Submicron metallization using electrochemical deposition

Abstract

Methods for depositing a metal into a micro-recessed structure in the surface of a microelectronic workpiece are disclosed. The methods are suitable for use in connection with additive free as well as additive containing electroplating solutions. In accordance with one embodiment, the method includes making contact between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an electroplating solution in an electroplating cell that includes a cathode formed by the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in electrical contact with the electroplating solution. Next, an initial film of the metal is deposited into the micro-recessed structure using at least a first electroplating waveform having a first current density. The first current density of the first electroplating waveform is provided to enhance the deposition of the metal at a bottom of the micro-recessed structure. After this initial plating, deposition of the metal is continued using at least a second electroplating waveform having a second current density. The second current density of the second electroplating waveform is provided to assist in reducing the time required to substantially complete filling of the micro-recessed structure.

Description

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An integrated circuit is an interconnected ensemble of devices formed within a semiconductor material and within a dielectric material that overlies a surface of the semiconductor material. Devices which may be formed within the semiconductor material include MOS transistors, bipolar transistors, diodes and diffused resistors. Devices which may be formed within the dielectric include thin-film resistors and capacitors. Typically, more than 100 integrated circuit die (IC chips) are constructed on a single 8 inch diameter silicon wafer. The devices utilized in each dice are interconnected by conductor paths formed within the dielectric. Typically, two or more levels of conductor paths, with successive levels separated by a dielectric layer, are employed as interconnections. In current practice, an aluminum alloy and silicon oxide are typically used for, respectively, the conductor and dielectric.

Delays in propagation of electrical signals between devices on a single dice limit the performance of integrated circuits. More particularly, these delays limit the speed at which an integrated circuit may process these electrical signals. Larger propagation delays reduce the speed at which the integrated circuit may process the electrical signals, while smaller propagation delays increase this speed. Accordingly, integrated circuit manufacturers seek ways in which to reduce the propagation delays.

For each interconnect path, signal propagation delay may be characterized by a time delay τ. See E. H. Stevens, Interconnect Technology , QMC, Inc., July 1993. An approximate expression for the time delay, τ, as it relates to the transmission of a signal between transistors on an integrated circuit is given by the equation:

τ= RC [1+( V SAT/ /RI SAT )]

In this equation, R and C are, respectively, an equivalent resistance and capacitance for the interconnect path, and I SAT and V SAT are, respectively, the saturation (maximum) current and the drain-to-source potential at the onset of current saturation for the transistor that applies a signal to the interconnect path. The path resistance is proportional to the resistivity, ρ, of the conductor material. The path capacitance is proportional to the relative dielectric permittivity, K e , of the dielectric material. A small value of ρ requires that the interconnect line carry a current density sufficiently large to make the ratio V SAT/ /RI SAT small. It follows, therefore, that a low-ρ conductor which can carry a high current density and a low-K e dielectric should be utilized in the manufacture of high-performance integrated circuits.

To meet the foregoing criterion, copper interconnect lines within a low-K e dielectric will likely replace aluminum-alloy lines within a silicon oxide dielectric as the most preferred interconnect structure. See “Copper Goes Mainstream: Low-k to Follow”, Semiconductor international, November 1997, pp. 67-70. Resistivities of copper films are in the range of 1.7 to 2.0 μΩcm. while resistivities of aluminum-alloy films are higher in the range of 3.0 to 3.5 μΩCm.

Despite the advantageous properties of copper, several problems must be addressed for copper interconnects to become viable in large-scale manufacturing processes.

Diffusion of copper is one such problem. Under the influence of an electric field, and at only moderately elevated temperatures, copper moves rapidly through silicon oxide. It is believed that copper also moves rapidly through low-K e dielectrics. Such copper diffusion causes failure of devices formed within the silicon.

Another problem is the propensity of copper to oxidize rapidly when immersed in aqueous solutions or when exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Oxidized surfaces of the copper are rendered non-conductive and thereby limit the current carrying capability of a given conductor path when compared to a similarly dimensioned non-oxidized copper path.

A still further problem with using copper in integrated circuits is that it is difficult to use copper in a multi-layer, integrated circuit structure with dielectric materials. Using traditional methods of copper deposition, copper adheres only weakly to dielectric materials.

