Patent Grant
9972501
This invention relates generally to atomic layer deposition (ALD) and more specifically to continuous-flow ALD for depositing ultra-uniform atomically sized films/layers on a substrate.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a special type of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. ALD utilizes a sequential exposure of gaseous reactants for the deposition of atomically sized thin films. The reactants are often metal precursors consisting of organometallic liquids or solids used in the chemistry by vaporizing under vacuum and/or heat conditions. The reactants are introduced as a series of sequential, non-overlapping pulses. In each of these pulses, the reactant molecules react with a substrate or wafer surface in a self-limiting way. Consequently, the reaction ceases once all the reactive sites on the wafer/substrate surface are consumed. Between the two pulses, a purge step is applied to remove the excess reactants and byproducts from the process chamber. Using ALD, it is possible to grow materials uniformly and with high precision on arbitrarily complex and large substrates. Some examples of films produced using ALD are SiO2, Si3N4, Ga2O3, GaN, Al2O3, AlN, etc.
The timing diagram of a typical prior art system is shown in
The cycle-time of such a prior art system is equal to TA+TB as shown in
There are many different techniques for performing ALD in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,835 to Ishizaka, discloses a method for depositing a film on a substrate using a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process. The method includes disposing the substrate in a process chamber configured to facilitate the PEALD process. A first process material is introduced within the process chamber, and a second process material is introduced within the process. Radio Frequency (RF) power of more than 600 Watts (W) is coupled to the process chamber during the introduction of the second process material. This results in the generation of a plasma that accelerates a reduction reaction between the first and second process materials at a surface of the substrate. The film is formed on the substrate by alternatingly introducing the first process material and the second process material.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,341,959 to Brcka also discloses a method for depositing a film on a substrate using a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process. The method includes disposing the substrate in a process chamber configured to facilitate the PEALD process. The process chamber includes a substrate zone proximate to the substrate and a peripheral zone proximate to a peripheral edge of the substrate. The method also includes introducing a first process material and a second process material within the process chamber and coupling RF power to the process chamber during the introduction of the second process material. This results in the generation of a plasma that facilitates a reduction reaction between the first and the second process materials at a surface of the substrate.
Furthermore, RF power is coupled to a process electrode to generate a substrate zone plasma in the substrate zone that ionizes contaminants substantially in a region of the substrate. RF power to a peripheral electrode generates a peripheral zone plasma in the peripheral zone having a characteristic different from the substrate zone plasma. As a result, the ionized contaminants are transported from the substrate zone to the peripheral zone in the process chamber.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017/0016114 A1 to Becker discloses a gas deposition chamber. The chamber includes a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion and optionally a volume reducing lower portion. An aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck is disposed inside the gas deposition chamber with a substrate support surface positioned in the cylindrical middle portion. The top portion reduces gas flow velocity. The aerodynamic shape of the substrate support chuck reduces drag and promotes laminar flow over the substrate support surface. The lower portion increases gas flow velocity after the substrate support surface. The gas deposition chamber is configurable to 200 millimeter diameter semiconductor wafers using ALD and or PEALD cooling cycles. A coating method includes expanding process gases inside the deposition chamber prior to the process gas reaching a substrate surface. The method further includes compressing the process gases inside the deposition chamber after the process gas has flowed passed the substrate being coated.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0141676 A1 to Sershen teaches an ALD coating system. The system includes a fixed gas manifold disposed over a moving substrate with a coating surface of the substrate facing precursor orifice plate. A gas control system delivers gas or vapor precursors and inert gas into the fixed gas manifold which directs input gases onto a coating surface of the moving substrate. The gas control system includes a blower interfaced with the gas manifold which draws gas through the gas manifold to remove unused precursors. Also removed are inert gas and any reaction byproduct from the coating surface. The gas manifold is configured to segregate precursor gases at the coating surface to prevent the mixing of dissimilar precursors. The gas manifold may also segregate unused precursor gases in the exhaust system so that the unused precursors can be recovered and reused.