a second frequency band, which is known as full-duplex operation.
In accordance with the present invention, digital information may be used to modulate chirp signals, as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C, wherein an originating modem may transmit a first modulated signal having a first signature and may receive a second modulated signal having a second signature; wherein the answering modem may receive the first signature modulated signal and may transmit the second signature modulated signal; and wherein the first and second signature modulated signals may have different signatures and may therefore be separable therebetween. For example, a first modulated signal may be an up-chirp signal and a second modulated signal may be a down-chirp signal for providing separation therebetween through correlation.
The full-duplex communication arrangement of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 3D. Up-chirp signal 336 may be selected for the modulation carrier of originating modem 711 and may be selected for the pilot signal of the correlator demodulator of answering modem 712. Further, down-chirp signal 337 may be selected for the pilot signal of the correlator demodulator of originating modem 711 and may be selected for the modulation carrier of answering modem 712. Originating modem 711 may generate a sequency of up-chirp signals 338 and 340 to answering modem 712 and may receive a plurality of down-chirp signals 339 and 341 from answering modem 712. Answering modem 712 may receive a sequence of up-chirp signals 338 and 340 from originating modem 711 and may generate a sequence of down-chirp signals 339 and 341 to originating modem 711. All of the bidirectional full-duplex chirp signals, including up-chirp signals 338 and 340 and down-chirp signals 339 and 341 may be superimposed or multiplexed on common data link 722 and 742 as shown for MUX signal 342. Originating modem 711 may demodulate MUX signal 342 with a ccorrelator using a down-chirp pilot signal 337 to obtain correlation output signal 344 related to the digital data transmitted from answering modem 712. Similarly, answering modem 712 may demodulate MUX signal 342 with a correlator using an up-chirp pilot signal 336 to obtain correlation output signal 343 related to digital data transmitted from originating modem 711. Signal 343 and signal 344 may be used to reconstruct digital data transmitted from originating modem 711 and from answering modem 712 respectively as received and demodulated in answering modem 712 and in originating modem 711 respectively; as discussed above for the embodiment set forth in FIGS. 7D-7F relative to the signals shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C.
The signals shown in FIG. 3D show pairs of up-chirp and down-chirp signals starting at substantially the same time for the purpose of simplicity of illustration. In an actual application, originating modem 711 may generate up-chirp modulated signals 338 and 340 at times related to input of digital data and related to the code of digital data received from digital device 710. Similarly, answering modem 712 may generate down-chirp signals 339 and 341 at times related to input of digital data and related to the code of digital data from digital device 713 which may be asynchronous with reference to the digital data from digital device 711. Therefore, chirp signals superimposed on the data link may have different time or phase relationships between up-chirp signals transmitted from originating modem 711, between down-chirp signals transmitted from answering modem 712, and between up-chirp and down-chirp signals therebetween. The effect of the different phasing and interspacing of modulated carrier signals on the data link would be to change the form of MUX signal 342 and further to change the correlation output signals 343 and 344 related to the particular time sequence of up-chirp signals and down-chirp signals respectively that are to be illustrated; which can now be constructed by one skilled in the art from the teachings of the present invention such as with the same methods discussed for FIGS. 3A-3D and FIGS. 7B and 7C above.
A full-duplex communication arangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 7C. FIG. 7C has previously been described for an emodiment generating up-chirp signals in response to negative transitions of data signal 734 and down-chirp signals in response to positive transitions of data signal 734. For discussion of the present duplex communication arrangement; up-chirp signals 735, 737, 739, and 741 may be generated by originating modem 711 in response to digital signal transitions similar to that discussed with reference to FIG. 7B above and down-chirp signals 736, 738, and 740 may be generated by answering modem 712 in response to digital data signal transitions similar to that discussed with reference to FIG. 7B above. Multiplexing of up-chirp signals from originating modem 711 and down-chirp signals from answering modem 712 on a single transmission line may be illustrated with MUXED signal 742. Separation of the up-chirp signals transmitted by originating modem 711 from MUXED signal 742 may be accomplished in answering modem 712 by demodulation with a correlator using an up-chirp pilot signal 743A to generate correlation output signal 744A. Similarly, separation of the down-chirp signals transmitted by answering modem 712 from MUXED signal 742 may be accomplished in originating modem 711 by demodulation with a correlator using a down-chirp pilot signal 743B to generate correlation output signal 744B. Correlation output signal 744A may be used to reconstruct digital information transmitted from answering modem 712 and correlation output signal 744B may be used to reconstruct digital information transmitted from originating modem 711 using the arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7F above.
A simple illustration of a full-duplex communication arrangement is shown in FIG. 7A where digital device 710 may generate digital signal 714 to modulator 750 (shown in more detail in FIG. 7D) for generating output chirp signals to data link 722 and 742 and demodulator 751 (shown in more detail in FIG. 7F) may be connected to the same data link 722 and 742 for receiving transmitted chirp signals that are multiplexed on the data link for demodulation and subsequent communication to digital device 710 as signals 726 and 746 from demodulator 751 to digital device 710. Therefore, although modulator 750 and demodulator 751 have been individually discussed for either transmitting signature modulated signals or receiving signature modulated signals, it is herein intended that modulator 750 and demodulator 751 be operable simultaneously to both, transmit modulated signature signals and receive modulated signature signals in a full-duplex mode of operation.
Prior art modems transmit modulated carrier signals on a data link in response to received digital data and generate digital data in response to received modulated carrier signals from a data link as is well known in the art. In these prior art modems, communication may be in either simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex, or other modes of operation well known in the art such as for the referenced modem manufactured by Novation Inc. Therefore, substitution of the signature modulator shown in FIG. 7D and 7E for generating output signature modulated carrier signals in response to received digital data and the signature demodulator shown in FIG. 7F for receiving signature modulated carrier signals and generating output digital data in response thereto may be used to replace corresponding modulator and demodulator elements in well known prior art modems. Therefore, various well known arrangements such as coupling to a data link 722 and 742, coupling to digital devices 710 and 713, and other such arrangements are well known in the art and therefore need not be disclosed in further detail herein.
The above discussion is provided in simplified form to illustrate communication features of the present invention for simultaneously transmitting and receiving signature modulated information having correlatable signals with different signatures for receiving and for transmitting of digital data. For simplicity of discussion, signals shown in FIGS. 3D, 7B, and 7C have been used to exemplify this inventive feature because these figures provide for multiplexing together of chirp signals having different signatures and for separation of such multiplexed chirp signals having different signatures through correlation. Other examples may be provided to further illustrate such a simultaneous transmission and receiving arrangement, but FIGS. 3D, 7B, and 7C provide sufficient illustration of the teachings involved therewith to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to practice this inventive feature. For example, different phase relationships between the up-chirp signals, the down-chirp signals, and between the up-chirp and the down-chirp signals may be provided to illustrate a more random occurence of the chirp signals and a more random occurance of phase relationships therebetwen. Regarddless of the time phase relationships between digital data bits, chirp signals may be represented for transmitted data and for received data having the desired phase relationships; could be multiplexed together as discussed with reference to FIGS. 3D, 7B, and 7C above; and the different sequences of chirp signals could be separated out therebetween for reconstruction of a transmitted digital signal; wherein the different phase relationships will be readily understood and the related signal diagrams can be readily constructed by one of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings of the present invention.
Description of FIGS. 7E and 7F
A chirp generator 758 is shown in more detail in FIG. 7E wherein the EN signal from decoder 756 is received by latch 760, which may be a S/N 74279 latch, to initiate a chirp signal. Latch 760 is used to store the decoder output signal EN for selecting chirp generator 758, wherein sequential transitions of signals 714 and 734 may increment counters 753 and 754 passed the selecting decoder output signal EN from decoder 756 before the selected chirp signal has been completed. This is particularly true for high data rates in conjunction with long chirp signals, wherein the chirp signal may not be completed by the time a new chirp signal must be generated in response to a new data signal transition. Therefore, each chirp generator may have a memory contained therein such as with latch 760 to store a selecting command until the chirp signal has been completed. In an embodiment wherein the signal EN may be longer than the period of the generated chirp signal, a synchronous one-shot SOS may be used as will be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 7G above. The showing of latch 760 with and without synchronous one-shot SOS in FIG. 7G and in FIG. 7E respectively is provided to illustrate both alternatives, wherein synchronous one-shot SOS may be used or may not be used as required by the particular application.
Latch 760 enables an integrator 761 through input resistor R.sub.I and feedback capacitor C.sub.I generate a ramp output signal to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 762. Such analog integrators are well known in the art and are described in the books by Korn and by Levine referenced hereinafter. Integrator 761 may include a .mu.A709 or .mu.A741 operational amplifier in well known integrator circuit configurations. Further, VCO 762 may be any well known VCO or voltage-to-frequency converter many of which are commercially available and well known in the art as described elsewhere herein. A precise ramp may be generated by integrating a reference voltage REF wherein latch 760 may control an analog switch to the reference voltage REF for input of the precise reference voltage to integrator 761 using well known prior art reference signal switching arrangements. Integrator 761 generates a ramp to VCO 762, wherein VCO 762 generates an output signal having a frequency related to the instantaneous voltage of the input ramp. Therefore, the frequency of output signal 763 may vary linearly as a function of the linear ramp input to VCO 762.
A Schmidt trigger (ST) 774 may be used to detect a ramp voltage amplitude related to the end of the chirp signal for resetting latch 760 with reset signal 764 and for discharging capacitor C.sub.I of integrator 761 through reset resistor R.sub.R. Threshold detectors such as Schmidt triggers and well known in the art such as S/N 7414 circuits.
Other arrangements for generating chirps are well known in the art and may be used herein. Further, integrator 761 may be replaced by other function generators to generate exponential chirp signals, up-chirp signals, down-chirp signals, and to generate virtually any frequency sweep function using well known analog function generation techniques as an input signal to a VCO. Further, various up-chirp and down-chirp signals may be generated by using inverters to invert the analog sweep signal. For example, placement of an analog inverter such as a .mu.A709 operational amplifier inbetween integrator 761 and VCO 762 may convert a down-ramp from integrator 761 to an up-ramp by inversion to change a down-chirp signal from VCO 762 to an up-chirp signal, and conversely. Therefore, the difference between up-chirp generators and down-chirp generators may be merely a sign reversal associated with an analog signal input to VCO 762 or alternately may be with the internal circuitry of VCO 762.
Demodulator 751 may be a correlation demodulator for demodulating chirp signals received over data link 722 and 742. One form of demodulator 751 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 7F. Signals 722 and 742 may be received from a data link with line receiver 775 and may be "squared-up" with squaring circuit 765 such as a .mu.A710 circuit. The squared-up signal from circuit 765 may be processed by a correlator 766 which may be the improved correlator arrangement of the present invention or may be any well known correlator arrangement for generating correlated output signals 724, as described with reference to FIG. 7B above. Correlated signal 724 may be processed with a digital peak detector 767 to generate a squarewave clock signal 725 to clock trigger flip-flop (T) 768 to generate output data signal 726 in accordance with the signals shown in FIG. 7B. For the arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7C, a second correlator 769 may be provided; wherein correlator 766 may perform correlation using an up-chirp pilot signal 743A and correlator 769 may perform correlation using a down-chirp pilot signal 743B (FIG. 7C). Therefore, correlator output signals 744A and 744B (FIG. 7F) may correspond to correlator output signals 744A and 744B respectively discussed with reference to FIG. 7C; wherein the output of correlator 766 may correspond to the transitions from a one-state to a zero-state related to an up-chirp signal and the output of correlator 769 may correspond to the tansitions from a zero-state to a one-state related to a down-chirp signal. Peak detectors 767 and 770 may detect the correlator output signal peaks to generate clock signals 745A and 745B, as will be discussed hereinafter. Clock signals 745A and 745B may be inverted with inverter circuits 771 to set latch 772 and to reset latch 772 respectively in response to a positive signal transition and a negative signal transition respectively to generate data signal 746.
Correlators 766 and 769 may be improved correlator embodiments of the present invention or may be any prior art correlator arrangement or any equivalents thereof. Peak detectors 767 and 770 may be well known digital detectors and comparitors for detecting a threshold magnitude of a digital word. A preferred embodiment of a digital peak detector 645 was discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above. Additional circuitry may be provided to insure that the correlation output signals 724, 744A, and 744B are properly related to data signal transitions such as by checking periods between correlation output peaks, checking parity, and by checking other signal characteristics. Inverters 771 may be S/N 7404 inverter circuits, latch 772 may be an S/N 74279 latch circuit, and T flip-flop 768 may be an S/N 7473 JK flip-flop with the J and K input signals left open or connected to a one-state for providing toggling operation in response to clock pulses.
Discussion Of FIGS. 7G and 7H
One embodiment of chirp generators 757 and 758 has been discussed with reference to FIG. 7E above. Now alternate embodiments of chirp generators 757 and 758 (FIG. 7D) will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 7G and 7H. The arrangements shown in FIGS. 7G and 7H are programmable digital rate generators for generating output digital pulse rates that are controllable. The chirp generator embodiment of FIG. 7G uses a Texas Instruments rate generator S/N 7497 for a programmable chirp generator and the chirp generator embodiment of FIG. 7H uses a Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) for a programmable chirp generator.
Output signal EN from decoder 756 is processed with chirp generators 757-758 to generate output chirp signals 763 and 773. Output signal EN from decoder 756 may be processed directly with latch 760 (FIG. 7E) or may be processed with a synchronous one-shot 781 (FIG. 7G) before setting latch 760. Synchronous one-shot 781 may generate a one-clock pulse period output pulse OUT in response to a positive transition of input signal EN to set latch 760 and to preload counter 786. One embodiment of synchronous one-shot 781 is described in detail with reference to FIG. 6G above.
The single pulse output of SOS 781 is initiated with selection of the particular chirp generator 758 with decoder output signal EN and is used to initialize rate generator 701 for generating a chirp signal. This initialization occurs by setting latch 760 with SOS output signal OUT and by presetting counters 786 with SOS output signal OUT.
For an embodiment using counters 786 having a clear control such as S/N 74163 type counters, output signal OUT from SOS 781 may be input to the clear control input of each counter as clear signal CR. For an embodiment using S/N 74190 type up-down counters for counters 786, clear signal CR may be input to the load control input and a particular initial state may be wired to be preloaded in response to the load signal CR from SOS 781, wherein preloading and clearing of S/N 74190 type counters has been discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 6D above. For the S/N 74190 type counter embodiment, preloadable input lines may be all zeros to clear counters 786 in response to load input signal CR as discussed above for C-counter 616 with reference to FIG. 6D. Alternately for the S/N 74190 type counter embodiment, preloadable input lines may be connected to a preferred combination of one-bits and zero-bits to load non-zero-states as discussed above for K-counter 619 and J-counter 617 with reference to FIG. 6D. In a preferred embodiment, output signal UD from up-down switch 788 may be connected to the preloadable signal lines; where load control signal CR from SOS 781 may load a zero-state in response to up-down switch 788 being in the up-position for commanding an up-count with a low UD signal and may load a one-state in response to up-down switch 788 being in the down-position for commanding a down-count with a high UD signal.
The setting of latch 760 with SOS output signal OUT enables clock pulses CK to be applied to rate multiplier 784 with gate 783 as the dt input to rate multiplier 784. Rate multiplier 784 generates output clock pulses 789 having a pulse rate proportional to the rate of the dt clock pulses and proportional to the input signals B-F from counters 786. Toggle flip-flop 785 is used to generate a symmetrical squarewave output signal dz in response to output pulses 789, where output pulses 789 may not be symmetrical. Flip-flop 785 changes state for each rate multiplier output pulse 789 to generate a squarewave output signal dz having a frequency that is half of the frequency of signal 789 and having a symmetrical signal related to the spacing between output pulses 789 from rate multiplier 784.
A plurality of counters 786 may be used to control the rate of output pulses 789 from rate multiplier 784, wherein the pulse rate of output pulses 789 is proportional to the input signals A-F of rate multiplier 784 from counters 786. For simplicity, it will be assumed that input signal dt represents a constant clock signal. Therefore, output signal 789 of rate multiplier 784 may have a frequency proportional to the state of counters 786. If counters 786 have a constant number stored therein, then output signal 789 may have a constant frequency. If counters 786 have a number stored therein that is changing, then output signal 789 may have a frequency changing at a rate proportional to the change in the number stored in counters 786.
The number stored in counters 786 may be changed at a rate determined by the frequency of clock signal dy 790 which may be selected from different sources with switch 787. If switch 787 is positioned to select the constant dt signal, the constant dy clock signal 790 to counter 786 may cause counters 786 to count at a constant rate. If switch 787 is positioned to select the dz clock signal, the dy clock signal 790 to counters 786 may cause counters 786 to count at a rate determined by the rate of change of output signal dz which is directly proportional to the state of counters 786 and therefore related to the input clock signal dy 790 of counters 786. Therefore, selection of output signal dz 798 for counter clock signal dy 790 may provide an exponential changing output signal frequency.
Counters 786 may be connected so that the least significant seven stages provide a divide-by-128 count so that the most significant stages of counters 786 controlling rate multiplier 784 are changing at only 1/128 the rate of clock signal 790 to provide a relatively slowly changing chirp signal compared to the frequency of clock signal 790. The least significant bit A input to rate multiplier 784 may be open or one-set to insure that a minimum output pulse rate will be generated even when counters 786 are zero-set such as when cleared at the start of the chirp operation with clear signal CR from SOS.