Finally, because copper does not form volatile halide compounds, direct plasma etching of copper cannot be employed in fine-line patterning of copper. As such, copper is difficult to use in the increasingly small geometries required for advanced integrated circuit devices.

The semiconductor industry has addressed some of the foregoing problems and has adopted a generally standard interconnect architecture for copper interconnects. To this end, the industry has found that fine-line patterning of copper can be accomplished by etching trenches and vias in a dielectric, filling the trenches and vias with a deposition of copper, and removing copper from above the top surface of the dielectric by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). An interconnect architecture called dual damascene can be employed to implement such an architecture and thereby form copper lines within a dielectric. FIG. 1 illustrates the process steps generally required for implementing the dual damascene architecture.

Deposition of thin, uniform barrier and seed layers into high aspect ratio (depth/diameter) vias and high aspect ratio (depth/width) trenches is difficult. The upper portions of such trenches and vias tend to pinch-off before the respective trench and/or via is completely filled or layered with the desired material.

Electrodeposition of the copper metallization has been found to be the most efficient way to deposit copper into the trenches and vias. This method has been found to impart the best electromigration resistance performance to the resulting interconnect. However, this method of depositing the copper is not without problems of its own. For example, acid copper plating solutions for copper interconnect often contain organic additives to provide improved throwing power, enhanced leveling effect, and proper deposit characteristics. Since these additives play a significant role in copper plating, the concentrations of these additives in the plating bath need to be tightly controlled to ensure consistent trench fill and film properties. The present inventors have recognized that it would be desirable to use an additive-free plating solution to improve bath control, thereby eliminate the need to monitor the concentrations of the additives. Further, they have recognized that, even in the presence of such additives, certain plating parameters must be optimized.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have found that application of metallization, particularly copper metallization, using low current density plating waveforms provides better trench and via filling results when compared to high current density plating waveforms. This is particularly true when additive-free plating solutions are used. However, such low current density plating waveforms are often quite slow in producing metal films of the requisite thickness. Accordingly, a low current density plating waveform is used during initial plating operations while a high current density plating waveform is used to decrease the fill time and, if desired, provide a different film morphology, some time after the initial plating operations are complete.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the waveshape and its frequency are used to influence the surface morphology of the copper metallization deposit Further, high metal concentrations in the additive-free plating solutions are used to provide more effective filling of the trench and via structures.

With respect to plating solutions that include additives, the present inventors have found that the plating process may be optimized by employing low metal concentration plating solutions. Such solutions produce higher quality filling of the trenches and vias when compared with copper metallization deposited using solutions having high metal concentrations.

Methods for depositing a metal into a micro-recessed structure in the surface of a microelectronic workpiece are disclosed. The methods are suitable for use in connection with additive free as well as additive containing electroplating solutions. In accordance with one embodiment, the method includes making contact between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an electroplating solution in an electroplating cell that includes a cathode formed by the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in electrical contact with the electroplating solution. Next, an initial film of the metal is deposited into the micro-recessed structure using at least a first electroplating waveform having a first current density. The first current density of the first electroplating waveform is provide to enhance the deposition of the metal at a bottom of the micro-recessed structure. After the this initial plating, deposition of the metal is continued using at least a second electroplating waveform having a second current density. The second current density of the second electroplating waveform is provided to assist in reducing the time required to substantially complete filling of the micro-recessed structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope (“SEM”) photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was deposited using a plating bath without organic additives and using a low-current plating waveform.

FIG. 2 is a SEM photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was deposited using a plating bath without organic additives and using a high current density plating waveform.

FIGS. 3 ( a )-( d ) are SEM photographs showing cross-sections of metallization layers plated exterior to respective semiconductor substrates wherein the metallization layers were deposited using incremental depositions at different current densities and thicknesses.

FIG. 4 is a SEM photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was deposited using a pulse reverse waveform.

FIG. 5 is a SEM photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was deposited using a two-step waveform comprised of an initial waveform having a low-current density followed by a further waveform having high-current density.