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,646 to Chandrasekharan discloses methods of depositing layers of material on multiple semiconductor substrates at multiple processing stations within one or more reaction chambers. The methods include dosing a first substrate with film precursor at a first processing station and dosing a second substrate with film precursor at a second processing station. This is done with precursor flowing from a common source such that the timing of the dosing is staggered. In other words, the first substrate is dosed during a first dosing phase during which the second substrate is not substantially dosed, and the second substrate is dosed during a second dosing phase during which the first substrate is not substantially dosed. Also disclosed are apparatuses having multiple processing stations contained within one or more reaction chambers. Further disclosed is a controller with machine readable instructions for staggering the dosing of first and second substrates at first and second processing stations.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,343,296 to LaVoie discloses methods of forming SiC/SiCN film layers on surfaces of semiconductor substrates. The methods include introducing a silicon-containing film-precursor and an organometallic ligand transfer reagent into a processing chamber. This results in adsorbing the silicon-containing film-precursor, the organometallic ligand transfer reagent, or both onto a surface of a semiconductor substrate such that either or both form an adsorption-limited layer. The methods also include reacting the silicon-containing film-precursor with the organometallic ligand transfer reagent, after either or both have formed the adsorption-limited layer. The reaction results in the forming of the film layer. In other variations, a byproduct is also formed which contains substantially all of the metal of the organometallic ligand transfer reagent. The methods include removal of the byproduct from the processing chamber. Also disclosed are corresponding semiconductor processing apparatuses for forming SiC/SiCN film layers.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0003087 A1 to Soininen discloses a reaction chamber of a reactor for coating or treating a substrate by an ALD process. This is accomplished by exposing the substrate to alternately repeated surface reactions of two or more gas-phase reactants. The reaction chamber is configured to generate capacitively coupled plasma and comprises a reaction space within the reaction chamber. It also comprises a first inlet to guide gases into the chamber and an outlet to lead gases out of the chamber. The reaction chamber is configured to lead the two or more reactants into the reaction chamber. This is done such that the two or more reactants may flow through the reaction space across the substrate in a direction essentially parallel to the inner surface of the lower wall.
Non-Patent Literature (NPL) reference of “Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition Al2O3 at Room Temperature” by Tommi O. Kaariainen dated 2009 teaches a design of plasma source used for PEALD of Al2O3 films at room temperature. In their reactor, the plasma is generated by capacitive coupling and directly in the deposition chamber adjacent to the substrate. However, it can be separated from it by a grid to reduce the ion bombardment while maintaining the flow of radicals directly to the substrate surface.
During the ALD cycle, a mixture of nitrogen and argon is introduced into the reactor to act as a purge gas between precursor pulses and to facilitate the generation of a plasma during the plasma cycle. Sequential exposures of TriMethylAluminum (TMA) and excited O2 precursors are used to deposit Al2O3 films on Si(100) substrates. A plasma discharge is activated during the oxygen gas pulse to form radicals in the reactor space. The experiments show that the growth rate of the film increased with increasing plasma power and with increasing O2 pulse length before saturating at higher power and longer O2 pulse length. Their growth rate saturated at the level of 1.78 Angstrom (A) per cycle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,67 to Kuyel teaches a method and system for generating plasma using an RF-excited radial-flow, cylindrical plasma rector. The reactor includes a toroidal waveguide of rectangular cross-section connected to a microwave source. One of the reactive species of the plasma is flowed through the waveguide and is pre-ionized. The design permits independent control over the activation of both reactive species.
It is believed that widespread adoption of ALD technology for a variety of promising industrial applications is predicated upon obtaining a film thickness that is extremely uniform across the substrate and has very little or no hydrogen content. It is also important to reduce the cycle-time for the production of the film so that operational throughput can be increased. Such an increased throughput would result in reduced costs and other economies of scale. Furthermore, in traditional ALD systems, Ammonia (NH3) is used for nitridation. NH3, being a corrosive chemical, incurs a high downstream cost of abatement as known by those skilled in the art.
The prior art cited above fails to accomplish these goals. More specifically, the prior art is ineffective at producing extremely uniform films across the substrate surface with short cycle-times. That is because the high energy plasma flux is able to enter from the plasma chamber of typical prior art designs into the ALD volume around the substrate. Such prior art designs may use a showerhead (Chandrasekharan, LaVoie, Soininen) or a grid (Kaariainen) to separate the plasma from the substrate. The plasma is also sometimes pulsed to minimize exposure to the substrate or to reduce the energy of the plasma ions/flux.
In any case, the result is that high energy plasma flux still manages to enter the ALD volume and gets into contact with the substrate. This results in the damaging of the substrate surface and deterioration of the deposited film quality. Furthermore, the cycle-times in typical designs cannot be significantly reduced. As a result, the prior art is unable to satisfy the very high quality and uniformity, low cost and high throughput requirements of many industrial applications.