Switch 788 may be positioned to select whether clock signal dy 790 to counters 786 generates an up-count related to an up-chirp signal or generates a down-count related to a down-chirp signal. Flip-flop 748 may be used to sample output signal UD from switch 788 in response to output signal OUT to make the circuit insensitive to changes in the position of switch 788 during operation. Flip-flop 748 may be clocked with initializing signal OUT from the SOS to store the state of switch 788 for the duration of the initialized operation. A preferred embodiment will now be discussed wherein the state of up-down switch 788 is preloaded into counters 788 in response to clear signal CR wherein a zero-state is loaded into counters 786 for an up-count related to a low UD signal and a one-state is loaded into counters 786 for a down-count related to a high UD signal. In an up-count mode, counters 786 may be incremented from the preloaded zero-state to a maximum count state such as a one-state which may be detected with up-count detector 794 to terminate the up-chirp signal. Similarly, in a down-count mode, counters 786 may be decremented from the preloaded one-state to a minimum count state such as a zero-state which may be detected with down-count detector 793 to terminate the down-chirp signal. Because the output pulse rate or chirp signal frequency is proportional to the number in counters 786; a zero-state may provide a minimum chirp signal frequency, a one-state may provide a maximum chirp signal frequency, an up-count from a zero-state to a one-state may provide a chirp signal ranging from a minimum to a maximum frequency, and a down-count from a one-state to a zero-state may provide a chirp signal from a maximum to a minimum frequency. For an up-chirp signal, the highest frequency representing the end of the up-chirp signal is related to a high number such as a one-state of the five most-significant-bits of counters 786 for commanding a maximum output frequency signal 789 from rate multiplier 784. Because an up-chirp signal is selected with switch 788 and flip-flop 748 controlling the UD-signal to be low, the low UD signal enables AND-gate 794 through inverter 795 and disables AND-gate 793. The input signals to enabled AND-gate 794 may represent a maximum state of the most significant bits (MSBs) of counters 786 to detect the end of an up-chirp signal for resetting latch 760 through NOR-gate 796. For a down-chirp signal, the lowest frequency representing the end of the down-chirp signal is related to a low number such as a zero number in counters 786 for commanding a minimum output frequency from rate multiplier 784. Because a down-chirp signal is selected with switch 788 and flip-flop 748 controlling the UD signal to be high, the high UD signal disables AND-gate 794 through inverter 795 and enables AND-gate 793. The input signals to enabled AND-gate 793 may represent a minimum state of the MSBs of counters 786 to detect the end of a down-chirp signal for resetting latch 760 through NOR-gate 796. Termination of the up-chirp signal through AND-gate 794 and termination of the down-chirp signal through AND-gate 793 is accomplished by NORing together the terminating signals from AND-gates 793 and 794 with NOR-gate 796 to reset latch 760 for disabling AND-gate 783 to disable generation of clock pulses dt. Disabling of clock pulses dt from clocking rate multiplier 784 causes output signal dz to remain at a fixed level.
In a preferred embodiment, the dz signal may be inverted by inverter 797 to enable AND-gates 793 and 794 to terminate the chirp signal by setting latch 760 only when output signal dz is in the zero-state. In an alternate embodiment, inverter 797 may be eliminated, wherein the uncomplimented dz output signal may be used to enable AND-gates 793 and 794 to terminate the chirp signal with the output signal dz in the one-state. Output signal dz may be capacitively coupled onto a data link with capacitor 798 in order to provide isolation and to make the voltage on the data link relatively independent of the digital state associated with rate multiplier output signal dz.
Components shown in FIG. 7G are well known components. For example, switches 787 and 783 may be well known toggle switches such as SPDT toggle switches or may be electronic switches such as using FET switching transistors. Other components shown in FIG. 7G may be series 7400 integrated circuits such as manufactured by Texas Instruments. Well known logical arrangements permit other components to be used in place of those discussed herein. For example, latch 760 may be constructed with a pair of S/N 7400 NAND-gates, AND-gates 793 and 794 may be constructed with an S/N 7430 NAND-gate followed by an S/N 7404 inverter. Further, rate multiplier 784 may be constructed with an S/N 7497 rate multiplier circuit or may be constructed with discrete logic to synthesize the logic contained on the S/N 7497 integrated circuit. Other logical modifications or substitutions for the logic shown in FIG. 7G may be provided by one of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings set forth herein. The Texas Instruments Inc book entitled the TTL Data Book referenced hereinafter sets forth detailed specifications, schematics, and applications notes for the series 7400 circuits and other well known documents in the field provide further information on the use of these circuits so that one of ordinary skill in the art may apply those circuits to the configuration set forth in FIG. 7G.
The operation of counters 786 will now be discussed with reference to Tables X and XI. Counters 786 may be well known 4-bit up-down binary counters such as S/N 74190 type counters which synchronously count dy clock pulses to update the count number therein. Three counter circuits A1, A2, and A3 786 may be cascaded as shown in FIG. 7G or may be cascaded in other well known arrangements. The counting arrangement for counters 786 is shown in Tables X and XI. Three column groups are provided to show counter sequences; wherein counter circuit A1 provides the least-significant-bits (LSBs) in the left column group, counter circuit A2 provides the middle-bits in the middle column group, and counter A3 provides the most-significant-bits (MSBs) in the right column group. The least-significant-bit (LSB) is shown in the left-bit column of the left column group for counter A1 where the significance of the data-bits increases towards the most-significant-bit (MSB) in the right column of the right column group for counter A3. For convenience of reference, all rows in Tables X and IX are numbered sequentially. The MSB output from counter A2 may be connected to the B input of rate generator 784 and all 4-bits output from counter A3 may be connected to the C-F inputs of rate generator 784 in order of increasing significance as shown for the corresponding columns in Tables X and XI. Counters 786 have a total 12-bits for a modulo 4096 count, wherein Tables X and XI skip many of the binary counts for simplicity of presentation, as identified in the skip column with marks in Table X rows 6 and 9 and Table XI rows 5 and 8. The count states of counters A1, A2, and A3 follow well known binary counting methods wherein the skipped counts will be readily filled-in by one of ordinary skill in the logical design art.
As an up-count example provided with reference to Table X, counters 786 are initially preloaded with a zero-state as shown in row 1. Counters 786 will count up from the zero-state of row 1 incrementing through the one-state of row 2, the two-state of row 3, the three-state of row 4, the four-state of row 5, etc without affecting the output pulse rate dz of rate generator 784 because the count has not as yet progressed to changing the input code B-F of rate generator 784 as shown in columns B-F of Table X. A section of the binary count inbetween increment 4 (row 5) and increment 127 (row 7) is shown skipped in row 6, wherein the skipped counts merely represent well known progressing binary count codes. The increment from 127 to 128 shown in row 7 and row 8 respectively causes a first change in the input to rate multiplier 784 by changing the B-signal from a zero-state to a one-state thereby causing the dz output rate 798 to increase, consistent with well known operation of rate multiplier 784. Similarly, as the counter clock pulses dy 790 continue to increment from count 128 (row 8) toward count 4095 (row 11), the output frequency of rate multiplier 784 increases until counters 786 achieve an all one-state (row 11) which is detected by AND-gate 794 to reset latch 760 through NOR-gate 796 thereby terminating the chirp signal at the maximum frequency condition.
TABLE X__________________________________________________________________________UP-COUNT COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER A2 A3-MSBsROW A1-LSBs B CDEF SKIP DESCRIPTION COUNT__________________________________________________________________________1 0000 0000 0000 PRELOAD 02 1000 0000 0000 INCR-1 +13 0100 0000 0000 INCR-2 +24 1100 0000 0000 INCR-3 +35 0010 0000 0000 INCR-4 +46 .uparw..dwnarw.7 1111 1110 0000 INCR-127 +1278 0000 0001 0000 INCR-128 +1289 .uparw..dwnarw.10 1111 1111 1110 INCR-4094 +409411 1111 1111 1111 INCR-4095 +4095__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE XI__________________________________________________________________________DOWN-COUNT COUNTER COUNTER COUNTER A2 A3-MSBsROW A1-LSBs B CDEF SKIP DESCRIPTION COUNT__________________________________________________________________________1 1111 1111 1111 PRELOAD -12 0111 1111 1111 DEC-1 -23 1011 1111 1111 DEC-2 -34 0011 1111 1111 DEC-3 -45 .uparw..dwnarw.6 0000 0001 1111 DEC-127 -1287 1111 1110 1111 DEC-128 -1298 .uparw..dwnarw.9 0100 0000 0000 DEC-4093 -409410 1000 0000 0000 DEC-4094 -409511 0000 0000 0000 DEC-4095 -4096__________________________________________________________________________
Similarly for a down-count example provided with reference to Table XI, counters 786 are initially preloaded with a one-state as shown in row 1. Counters 786 will count-down from the one-state of row 1 through the decrementing states of negative-two through negative-four (rows 2-4), through the skipped counter-states of negative-five through negative-127 (row 5), through the decrementing states of negative-128 (row 6) which is then decremented to negative 129 (row 7) which first changes the input state to rate multiplier 784 by changing the least significant input signal B from a one-state to a zero-state thereby decreasing output pulse rate dz from rate generator 784. Similarly, the state of counter 786 continues to decrement with well known sequential binary counts 130-4093 being skipped for simplicity (row 8). Negative-4094 (row 10) is then decremented to negative-4096 (row 11) which is the maximum negative count and which is related to the minimum frequency generated for the down-chirp signal. This maximum negative count (row 11) may be detected with AND-gate 793 to reset latch 760 through NOR-gate 796 to end the down-chirp signal at this lowest frequency value.
Alternately, AND-gates 793 and 794 may terminate an up-chirp or a down-chirp at any desired frequency which is determined by the selected input lines from counters 786 to AND-gates 793 and 794. AND-gates 793 and 794 may be built-up by cascading two-input or four-input AND-gates to provide any number of input lines. Further, inverter gates may be used to enable AND-gates 793 and 794 for any zero-state counter conditions shown in Tables X and XI. Similarly, gates 793 and 794 may be arranged to monitor all bits of counters 786 which for this simplified example represents 12-bits or may be connected to monitor a limited number of bits from counters 786 such as the five MSBs shown as columns B-F in Tables X and XI or may be otherwise connected for terminating a chirp signal.
An alternate embodiment of a chirp generator is shown in schematic form in FIG. 7H in the form of a digital differential analyser (DDA) integrator element. The DDA integrator is a well known prior art digital integrating element having a Y-register for adding up dy input pulses, an R-register for accumulating the sum of the Y-register contents in response to dx input pulses and a dz output signal representative of an incremental overflow of the R-register in response to the summation of the contents of the Y-register. DDA integrators are well known in the art and are discussed in the text book by Braun referenced hereinafter at Chapter 8 therein. Also, DDA integrators are described in Applicant's other issued patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,586,837 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,536 which are incorporated herein by reference. DDA integrator 792 may be used to generate a chirp signal dz by updating the Y-register in response to either dt input pulses or dz feedback pulses selected with switch 787 as the dy input signal as discussed above for the embodiment set forth in FIG. 7G. The dy input pulses selected with switch 787 update the Y-register, which is successively added to the R-register in response to the dx input pulses where the dx input pulses may be equal to the dt input pulses similar to the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 7G. The output pulses dz have a pulse rate proportional to the dy input pulses selected with switch 787 and the update pulses dx. If the dx pulse rate is constant, selection of the dt pulses with switch 787 provides linear update of the Y-register parameter causing a linear increase in the frequency of the dz signal and selection of the pulses with switch 787 provides an exponential update of the X-register parameter causing an exponential increase in the frequency of the dz signal similar to the rationale discussed with reference to FIG. 7G.
The counter and rate multiplier arrangement 786 and 784 discussed with reference to FIG. 7G above may be considered to be a DDA integrator implemented as a rate multiplier, wherein counters 786 may be considered to be the Y-register of the DDA integrator and the counter arrangement in rate multiplier 784 may be considered to be the R-register of the DDA integrator.
In view of the above, DDA integrators and related incremental processing devices may be used to generate chirp signals such as a linear chirp signal, an exponential chirp signal, an up-chirp signal, and a down-chirp signal. Further, a virtually unlimited number of different types of functions may be generated with DDA integrators such as discussed in the textbook by Braun referenced hereinafter.
The embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 7G and 7H above provide squarewave or pulse rate signals to synthesize a chirp signal. A chirp signal does not require any particular signal form but may be a squarewave signal, a sinewave signal, a sawtooth signal or other well known signal forms. Similarly, the pilot signal used for correlation of a received chirp signal may take any of these signal forms. Still further, in the single-bit embodiment of the present invention, amplitude characteristics of a signal are less significant than are the amplitude characteristics in other embodiments having greater amplitude resolution. Still further, transmission of a squarewave such as on a data link provides a filtering effect, where the high frequency Fourier components associated with the sharp edges of a squarewave signal may be degraded more than the lower frequency components, wherein the transmitted squarewave may be degraded to merely a sinewave representing the fundamental frequency of the squarewave which is the pulse repetition frequency of the squarewave. Therefore, transmission of a squarewave on a data link and the resultant degradation thereof may be considered to be a squarewave to sinewave converter. Alternately, squarewaves may be processed with filters to generate sinewaves, wherein coupling capacitor 798 (FIG. 7G) may be part of a low pass filter to convert squarewave output dz from flip-flop 785 to a sinewave signal form.
In view of the above, another feature of the present invention provides for generating squarewave chirp signals for the communication and ensonifying purposes discussed herein wherein such communication and ensonifying chirp signals may have the desired chirp characteristics and may be generated with DDA, rate multiplier, or other digital function generators.
Description of FIG. 7I
A multiple chirp generator arrangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 7I for generating a plurality of chirp signals such as illustrated in FIG. 7B. As discussed for FIG. 7B above, it is desirable to generate a plurality of chirp signals 715-721 wherein each chirp signal is delayed in time with respect to other chirp signals for identifying a binary code of a digital word. An arrangement has been discussed for generating the chirp signals shown in FIG. 7B in response to transitions of waveform 714 with reference to the chirp generator of FIGS. 7E and 7G. An arrangement will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 7I for generating a plurality of chirp signals such as chirp signals 715-721 in response to the one-states of a digital signal such as data signal 714. Further, an arrangement will be discussed for generating a plurality of sequential chirp signals in response to a parallel digital word with reference to FIG. 7I in contrast to the serial digital word responsive chirp signal arrangement discussed with reference to FIGS. 7D, 7E, and 7G above.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 7I produces a plurality of chirp signals 763 and 773 for multiplexing onto a data link with summing amplifier 759 as multiplexed signals 722 and 742 in response to a digital word stored in static register 728. Digital device 710 may load a digital word into register 728 for communication over a data link, wherein register 728 may store the digital word and may provide the digital output signals in parallel word form to enable AND-gates 729 in response to each one-bit condition and to disable AND-gates 729 in response to each zero-bit condition. Each gate 729 may correspond to a digital signal from register 728 for enabling the corresponding gate in response to a one-bit signal and disabling the corresponding gate in response to a zero-bit signal or conversely. A chirp generator 758 generates a chirp signal which may be a digital chirp signal and which may be a chirp generator such as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7E, 7G, or 7H above.
Chirp generator 758 may generate a digital chirp signal to a shift register 727 clocked with clock signal CK. As shift register 727 is clocked, the state of the chirp signal from chirp generator 758 is sampled and shifted along register 727 from the register input D to the other end of the register in the direction of the arrow (FIG. 7I). The chirp signal samples are presented to output lines 730-731 from shift register 727 as the chirp signal samples are shifted past the output lines. The sampled chirp signal is first shifted past output line 730 and subsequently past other output lines through the last output line 731. If input clock signal CK is a constant clock frequency and if shift register 727 has output lines that are spaced an equal number of shift register bits apart, the chirp signal from chirp generator 758 will be available at shift register 727 output lines 730-731 with different signal phase shifts due to the time delays between the information shifting through register 727 becoming available to the output lines in sequence at different times. The chirp signal will become available to the left-most output lines first and the right-most output lines last as it is shifted through the shift register 727 from left to right wherein the time delay between the chirp signal becoming available at adjacent output lines is related to the number of shift register stages between adjacent output lines and the frequency of the clock signal CK. For example, if clock signal CK is a 1-MHz clock signal and if output lines of register 727 have 32-shift stages therebetween, the chirp signal will be presented to adjacent output lines with a 22-microsecond delay or phase shift between adjacent output lines as the chirp signal is shifted through register 727. Therefore, each of the output lines 720-731 of register 727 provides a chirp signal that is shifted or delayed by a prescribed amount which is a 32-microsecond time delay or phase shift for each successive output line for the above example.
The chirp signals from register 727 may be selected or non-selected with AND-gates 729 in response to digital bits from register 728 wherein a one-bit from register 728 will enable a related AND-gate 729 to multiplex a related chirp signal onto data link 722 and 742 and a zero-bit from register 728 will disable a related AND-gate 729 to disable multiplexing of a related chirp signal onto data link 722 and 742. Alternately, inverters 733 will cause zero-bits from register 728 to enable a corresponding AND-gate 729 as will be discussed hereafter.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 7I may include a plurality of shift registers 727 and 732 with related chirp generators 758 and 757 respectively for multiplexing different chirp signals onto data link 722 and 742. In one embodiment, chirp generator 758 may be an up-chirp generator wherein the one-bits of register 728 may be used to multiplex a time sequence of up-chirp signals onto the data link and chirp generator 757 may be a down-chirp generator wherein the zero-bits of register 728 may be used to multiplex a time sequence of down-chirp signals onto the data link. Multiplexing of signals onto the data link in response to one-bits of register 728 may be provided by having AND-gates 729 enabled by uncomplemented output signals of register 728 and multiplexing of signals onto the data link in response to zero-bits of register 728 may be provided by having AND-gates 729 enabled by complemented output signals of register 728. Complemented output signals may be generated as Q output signals from register 728 or may be generated by complementing the Q or uncomplemented output signals with inverters 788 to generate uncomplemented enabling control signals to gates 729 in response to zero-bits stored in register 728. Alternately, a plurality of registers such as register 728 may be provided for modulating chirp signals and for multiplexing a time sequence of modulated chirp signals onto the data link, where each of the plurality of registers 728 may control output chirp signals through AND-gates 729 from different shift registers 727 and 732 for generating different types of chirp signals in relation to each shift register. Alternately, various combinations of data registers 728, chirp generators 757 and 758 generating chirp signals having different chirp signatures therebetween, and shift registers 727 and 732 may be arranged for generating modulated chirp signals onto a data link for transmission of multiplexed chirp signals.
It is herein intended that any references to communicating of signals on a data link be generally applicable for other uses of multiple chirp signals including ensonifying subsurface structures in a geophysical embodiment, ensonifying underwater objects in a sonar embodiment, or otherwise providing multiplexed signals for other applications of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, gates 729 controlling a plurality of chirp signals having sequentially increasing time delays such as with signals 715-721 (FIG. 7B) may be enabled with control signals from register 728 having sequentially increasing significance respectively. As shown in FIG. 7I, the first chirp signal 730 may be controlled with AND-gate 729 that is enabled with the LSB of register 728 and the last chirp signal 731 may be controlled with AND-gate 729 that is enabled with the MSB of register 728; thereby multiplexing an LSB-first MSB-last chirp signal sequence. Alternately, an MSB-first LSB-last sequence may be provided.