FIG. 6 is a SEM photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was plated using the two-step waveform used to plate the metallization layer of FIG. 5 , but wherein plating solution had a high copper concentration.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are SEM photographs showing cross-sections of metallization layers plated exterior to respective semiconductor substrates wherein the layers were deposited using a one-step waveform in a plating bath having organic additives.

FIG. 9 is a SEM photograph showing a cross-section of a metallization layer plated exterior to a semiconductor substrate wherein the metallization layer was plated using the one-step waveform used in the metallization process of FIGS. 7 and 8 , but wherein the copper concentration of the plating solution has been reduced.

FIGS. 10 ( a )- 10 ( c ) are FIB photographs showing cross-sections of metallization layers plated exterior to respective semiconductor substrates wherein the metallization layers were plated using a plating bath having organic additives, and wherein the photographs illustrate the effect of seed layer quality on the plating process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention can be understood with reference to the experiments disclosed herein. Although the experiments were performed in connection with the plating of a metal comprising copper, it will be recognized that the teachings disclosed herein are so applicable to the electroplating of other metals. All the experiments were performed on 200 mm wafers using a plating tool, such as a plating tool available from Semitool, Inc., of Kalispell, Mont. Three plating baths were examined. The first one, bath 1 (either 24 g/L or 36 g/L copper) had no organic additives. The bath 2 (Additive A) and the bath 2 (Additive B) contain organic additives from different vendors.

Good trench fill was obtained at low current density of 4 mA/cm 2 for copper concentrations from 15 to 36 g/L. It is believed that the high micro-throwing power at low current density due to low concentration polarization is responsible for such trench fill at high copper concentrations. FIG. 1 presents a scanning electron microscope (“SEM”) cross-section obtained from bath 1 with 24 g/L copper. Voidfree fill was obtained for 0.5 μ wide, 2:1 aspect ratio trench. The waveshape used was a forward pulse with 1 ms on and 1 ms off (WF 1 ). It was found that the waveshape was not significant for fill as long as the current density was low. As seen from FIG. 1 , rough surface or large grains were observed with 4 mA/cm 2 , implying that grain growth was the principal mechanism for the deposition as opposed to the formation of new nuclei. The copper deposit becomes smoother with high current density (40 mA/cm 2 ) as shown in FIG. 2 . However, the fill at this higher current is not as good and seam voids were seen in the trench.

In view of the characteristics of the low current density and high current density waveforms, the present inventors have found that such waveforms can be combined during a single electroplating process whereby the advantages associated with each waveform are exploited to provide a submicron electroplating process that meets the process characteristics (void filling and time for filling) required to make it commercially viable. To this end, an electroplating waveform having low current density is used during the initial phases of the trench and/or via filling stage of the process. At some time subsequent to such initial filling, the electroplating waveform transitions to a higher current density waveform to complete the electroplating process and reduce the total time required for the process.

To understand how the copper was deposited inside trench and via features, incremental deposition at different current densities and thicknesses, represented as Ampere-minutes (A-min), was conducted. The results are compared in FIGS. 3 ( a )-( d ). At low current density, large grains were seen (FIGS. 3 ( a ) and ( b )). As the thickness increased from 1.26 to 3.78 A-min, enhanced growth at the bottom of the trench is achieved, probably explaining why good fill was obtained in FIG. 1 at low current density. As such, the low-current density value should be chosen to provide enhanced growth of the copper metallization layer at the lower portions of the feature into which the copper metallization is deposited. At high current density (40 mA/cm 2 , FIGS. 3 ( c ) and ( d )), the deposit is smooth and very conformal. Compared to FIG. 2 , where seam voids are observed, conformal plating is not sufficient to guarantee void-free fill because the top part of the trench is often pinched off first leaving voids inside.

It is believed that the seam voids illustrated in these figures resulted from the overplating of copper deposit at the top of the feature due to its high current distribution. It is expected that the overplated copper will be preferentially removed if a reverse pulse is included in the waveshape. However, the addition of reverse pulses did not improve the trench fill as shown in FIG. 4 where seam voids were still observed even with a pulse reverse waveshape.