In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatuses/systems for performing ALD with high quality/uniformity of films, fast cycle-times and low cost of operation.
It is another object of the invention to produce such high quality/uniformity films by preventing the flow of damaging plasma flux from entering into the ALD volume.
It is still another object of the invention to significantly reduce the ALD cycle-times as compared to traditional ALD systems.
It is yet another object of the invention to have a continuous-flow of plasma gases into the chamber throughout the deposition process.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the detailed description in conjunction with the drawing figures.
The objects and advantages of the invention are secured by methods of systems for performing continuous-flow atomic layer deposition (ALD). Although the present teachings support both plasma enhanced ALD (PEALD) as well as thermal ALD processes, special attention is paid to PEALD. This is because of the remarkably uniform films with little or no hydrogen content produced by PEALD. Furthermore, instant PEALD techniques do not require ammonia (NH3) for nitridation, so expensive downstream ammonia abatement activities are also avoided.
In the instant design, PEALD is carried out inside a chamber, at the one end of which a substrate/wafer is placed above a platen which is heated by a platen heater. Preferably, the platen heater heats the platen and the substrate by resistive heating. The platen heater thus heats the substrate to a desired temperature. At the other end of the chamber is affixed a preferably planar, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source. Gas A or plasma gas is supplied to the planar ICP source by gas lines at two laterally opposite gas feedthrough points from above the ICP source. In a distinguishing aspect of the technology, the plasma gas is continually/continuously flowed to the ICP source throughout the deposition process.
Consequently, the plasma from the plasma gas or gas A is also continuously generated in the instant continuous-flow PEALD design. The plasma is generated below a quartz plate of the ICP source in the chamber. In another innovative aspect, the plasma is isolated from the substrate by a combination of a grounded metal plate and a ceramic plate affixed in the chamber between the ICP source and the substrate. The grounded metal plate and the ceramic plate have a number of holes, such that each hole of one plate is perfectly aligned with a corresponding hole of the other plate.
The diameter of the holes in the metal plate is preferably ⅛ inches. However, the number of holes is far lesser than a typical dense showerhead design of the traditional art. In comparison, the corresponding holes of the ceramic plate are much smaller, preferably less than two Debye lengths of the plasma. The plasma field is shorted by the grounded metal plate. But the excited radicals, terminated by the metal plate, pass through its holes as neutral atoms/molecules.
The excited neutrals then pass through the small ceramic plate holes to reach the ALD volume around the substrate. In yet another distinguishing aspect, the high energy plasma flux consisting of plasma ions and electrons is prevented from entering the ALD volume by the ceramic plate while only the excited neutrals pass through. This is only possible because of the above mentioned design of the ceramic plate holes having diameter less than two Debye lengths.
The excited/activated neutrals thus reaching the ALD volume are always present around the substrate, in contrast to the typical ALD systems where only one reactant is present in the ALD volume at a given time. A pulse of a gas B is also passed into the ALD volume, preferably from below the substrate. Preferably, gas B is a metal precursor on a carrier gas. In the ALD volume, the excited neutrals, the metal precursor and the heated substrate react in a self-limiting manner. In a surprising aspect of the design, a layer of atomically sized film is produced even with the continuous presence of one of the reactants (the excited neutrals from the plasma). In this manner, remarkably uniform thickness, high quality films can be deposited/coated on the substrate surface.
As many pulses of gas B may be passed in as many ALD cycles as desired to incur a required thickness of the deposited film. In a highly preferred embodiment, the chamber comprises an upper portion and a lower portion that can close to pneumatically seal the chamber. In another embodiment, gas A is a mixture of more than one component gases or chemical species. In yet another embodiment, gas B is also a mixture of component gases or chemical species. One of such component gases in gas B may be a carrier gas that is used to carry a reactant or precursor with insufficient vapor pressure to reach the chamber.
Preferably, gas A comprises one or more of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and hydrogen. Preferably, gas B comprises a metal precursor and the film deposited is that of an oxide or a nitride of a metal. Preferably, the precursor is of a metal such as aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), hafnium, etc. and carried on an appropriate carrier gas. The carrier gas may be nitrogen (N2) or argon (Ar).