Communication of information with modulated sequential chirp carrier signals can be better understood with reference to an example which will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 7G and 7I. Data signal 734 has a plurality of zero-states and a plurality of one-states where an embodiment has been discussed for generating up-chirp signals in response to negative transitions from the one-state to the zero-state and for generating down-chirp signals in response to positive transitions from the zero-state to the one-state. For simplicity of discussion and to permit use of the signals shown in FIG. 7G to illustrate the operation of the chirp generator shown in FIG. 7I, it will now be assumed that digital signal 734 is in the zero-state for data-bit 5 and stop-bit 8 as shown with dotted lines 747 in FIG. 7C.
For the chirp generator arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7I, the one-states of signal 734 may be used to generate down-chirp signals starting at times related to the spacing between a sequence of one-state data bits. For example, the start-bit shown as a zero-state bit (FIG. 7C) disables the first AND-gate 729 and therefore disables the first sequential chirp signal. The second-bit shown as a one-state data-bit enables the second AND-gate 729 and therefore enables the second sequential chirp signal, thereby permitting the second sequential chirp signal to be multiplexed onto the data link. Similarly, the third-bit shown as a zero-state data-bit disables the third AND-gate 729 and therefore disables the third sequential chirp signal. The fourth-bit shown as a one-state data-bit enables the fourth AND-gate 729 and therefore enables the fourth sequential chirp signal, thereby permitting the fourth chirp signal to be multiplexed onto the data link. The fifth-bit and sixth-bit shown as zero-state data-bits disable the fifth and sixth AND-gates 729 and therefore disable the fifth and sixth sequential chirp signals. The seventh-bit shown as a one-state data-bit enables the seventh AND-gate 729 and therefore enables the seventh sequential chirp signal, thereby permitting the seventh chirp signal to be multiplexed onto the data link. The eighth-bit and ninth-bit shown as zero-state bits disable the eighth and ninth AND-gates 729 and therefore disable the eighth and ninth sequential chirp signals. Therefore, three chirp signals may be generated in response to signal 734 stored in register 728 with the arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7I. The first down-chirp signal 736 is generated in response to the first one-bit which is the second-bit in-signal 734; having a time delay of one-bit time from the start of the transmission. Similarly, the second and third down-chirp signals 738 and 740 are generated in response to the second one-bit and the third one-bit in signal 734; having time delays of three-bit times and six-bit times respectively from the start of transmission. Down-chirp signals 736, 738, and 740 may be multiplexed together as discussed with reference to FIG. 7D above to form a multiplexed signal such as multiplexed signal 742; wherein the multiplexed signal may have other signals multiplexed thereon such as up-chirp signals as shown with signal 742 and such as noise signals which are not shown. Correlation of multiplexed signal with down-chirp pilot signal 743B provides output signal 744B having correlation peaks related to the start of one-bits of waveform 734 which may be peak detected to generate clock signal 745B and may be further processed to generate data signal 746 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention as discussed with reference to FIG. 7F above.
For the example presented above having a 32-microsecond delay per bit, the time delays of the down-chirp signals from the start of the transmission can be calculated; where the first down-chirp signal 736 would start 32-microseconds after the start of transmission corresponding to the first one-bit of signal 734; followed by a second down-chirp signal 738 having a three-bit time or 96-microsecond time delay from the start of the transmission or a two-bit time or 64-microsecond time delay from the start of the first down-chirp signal related to the first one-bit of signal 734; followed by a third down-chirp signal 740 related to having a six-bit time or 192-microsecond time delay from the start of the transmission or a two-bit time or a 64-microsecond time delay from the start of the second down-chirp signal related to the second one-bit of signal 734. Therefore, arrangements shown in FIG. 7I may communicate signal 734 (FIG. 7C) in the form of 3-down chirp signals that are sequential and overlapping and that have a time sequential form related to the time sequence of one-bits in order of increasing significance in signal 734.
The chirp generator arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7D is an edge or transition responsive chirp generator and the chirp generator arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 7I is a state or level responsive chirp generator. It is intended that these descriptions relative to generating chirp signals in response to transitions of digital signals and states of digital signals be the exemplary of many other types of signal condition responsive chirp signals; wherein those of ordinary skill in the logical design art will now be able to provide chirp signals responsive to any signal characteristic in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Another example will now be provided to illustrate operation of the arrangement set forth in FIG. 7I. For this example it is required that data is to be transmitted with a 32-microsecond period per data-bit which is approximately a 30 KHz data rate and that five-cycles of the highest chirp signal frequency be transmitted per data-bit period. Further, well known sampling theory requires that the sampling rate be twice the highest frequency that is to be preserved. The requirement for five-cycles of the highest chirp frequency be transmitted per data-bit period implies five-cycles per a 32-microsecond period or approximately 6-microseconds per cycle or approximately a 150-KHz highest chirp signal frequency. The sampling theory requirement of two-samples per cycle implies a maximum sampling rate of twice the 150-KHz maximum frequence or a 300-KHz sampling rate. Because shift register 727 samples the input chirp signal once per clock pulse, a clock pulse frequency of 300-KHz is required. Because there must be one shift register stage per sample and because there are ten-samples per each of five-cycles per data-bit period; there must be ten shift register stages inbetween each adjacent output line 730-731.
The operation of the multiple chirp generation arrangement (FIG. 7I) will now be discussed with another example with reference to FIG. 7C. Data signal 734 may be loaded into register 728 from digital device 710. Gates 729 may be enabled with the one-bits in register 728 as discussed above. Chirp generator 758 may generate a down-chirp signal such as shown in signal 736. The example shown in FIG. 7C provides down-chirp signals 736, 738, and 740 starting at positive transitions from a zero-state to a one-state related to the start of a one-bit. The chirp signal from generator 758 is shifted through register 727 where the output lines 730-731 to gates 729 which are enabled by one-bits cause down-chirp signal being shifted through register 727 to be multiplexed onto the data link. Therefore, signals 736, 738 and 740 will be multiplexed onto the data link at times related to the sequence of occurrence of the one-bits in waveform 734. Because chirp signals 735-741 have been constructed for a transition responsive multiple chirp generator, adjacent one-bits 5 and 8 of signal 734 are shown changed to zero-bits with dashed lines 747 for this example.
In an alternate embodiment, the arrangement set forth in FIG. 7I may use the Q or zero output signal lines from register 728 to enable gates 729, wherein zero-bits will enable gates 729 to cause time related chirp signals to be generated and one-bits will disable gates 729 to prevent time related chirp signals from being generated. Considering the signals shown in FIG. 7C and disregarding dashed lines 747; each zero-bit in signal 734 is shown initiating an up-chirp signal 735, 737, 739, and 741 and each one-bit in signal 734 is shown as not-initiating an up-chirp signal. Therefore, multiplexing of up-chirp signals in response to zero-bits of signal 734 defines the zero-states of signal 734 and therefore completely defines the code of signal 734. The up-chirp signals may be multiplexed together and communicated over the data link as signal MUXED 742, wherein MUXED signal 742 may contain various combinations of noise, down-chirp signals, and other information which may not significantly interfere with the separation or demultiplexing of the up-chirp signals from MUXED signal 742 through correlation with up-chirp pilot signal 743A to generate correlation output signal 744A related to the time sequence of zero-states in data signal 734.
In yet another alternate embodiment, the arrangement set forth in FIG. 7I may provide two channels illustrated with chirp generators 757 and 758 and shift registers 727 and 732 respectively; wherein chirp generator 757 may generate a down-chirp signal selected with the zero-bits of register 723 and chirp generator 758 may generate an up-chirp signal selected with the one-bits of register 728; wherein the down-chirp signals selected with the zero-bits and the up-chirp signals selected with the one-bits of register 728 may all be multiplexed together onto the data link, as discussed above for up-chirp signals and for down-chirp signals. The combination of up-chirp signals and down-chirp signals selected with gates 729 are multiplexed together, transmitted together, and separated therebetween; as discussed above for up-chirp signals and for down-chirp signals with reference to FIG. 7C.
The arrangement of FIG. 7I has been discussed for a constant frequency clock pulse signal CK to shift registers 727 and 732. Alternately, shift registers 727 and 732 may have variable clock pulse signals. For example, the arrangements shown in FIGS. 7G and 7H provide variable frequency squarewave signals dz which may be used as a chirp signal as discussed above or which may be used as a variable frequency clock signal to registers 727 and 732 as shown in FIG. 7I. The connection of the dz signal (FIGS. 7G and 7H) for a linearly swept increasing or decreasing clock signal applied to the clock input CK of registers 727 and 732 generates a plurality of chirp signals through gates 729 for multiplexing onto the data link. If the clock signal CK is an increasing frequency clock signal, a chirp signal from chirp generator 758 may be shifted through register 727 at an increasing rate that is a function of time and therefore may appear to have a higher frequency at output signal lines which have a longer delay and are further along towards the right of register 727. Therefore, the chirp signal viewed on output line 730 may have a lower frequency range and a longer chirp signal envelope than chirp signals from subsequent outputs such as output 731. Such chirp signals multiplexed onto the data link may be separable therebetween based upon the time phasing or time sequence between chirp signals, where a time sequence of chirp signals has been discussed above with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C, and may be further separable therebetween based upon the different signatures of the chirp signals such as higher frequency range chirp signals and shorter chirp signal envelopes.
The combination of the signature of a chirp signal into data input D of register 727 and the signature of a chirp signal into clock input CK of register 727 will together determine the characteristic of each of a plurality of chirp signals generated on output lines 730-731 of register 727; where these characteristics include the signature of each chirp signal, the signature between chirp signals, the duration of the chirp envelope, and other such characteristics of each chirp signal and characteristics between chirp signals. Alternately, these variable clock frequency arrangements of the present invention permit the generation of multitudes of different types of chirp signals under program control. For example, a first programmable chirp generator 753 such as shown in FIG. 7G may be used to generate a chirp input signal D and a second programmable chirp generator such as the arrangement shown in FIG. 7G may be used to generate a chirp clock signal CK to register 727; wherein the chirp frequency of the input signal D and the chirp frequency of the clock signal CK may be constant frequencies or may be swept frequencies such as a linearly varying up-chirp or down-chirp signals, exponentially varying up-chirp or down-chirp signals, or combinations therebetween. For example, the signals to the D-input and CK-input of register 727 may be a constant frequency and a linear up-chirp signal respectively, a linear down-chirp signal and a linear up-chirp signal respectively, an expotential down-chirp signal and a linear up-chirp signal respectively, a linear up-chirp signal and a linear down-chirp signal respectively, or any other combinations of D-input and CK-input frequency controlled signals. Further, the lengths of the signal envelopes and the frequency ranges of the sweeps to the D-input and CK-input of register 727 may be controlled using the arrangements discussed with reference to FIGS. 7G and 7H.
In view of the above, multitudes of complex chirp signals can be generated each having substantially different correlation signatures therebetween, each generated from one of a plurality of outputs of register 727, and/or each selectable either individually or in combinations with a select code loaded into register 728 for enabling and disabling AND-gates 729.
Although the arrangement of FIG. 7I has been discussed with reference to a data communication embodiment, this arrangement may be used for many other embodiments. For example, it may be desirable to ensonify a subsurface environment in a geophysical application with a plurality of chirp signals each having a different signature and each being generating overlapping therebetween for separation through correlation. In such an embodiment, multiplexed chirp signals 722 and 742 may be provided to a VIBROSEIS signal generator for ensonifying a subsurface environment with seismic signals having the multiplexed chirp signal characteristics. Acquisition and processing of the multiplexed chirp signals having time delay differences and having signature differences therebetween may permit correlation with each of a plurality of operator signals such as generated by the arrangement shown in FIG. 7I for separating the signal components.
Further, prior art signal generators such as the VIBROSEIS signal generator are excited with sinusoidal signals. In accordance with another feature of the present invention, such signal generators may be excited with squarewave signals such as the squarewave chirp signals discussed herein with reference to digital chirp generators shown in FIGS. 7H-7I. The multiplexing together of a plurality of chirp signals may provide complex frequency components superimposed therebetween independent of whether sinusoidal or squarewave signals are used so that advantages assumed by the prior art for sinusoidal chirp signals loses much of its significance in conjunction with the improved arrangement of the present invention; wherein squarewave chirp signals may be used for chirp excitation particularly when a plurality of squarewave chirp signals are multiplexed together such as for exciting a VIBROSEIS for ensonifying the subsurface environment with seismic signals.
The components shown in FIG. 7I may be well known components. For example, register 728 may be a well known static register such as S/N 74174 and S/N 74175 registers and shift registers 727 and 732 may be well known shift registers such as the S/N 7491A 8-bit shift registers cascaded together to form the desired length shift register, MOS-FET shift registers, or other well known shift register arrangements. Further, AND-gates 729 may be S/N 7408 AND-gate circuits; inverters 743 may be S/N 7404 inverter circuits; and amplifier 759 may include .mu.A709 or .mu.A 741 amplifier circuits. Further, digital device 710 may be a computer, Teletypewriter, or other well known sources of digital information. Yet further, chirp generators 757 and 758 may be the same chirp generators discussed with reference to FIGS. 7E, 7G, and 7H above or may be well known prior art chirp generators.
Description Of FIG. 8
For simplicity of discussion and to better exemplify the features of the present invention, arrangements have been provided in digital form or in a form that has minimized the showing of amplitude effects of signals. Now an arrangement will be provided for illustrating the effects of amplitude in an embodiment for communicating samples of analog information.
An analog signal may be sampled for modulating a chirp signal using amplitude modulation, phase modulation, frequency modulation, or other modulation techniques. An amplitude modulation arrangement will be described with reference to FIG. 8 to exemplify this feature of the present invention. An analog ramp signal AI will be sampled at points S1, S2, S3, and S4; where the analog samples will be used to amplitude modulate and time modulate a chirp signal for communication of the analog samples. Analog signal AI is shown as a ramp signal for simplicity of explanation of this feature of the present invention, although any analog waveform may be sampled and communicated in the manner exemplified with ramp waveform AI. Sample S1 is a high amplitude sample, which is used to amplitude modulate a first chirp signal 811, wherein chirp signal 811 is shown having a relatively high amplitude corresponding to the relatively high amplitude of sample S1. Similarly, samples S2-S4 amplitude modulate chirp signals 812-814. Therefore, samples S1-S4 are shown having linearly decreasing relative amplitudes therebetween and wherein chirp signals 811-814 are shown having linearly decreasing relative amplitudes therebetween corresponding to the amplitudes of analog samples S1-S4 respectively. Chirp signals 811-814 are shown progressively time delayed, wherein a chirp signal may be started at the time the analog signal AI is sampled for modulating the started chirp signal with the amplitude of the related analog sample. Therefore, a chirp signal may have a starting time related to the particular sample time and may have an amplitude related to the amplitude of the related sample; wherein each chirp signal 811-814 may correspond in time phase with the related sample S1-S4 respectively and may correspond in amplitude with the related sample S1-S4 respectively. In particular, signal 811 may start at sample time S1 and may have an amplitude related to the amplitude of sample S1, signal 812 may start at sample time S2 and may have an amplitude related to the amplitude of sample S2, signal 813 may start at sample time S3 and may have an amplitude related to the amplitude of sample S3, and signal 814 may start at sample time S4 and may have an amplitude related to the amplitude of sample S4. Therefore, samples S1-S4 may be taken at progressively increasing times consistent with well known sampling arrangements and may have progressively decreasing amplitudes consistent with sampling a down-ramp; wherein corresponding chirp signals 811-814 have progressingly increasing starting times and progressingly decreasing amplitudes corresponding to the related samples S1-S4.
Chirp signals 811-814 may be multiplexed together such as with electronic summation as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7D-7E above or with implicit multiplexing such as discussed above for a geophysical embodiment. Signals 811-814 may be multiplexed together to form multiplexed signal 815, wherein multiplexed signal 815 provides a schematic representation of the frequency related characteristics of a chirp signal; wherein signal 815 provides spacing of vertical lines to set forth the frequency components as discussed with reference to FIG. 3 above and signal 815 also has an amplitude related characteristic shown schematically by the amplitudes of the vertical lines. Summation of sinusoidal signals or other signals is well known in the art and can be performed simply by summation of amplitudes or other well known summing or multiplexing techniques. For simplicity of discussion, a schematic notation is used in FIG. 8 for signal 815 showing amplitudes related to the vertical summation of the vertical lines in signals 811-814 for a schematic analog summation notation. Therefore, the amplitudes of signals in signal 815 do not necessarily represent amplitude peaks of the summed signals but merely represent the concentration of frequency components associated with the vertical line frequency schematic notation of signals 811-814.
Multiplexed signal 815 may represent a transmitted signal in a communication system, may represent superposition or multiplexing of a plurality of reflections from different sized reflectors in a geophysical embodiment, or may represent a generalized modulation of analog amplitude chirps for other applications. Regardless of the application and the means of obtaining multiplexed signal 815, analog amplitude modulated chirp signals being multiplexed together may be separated by correlation with a chirp operator corresponding to the chirp signature set forth in signals 811-814. Correlation of signal 815 with a constant amplitude chirp operator may provide correlation output signal 816 having four correlation output peaks 821-824; wherein each peak is shown having an amplitude corresponding to the amplitude of the related chirp signal components 811-814 multiplexed onto signal 815 and having spacing between correlation output peaks 821-824 related to the spacing between related chirp signal components 811-814 respectively of multiplexed waveform 815. For example, peak 821 corresponds in amplitude and time position with sample S1 and with chirp signal 811; peak 822 corresponds in amplitude and time position with sample S2 and with chirp signal 812; peak 823 corresponds in amplitude and time position with sample S3 and with chirp signal 813; and peak 824 corresponds in amplitude and time position with sample S4 and with chirp signal 814.