Therefore, an initial low current density approach is necessary for gap fill if no-additive bath is used. In addition to good trench fill, initial low current is helpful to improve the contact to the seed layer, particularly when the seed layer is very thin. However, the drawback of low current is its long processing time. To circumvent this, a plating recipe with multiple steps is preferred in which a low current plating waveform is used to fill the small feature and, possibly, to enhance the seed layer, and then a high current plating waveform is used to finish the process and to provide smooth surface for one or more subsequent CMP processes.

FIG. 5 shows a cross-section obtained with a two-step waveform of 4 mA/cm 2 followed by 32 mA/cm 2 . An improvement in gap fill was observed. Using the same two-step waveform, an increase in the copper concentration (36 g/L) provided significant improvement of the fill process as illustrated in FIG. 6 .

The effect of copper concentration on the gap fill for acidic baths with additives was examined using bath 2 disclosed above. FIG. 7 illustrates a metallization way are plated from such a bath using a 1-step waveform at 20 mA/cm 2 . FIG. 8 is a cross-section obtained at 20 mA/cm 2 with 20 g/L copper in the solution. Although the surface of the deposit was smooth, similar to bath 3 , voids were observed in the trench at this copper concentration. As the copper concentration decreased from 20 to 10 g/L, void-free fill was obtained as in FIG. 9 . The better gap fill at lower copper concentration in the presence of organic additives is different from that obtained for additive-free bath in which high copper provided better gap fill. This implies a different controlling mechanism for copper growth in the presence of additives. Similar to those obtained from additive-free bath, pulse reverse was found to produce voids and rough surface in this bath with additives.

FIGS. 10 ( a )-( c ) illustrates the effect of seed layer on the gap fill. The center voids ( FIG. 10 a ) are formed when the top of the feature is pinched off before the filling is completed. The overhanging of the seed layer at the top of the feature, due to the line-of-sight deposition inherent in the PVD process, is often the main reason for the center voids and the insufficient suppressor of copper growth at the top of the trench during the plating is the other one. The former needs the optimization of the PVD process to deposit a conformal layer and may possibly require a combination of PVD process and other techniques such as CVD or electrochemical deposition for small features. The latter calls for the optimization of the plating process by changing the bath composition and plating waveform.

The bottom and sidewall voids (FIG. 10 ( b )) are mainly attributed to the insufficient coverage of the seed layer. Copper oxide is always formed on the seed layer prior to the plating when the wafer is exposed to air. This oxide is readily removed, and the underlying copper can be chemically etched when the wafer is in contact with the acidic plating solution. This may lead to the exposure of the barrier layer to the solution and result in the formation of bottom or sidewall voids. There are ways to eliminate these voids either by having a thick layer in the feature or using less aggressive plating solutions for the copper plating. By optimizing the seed layer, void-free gap fill was achieved as in FIG. 10 ( c ).

An aspect of the present invention provides a method for depositing a metal into a micro-recessed structure on the surface of a microelectronic workpiece. The method entails making contact between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and the electroplating solution in an electroplating cell, the electroplating cell including a cathode formed by the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in electrical contact with the electroplating solution. An initial film of the metal is deposited into the micro-recessed structure using a first current density for a first predetermined period of time. In one embodiment, the first current density is selected to enhance deposition of the metal at a bottom of the micro-recessed structure. After the initial deposition, deposition of the metal is continued for a second period of time using a second current density. In one aspect of the invention, the second current density is selected to reduce the time required to substantially complete filling of the micro-recessed structure. In another aspect of the invention, the second current density is substantially higher than the first current density used during initial deposition. In one embodiment of the invention, the ratio of the first current density to the second current density is about 1:8. In another embodiment, the ratio between the first current density and the second current density is about 1:10.

In a still further aspect of the present invention, the concentration of metal ions, such as copper, in the electroplating solution is selected at a first concentration level for use in an electroplating bath including organic additives, or at a second higher concentration level for use in an electroplating bath that is substantially free of organic additives that are typically used, such as levelers or brighteners. In the instance of the substantially additive free bath, the metal concentration is suitably between 15 grams per liter and 36 grams per liter.