Preferably, the deposited film is one of AlN, Al2O3, GaN, Ga2O3, SiO2, Si3N4, ZnO, Zn3N2, HfO2, etc. Preferably the transit distance that the excited neutrals travel in the chamber towards the substrate is less than 1 centimeter, significantly less than the traditional art. The transit distance is defined as the vertical distance from the upper surface of the metal plate to the imaginary horizontal plane equidistant between the lower surface of the ceramic plate and the top of the substrate. Such a short transit distance is only possible because of the very compact instant design. The system can also operate in pure thermal ALD mode without requiring plasma.
Preferably, gas A is flowed to the planar ICP source substantially vertically with respect to the substrate. In contrast, gas B is preferably flowed substantially horizontally with respect to the substrate. Very advantageously, the cycle-time of the ALD process as result of the instant design is reduced to the duration of time between two consecutive pulses of gas B. This is a significant performance/throughput improvement over the prior art. That is because in traditional art, each reactant is pulsed alternately and the cycle-time is equal to the time duration between two consecutive pluses of a reactant, including an intervening pulse of the other reactant. Also, since gas A is always present in the chamber, no separate purge cycle is needed in the present design.
As many pulses of gas B are sent to the chamber as needed to obtain a film of a desired thickness. More specifically, as many ALD cycles are performed as needed to obtain a film of a desired thickness. During these cycles, one or more of the component gases or chemical species of gas A and/or gas B may be changed during the execution of the recipe. This may be needed if films of different compounds need to be deposited in a single recipe. In such an embodiment, a purge cycle may need to be performed before gas species are altered.
In a highly preferred embodiment, a load-lock mechanism is used to prevent oxidation of the finished/coated substrate. After the film deposition is complete, the load-lock mechanism, working in conjunction with a lift assembly of the platen heater, removes the hot substrate from the chamber. It does so by virtue of an arm and an end effector to bring the hot substrate from the chamber into a pneumatically sealed load-lock compartment containing inert nitrogen (N2). The hot substrate is allowed to cool off in that inert environment before being exposed to environmental oxygen.
A batch version of the present PEALD design is also disclosed. In the instant batch PEALD version, there are a number of substrate modules vertically stacked inside a batch chamber. Each substrate module has a heated substrate at the bottom. The plasma is produced from gas A as before, but by a remote plasma source. Preferably, the remote plasma source is inductive. At or near the remote plasma source is a plasma filter module containing the metal plate with holes and ceramic plate with its holes of the earlier single-wafer embodiments.
Thus, the plasma from the remote plasma source is terminated by the metal plate of the plasma filter module. However, the excited/activated neutrals pass through the metal plate holes and the ceramic plate holes of the plasma filter module. The excited neutrals from the plasma are then fed into the batch chamber using normal tubing traveling up to a distance of preferably half a meter. The excited neutrals are then fed into the ALD volumes of the substrate modules directly above the heated substrates.
Another gas B is also flowed to the batch chamber. As before, gas B typically comprises a gaseous metal precursor on a suitable carrier gas. Gas B is passed through the walls of the batch chamber and preferably delivered directly above the heated substrates in the substrate modules. As in the case of single-wafer embodiments, the excited neutrals of gas A, gas B and the heated substrate react in a self-limiting fashion inside each substrate module. The result is an atomically sized film of a remarkably uniform thickness deposited simultaneously on all the substrates in the batch chamber. As many ALD cycles may be run as desired in order to obtain films of the required thickness.
Clearly, the system and methods of the invention find many advantageous embodiments. The details of the invention, including its preferred embodiments, are presented in the below detailed description with reference to the appended drawing figures.
The figures and the following description relate to preferred embodiments of the present invention by way of illustration only. It should be noted that from the following discussion, alternative embodiments of the structures and methods disclosed herein will be readily recognized as viable alternatives that may be employed without departing from the principles of the claimed invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted that wherever practicable, similar or like reference numbers may be used in the figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figures depict embodiments of the present invention for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention described herein.