The analog chirp modulation method discussed with reference to the waveforms of FIG. 8 will now be discussed for the hardware embodiment set forth in FIGS. 7D-7F. A counter 754 may count sample clock signals 714 for sampling an analog input signal AI. As counter 754 increments in state in response to input sample clock signal 714, decoder 756 is sequenced through a plurality of output-states to sequentially select each of a plurality of chirp generators such as chirp generator 758 in sequence. A typical chirp generator is shown in FIG. 7E, wherein the generation of a chirp signal 763 in response to signal EN from decoder 756 has been discussed in detail above. For analog amplitude modulation of a chirp signal, an additional circuit may be added for each chirp generator including one-shot 776, sample-and-hold 777, and multiplier 778 to generate a chirp signal that is modulated with a particular analog amplitude. Output signal EN of decoder 756 initiates a chirp signal by setting latch 760 and initiates sampling of an analog signal AI with one-shot 776 controlling sample-and-hold circuit 777, wherein one-shot 776 may be a synchronous one-shot SOS discussed with reference to FIG. 6G above or may be any well known one-shot circuit. When output signal EN of decoder 756 makes a state transition, one-shot 776 is initiated to generate an output pulse to sample-and-hold 777 to sample analog input signal AI for generating analog output signal AO of sample-and-hold 777 which is a stored analog value of sampled analog input signal AI. Sample-and-hold 777 stores the sampled analog signal AO for the duration of the chirp signal to insure that the chirp signal will be processed with a constant analog amplitude signal. In another embodiment that may involve integrating of the analog input signal AI over the period of a chirp signal, sample-and-hold 777 may be eliminated and analog input signal AI may be used in place of analog output signal AO. Analog output signal from sample-and-hold 777 may be applied to one input to multiplier 778 and chirp signal 763 may be applied to the other input of multiplier 778, wherein output signal 773 from multiplier 778 represents the analog amplitude of the product of chirp signal 763 and analog signal AO. Therefore, output signal 773 of multiplier 778 may be a chirp signal having an amplitude related to the amplitude of the analog sample AO as shown with waveforms 811-814 of FIG. 8.
A demodulator may be provided as discussed with reference to FIG. 7F above; wherein correlator 766 may be used to derive correlation output signal 816. The amplitude peaks 821-824 of signal 816 may be processed with digital peak detector 767 and may be further processed with a digital data processor. The output of the digital signal processor may be input to a compositor for compositing-after-correlation or may be otherwise stored, composited, or processed as required by the system. Components discussed with reference to FIGS. 7D-7F may be well known components, where one-shot 776, sample-and-hold 777, and multiplier 778 may be well known devices which are referenced in other discussions herein.
The reference signal arrangement discussed with reference to FIGS. 9F-9J above may be used in the arrangement discussed for analog modulation of a signature signal with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8 above to enhance precision. For example, an analog amplitude reference signal may be multiplexed with analog signal samples for modulating chirp signals to generate an amplitude reference chirp signal, wherein correlation output signals 816 (FIG. 8) may be adjusted in amplitude in response to the reference correlation peak amplitude. In this embodiment, one of the states of distributor counters 753 and 754 as identified with an output signal from decoder 756 (FIG. 7D) may enable a reference signal switch such as with control signal 968 to reference switch 962 and to disable analog input signal AI such as with control signal 967 to analog switch 991 (FIG. 9F). Analog signal 949 may be provided to multiplier 778 (FIG. 7E) instead of to CCD memory 932 (FIG. 9F) to provide a reference signal and analog signal samples being multiplexed together for amplitude modulating chirp signals. Refresh circuit 996 (FIGS. 9F-9J) may be provided in a receiving modem for sampling the reference signal to provide an automatic gain control arrangement or other arrangements for compensating amplitudes of the related peak signals 821-824 (FIG. 8).
The one arrangement of an output refresh circuit, digital samples in Z-store 614 of a correlator may be normalized to the most significant part of the digital word, wherein the reference signal sample may have a maximum amplitude and, therefore, normalizing all output signal samples until the maximum signal sample is at the maximum word size may have the same effect as multiplying the other signal samples by the same compensating parameter. Normalizing may be implemented by searching for the peak amplitude and multiplying all signal samples by a factor that makes the peak signal sample magnitude equal to the maximum magnitude permissible, considering the word size of the output signal sample memory. Other amplitude compensation arrangements for digital data such as well known scaling arrangements may be provided for compensating of amplitude errors related to amplitude modulation of correlatable signals.
In summary, as sample clock signal 714 sequences counter 754 and decoder 756 through a sequence of output states, where each output state selects a chirp generator 758 to generate a chirp signal 763 starting at each sample clock time and the output state also commands sample-and-hold 777 to sample analog input signal AI. Multiplier 778 multiplies chirp signal 763 and analog amplitude modulating signal A0 to generate analog amplitude modulated chirp signal 773, as shown with signals 811-814 in FIG. 8. A plurality of analog amplitude modulated chirp signals 811-814 may be summed together with summing amplifier 759 (FIG. 7D) to provide multiplexed signal 815 for communication over a data link or for other purposes related thereto.
Signature Memory Arrangement
The arrangement shown in FIG. 7, discussed above for a signature modem embodiment, will now be discussed for the signature memory embodiment of the present invention.
Digital device 749 may be any digital device and may be a digital signature memory device in the instant feature of the present invention. Signature memory 749 may be a magnetic rotating memory such as a disc memory or a drum memory, a magnetic tape memory, a delay line memory such as a magnetostrictive delay line memory, or other well known memory devices. Signature memory 749 may be a digital memory or an analog memory using either digital signature information as discussed with reference to FIG. 7 or analog signature information as discussed with reference to FIG. 8. For simplicity discussion to exemplify the instant feature of the present invention, signature memory 749 may be discussed in the form of a digital magnetic tape memory. It is herein intended that any reference to a digital magnetic tape memory be exemplary of magnetic disc memories, magnetic drum memories, magnetostrictive delay line memories, and other well known memories for storing information in digital signal form or in analog signal form; wherein the use of other types of memories will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings of the present invention. Further, for simplicity of discussion, signature signals will be considered to be digital squarewave chirp signals having an up-sweep or a down-sweep in frequency of a digital squarewave signal. This digital squarewave signal can be utilized with existing memory read and write electronics which are designed for digital signal processing in well known prior art memory devices. Alternatively, analog read and write amplifiers for recording analog signals such as on a magnetic tape are well known in the art and may be used for processing analog signature signals, the use of which will become apparent from the teachings of the present invention.
The signature memory arrangement of the present invention provides significant advantages over prior art digital memory arrangements. One advantage is related to the increase in storage density of a memory, wherein a plurality of signature carrier channels may be multiplexed together having a different signature signal per channel for separation therebetween through correlation. Another advantage is related to a long signature signal per bit that has high immunity to noise and signal drop-outs, thereby reducing error rates and permitting lower quality memory device to be utilized. Other advantages are similar to advantages discussed above for other features of the present invention.
The digital signature memory arrangement in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 7. Digital device 710 may be a digital computer or other well known device for processing digital information. Digital device 710 may communicate with digital memory 749 through an interface exemplified with modem 711. Modem interface 711 may comprise a signature modulator 750 for modulating signature related signals such as chirp signals with digital signals 714 and 734 for storing into the digital memory 749 and may include signature demodulator 751 for demodulating signature related signals such as chirp signals to generate output signals 726 and 746. Interface modem 711 may be used in place of or in addition to well known memory interface devices for interfacing to memory 749 such as a well known magnetic tape interface or rotating memory interface. Interface modem 711 may process magnetic read signals for generating digital information to digital device 710 and may process digital signals 714 and 734 from digital device of 710 to generate magnetic write signals for memory 749.
Implementation of modem 711 is shown in detail in FIGS. 7B-7F and has been discussed in detail for a signature modem communication embodiment with reference to FIG. 7 above. To reiterate, digital device 710 generates digital output signals 714 and 734 to modulator 750 for modulating signature signals. Modulator 750 may include counters 753 and 754 for sequencing decoders 755 and 756 respectively in response to transitions of digital input signals 714 and 734 to sequence through a plurality of decoder output states for selecting chirp generators 757-758. Chirp generators 757-758 generate sequential signature signals 763 and 773 which may be overlapping or simultaneously generated signature signals, wherein signature signals 763 and 773 may be multiplexed or summed together with summing amplifier 759 to generate write signals 722 and 742 to a write head associated with memory 749. Signature signals 763 and 773 may be analog signature signals or digital signature signals and may be generated with a signature signal generator such as chirp generators 757-758 as discussed with reference to FIGS. 7E and 7G-7I above. Multiplexed signature signals 722 and 742 may drive a write head include in memory 749 to provide multiplexed signature signals overlapping therebetween for recording on a magnetic surface such as for a disc, drum, or tape memory. Recorded information may be in overlapping signature signal form in contrast to the prior art single-bit recording techniques. Signatures signals may be considered to be a plurality of single-bit signals multiplexed therebetween for providing a plurality of squarewave transitions analogous to the single-bit squarewave embodiment used in the prior art. Therefore, well known write electronics may be used with the signature modulator arrangement of the present invention.
Interface modem 711 may receive recorded signals 722 and 742 for demodulation with signature demodulator 751 for providing output signals 726 and 746 to digital device 710. Demodulator 750 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 7F as described in detail above for a signature modem embodiment and will now be briefly reiterated for a signature memory embodiment. Memory output signals 722 and 742 may be received from a read head for processing with read amplifier 775 and squaring amplifier 765 to provide multiplexed signature signals to correlators 766 and 769. Signature signals may be recored as a plurality of overlapping signals having a first signature characteristic related to a first channel of information being multiplexed together with a plurality of overlapping signals having a second signature characteristic related to a second channel of information. The two channels of information may be separate with correlators 766 and 769, wherein correlator 766 may operate in response to a pilot signal having a signature related to the first signature signal and correlator 769 may operate in response to a pilot signal having a signature related to the second signature signal for generating output signals 724 and 744A related to the first channel and 744B related to the second channel of information multiplexed theretogether. Digital peak detectors 767 and 770 may process correlator output signals 744A and 744B related to the first channel and the second channel respectively for generating output signals 725 and 745A related to first channel information and output signal 745B related to second channel information. If recorded information from each of the channels is related to positive and negative transitions of the recorded digital signal, then each channel signal may be used to toggle a flip-flop such as channel 1 signals 745 and 745A toggling flip-flop 768 to generate digital output signal 726 related to first channel recorded information. Alternatively, if pairs or channels are used to record a first signature signal related to a positive transition and a second signature signal related to a negative transition of digital signals 714 and 734, then pairs of channels may be grouped together to set and reset a latch such as latch 722 to generate digital output signal 746 for each pair of channels recorded in memory 749. A large number of channels of information may be multiplexed together with modulator 750 for storage in memory 749 and may be separated therebetween with demodulator 751, wherein each channel may be related to a different signature signal for separation therebetween with correlator demodulators.
The elements described with reference to FIG. 7 may be the same elements described for the communication modem embodiment discussed above with reference to FIG. 7. For example, correlators 766 and 769 may be well known prior art correlators or may be an improved correlator embodiment in accordance with the present invention such as discussed with reference to FIGS. 4-6 above. Similarly, chirp generators 757-758 may be any well known prior art chirp generator or may be improved chirp generators in accordance with the present invention such as discussed with reference to FIG. 7E and 7G-7I above.
A signature memory arrangement in accordance with the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 3A. The signature signal may be defined as an up-chirp signature signal 310 which may be used to modulate information for recording in a signature memory device. Signature modulator 750 may generate a pluarality of up-chirp signals 311-314 having time-phase relationships therebetween shown with the start of the up-chirp signals progressing toward the right-hand portion of FIG. 3A for signal 311-314 and may be generated in response to modulating signal characteristics such as signal transitions or signal states. Modulated up-chirp signals 311-314 may be multiplexed therebetween with multiplexor 759 to generate multiplexed signal 315 for recording in signature memory 749. Reading of multiplexed signal 315 may be accomplished with a read head for outputting stored information from signature memory 749, generating output multiplexed signal 315 which is related to the input multiplexed signal stored in signature memory 749. Processing of multiplexed signal 315 with correlation demodulator 751 may generate correlation output signal 316 having correlation peaks such as peak 317 related to modulated up-chirp signals 311-314. Correlation output peaks 316 may be generated with digital peak detector 767 to generate output information such as output signal information.
A multi-channel signature memory arrangement in accordance with the present invention will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 3D. For simplicity of discussion, an embodiment having two channels will be discussed wherein the same information will be assumed to be stored in each of two channels. Digital signals 714 and 734 from digital device 710 may clock counters 753 and 754 to sequence first signature decoder 755 and second signature decoder 756 to select first signature chirp generators 757, etc and second signature chirp generators 758, etc for multiplexing theretogether. In this example, the first signature is an up-chirp signature and the second signature is a down-chirp signature. It is assumed that two data-bits are input to each of the two modulator channels, wherein a first data-bit causes up-chirp signal 338 to be generated with channel-1 and down-chirp signal 339 to be generated with channel-2 and wherein a second data-bit causes up-chirp signal 340 to be generated with channel-1 and down-chirp signal 341 to be generated with channel-2. Chirp signals 338-341 may be multiplexed theretogether with multiplexor 759 to form multiplexed signal 342 for recording in digital memory 749. Reading of stored information will generate a multiplexed output signal related to multiplexed signal 342 for processing with signature demodulator 751. Correlation of multiplexed signal 342 with a first correlator 766 operating in response to a first signature signal 336 may generate correlation output signal 724 and 744A shown as correlation output signal 343 related to first channel information and correlation of multiplexed signal 342 with a second correlation 769 operating in response to a second signature signal 337 may generate output correlation signal 744B shown as correlation output signal 344 related to second channel information. First and second channel signals 343 and 344 may be processed with digital peak detectors 767 and 770 respectively and other processing logic for reconstructing the information contained therein. Storing and reading of multiplexed signal 342, comprising a plurality of sequential and overlapping signature signals having different signatures therebetween, permits a plurality of overlapping signature signals having the same signature related to the same channel and a plurality of overlapping signature signals having different signatures therebetween related to different channels to be multiplexed together and to be stored in such overlapping multi-channel multiplexed signal form.
The signature memory feature of the present invention will now be exemplified with reference to FIG. 7B. Digital signal 714 from digital device 710 may be processed with signature modulator 750 to generate a sequence of signature signals shown as up-chirp signals 715-721 in response to transitions of digital signal 714. Counters 753 and 754 receive digital signal 714, wherein counter 753 may be incremented in response to positive transitions of signal 714 and counter 754 may be incremented in response to negative transitions of signal 714. Each transition of signal 714 causes one of the counters 753 or 754 to increment to a new state, thereby causing one of the decoders 755 and 756 to be incremented to a new state for selecting a next one of chirp generators 757-758. Each chirp generator 757-758 generators an up-chirp signal in response to selection with output signals of decoders 755 and 756 in response to each transition of signal 714 for generating an up-chirp signal 715-721. Up-chirp signals 715-721 may be multiplexed together with multiplexor 759 for driving a write head for storage in signature memory 749. Reading of information stored in memory 749 generates an output multiplexed signal related to multiplexed signal 722 for processing with demodulator 751. Demodulator 751 receives multiplexed signal 722 with read amlifier 775 for processing with squaring amplifier 765 and for correlating with correlator 766 in response to up-chirp signal 723. Correlator 766 generates correlation output singal 724 wherein each correlation output peak may be related to an up-chirp signal 715-721. Correlation output signal 724 may be processed with digital peak detector 767 to generate output clock pulses 725 to toggle flip-flop 768 for generating a reconstructed digital output signal 726.
FIG. 7C will now be used to exemplify a multi-channel embodiment of the signature memory feature of the present invention. Digital data signal 734 may be generated with digital device 710 to modulator 750 in modem 711 for storage in signature memory 749. A first signature signal such as up-chirp signal 735 may be generated in response to each negative transition and a second signature signal such as down-chirp signal 736 may be generated in response to each positive transition of signal 734 with modulator 750. Signal 734 may be input to counter 753 in uncomplemented form and to counter 754 in complemented form, wherein each positive transition clocks counter 753 to command a down-chirp signal with down-chirp signal generators 757, etc under control of decoder 755 and wherein each negative transition may be inverted to clock counter 754 to command an up-chirp signal with up-chirp signal generators 758, etc under control of decoder 756. Positive transitions of signal 734 to bit-2, bit-4 and bit-7 generate down-chirp signals 736, 738, and 740 respectively. Negative transitions of signal 734 to bit-1, bit-3, bit-6, and bit-9 generate up-chirp signals 735, 737, 739, and 741 respectively. Transitions responsive chirp signals 735-741 may be multiplexed theretogether with multiplexor 759 to generate multiplexed signal 742 for driving a write head to write multiplexed signal 742 into signature memory 749. Information stored in signature memory 749 may be monitored and demodulated with demodulator 751, where multiplexed signal 742 sensed with amplifier 775 may be processed with correlator 769 operating in response to up-chirp pilot signal 743B for generating correlator output signal 744B and may be processed with correlator 766 operating in response to down-chirp pilot signal 734B for generating correlator output signal 744A. Peak detectors 767 and 770 may be digital peak detectors and may generate clock pulses 754A in response to peaks of correlator output signal 744A and may generate clock pulses 754A in response to peaks of correlator output signal 744B to reconstruct digital signal 746 having up-chirp responsive negative transitions and down-chirp responsive positive transitions.
An alternate multi-channel embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 7C. A first signal may be input to counter 753 and a second signal may be input to counter 754. Transitions of the signal to counter 753 may generate down-chirp signals 736, 738, and 740 and transitions of the signal input to counter 754 may generate up-chirp signals 735, 737, 739, and 741. Down-chirp signals may constitute a first channel in response to transitions of the digital input to counter 753 and up-chirp signals may constitute a second channel in response to transitions of the digital signal input to counter 754. Up-chirp signals from the second channel and the down-chirp signals from the first channel may all be multiplexed theretogether to provide multiplexed signal 742 for storing in signature memory 749. Similarly, multiplexed signal 742 may be read from signature memory 749 for processing with signature demodulator 751 to generate correlated output signal 744A related to the first channel and correlated output signal 744B related to the second channel. Correlator output signals 744A and 744B may be provided as separate signals related to separate output channels. Therefore in accordance with the instant feature of the present invention, a plurality of separate memory channels may be provided having different signatures therebetween for multiplexing theretogether, for storage in signature memory 749, and for separation therebetween when output from signature memory 749 with a plurality of correlator demodulator channels operating in response to different signature pilot signals. Therefore, multiplexing together of different signature signals for storage and demultiplexing for separation of the different signature signals output from signature memory 740 permits a plurality of signature channels to be recorded in a superimposed or overlapping form for increasing storage density.