Claims

1. A method for depositing a metal into a micro-recessed structure in the surface of a microelectronic workpiece, the method comprising:making contact between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an electroplating solution in an electroplating cell, the electroplating cell including a cathode formed by the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in electrical contact with the electroplating solution; depositing an initial film of the metal into the micro-recessed structure using a first current density for a first predetermined period of time, the first current density assisting to enhance deposition of the metal at a bottom of the micro-recessed structure; continuing deposition of the metal beginning at least some time after the first predetermined period of time using a second current density, the second current density assisting to reduce the time required to substantially complete filling of the micro-recessed structure, the second current density being greater than the first current density.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the electroplating solution is substantially free of organic additives and has a first predetermined concentration of the metal that is to be electroplated that is higher than a second predetermined concentration suitable for use in a plating bath including organic additives.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the metal that is to be plated comprises copper.

4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ratio between the first current density and the second current density is about 1:10.

5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ratio between the first current density and the second current density is about 1:8.

6. A method for depositing a metal into a micro-recessed structure in the surface of a microelectronic workpiece, the method comprising:making contact between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an electroplating solution in an electroplating cell, the electroplating cell including a cathode formed by the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in electrical contact with the electroplating solution; depositing an initial film of the metal into the micro-recessed structure using a first current density for a first predetermined period of time to enhance growth of the metal at the bottom of the micro-recessed structure; at least substantially completing the fill of the micro-recessed structure using a second current density for a second predetermined period of time, the second current density being substantially higher than the first current density.

7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the electroplating solution is free of organic additives and has a first predetermined concentration of metal ions that are to be deposited in the micro-recessed structure that is higher than a second predetermined concentration of metal ions that would be used for deposition in the presence of organic additives.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the first predetermined period of time is on the order of 30 seconds.

9. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the metal that is to be plated comprises copper.

10. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the electroplating solution comprises a concentration of the metal that is between about 15 g/L and 36 g/L.

11. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the electroplating solution comprises a concentration of copper that is between about 15 g/L and 36 g/L.

12. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the ratio between the first current density and the second current density is about 1:10.

13. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the ratio between the first current density and the second current density is about 1:8.

14. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the first electroplating waveform is a pulsed waveform.

15. A method of claim 1, wherein the micro-recessed structure has a sub-micron width.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein the micro-recessed structure has a width of approximately 0.5 microns.

17. The process of claim 15, wherein the micro-recessed structure has an aspect ratio of 2:1.

18. The process of claim 6, wherein the initial film of metal deposited using the first current density has a first morphology, and the second metal deposited using the second current density has a second morphology that is different than the first morphology.

19. The process of claim 6, further comprising depositing a thin seed layer on the microelectronic workpiece prior to deposition of the initial film deposition of the initial film enhancing the thin seed layer.

20. The method of claim 6, further comprising, after processing the micro-recessed structure with the second electroplating waveform, processing the micro-recessed structure using a third electroplating waveform including a reverse current pulse to remove overfill.

21. A method for depositing a metal onto the surface of a microelectronic workpiece, the method comprising:placing the surface of the microelectronic workpiece in contact with an electroplating solution including a metal ion to be deposited and that is substantially free of organic additives; supplying plating power between the surface of the microelectronic workpiece and an anode disposed in contact with the electroplating solution to deposit metal onto the surface of the microelectronic workpiece, wherein metal is first deposited in an initial amount using a first current density for a first predetermined period of time to enhance growth of the metal at the bottom of the micro-recessed structure, and then additional metal is deposited onto the initial amount of metal using a second current density for a second predetermined period of time, the second current density being substantially higher than the first current density, wherein the concentration of the metal ion in the electroplating solution is provided at a first predetermined concentration level that is higher than a second predetermined concentration level that would be utilized for metal deposition in the presence of organic additives.

22. A method of depositing a metal layer on a semiconductor wafer comprising:depositing a seed layer on a surface of the water; immersing the water in an electrolytic solution containing metal ions; biasing the wafer negatively with respect to the electrolytic solution so as to create a current flow at a first nominal current density between an anode and the wafer to thereby deposit a plated layer electrolytically on the seed layer of the wafer for enhancing growth of the metal at the bottom of the micro-recessed structure; and increasing the current flow to a second nominal current density greater than the first nominal current density after a predetermined time period has elapsed.