The present invention will be best understood by first reviewing a chamber assembly or simply a chamber 100 of a continuous-flow plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) system according to the present teachings as illustrated in
There is a planar inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source 104A attached to top portion 102 at its far or distal end from lower portion 120. Planar ICP source 104A has a ducting or tubing or line 106A to carry plasma gas(es) to plasma source 104A at two laterally opposite gas feedthrough points 106B and 106C as shown. According to a distinguishing aspect of the instant technology, a ground or grounded metal plate 122A whose significance will be taught further below, is also affixed or attached to or integrated with chamber 100. In the embodiment shown in
However, in alternative embodiments metal plate 122A may be affixed right in between upper/top portion 102 and lower/bottom portion 120 or in upper/top portion 102. It should be noted that although the below embodiments employ an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source 104A, the present design may also accommodate a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) source. Plasma flux from a CCP source may be more energetic. If this more energetic plasma flux were to enter the ALD volume, it would cause pinhole defects on the substrate surface, thus damaging the film uniformity. Furthermore, the increased sputtering around the holes of metal plate 122A from the more energetic plasma may contaminate the deposited film. Henceforth, an ICP source is preferred over a CCP source in the present design. The holes of metal plate 122A will be discussed in much more detail further below.
The preferred embodiment in
A snug and airtight fit between upper section/portion 102 and lower section/portion 120 is accorded by an O-ring 130 as shown in
We may refer to the sealed state of chamber 100 as a substantially sealed state in order to represent the range of vacuum conditions required to carry out the operation of the ALD system. The vacuum conditions are preferably obtained by a combination of a backing pump and a turbomolecular pump to be discussed further below. As a result, the system is able to achieve a pressure of about 10−6 Torr in chamber 100 after 20 minutes of a pump down operation, and a pressure of about 5*10−7 Torr in a clean, cold system after an overnight pump down operation. Preferably, the operational pressure in chamber 100 ranges from 50 millitorrs to a few hundred millitorrs. As will be discussed that preferably, during the self-limiting ALD reaction, the pressure in the ALD volume around substrate 140 in lower portion 120 is kept at 0.27 Torr or below.
Alternatively, lines 126A can come out from underneath baseplate 190 and then directly enter wall 128 of lower portion 120, and then vertically upwards to O-rings 124. In any case, lines 126A surrounded by O-rings 124 at the interface of portions 102, 120 then come outside to the side of upper portion 102 as a single line 106A. Line 106A comes out via ports/feeds 126C shown in the rear perspective view of chamber 100 in
In other embodiments, one or more of lines 126A may be allowed to enter directly into the inside of upper portion 102 through its internal sidewall and then to planar ICP source 104A without ever coming outside. Still in other embodiments, all three of lines 126A may come out to the side of upper portion 102 as three unmixed individual lines 106A that may feed into ICP source either from the side or from the top at one or more gas feedthroughs. The skilled reader will recognize the many different gas supply configurations available for practicing the instant teachings. As already noted, line 106A eventually feeds into ICP source 104A from the top as two gas feedthroughs 106B, 106C shown in the embodiment of
The gases flowing via lines 126A from lower portion 120 to upper portion 102 may include reactant gases, plasma gasses, purge gases, or other types of gases as required by a given application or process recipe. As will be taught below, that even though the ALD system being explained can support the use of purge gases, a distinguishing aspect of the present technology is that it does not require a purge cycle. In this disclosure, by the term purge cycle we mean the step in which an inert gas, referred to as a purge gas, is passed through the ALD volume and/or the plasma volume for a length of time. The length of the purge cycle is chosen to cleanse the volume(s) of existing reactants and/or the reaction products. This leads to an overall lengthening of cycle-time and reduction in system throughput.
As will be discussed, that in the present design also, there is a certain wait time after a precursor pulse. During this time, the pressure in the chamber, specifically the ALD volume, decays substantially to the background level. Also during this time, any excess precursor and/or reaction products can be pumped out or purged, before next precursor pulse is sent. However, since plasma gas(es) are always flowing, a complete purge cycle using a purge gas and requiring a pump down and flushing/purging of the plasma chamber is avoided, resulting in significantly shorter cycle-times than traditional systems.
The gases flow through stainless steel gas lines 126A around which O-rings 124 are provided where upper portion 102 and lower portion 120 close together. The above mechanism allows top and bottom portions 102, 120 respectively to separate from each other without requiring flexible tubing to bring gasses to top portion 102. As a result, top chamber 102 can be pneumatically lifted (manually or otherwise) using chamber lift 108 while still allowing gases to flow from bottom portion 120 to top portion 102 when the two portions are in a closed position. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that the use of stainless steel lines of the above design provides for a higher reliability than flexible tubing, and the pneumatic lift design provides for a user friendly system operation.
As already hinted above, chamber 100 also has a heating mechanism for heating substrate surface 140 in bottom portion 120. Specifically, a platen heater 142 as shown in
In the preferred embodiment, heater 142 utilizes resistive heating. It is designed to concentrate and maintain heat uniformly on its upper or working surface on which substrate 140 is placed, while minimizing heat loss at its interface to baseplate 190. Advantageously, the temperature is kept stable via a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, such as one available from OMEGA.