An analog signature memory embodiment will now be exemplified with reference to FIG. 8. A plurality of analog signal samples S1-S4 may be used to modulate signature signals such as up-chirp amplitude signals 811-814. Amplitude modulated signature signals 811-814 may be multiplexed theretogether to provide multiplexed analog in signal 815 for recording in an analog memory device. Reading of multiplexed signal 815 from signature memory 749 and processing with correlator demodulator 751 provides correlation output signal peaks 816 having a spacing therebetween related to input analog signal samples S1-S4. Sample S1 may be considered to be a reference signal amplitude, wherein correlation output signal peak 821 related to reference amplitude signal sample S1 may be used to compensate for amplitude errors as discussed with reference to FIG. 9 hereinafter.
The signature memory feature of the present invention may be used in conjunction with well known prior art memories wherein input signals provided to signature memory 749 may be processed with signature modulator 750 and stored signals received from signature memory 749 may be processed with signature demodulator 751. One well known prior art magnetic tape recorder memory is the model H magnetic tape recorder manufactured by Cipher Data Products of San Diego, Calif. and described in Technical Manual CDP-100 revised Oct. 1970 which is incorporated herein by reference. Another well known prior art magnetic tape recorder memory is the Model 7.times.20 synchronous write synchronous read tape transport manufactured by Pertec of Chatworth, Calif. and described in Operating And Service Manual No. 101007 which is incorporated herein by reference. Another prior art magnetic tape recorder is manufactured by Bucode Inc of Hauppauge, N.Y. and described in the Handbook, Operation And Maintenance, Magnetic Tape Systems Models 4005 and 4025 dated Oct. 1972 and incorporated herein by reference.
Arrangement of the signature memory of the present invention using the above referenced Bucode magnetic tape systems will now be described with the above referenced Bucode Handbook. FIG. 4-2 of said handbook shows read/write circuits having computer data input and computer data output, where the computer data input signals may be connected to signature modulator 750 for generating multiplexed signature signals 722 and 742 and the computer data output signals may be connected to signature demodulator 751 for demodulating multiplexed signature signals 722 and 742 (FIG. 7) for operation in accordance with the present invention. Similarly, the Bucode Handbook defines interface line receiver and line driver arrangements that are compatible well known line receiver and line driver circuits for interfacing to the magnetic tape system. Further, schematics of the logic and electronic circuits of the Bucode magnetic tape system are available to show well known prior art magnetic tape system implementation. Similarly, the above referenced documents describing the Cipher and Pertec magnetic tape systems provide interface specifications to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to interface therewith. Also, other well known prior art memories such as magnetic disc and magnetic drum memories are well documented to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to interface therewith.
Many well known memory devices are multi-track devices such as 7-track and 9-track magnetic tape transports and multi-track head per track magnetic disc and drum memories. Therefore, a plurality of input signals may be provided simultaneously to such memory devices and a plurality of output signals may be received simultaneously from such memory devices. For simplicity of discussion, only a single track of a plurality of tracks that may be available is considered with reference to FIG. 7. It is herein intended that the single track mudulator 750 described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7D and single track demodulator 751 described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7F be exemplary of modulator and demodulator arrangements for other tracks which may be included in a multi-track modem having multiple modulator and demodulator devices. In a preferred embodiment, single track modem 711 may be duplicated to provide a separate modem for each of a plurality of tracks for signature memory 749. Therefore, a 7-track magnetic tape transport may have 7-modem devices such as modem 711 wherein each of the 7-modem devices may be dedicated to a different magnetic tape transport track. Further, each of the tracks of signature memory 749 may have a plurality of channels wherein each channel may be related to a different signature modulated signal and where all of the different signature modulated signals for the different channels may be multiplexed theretogether to provide a multi-channel track for each of a plurality of tracks.
Prior art multi-track memories may provide a plurality of serial words wherein each serial word may be recorded on a separate track or may provide a plurality of parallel words wherein each parallel word is recorded on a plurality of tracks. For example, well known IBM tape formats provide a 7-bit parallel word to be recorded on a 7-track magnetic tape wherein each bit of a word is recorded on a different track. In accordance with the present invention, a different serial word of a plurality of serial words may be recorded on each channel of each of a plurality of tracks. In an alternate arrangement, digital information may be stored in parallel form having one-bit per channel for each of the tracks and having a different parallel word per multi-channel track. In still an alternate embodiment, digital information may be stored in paralllel form having a different digital bit of a parallel word stored on a different track which may be the corresponding modulating signal channel of each track or may be a different modulating signal channel of each track and wherein other parallel words may be stored with different digital bits of each word on different tracks. In still another embodiment, a multi-bit signature signal amplitude may be recorded, wherein a plurality of bits for each of the signature signals may be recorded on a different channel of a particular track and wherein different bits of the digital information may be recorded on different tracks. Other combinations of serial and parallel digital word recordings having combinations of channels and tracks for a particular digital signal may be provided.
Validity checks and error checks may be made using well known codes such as a parity check, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) to determine validity of memory output information. If the memory output signals do not pass the required checks or have not obtained the desired amplitude, repetitive readings of the recorded information may be made and the signals may be composited theretogether such as for compositing-after-correlation capability. In a rotating memory such as a magnetic disc or magnetic drum memory, recorded information may be sequentially presented as the memory rotates, thereby providing sequential traces for compositing theretogether. For a magnetic tape memory, the magnetic tape may be rewound and reread for a desired number of times for compositing memory output information to enhance output signals. This compositing arrangement may be used in conjunction with the signature memory arrangement of the present invention to enhance output signals and, in the presence of an error condition, permits compositing operations to overcome the error condition. Well known recorded preamble and postamble data such as for drum, disc, and tape memory blocks may be used for synchronization of correlation and compositing operations just as they are used in the prior art for synchonizing of data transfer operations.
An analog signature memory arrangement may be exemplified with signature memory 749 implemented with an Ampex Model 601 magnetic tape recorder, discussed in Ampex Operation Maintenance Manual TM1001 incorporated herein by reference. The Ampex model 601 recorder is an analog magnetic tape recorder and therefor provides for recording analog signals. Therefore, use of analog signature signals such as sinewave chirp signals may be modulated with input information. Analog multiplexed signals from modulator 750 may be input to a record channel such as the microphone input on the Ampex tape recorder for recording on magnetic tape and analog multiplexed signals from the magnetic tape recorder may output from a read channel such as from the output jack labeled phones on the Ampex tape recorder.
Output signals from the signature memory arrangement of the present invention may be very long continuous signals. Therefore, particular advantages may be achieved by using the correlate on-the-fly and output on-the-fly features of the present invention in combination with the signature memory feature of the present invention.
CRT Display Embodiment
In a display system embodiment of the present invention, output signal samples may be display to an operator with a cathode ray tube (CRT) display device in real-time as the information is being correlated without the need for an output memory device. In such an arrangement, the output product P.sub.J times T.sub.L may be presented directly to a CRT or other display device. The output memory may be implicit in the display device, where the output device may be a storage CRT such as the Tektronix Model 601 CRT or may be an oscilloscope such as Tektronix Model 454 oscilloscope, wherein the memory function may be performed by the persistency of the CRT.
The use of a CRT display for the output device and the use of the persistency of the CRT display for the memory device will now be discussed with reference to the example set forth in Table III, the algorithm discussed with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B above, and the embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 6D above. Two signals available from the correlation processor (FIG. 6D) will be used to control a CRT including the product signal from gate 626 related to the product of P.sub.J and T.sub.L which may be a one-bit product in a simplified embodiment to exemplify this feature and the synchronization signal from gate 621 related to initiating a new update of output signal samples.
The product signal from gate 627 may be provided to the z-axes input of a CRT which is the intensity modulation input to the CRT. Therefore, the solution of each product computation may present either an intensity point or a non-intensity point. The persistency or storage characteristic of the CRT may cause all intensity signals associated with a corresponding point on the CRT to be summed or integrated by the persistency or storage characteristic of the CRT. Therefore, as the CRT electron beam is swept over the face of the CRT under control of the CRT SYNC signal (FIG. 6D), the intensity of the electron beam when transversing a particular point for each of a plurality of sweeps may be integrated for that particular point to provide an intensity that is related to the sum of the intensities for each successive sweep. The intensity may be degraded as a function of time. For storage CRT such as the Tektronix Model 601 CRT, the degradation may be inconsequential; wherein the intensity of a point may be approximately proportional to the sum of the intensities of the electron beam for that point on the CRT for each of a plurality of sweeps. For a non-stage CRT such as the Tektronix Model 454 oscilloscope CRT, the signal may be degraded as a function of time and as a function of persistency wherein more recent sweeps may have more significance than earlier less recent sweeps. This is not necessarily a disadvantage, wherein the operator's eye or a recording device may integrate the visual information even for a high speed short persistency CRT such as used in the Tektronic Model 454 oscilloscope. Further, a continuous correlation operation may be used to present continuous information to the CRT for continuously refreshing the CRT with new display information in order to compensate for degradation of old display information.
In view of the above, storage or persistency characteristics of a CRT, or of an output medium such as film, or of an operator's vision may provide an output memory function for the correlation operation in place of a more permanent memory such as a core memory, a disc memory, and a magnetic tape memory.
A CRT display may display output signal samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 (Table III) that are presented at positions along a sweep horizontally across a CRT, where the Z.sub.0 output signal sample may be provided at the start of a sweep at the left-hand side of the CRT and the Z.sub.1 -Z.sub.12 output signal samples may be sequentially presented to the CRT as the sweep progresses in the right-hand direction until the last output signal sample Z.sub.12 is provided at the right-hand end of the sweep. Each output product T.sub.L times P.sub.J may be used to excite the CRT Z-axes as intensity modulation to the Z-axes input of the CRT. The CRT display may be synchronized to the computation with the CRT SYNC pulse (FIG. 6D), a Z.sub.0 address (K=0), or other sync pulse relating to start of the output signal sample updates. In an alternate embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 5A, a CRT sync pulse may be provided in any of operations 515 or 516. In another alternate embodiment discussed with reference to FIG. 5B, a CRT sync pulse may be provided with the start of the correlation sync pulse detected in operation 540 or in any of operations 541 or 542 for the first iteration and either of operations 548-550 for subsequent iterations.
The significance of the CRT displayed information will now be described with reference to the above mentioned sync pulse and the product output signals. Each column shown in Table III represents a plurality of pilot signal sample computations for each trace signal sample, wherein each pliot signal sample updates an output signal sample for the trace signal sample at the top of the column (Table III). Therefore, computations described for the algorithm set forth in Table III such as with reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 6D provide a sequence of pilot signal computations starting with the first pilot signal sample P.sub.Jo at the top of a column (Table III) and progressing to the last pilot signal sample at the bottom of the column, wherein the related computations correspond to output signal samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 in sequence. Therefore, this computational algorithm provides for the sequential updating of output signal samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 as the computation for a selected trace signal sample T.sub.L progresses from a first pilot signal sample P.sub.Jo at the top of a column to a last pilot signal sample at the bottom of a column. Because the computation is synchronized to the output signal samples wherein the first product (row 1) for a particular trace signal sample updates the first output sample Z.sub.0 ; the second product (row 2) for a particular trace signal sample updates the second output signal sample Z.sub.1 ; and so forth as the computations for a particular trace signal sample and for the sequential pilot signal samples generates updates for the sequential Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 output signal samples. Therefore, this computational algorithm sequentially scans through all of the output signal samples Z.sub.K in sequence for each trace sample T.sub.L and updates the appropriate output signal samples. If a CRT display is synchronized to the output sample updates, the output signal samples or the output sample updates may be displayed on the CRT as the electron beam sweep progresses across the CRT face refreshing the output signal samples Z.sub.0 -Z.sub.12 for each electron beam sweep; wherein each electron beam sweep is synchronized to each new trace signal sample T.sub.L and therefore to each computational iteration corresponding to each update of the sequential output signal samples. Synchronization of the CRT electron beam sweep to the start of the output signal updates for a particular trace signal sample synchronizes the CRT sweep to the computational inner loop 503 (FIG. 5A) or operations 542-547 (FIG. 5B), wherein the output signal sample storage memory may be the storage or persistency of the CRT and wherein each input trace signal sample causes a new set of inner loop iterations of the correlation algorithm and a resultant sequential update of the output signal samples as the electron beam sweeps across the CRT face.
Updating of each output signal sample Z.sub.K occurs at a precise time after the start of the sweep of the start of the sync pulse because of precise timing of digital equipment operating with crystal clocks and because of the precision of the CRT sweep circuitry. Therefore, the CRT display updates are repeatable for a particular output sample position on the face of the CRT. For this CRT embodiment, it is desirable to have equal time intervals between update of each output signal sample to have equal spacing and repeatable spacing for output signal samples on the CRT display. Therefore, the inner loop computational iterations set forth in FIGS. 5A and 5B may have equal time delays for each iteration period in an iterative loop. In FIGS. 5A, inner loop operations are shown taking two separate paths determined by test operation 527 in order to save computational time. In the CRT embodiment it is desired to maintain constant time rather than achieve minimum time, wherein operation 527 may determine whether computational results should be displayed but may not bypass operation 517. This could be accomplished by placing a time delay in the NO path from operation 527 having a time delay period equal to the time delay period of compute operation 517 to equalize time delays through inner loop 503. Alternately, decision operation 527 could enable or disable a blanking flip-flop control circuit to determine if the computed product should be displayed or not displayed, wherein the CRT display may be blanked for not displaying the computed update in response to the NO path logic and may be unblanked for displaying the computed update in response to the YES path from operation 527; wherein both the unblanked YES path and the blanked NO path would execute the computation in operation 517 instead of bypassing operation 517 with the NO path. Similarly, in the algorithm set forth in FIG. 5B; the test for J being negative in operation 546 may have a disable computation operation 547 for the YES path that is equal in time delay to the access and compute operations 542 and 543 for the NO path to equalize time delays for both alternate paths when looping back for inner loop operations. Many other alternate arrangements will now become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings of this invention for providing repeatable or constant time delays between output signal updates for synchronization with a CRT sweep.
The arrangement discussed with reference to FIG. 6D may be used in conjunction with a CRT output device. For example, the output of NOR-gate 621 is shown as CRT sync signal and output of NAND-gate 627 is shown as a CRT Z-axis excitation signal; where these CRT control signals will be described below.
The starting of updating of each new output sample Z.sub.K is identified by loading of counters 616 and 619 with output signal NXT from NOR-gate 621, followed by a time sequence of computational updates under control of exclusive-OR gate 626 as enabled with NAND-gate 627. Therefore, the output of NOR-gate 621 may be used for synchronizing a CRT sweep and the output of NAND-gate 627 may be used to excite the Z-axis intensity control of a CRT wherein a zero-state from gate 627 is indicative of a comparison between trace signal samples T.sub.L and pilot signal samples P.sub.J and a one-state from gate 627 is indicative of a non-comparison between trace signal samples T.sub.L and pliot signal sample P.sub.J. Therefore, the output of NOR-gate 621 may initiate a CRT sweep and the output of gate 627 may be used to intensity modulate a CRT sweep. Further, update signal UPD from NAND-gate 627 may be inverted to provide update signal UPD to excite the CRT Z-axis with a one-state related to a comparison and a zero-state related to a non-comparison as shown in FIG. 6D.
Materials in the sections listed below:
Listening Period Compensation
Multiple Shotpoint Arrangement
Multiple Channel Ensonification From Each Shotpoint
Correlation Output On-The-Fly
Charge Coupled Device Signal Processor (FIG. 9) CCD Demodulator and Multiplexer (FIG. 9A)
Beam Forming (FIG. 9B)
Hybrid Memory
CCD Compositor (FIG. 9E)
CCD Correlator
has been deleted herein; which material is herein incorporated by reference from ancestor U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,843 at column 161 line 61 to column 218 line 65.
In Closing
The features of the present invention have been discussed in detail above with reference to FIGS. 1-9. In closing, some of the important features of the present invention will be briefly discussed.
The improved digital filter of the present invention incorporate many important features that provide high speed, high accuracy, low complexity, and low cost with unique implementations and algorithms. A digital correlator and a digital compositor are used to exemplify a generalized digital filtering implementation. Processing of low resolution input information to generate high resolution output information enhances characteristics of a digital filter. Processing of input information in real-time reduces hardware complexity and improves operational capability.
Digital filtering algorithms are provided for processing low resolution input information to generate high resolution output information. Processing of low resolution input information simplifies circuitry and increases processing speed. Updating of high resolution output information is accomplished by low resolution updating of high resolution output information in response to low resolution processed information.
Single-bit input information provides the limiting case of low resolution input information, where single-bit information is simple to acquire and simple to process. Single-bit information may be considered to be a sign-bit signal, wherein the sign-bit may be considered to be the most-significant-bit of a digital word and wherein the sign-bit may be used as the single-bit resolution word. Such a sign-bit signal for a single-bit resolution word may be converted to digital form merely by detecting the positive or negative polarity of an input analog signal, wherein a polarity detector such as a comparator or a Schmidt trigger may be considered to be a single-bit analog-to-digital converter.
A single-bit computation is provided as the limiting case of low resolution input information for updating high resolution output information. Single-bit computations may be implemented with simple circuitry and may be performed at high speed. For example, a single-bit multiplication operation may be performed by comparing bits of the input signals to determine the sign-bit of the product; wherein multiplication of similar sign-bits, either both positive or both negative, yields a positive product sign-bit and multiplication of different sign-bits, a positive and a negative sign-bit, yields a negative product sign-bit. Single-bit or incremental multiplication may be performed with an exclusive-OR circuit, a coincidence circuit, or other single-bit comparison circuits to yield a single-bit produce signal. Similarly, incremental addition can be implemented with simple circuits and provides high speed operations. Incremental addition may be performed with a simple counter arrangement and may be used to update high resolution sums in response to low resolution or incremental resolution operations. Incremental addition may be performed by either incrementing or not-incrementing the sum or by either incrementing or decrementing the sum in response to a binary state of an incremental number.
Real-time digital filtering provides for processing input information as it becomes available with reduced dependence upon buffering or storing of input information. A single channel digital filter may sample an input signal and may update a plurality of samples of an output signal in response to each input signal sample as the input signal samples are acquired, thereby eliminating the need to store or buffer input signal samples. Updating of output information in response to an input signal sample may involve the partial updating of each of a plurality of output samples in response to a single input sample. For example of a correlation digital filter, each trace signal sample may contribute to the magnitude of a plurality of output signal samples, wherein a trace signal sample may be used to update a plurality of output signal samples. Similarly, each output signal sample may have a magnitude related to the magnitude of a plurality of trace signal samples and therefore may be updated in response to each of a plurality of trace samples, all of which contribute to the magnitude of the particular output signal sample. Therefore, a real-time correlation arrangement may provide for updating of a plurality of output signal samples in response to each trace signal sample as acquired.
A multi-channel digital filter arrangement may be implemented to update output signal samples with a plurality of sequential spacial-domain samples. Input samples from each of a plurality of spacial-domain channels may be acquired and processed for each sequential sample period, wherein processing involves updating of output information in response to spacial-domain samples across an array on a channel-by-channel basis as the sampling processes in the temporal-domain on a sample-by-sample basis. In a simple embodiment wherein each channel is maintained separate and the plurality of channels do not interact, each channel may be sampled for a particular sample interval and each channel sample may be used to update output signal samples related to that particular channel without interacting with other channels. In alternate embodiments wherein the output signal samples are updated by samples from each of a plurality of input channels, the spacial-domain input samples across the array may be processed either together or separately to update the same output information having interaction therebetween.
Various digital filtering techniques may be combined to provide a plurality of interacting digital filter arrangements. This capability may be exemplified by the combination of a correlator filter and a compositor filter. Compositing may be performed in the time-domain or in the frequency-domain and correlation may be performed in the time-domain or in the frequency-domain. Various combinations of compositing and correlation may be provided including time-domain compositing and time-domain correlation, frequency-domain compositing and frequency-domain correlation, time-domain compositing and frequency-domain correlation, and frequency-domain compositing and time-domain correlation. Further, the arrangement may include either compositing-before-correlation or compositing-after -correlation capabilities. Therefore, an arrangement may be provided having time-domain compositing before time-domain correlation, frequency-domain compositing before frequency-domain correlation, time-domain compositing before frequency-domain correlation, or frequency-domain compositing before time-domain correlation. Alternately, the arrangement may provide time-domain correlation before time-domain compositing, time-domain correlation before frequency-domain compositing, frequency-domain correlation before frequency-domain compositing, and frequency-domain correlation before time-domain compositing. Therefore, alternate computations of compositing-before-correlation and compositing-after -correlation may be provided with either frequency-domain or time-domain correlation and with either frequency-domain or time-domain compositing.
A plurality of correlator channels may be provided for separation of selected signal components from an input signal or from a plurality of input signals. In one embodiment, a single input signal may be composited over a plurality of ensembles to provide a composited input signal, wherein the composited input signal may be correlated with a plurality of different correlator channels, and wherein each correlator channel may have a different correlation pilot signal for separating a different signal component from the composited signal with each correlator channel. In another embodiment, a plurality of correlator channels may process a single input signal wherein each of the correlator channels is responsive to a different pilot signal for separating different signal components from the input signal, wherein the output signals from each of the correlator channels may be composited together. In still another embodiment, a plurality of correlator channels may process an input signal with a different pilot signal for each of the correlator channels to separate different signal components from the single input signal without compositing the output signals theretogether. In yet an alternate embodiment, a plurality of input signals may each be processed with a corresponding correlator channel for outputting independent and separate correlator output signals. In yet another embodiment, a plurality of input signals may each be processed with a related correlator channel to generate a correlated output signal for each channel, wherein the plurality of correlated output signals from the plurality of channels may be composited together to provide an output composited signal related to the plurality of correlated input signals. In still yet another embodiments, a plurality of input signals may each be processed with a separate compositor to provide a plurality of composited input signals, wherein each composited input signal may be processed with a related correlator to generate a correlated and composited output signal for each of a plurality of compositor and correlator channels and wherein the plurality of output signals may be maintained separately therebetween or may be composited theretogether in a composite-before -correlation and a composite-after-correlation combined arrangement.
A plurality of correlator channels may be provided for separation of signal components with either a different pilot signal for each correlator channel or the same pilot signal for the plurality of correlator channels. Similarly, each of the correlator channels may process the same input signal or each of the correlator channels may process different input signals in response to the pliot signal. Various combinations of these capabilities may provide special advantages. In one arrangement, a plurality of correlator channels may each process a related input signal different from the other input signals to the other channels in response to a pilot signal that is different from the pilot signals of the other correlator channels. In another embodiment, a pluality of correlators may each process the same input signal in response to different pilot signals wherein the input signal for each of the plurality of correlator channels is the same and wherein the pilot signal for each of the plurality of correlators is different therebetween. In yet another embodiment, a plurality of correlator channels may each process a related input signal that is different from the input signals for the other correlator channels in response to the same pilot signal, wherein each of the plurality of correlator channels may have an input signal that is different from the input signals to the other correlator channels and may have a pilot signal that is the same as the other pilot signals for the other correlator channels. In still another embodiment, a plurality of correlator channels may each process the same input signal in response to the same pilot signal, wherein the input signal may be the same for each of the plurality of correlator channels and wherein the pilot signal may be the same for each of the plurality of correlator channels.
A correlator arrangement may have particular advantages by combining the correlation and compositing operations, wherein the compositing operation may be implicit in the correlation operation for compositing-after-correlation. A correlation may be implemented with a sum-of-the-products algorithm providing a sum-of-the-products computation for each of a plurality of correlations and may also provide an implicit compositing-after-correlation capability. In one embodiment, a plurality of trace signals may be correlated with the same pilot signal and may be composited-after-correlation by summing the products theretogether between different correlated trace signals. In another embodiment, a plurality of trace signals generated together or generated having overlapping therebetween may each be correlated and wherein the products of each correlation may be summed together for compositing-after-correlation between a plurality of channels. Similarly, the various alternate embodiments discussed above for a plurality of correlator channels may be composited theretogether by summation together of the products generated by each of a plurality of channels.
An iterative correlation algorithm is provided for iterating through various loops as the correlation computation progresses. A real-time correlation algorithm may have a high speed inner iterative loop for updating a plurality of output samples in response to a single trace signal sample and a plurality of pilot signal samples and may have a lower speed outer iterative loop for sequencing through each of a plurality of trace signal samples, wherein each of the plurality of trace signal samples accessed with the outer loop may be processed with the plurality of inner loop iterations mentioned above. Further, a middle iterative loop may be provided for sequencing through each of a plurality of trace signal channels, wherein each sample from each of the plurality of channels may be processed with the high speed inner loop and wherein the plurality of channels accessed with the middle loop may be provided in response to each sequential time interval sample associated with an outer loop iteration. Such a multiple iterative loop arrangement may be implemented in a software embodiment with a stored program computer such as with multi-level indexing operations and may be provided in a special purpose hardwired logical arrangement under control of a plurality of counters.
A compositing-after-correlation algorithm is provided wherein the update of output signal samples are the same for each of a plurality of different trace signal correlations, thereby permitting correlations to be continued with the computational updates being compatible for each of a plurality of trace signals. Therefore, correlation may be provided for a plurality of trace signals all updating the same output signal samples, thereby providing compositing-after-correlation capability. Compositing-after-correlation is provided by compositing together updates from a plurality of traces, wherein the updates are compatible independent of which of a plurality of signals is being correlated. This capability may be extended to encompass simultaneous correlation of each of a plurality of trace signals and updating of a common output signal in response to each correlation operation for compositing a plurality of simultaneously correlated or sequentially correlated trace signals together.
Generation of continuous pilot signals or generation of overlapping pilot signals in a geophysical embodiment may eliminate unnecessary time delays such as associated with the prior art listening period between completion of a first ensonifying signal and initiation of the next subsequent ensonifying signal. Elimination of listening periods may be provided by generating sequential or overlapping ensonifying signals having a different signatures therebetween and being separable therebetween through correlation. Such as arrangement may involve implementation of a plurality of correlator channels, each channel having a different pilot signal for correlating with each of the signatures associated with the different ensonifying signals.
Reduction of digital noise, computational noise, and correlation sidelobes may be accomplished by compositing together a plurality of correlated signals, wherein each of the plurality of correlated signals may be generated in response to a different pilot signal signature. Each correlated signal may be generated in response to a different pilot signal signature and may have different sidelobes and other effects related to undesirable signal portions, wherein the compositing-after -correlation of such correlated signals may provide for reduction of the undesirable signal portions.
An embodiment is provided for monitoring a non-repeatable type of ensonifying signal such as a dynamite blast and correlating the received trace signals with the monitored ensonifying signal. A plurality of correlated signals may be composited therebetween in response to correlation with a pilot signal derived by measuring the ensonifying signals; thereby permitting compositing of signals after correlation related to non-repeatable ensonifying signal sources such as dynamite blasts.
The compositing-after-correlation feature of the present invention provides important efficiencies of mechanization. For example, the usual requirement for a large input memory for buffering uncorrelated trace signals may be eliminated. Further, compositing-after-correlation may be provided as being implicit in the correlation mechanization of a preferred embodiment, where compositing capability may be obtained without the need for special compositing devices. For example, the correlation algorithm involves a sum-of-the-products computation while compositing involves a sum computation, where the sum of the products computation of the correlation mechanization includes the summation computation associated with compositing and therefore minimizes special compositing computational logic. Still further, a significant amount of time may be saved by compositing as part of a correlation operation wherein the usual prior art requirement to composite at a different time than the time to correlate is eliminated by providing both compositing and correlation substantially simultaneously.
A preferred embodiment of a compositor and correlator uses counter control logic and incremental computational logic for providing correlated output signal samples. A C-counter is used to generate a sequence of control signals for sequentially controlling various correlator operations. A J-counter is preloaded with an initial address and controlled to countdown through a sequence of pilot signal sample addresses. A P-store provides pilot signal samples in response to addresses from the J-counter. A trace signal is sampled and converted to a single-bit signal form with a squaring amplifier and flip-flop to be compared with the stored pilot signal sample to determine correspondence therebetween. An exclusive-OR circuit may be used to provide such comparison to determine whether the single-bit trace and pilot signal samples are the same or are different for generating an update signal related to correspondence therebetween. A disable control arrangement is provided to disable the update signal for undesireable or blank update conditions outside of the range of acceptable pilot signal samples. An L-counter is provided to count trace signal samples for determining when the trace signal has been completed and therefore when a correlation operation has been completed. A K-counter is provided to sequence through a set of output signal samples synchronous with the sequencing through the set of piolot signal samples under control of the J-counter. The K-counter may be preloaded with a first output signal address and may be controlled to increment through the set of output signal samples. An output sample store is provided for storing output signal samples that are updated under control of an enabled update signal. The K-counter provides an address for accessing samples for updating and for again storing updated samples into the Z-store. A Z-counter is provided for receiving the sample for updating from the Z-store, for providing an incremental update in response to an enabled update signal, and for again storing the updated signal in the proper location in the Z-store. A clear control and a composite control may be provided for controlling compositing-after-correlation. The clear control may be used to clear the Z-store after a compositing and correlation operation has been completed. A composite control may be provided for determining the number of correlated trace signals that are to be composited together and for discounting compositing and correlation operations in response to the completion thereof. Output signals may be provided for display such as outputting of a CRT sync signal related to each output signal update operation in response to each new trace signal sample and in response to a CRT Z-axes control for modulating CRT intensity to update output signal samples. The output signals may be stored in the persistency characteristic of the CRT as an electron beam is swept over the CRT face. In an alternate display embodiment, digital samples from the Z-store and the Z-store address may each be provided to a digital-to-analog converter for controlling amplitude and displacement of a CRT electron beam in response to the address and the intensity samples for generating a plot of the correlation output signal in response thereto. Alternately, the output of the Z-store may be provided to an output device such as a magnetic tape recorder, a plotter, a computer, or other output device.
Implementation of a real-time correlator algorithm in a hardware embodiment or in a software embodiment may be provided with on-the-fly computations. Detection of a sync pulse may be used to initialize control logic and computational parameters. A trace signal sample may be acquired and may be processed with each of a plurality of pilot signal samples for updating output signal samples. After completion of processing each acquired trace signal sample with a plurality of pilot signal samples the pilot sample iteration control may be initialized, the next trace signal sample may be acquired, and the newly acquired trace signal sample may then be processed with a plurality of pilot signal samples. A pair of iterative loops may be provided wherein a high speed inner iterative loop may process a trace signal sample with a plurality of pilot signal samples and an outer iterative loop may be provided for acquiring each of a sequence of trace signal samples for processing each with the plurality of pilot signal samples with the inner iterative loop.
A multi-channel embodiment of the above described iterative processing arrangement may be provided with a middle iterative loop for sequencing through a plurality of channels for a particular sample interval, wherein the inner iterative loop processes each of the samples from the middle iterative loop with a plurality of pilot signal samples. After each of the plurality of channel signal samples for a particular time interval sample has been processed with the plurality of pilot signal samples, another sample time interval may be initiated with the outer loop for selecting a new time interval for iteratively processing the plurality of channel samples associated with that time interval in the middle loop and for iteratively processing each of the plurality of channel samples for the particular interval with the plurality of pilot signal samples in the inner iterative loop.
In accordance with the correlation algorithm of the present invention, sequential states in the iterative process may be unnecessary for updating output samples. A decoder circuit or a computational decision may be provided to detect necessary update operations for enabling and to detect unnecessary update operations for disabling. Similarly, the decoder logic or test operation permits skipping of unnecessary update operations such as by branching around sequential operations in hardware or in software or by preloading counters with the appropriate initial parameter in response to the last necessary parameter of a prior operation for the purpose of reducing computational time associated with unnecessary operations.
In accordance with a composite-after-correlation capability of the present invention, provision may be made for clearing the output sample memory contents for discontinuing compositing of prior correlated samples and provision may be made for perserving the output sample memory contents through subsequent correlations in order to implement compositing-after-correlation operations.
A multi-channel correlator and compositor arrangement may be provided by duplicating a single correlator channel for a plurality of times. Control logic may be common for the plurality of channels which may be synchronized for processing simultaneous information. Trace signals may be different for each of the plurality of channels or the same trace signal may be input to each of the plurality of channels. Similarly, pilot signals such as from a P-store may be the same for each of the plurality of channels or may be different for each of the plurality of channels. In one embodiment, a different trace signal may be input to each of the plurality of correlator channels but the same pilot signal may be used for each of the plurality of channels for processing the different trace signals. Alternately, a single trace signal may be common to each of plurality of correlator channels but the pilot signal may be different for each of the plurality of correlator channels for correlating a single trace signal with a plurality of pilot signals. Further, a different trace signal may be input to each of the plurality of correlator channels and a different pilot signal may be used for each of the plurality of correlator channels to correlate a pilot signal with a trace signal wherein the pilot signal and trace signal for each channel is different than the pilot signal and trace signal for each other of the plurality of channels. In an output embodiment, the output signal update and storage arrangement may be different and separate for each of the plurality of channels, wherein each channel may independently correlate and composite information without compositing with other channels. Alternately, the output signal storage and updating logic may be common to a plurality of correlating channels for compositing together the output signals from each of the plurality of correlator channels.
A compositor control may be provided having a programmable counter for loading a desired number of composite operations, then being decremented by each actual composite operation until counted down to zero as being indicative of completion of the programmed quantity of composite operations. Preloading of the programmable quantity of composite operations may be performed in response to a clear signal for clearing the output sample memory or may be performed in response to other control signals. Completion of composite operations may be controlled with a signal from the compositor control indicative of completion of the last programmable operation or may be controlled from other sources. For example, an operator may monitor the composited information such as with CRT or plotter output device for determining the quality of the output information, wherein the operator may initiate a control signal for discounting compositing operations when the output signal has acceptable quality. In an alternate embodiment, an adaptive control arrangement provides for detecting completion of a desired number of composite operations. For example, in a high noise environment amplitude of the composited signals will build up at a slower rate than for a low noise environment and therefore a particular output signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio characteristic may require more composites for a high noise environment than for a low noise environment. Because buildup of the output signals may be indicative of the noise level and may be indicative of the quality of the output signal samples, a detector may be provided in conjunction with the output update logic to determine if the signal samples have built up to a desired amplitude level for the correlation peak signals which may be indicative of a desired quality of output signal samples. Therefore, detection of signal peaks in the output signal samples may be used to adaptively terminate correlation and compositing operations.
The digital filtering arrangement of the present invention may be used for a communication arrangement including communication of digital information and communication of analog information. A chirp modem arrangement is provided in accordance with the present invention, wherein data to be communicated modulates chirp signals for tranmission over a data link and a demodulator in the modem provides correlation operations for separating communicated signals with demodulation through correlation. Modulated signals may be communicated as a plurality of overlapping signals having correlation separable characteristics exemplified by chirp signals.
In one digital communication embodiment, a serial digital word may modulate chirp signals in response to transitions between data-bits. A chirp signal may be generated in response to each positive transition and each negative transition, wherein chirp signals generated in response to positive transitions may be the same as chirp signals generated in response to negative transitions or, alternatively chirp signals generated in response to positive transitions may have a different signature than chirp signals generated in response to negative transitions for separation therebetween through correlation. A serial digital signal provides a sequence of bits, wherein digital bit responsive chirp signals may be generated in a sequence related to the sequence of digital bits. The digital bit responsive chirp signals may be multiplexed together for transmission over a communication link, wherein a multiplexed signal may include a plurality of overlapping chirp signals having a time relationship or phase relationship that is related to a time sequence of transitions of the digital data signal.
The multiplexed communication signal may be processed in a receiving modem with a signature demodulator for correlating the multiplexed signal with a related signature pilot signal to provide correlation output peaks related to transitions of the digital data signal. Electronic circuitry may be used to shape the correlation peaks and to convert the shaped correlation peaks into a digital data signal representative of the transmitted information. In one of the above mentioned embodiments which generates the same chirp signatures in response to both positive and negative transitions of the digital data signal; a single correlator may be provided in the demodulator to demodulate the sequence of single signature chirp signals representative of positive and negative transitions of the communicated digital data signal. This positive and negative transition related correlation output signal may be used to reconstruct the digital data signal by toggling a toggle flip-flop in response to each correlation peak signal. In the above mentioned embodiment wherein a first signature chirp signal is generated in response to a positive transition of the digital data signal and a second signature chirp signal is generated in response to a negative transition of the digital data signal, the demodulator in the receiving modem may include a pair of correlator channels wherein a first correlator channel operates in response to a positive transition related pilot signal and the second correlator channel operates in response to a negative transition related pilot signal to generate correlation output signals having peaks related to the positive transitions and the negative transitions respectively of the communicated data signal. The pair of correlation output signals may be processed to form digital pulses and may be used to reconstruct the communicated data signal by setting a flip-flop in response to positive transition related correlation output peak signals and resetting a flip-flop in response to negative transition related correlation output peak signals.
A plurality of overlapping chirp signals may be generated with plurality of chirp signal generators controlled by a distributor arrangement for distributing control signals in sequence to a plurality of chirp generators. Each sequential transition of the data signal may be distributed to a next sequential chirp generator for generating the related chirp signal overlapping a chirp signal that is also being generated by previously activated chirp generators. The distributor may be constructed in the form of a counter that is clocked in response to transitions of the digital data signal, wherein the incrementally changing counter state may be processed with a decoder to incrementally advance a control signal inbetween a plurality of output signal lines connected to chirp generators to sequentially select each chirp generator in sequence. Each chirp generator may have a latching capability to latch the selecting signal for the condition that the selecting signal is advanced to select other chirp generators, wherein the latch memory preserves the selection of the chirp generator until generation of the chirp signal has been completed. The output of each of the plurality of chirp generators may be multiplexed together such as by exciting different inputs to an electronic summing circuit or by exciting different excitation generators such as VIBROSEIS generators. For the electronic summing embodiment, an electronic signal may be provided having the multiplexed combination of all of the input chirp signals for transmission with a single excitation generator such as a line driver or radio transmitter for a data link. For the embodiment of exciting different VIBROSEIS generators, all chirp signals may be multiplexed implicit in the excitation and transmission wherein, for example, a plurality of seismic signals impressed on the subsurface environment may be mixed or multiplexed together as they propagate through the subsurface environment.
One embodiment of a chirp generator uses analog circuitry to generate a controlled chirp signal. An input latch may be used to store an input selecting signal for the condition that the input selecting signal has a shorter duration than the chirp signal duration and therefore must be stored to preserve the selecting condition for the duration of the chirp signal. An analog integrator may be used to generate a ramp signal for exciting a voltage control oscillator, wherein the voltage controlled oscillator generates a controlled frequency in response to the input analog signal which is a linear chirp signal in response to an input ramp signal. The input signal may be a linear ramp of a positive polarity or a negative polarity for generatig an up-chirp signal or a down-chirp signal respectively with the voltage controlled osciallator. Alternately, various analog function generators may be used in place of the analog integrator to generate analog signals having functions other than the linear ramp. For example, analog function generators may generate exponential, logrythmic, and other analog functions to excite the voltage controlled oscillator, wherein the voltage controlled oscillator generates a chirp signal having a frequency sweep related to an analog signal function. A detector such as a Schmidt trigger may be used to detect the end of the chirp signal such as by detecting a threshold of the analog function signal for generating a reset signal to reset the input latch and to reset the analog circuitry such as by discharging capacitors.
An analog amplitude responsive chirp generator may be implemented by adding amplitude modulation circuitry to a digital or constant amplitude chirp generator. For example, an output chirp signal having amplitude information may be generated in response to a product of a constant amplitude signal and an analog voltage, wherein the product may be generated with an analog multiplier circuit in response to a constant amplitude chirp signal and an analog amplitude signal as multiplier inputs. The constant amplitude chirp signal may be generated with any chirp generator discussed herein or well known in the art. The analog voltage may be provided directly with an analog input signal line or may be provided from a sample-and-hold circuit which samples the analog input signal in response to the distributor or selecting signal that initiates the chirp generator. Therefore, chirp signals may be generated having a constant amplitude that is a function of a sampled and stored analog signal amplitude or a varying amplitude that is a function of variation in an analog input signal processed directly without a sample-and-hold circuit.
For the amplitude modulated chirp signal embodiment, the distributor that was described above may distribute initiation commands to each of a plurality of chirp generators for initiating chirp signals and for sampling analog input signals to amplitude modulate the chirp signals. The sample commands to the distributor may be from a sample clock defining the sampling time interval. A chirp generator enabled with the sample clock responsive distributor may simultaneously sample an analog input signal and initiate a chirp signal, wherein the chirp signal may be generated having an amplitude related to the amplitude of the sampled analog signal and a time or phase relationship defined by the time of the sampled clock and the related start of the chirp signal. Multiplexing of a plurality of amplitude related chirp signals provides a multiplexed signal for communication. Receiving of the communicated multiplexed signal may be provided with a demodulator in a receiving modem, wherein a correlator in the demodulator may be used to demodulate the amplitude modulated chirp signal to provide a plurality of correlation output peak signals having an amplitude related to the amplitude of an analog input sample and having a time spacing therebetween related to the times of the analog signal samples. A chirp demodulator may be implemented with a correlator, wherein the correlation demodulator may have a single correlator channel for demodulating chirp signals having a single signature signal characteristic or may have a plurality of correlation demodulator channels for demodulating a plurality of chirp signature signals. The correlation output signals having a plurality of signal peaks may be processed with digital peak detectors or threshold detectors for processing with digital circuits such a flip-flops or latches to reconstruct the communicated digital data signal from the detected correlation output peaks.
An alternate embodiment of a chirp generator may be implemented with a rate multiplier circuit controllable in response to an input pulse rate and in response to a digital word. A synchronous one-shot circuit may be provided to generate an output pulse in response to an input selecting signal such as from a chirp command distributor, wherein the pulse may be used to set a latch. The combination of a one-shot and a latch precludes detremental effects due to input distributor signal duration such as for long distributor signal duration being compensated by a one-shot circuit generating a pulse having a short pulse width in response to the input distributor signal and for a short distributor signal duration being compensated by a latch circuit which may latch the distributor signal responsive one-shot signal for a duration of time required to generate a particular duration chirp signal. The one-shot output pulse may be used to initialize the rate multiplier circuitry including setting a latch for storage of the one-shot signal for the duration of a chirp signal and resetting or initializing counter circuits and other circuits to initial conditions. A detector circuit may be provided for detecting the end of a chirp signal and for resetting the latch in response to the end of a chirp signal. The latched distributor signal may be used to enable an input clock pulse signal for clocking the rate multiplier, wherein the rate multiplier output pulse rate may be proportional to the frequency of the enabled input clock signal.
A counter circuit may be provided for generating the digital word input to the rate multiplier, wherein the rate multiplier output may be proportional to the input digital word from the counter. The counter may be controlled to count clock pulses to vary the digital word input to the rate mutiplier and therefore to vary the pulse rate output from the rate multiplier in response thereto. For example, the counter may be connected to a constant pulse rate such as a constant clock signal for incrementing the counter in a linear manner to generate an up-chirp signal and for decrementing the counter to generate a down-chirp signal. Alternately, the counter may be connected to a variable pulse rate such as an output from a rate multiplier as a pulse rate feedback signal for generating an exponential up-chirp signal or down-chirp signal for an up-counter or down-counter arrangement respectively. Alternately, the clock signal to clock the rate multiplier and/or the counters may be a variable clock pulse such as from another rate multiplier, wherein a linear up-chirp clock signal to the rate multiplier and a constant clock signal to the counter may generate an exponential output chirp signal and wherein a linear up-chirp clock signal to both the rate multiplier and the counter may generate a higher order exponential output chirp signal. Therefore, selection of the clock signal to the rate multiplier will control the form of the output chirp signal and selection of the clock signal to the counter controlling the rate multiplier will further control the function of the output chirp signal.
A rate multiplier chirp signal may be controlled with an up-counter arrangement, a down-counter arrangement, or an up-down-counter arrangement. For a selectable up-down-counter arrangement, a selecting signal may be provided to select an up-count or a down-count for generating an up-chirp signal or a down-chirp signal respectively and, conversely, for generating a down-chirp signal and an up-chirp signal respectively. A distributor responsive input signal may be used to clear or preload the counter for generating an initial condition word input to the rate multiplier, wherein the initial condition of the counter may define the initial rate input of the rate multiplier. The counter may be cleared or intialized to a low number such as an all zero-state and controlled to count-up for an up-chirp signal and may be intialized or preloaded to a high number such as an all one-state and controlled to count-down for a down-chirp signal. Alternately, other initial conditions may be preloaded to define a start frequency for the rate multiplier.
A detector circuit may be implemented for detecting completion of a chirp signal such as implemented with a decoder or a logical gate arrangement response to a state of the counter. For an up-chirp signal, the detector circuit may be implemented with a logical gage that is responsive to a selected maximum frequency condition defined by the state of the counter such as the highest state of the counter being an all one-state. Similarly for a down-chirp signal, the detector circuit may be implemented with a logical gate that is responsive to a selected minimium frequency condition defined by the state of the counter such as the lowest state of the counter being an all zero-state or a low magnitude state such as a zero-state with a least significant one-bit to distinguish from an all zero-state. Enabling of an up-chirp detector and a down-chirp detector may be provided in response to a up-chirp command signal and a down-chirp command signal respectively such as from an up-down count command signal to the counter. The detector signal may be used to reset the input latch for disabling the input clock signal and therefore terminating the chirp signal.
In an alternate chirp generator embodiment, a digital differentital analyzer (DDA) may be used to generate a controlled pulse rate for synthesizing a chirp signal. A DDA generates an output pulse rate dz proportional to an input pulse rate dx and the state of the Y-register. The Y-register state may be updated with dy incremental pulses, wherein the output pulse rate dz will vary as a function of the changes in the Y-register state which is updated by the dy input signal. For a constant frequency dy signal and a constant frequency dx signal, the dz output signal has a linear frequency variation. For a linearly varying frequency dx signal and a linearly varying frequency dy signal, the output dz signal may have an exponentially changing frequency sweep. In an alternate embodiment, the output dz signal may be fed back as a dy input signal in conjunction with a constant frequency dx signal to generate an exponentially varying frequency output dz signal. Various combinations of frequency sweeps to the dx input and dy input provides different chirp frequency functions as the output signal dz such as linear chirps, exponential chirps, and other chrip functions.
In still an alternate chirp generator embodiment, an arrangement is provided for delaying a chirp signal and for selecting delayed chirp signals in a desired combination. In a preferred embodiment, a chirp generator may be used to generate a particular chirp signal and a shift register may be used to delay the chirp signal. As chirp signal samples are shifted through the shift register, various output lines or taps having different delays or different numbers of stages therebetween will provide a chirp signal at each output tap haiving a delay related to the number of stages from the shift register input and therefore different delays therebetween. Therefore, a shift register or other delay device may be used to generate multiple chirp signals having different time delays or phase shifts from the input signal. A selection circuit may be provided for selecting a combination of the time delay chirp signals from the shift register such as for multiplexing therebetween to generate a multiplexed chirp signal for communication. In one embodiment, the time delay chirp signals may be selected in response to the states of a digital word stored in a control register, wherein each bit of the digital word may be used to enable or disable the chirp signal having a particular time delay from a tap such as by enabling or disabling a logical gate in response to the logical state of the data-bit signal. A plurality of chirp signals having different time delays or phases therebetween may be multiplexed theretogether such as for communication on a data link or for excitation of a VIBROSEIS generator.
The delay line chirp generator embodiment may be combined to provide a pluraltiy of chirp generator and delay line combinations, wherein each combination may generate a plurality of phase shifted chirp signals and wherein each combination may provide a different set of chirp signature signals. In one embodiment, a first chirp signature signal may be selected in response to one-states of a control register and a second chirp signal signature may be selected in response to zero-states of a control register for multiplexing a combination of chirp signals with a first chirp signature related to the one-states of the digital word and a second chirp signature related to the zero-states of a digital word. In another embodiment, a plurality of control registers may be provided wherein each control register may provide for selection for chirp signals having a related signature; wherein chirp signal having a particular chirp signature may be related to a particular control register; and wherein chirp signatures related to different control registers may have different chirp signatures therebetween for identification and separation of chirp signals related to each of the plurality of control registers.
A plurality of different chirp signals each having a different chirp signature may be generated with the shift register embodiment discussed above by providing a variable frequency clock pulse signal to the shift register. Therefore, as a chirp signal, is shifted along the shift register, variations in clock frequency provide compressing or spreading of the chirp signal periods and compressing or spreading respectively of the chirp envelope durations in response to increasing or decreasing clock frequencies respectively. Because the clock frequency varies as a function of time, the clock frequency may be different for each time delay interval when a chirp signal is being shifted past an output tap of the shift register and therefore each output tap has a different clock frequency component related thereto and therefore a different chirp signature related thereto. The clock signal from the shift register may be generated by a chirp generator discussed herein, wherein the clock signal frequency may be swept as a linear-up-chirp signal, linear down-chirp signal, exponential up-chirp signal, exponential down-chirp signal, or other chirp signal functions. Similarly, the input chirp signal to the shift register may also have frequency sweep functions. The combination of the frequency sweep function of the input chirp signal and the frequency sweep function of the clock chirp signal may be used to generate complex combinations of chirp signals having different signatures and different time phasing therebetween as provided on the output taps of the shift register and as selectable under control of a control word or a data word in a control register.
An improvement in productivity of a geophysical exploration system may be provided by ensonifying the subsurface environment from a plurality of different shotpoints with simultaneous or overlapping ensonifying signals. Seismic reflections associated with simultaneously ensonifying each of a plurality of shotpoints may be separated through digital correlation if the ensonifying signals associated with each shotpoint have different signatures therebetween. A correlator may be provided having a plurality of correlation channels, wherein each correlator channel may process the same input trace signal with a different correlation operator signal and wherein each of the plurality of channels may be responsive to a pilot signal having a signature related to the signature of the ensonifying signals of a particular shotpoints. For example, a first VIBROSEIS generator at a first shotpoint and a second VIBROSEIS generator at a second shotpoint may each ensonify the subsurface environment with chirp signals that have different signatures therebetween; wherein the first VIBROSEIS generator may generate an up-chirp signal and the second VIRBROSEIS generator may generate a down-chirp signal. A trace signal may be acquired that is related to multiplexed reflections from subsurface reflectors for processing with a multi-channel correlator arrangement having a first correlator channel for generating a first output signal in response to a first pilot signal such as an up-chirp signal and the trace signal and a second correlator channel for generating a second output signal in response to a second pilot signal such as a down-chirp signal and the same trace signal as processed with the first correlator channel. Therefore, a first output signal from the first correlator channel may be related to reflections of the first ensonifying signal generated by the first VIBROSEIS at the first shotpoint and a second output signal from the second correlator channel may be related to reflections of the second ensonifying signal generated by the second VIBROSEIS at the second shotpoint. The first and second correlated output signals may be separately recorded for static and dynamic corrections, gathering, and stacking.
Simultaneously ensonifying the subsurface environment from a plurality of shotpoints provides productivity advantages over prior art methods. In the prior art, a plurality of VIBROSEIS generators may all ensonify the subsurface environment with the same signature chirp signal chirp signal at the same shotpoint for intensifying the seismic signal with the plurality of VIBROSEIS generator and for correlating with a single corelator. In accordance with the instant feature of the present invention, a multi-channel correlator is provided to permit separation of signals having different correlation signatures through correlation; thereby permitting generating of different signature seismic signals simultaneously at different shotpoints for separation with the plurality of correlator channels into separate correlated signals related to each individual shotpoint. Productivity may be enhanced by reducing the number of movements to and setups at new shotpoints. For example, a set of VIBROSEIS generators may operate at different shotpoints and may be moved between sets of shotpoints, thereby reducing the number of movements and setups.
A signal processing arrangement in accordance with the present invention may use an analog memory device such as a charge coupled device (CCD) for processing analog signals. Array input signals may be demodulated such as with electronic switches excited in response to a reference generator with the demodulated output signals being processed by a CCD memory. Each of the demodulated input signals may be applied to an input line of a CCD for accumulation of the synchronously switched signals by integrating current in charge storage elements. After sufficient cycles have been demodulated, demodulation control signals may be deactiviated and shifting control signals may be initiated to shift the analog signals stored in the CCD to provide a sequence of analog output signals related to a plurality of parallel input signals. If an ensonifying signal is a chirp signal, the reference generator may providde a chirp demodulation signal to synchronously demodulate input chirp signals. The CCD may provide a multi-function capability including filtering of demodulated input signals and converting input signals from a parallel form to a serial form for sequential processing with time-sharing circuits.
In a beam forming embodiment of the present invention, trace signals from transducers may be applied to a CCD in parallel at a plurality of input taps while the CCD is being clocked to shift the analog signal samples between taps. If the spacing between taps in relation to the clock frequency is controlled to be related to a wavelength characteristics of the signals from the transducer array, then the analog signals applied to each of the plurality of taps in sequence may be enhanced if the input signal period is similar to the inter-tap shifting period and the signals may be degraded if the above periods are not similar. Therefore, the CCD clock control signal and tap spacing may select a particular input spacial frequency period for enhancement, wherein the input spacial frequency period may be related to a direction of incident illumination which is herein termed beam forming. Variation of the CCD clock signal frequency will vary the inter-tap shift period and therefore will vary the period of input signal spacial frequency that will be enhanced, thereby controlling the direction of incident illumination that will be enhanced and therefore the incident illumination component that will be processed by the beam forming network.
A hybrid memory arrangement may be provided with an analog memory such as a CCD memory, wherein digital information may be provided to and recieved from the memory arrangement and wherein the memory arrangement may store information in an analog signal form. Conversion of input information from digital form to analog form may be provided with digital-to-analog converter for storage of analog signals and conversion of output signals from analog form to digital form may be provided with an analog-to-digital converter for outputting of digital information in response to stored analog information. In a shift register embodiment, recirculation may be provided with analog signals or with digital signals. In the digital recirculation embodiment, the analog samples from the CCD memory may be converted to digital form with an analog-to-digital converter, recirculated to the digital input, and converted from digital to analog signal form with a digital-to-analog converter for storage in the CCD memory in analog signal form. Refreshing of analog signals and digital signals may be provided to compensate for degradation of analog signal as they are shifted through the CCD memory.
In a digital refresh embodiment for an analog memory device, digital signals output from a hybrid memory may be rounded high to compensate for degradation towards a low level or may be rounded low to compensate for degradation towards a high level, wherein degradation of a signal shifted through an analog memory may be compensated by rounding the degraded output signal to a reference level, and wherein the degradation of the analog signal shifted through the memory may be less than the digital resolution of the round-off operation.
A refresh arrangement for a hybrid memory may be provided for dectecting the amount of degradation of analog signals shifted through the memory and for refreshing the analog signal in response to the detected degradation. In a preferred embodiment, a reference signal having a reference analog amplitude may be multiplexed with analog data signals input to an analog memeory and shifted through the analog memory. Refresh circuitry may sample the reference signal as indicative of the magnitude of the degradation and may refresh the analog signals from the analog memory in response to the amount of degradation of the reference signal. A multiplexer arrangement may be provided for multiplexing an analog reference signal with the input analog data signals, where the multiplexer may be an analog mixer for selecting either an analog recirculation signal or an analog input signal and interspersing an analog reference signal therewith. Selection may be provided with digital logic controlling analog switches for selecting the appropriate source of an analog signal for input to the analog memory such as from a recirculation source, an input source, or a reference source.
Hybrid memory refresh circuitry may include a sample-and-hold network for sampling and storing the reference signal from the analog memory. The output signal from the sample-and-hold circuit may be used to control a refresh circuit for controlling gain of an amplifier to selectively amplify the degraded analog signals to compensate for degradation caused by shifting through the analog memory. In one embodiment, the sampled reference signal may be used to control an AGG circuit for refreshing the analog signals. In another embodiment, the sampled reference signal may be used to control a multiplier circuit for multiplying the degraded signals by a signal related to the degradation of the signals. An implicit servo arrangement may be provided for multiplying the degraded signals by the reciprocal of the reference signal amplitude, wherein the amount of gain or multiplication may be related to the proportional degradation of the signals. The refresh circuitry may be implemented with analog signal processors, digital signal processors, and hybrid signal processors, where analog, digital, and hybrid multipliers are well known in the art.
An analog compositor may be implemented by inputting an analog trace signal to an analog shift register memory such as a CCD memory and shifting the analog memory to effectively sample the input trace signal, wherein each clock interval of the analog memory shift clock may be releated to a sample interval of the analog signal input to the analog memory. Control logic may initiate shifting of the analog memory in response to a synchronization signal related to the start of a trace signal. As the analog memory is shifted and recirculated, each input sample may be added in analog signal form to a corresponding recirculated analog sample from the analog memory, wherein the adding of corresponding samples may be defined as a compositing operation. A reference signal as described above for a hybrid memory refresh arrangement may be used in conjunction with the analog compositor arrangement for mitigating effects of degradation due to shifting of analog signals. After a plurality of composites has been accomplished, the analog signal samples may be shifted out of the analog memory to an analog-to-digital converter such as for the correlation with a digital correlator or for processing with other analog or digital signal processing circuits.
References
Technology associated with implementation of the system of the present invention is well known in the art such as with circuit design, logical design, and computer programming. Further, prior art systems provide background for the system of the present invention. Still further, issued patents define well known methods and arrangements. References are provided herinafter to prior art documents, systems, and patents; wherein the documents listed hereinafter and documents listed therein are incorporated herein by reference.
Digital filtering systems are well known in the art provide a basis for the improvements of the present invention. Such prior art systems include:
1. The Acoustic Imaging System built by Bendix Corp of Sylmar, California for the Navel Undersea Research and Development Center in San Diego, California;
2. The Computer Augmented Field Data Recording System (CAFDRS) built by United Geophysical of Pasadena, California; and
3. The GEOCOR system built by Geophysical Systems Corp of Pasadena, California.
Documents on digital filtering include:
1. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING by Robiner and Radner for the IEEE Press (1972);
2. THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION by Butler and Harvey;
3. SEIMSMIC FILTERING by Rothenburg and Van Nostrand for the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (1971);
4. ENCYLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS by Sherriff for the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (1973);
5. THE ROBINSON-TREITEL READER by Seismorgraph Service Corp (1973);
6. CORRELATION TECHNIQUES - A REVIEW by Anstey for Geophysical Prospecting XII;
7. THE THEORY AND DESIGN OF CHIRP RADARS by Klauder in The Bell System Technical Journal vol XXXIX no 4 (Jul. 1960);
8. A CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FOR BROADSIDE ARRAYS WHICH OPTIMIZES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIDTH AND SIDE-LOBE LEVEL by Dolph in the Proceedings of the IRE on Waves and Electrons (Jun. 1946);
9. DESIGNERS GUIDE TO DIGITAL FILTERS by Leon and Bass in EDN magazine (Jan. 1974-Jun. 1974);
10. THE SPECTRUM OF CLIPPED NOISE by Van Vleck and Middleton in the Proceedings of the IEEE (Jan. 1966); and
11. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING by Oppenheimer and Schafer for Prentice Hall (1974).
Issued patents provide a basis for the improvements of the present invention including Pat. Nos. 2,624,876; 2,678,997; 2,688,124; 2,760,164; 2,808,577; 2,874,795; 2,910,134; 3,011,582; 3,018,962; 3,024,994; and 3,065,453.
Documents on circuit design include:
1. METHODS FOR SOLVING ENGINEERING PROBLEMS USING ANALOG COMPUTERS by Levine for McGraw Hill (1964);
2. ANALOG COMPUTERS by Korn and Korn; and
3. JUNCTION TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS by Hurley for John Wiley & Sons (1958),
Documents on logical design include:
1. DIGITAL COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS by Chu for McGraw Hill (1962);
2. DIGITAL COMPUTER DESIGN by Braun for Academic Press (1963); and
3. THE TTL DATA BOOK by Texas Instruments Inc (1973).
Documents on computer programming include:
1. PROGRAMMING AND CODING DIGITAL COMPUTERS by Sherman for John Wiley & Sons (1963).
2. DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMMING by Stark for MacMillian Co (1967);
3. PROGRAMMING FOR DIGITAL COMPUTERS by Jeenel for McGraw Hill (1959);
4. IBM 360 PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTING by Golden and Leichus for Prentis-Hall (1967);
5. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLOWCHARTING by Schriber for John Wiley & Sons (1969);
6. PROGRAMMING: AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER LANGUAGES by Maurer for Holden-Day (1968);
7. DESIGN OF REAL-TIME COMPUTER SYSTEMS by Martin; and
8. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING by Swallow and Price for Holt Rinehart, and Winston (1965).
Documents of CCDs include:
1. CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS by Carnes and Kosonocky for Solid State Engineering Magazine (Apr. 1974);
2. CHARGE-COUPLED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES by Boyle and Smith for the Bell System Technical Journal (1970); and
3. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE CONCEPT by Amelio for the Bell System Technical Journal (Apr. 1970);
General Considerations
The system of the present invention is intended to be generally applicable to the fields of signal processing, data processing and digital filtering. Although the present system may be described with a correlator digital filter in a geophysical application, descriptions are intended to be merely exemplary of the broad scope of the present invention. For example, the correlator processor is intended to generally exemplify digital filters or signal processing arrangements having broad scope. The geophysical application is intended to exemplify a broad range of signal processing and data processing applications including radar, underwater acoustics, medical diagnostics, equipment diagnostics, and a broad range of other applications. Further, the processing of single-bit input data to achieve high resolution output data is intended to exemplify the general concept of processing low-resolution input data to obtain high-resolution output data. The discussions relative to a correlator data processor are intended to exemplify generalized data processing arrangements including a convolution processor, a deconvolution processor, and a Fourier transform processor.
Terminology used in the instant application will now be defined.
Terminology pertaining to illumination is herein intended to include acoustic illumination; electromagnetic illumination including radio waves, laser waves and visible illumination; and other forms of illumination. Illumination provides for illuminating or ensonifying an enviornment, a medium or an object and provides for generating illumination signal inputs such as reflected illumination having characteristics of the environment. For example, illumination of a geophysical environment with a VIBROSEIS generator provides reflected seismic signals input to a geophone array, wherein the input seismic signals are related to the characteristics of the geophysical environment such as the characteristics of the medium and the characteristics of objects located therein.
Terminology pertaining to ensonifying is herein intended to have the same significance and meaning as terminology pertaining to illuminating as discussed above.
The terms "medium" and "environment" are herein intended to mean the transmission medium or environment for transmission of and for propagation of the illumination signals. For example, the acoustic medium may be seawater, the radar medium may be the atmosphere or space, and the geophysical medium may be the earth.
Illumination may be generated with a transmitter such as a VIBROSEIS transmitter as discussed above or with a well known radar transmitter or laser transmitter which provide a source of illumination energy for illuminating an environment. The terms "input transducers", "array", and other terms pertaining thereto are herein intended to mean general transducers and transducer arrays exemplified by a geophone array for a geophysical system a hydrophone array for an acoustic imaging system, a photoelectric array for a laser system, a photosensitive medium for light, a well known radar receiver array for a radar system and other known input transducer arrangements.
Components have been shown in the figures in simplified schematic form to more easily exemplify the present invention, wherein circuit design is a well known art and wherein use of such components are well known in the art. Further, many alternate circuit embodiments and component types may be used to implement the discussed embodiments. For example, switches 650 and CLR 216 (FIG. 6D) and FETs 917 and 918 (FIG. 9A) can be implemented with well known switches including electronic switches such as FETs and bipolar transistors and even mechanical switches such as relays. Further, improved capabilities may be obtained by higher levels of integration. For example, FETs 917 and 918 may be manufactured as part of CC 920 (FIG. 9A) to provide the combined capabilities of demodulation, filtering and multiplexing with monolitic circuits.
The system of the present invention is intended to have a broad scope wherein a digital filtering system is intended to exemplify generalized arrangements for storing analog signals, processing analog signals and transferring analog signals; FFT and correlator processors are intended to exemplify generalized digital filtering or processing arrangements; and other such devices are intended to exemplify generalized arrangements.
The term signal is herein intended to include electrical signals, acoustic signals, illumination signals, and other known signals which may be sensed such as with a transducer and which may be processed such as with a filter.
Filter processing has been discussed herein relative to stored or generated information; which information has been identified as pilot information and reference information herein. For example, correlation has been discussed using pilot signal samples relative to FIG. 3 and using reference signal samples relative to FIG. 10.
Resolution is the fineness of the data. When resolution is relatively better it is characterized as being higher, finer or greater and when resolution is relatively worse it is characterized as being lower, coarser, or poorer.
For simplicity of illustration, the present invention has been discussed for a correlator digital filter. A correlator filter implementation is also illustrative of a convolution filter implementation, where the difference between a correlator and a convolver may be merely the form of the filter operator and wherein the terms correlatin and convulution and the terms correlator and convolver may be used interchangeably for discussions related to the correlator implementation herein. Further a correlator may be used in well known Auto-Correlation and Cross-Correlation modes of operation. Still further, a correlator is exemplary of a generalized digital filter including recursive filters, non-recursive filters, Kalman filters, compositor filter, and other well known filters wherein the discussions related to a corelator are herein intended to be exemplary of a general type of filter and to be applicable to other types of filters.
Also for simplicity of illustration, the digital filter arrangement of the present invention has been discussed for processing chirp signals; wherein a chirp signal is intended to be illustrative of a generalized signal form including amplitude related signals, phase related signals, frequency related signals, and even noise signals.
Terminology pertaining to signatures is herein intended to mean characteristics of a signal and may include unique charcteristics of signals that permit identification thereof or therebetween and may permit separation thereof such as through correlation.
Separation of signal components by filtering such as with correlation filters permits separation of signals due to filterable characteristics. For example, if signals have poor correlation or low correlation therebetween, then they may be easily separated through correlation. Poor correlation, low correlation, and terms pertaining thereto are intended to mean signals that do not have good correlation therebetween such as by generating small correlation output signal peaks when correlated theretogether.
A plurality is herein intended to mean more than one. For simplicity of discussion, a plurality may be exemplified with a limited number such as with two signals or with two devices, wherein such a limited number is intended to exemplify more than one such as two, or ten, or seventy-five, or ten-thousand, or any other number that is more than one.
The various features of the present invention have been discussed separately or in particular combinations for simplicity or presentation. Advantages may be obtained by combining or recombining various separately described features or combined features respectively of the present invention such as by combining the signature memory, correlate on-the-fly, output on-the-fly, and single-bit correlation features of the present invention. Therefore, it is herein intended that features of the present invention that may be described separately or in particular combinations may be grouped together and recombined in different combinations.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention include digital filtering arrangements exemplary of the broad teachings of the present invention. Alternate embodiments of the present invention may include analog filtering arrangements and hybrid (digital and analog) filtering arrangements consistent with the broad scope of the present invention.
From the above description it will be apparent that there is thus provided a device of the character described possessing the particular features of advantage before enumerated as desireable, but which obviously is susceptible to modification in its form, method, mechanization, operation, detailed construction and arrangement of parts without departing from the principles involved or sacrificing any of its advantages.
While in order to comply with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural features, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific feature shown, but that the means, method, and construction herein disclosed comprise the preferred form of several modes of putting the invention into effect, and the invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the legitimate and valid scope of the appended claims.

Number	Name	Date
2584983	Arndt et al.	Jan 1952
2624876	Dicke	Jan 1953
2678997	Darlington	May 1954
2688124	Doty et al.	Aug 1954
2760164	Graham et al.	Aug 1956
2808577	Crawford et al.	Oct 1957
2874795	Doty et al.	Feb 1959
2910134	Crawford et al.	Oct 1959
2987701	Grannemann	Jun 1961
3011582	Peterson	Dec 1961
3018962	Jones et al.	Jan 1962
3024994	Buland et al.	Mar 1962
3033453	Lode	May 1962
3065453	Doty	Nov 1962
3197621	Urquhard	Jul 1965
3214700	Hook	Oct 1965
3274542	Ruehle	Sep 1966
3350504	Takayanagi	Oct 1967
3421141	Meyerhoff	Jan 1969
3444360	Swan	May 1969
3446949	Trimble	May 1969
3479495	Malm	Nov 1969
3479638	Rusnak	Nov 1969
3489996	Monn et al.	Jan 1970
3496529	Anstey et al.	Feb 1970
3506813	Trimble	Apr 1970
3514757	Weintraub	May 1970
3521170	Leuthold et al.	Jul 1970
3525072	Born et al.	Aug 1970
3544775	Bergland et al.	Dec 1970
3573622	Holman et al.	Apr 1971
3581078	Robertson	May 1971
3581274	Ruehle	May 1971
3586843	Sloane	Jun 1971
3609671	Webster	Sep 1971
3614626	Dillard	Oct 1971
3626168	Norsworthy	Dec 1971
3629509	Glaser	Dec 1971
3629800	Schneider	Dec 1971
3633170	Jones	Jan 1972
3636258	Brumbach	Jan 1972
3646333	Pryor, Jr.	Feb 1972
3689874	Foster et al.	Sep 1972
3701894	Low et al.	Oct 1972
3715666	Mueller	Feb 1973
3731268	Landrum, Jr.	May 1973
3732409	Fletcher et al.	May 1973
3735269	Jackson	May 1973
3745317	Berthier et al.	Jul 1973
3753240	Merwin	Aug 1973
3767907	Radcliffe, Jr.	Oct 1973
3772681	Skingle	Nov 1973
3777133	Beck et al.	Dec 1973
3789199	Kotwicki	Jan 1974
3831013	Alsup et al.	Aug 1974
3835446	Rowlard	Sep 1974
3875394	Shapely	Apr 1975
3883725	Fort et al.	May 1975
3893075	Orban et al.	Jul 1975
3893168	Belchy et al.	Jul 1975
3894219	Weigel	Jul 1975
3903401	Jayant	Sep 1975
3906400	Gooding et al.	Sep 1975
3935439	Buss et al.	Jan 1976
3939465	Helton et al.	Feb 1976
3949206	Edwards et al.	Apr 1976
3958214	Andrews, Jr. et al.	May 1976
4013998	Bucciarelli et al.	Mar 1977
4023028	Dillard	May 1977
4037159	Martin	Jul 1977
4058715	Niwa	Nov 1977
4058791	Martin et al.	Nov 1977
4064481	Silverman	Dec 1977
4086560	Johnston et al.	Apr 1978
4209843	Hyatt	Jun 1984
4486850	Hyatt	Dec 1984
4491930	Hyatt	Jan 1985
4551816	Hyatt	Nov 1985
4553213	Hyatt	Nov 1985
4553221	Hyatt	Nov 1985
4581715	Hyatt	Apr 1986
4686655	Hyatt	Aug 1987
4744042	Hyatt	May 1988

	Number	Date
Parent	425131	Sep 1982
Parent	160872	Jun 1980
Parent	101881	Dec 1970

Signature filter system

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CPC

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US

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Abstract

Description

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (83)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (15)

Continuation in Parts (3)

Entry
An Introduction to Digital Matched Filters; Turin, Proceedings of the IEEE; Jul. 1976.
Charge Coupled Devices and Applications; Carnes and Kosonocky, Solid State Engineering Magazine; Apr. 1974.
Charge-Coupled Semiconductor Devices; Boyle and Smith; Bell System Technical Journal; 1970.
Computerized Fourier Analysis; Guerriero, Control Engineering; Mar. 1970.
Correlation Detection; Hawk, Undersea Technology; May-Jun. 1962.
Correlation Techniques-A Review; Anstey, Geophysical Prospecting XII.
A Current Distribution for Broadside Arrays Which Optimizes the Relationship Between Beam Width and Side-Lobe Level; Dolph, Proceedings of the IRE on Waves and Electrons; Jun. 1946.
Designers Guide to Digital Filters; Leon and Bass, EDN Magazine; Jan. 1974-Jun. 1974.
A Digital Correlator Using Delta Modulation; Nakamura, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing; Jun. 1976.
"The Effect of Harmonic Surface Sources"; Seriff et al., Geophysics, vol. 35, #2; Apr. 1970.
Experimental Verification of the Charge Coupled Device Concept; Amelio, Bell System Technical Journal; Apr. 1970.
The Spectrum of Clipped Noise; Van Vleck and Middleton, Proceedings of the IEEE; Jan. 1966.
The Theory and Design of Chirp Radars; Klauder, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. XXXIX, No. 4; Jul. 1960.
Computerizing Fourier Analysis; Guerriero; Control Engineering; Mar. 1970.
An introduction to Digital Matched Filters; Turin; Proceedings of the IEEE; Jul. 1976.