The heating ensues once platen heater 142 is electrically powered or activated. As shown in
In addition, lower portion 120 is also independently heated by one or more cartridge heaters to a temperature below that of substrate 140. The purpose of cartridge heater(s) is to heat the interior walls of lower portion 120 and therefore to avoid condensation on these walls. One with skill in the art will readily understand the use of such cartridge heater(s) and they are not explicitly shown in the drawing figures for clarity.
Let us now take a look at a cross sectional view of chamber 100 shown in
It should be remarked that quartz plate 104E acts as the sealing component of planar ICP source 104A while its RF coil/antenna stays at atmospheric pressure. An air cooling fan 104D is also provided as shown. In alternative embodiments, a water cooling mechanism can be used to keep the system from overheating. The figure also shows metal plate 122A and ceramic plate 123A underneath metal plate 122A as introduced earlier. Also shown are gas feeding lines 126A, platen heater 142, chamber lift 108, and plasma gas feeding line 106A from earlier teachings.
Further shown in
Referring back to
Thus, the design can use sparsely distributed holes 122B as compared to traditional art, which in turn allows it to maintain higher pressure in the plasma volume than in the ALD volume. This consequently prevents precursor gas from diffusing to the plasma volume and depositing. Therefore, in the present design, quartz plate 104E does not accumulate deposits in the present design. In a variation, instead of quartz, plate 104E is made of alumina. The advantage of quartz is that one can see the plasma when looking down at ICP source 104A from above. Underneath metal plate 122A is a ceramic metal plate 123A as shown in
In another innovative aspect of the instant design, holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A have a diameter less than 2 Debye lengths of the plasma generated in chamber 100. However, holes 122B of metal plate 122A are bigger and of a size more reminiscent of a typical shower head design. Preferably the diameter of metal plate holes 122B is about 0.125 inches. Furthermore, metal plate 122A and ceramic plate 123A of the instant design are attached to chamber 100 in alignment, such that each hole 122B of grounded metal plate 122A is perfectly aligned with its corresponding counterpart hole 123B of ceramic plate 123A.
According to the main aspects of the instant techniques, platen heater 142 is used to heat substrate 140 (see
In contrast to traditional art, the plasma is continuously produced and present in chamber 100, specifically in the plasma volume, throughout the ALD process. Gas A or the plasma gas may consist of a single chemical specie or it can be a mixture of different chemical/gas species. In the latter case, as already explained above, the gases mix inside lines 126A, 106A before being delivered via laterally opposite gas feedthroughs 106B-C to plasma source 104A as shown in
Plasma source 104A is preferably powered by a 13.56 Mega Hertz Radio Frequency (RF) generator, such as 1213W 1 kW RF Generator working with an AIT-600-10 auto-tuner both available from T&C Power Conversion, Inc. Alternatively, a 600 Watt RF generator with an auto tuner from any other supplier may be used.
The plasma gas(es) are generally supplied from high pressure reservoir(s) or tank(s) via respective mass flow controllers (MFC) and associated valves. The MFC's may or may not be digital. In the preferred embodiment, the plasma gas or gas A consists of a mixture of nitrogen N2 and argon Ar, or a mixture of oxygen O2 and Ar, or a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and N2. Conveniently, a plasma viewport 146 is also provided in the system as shown in
Because of the presence of grounded metal plate 122A which is at ground potential and at a short distance below quartz plate 104E of ICP source 104A, the plasma is rapidly terminated or shorted or quenched. However, the activated or excited neutrals (radicals terminated by metal plate 122A) of gas A still pass through holes 122B of metal plate 122A and corresponding smaller holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A (see
The transit distance is defined as the vertical distance from the upper surface of metal plate 122A to the imaginary horizontal plane equidistant between the lower surface of ceramic plate 123A and the top of substrate 140. It is the distance that the neutrals travel when they leave the plasma in the plasma volume to the approximate location where they undergo the ALD reaction in the ALD volume. As compared to traditional systems this transit distance of the instant design is much shorter, and preferably less than 1 centimeter.
Traditional systems require upper plasma volumes of their chambers having lengths of approximately 40 centimeters. In these systems, the plasma volume has to be large to assure the decay of plasma before gas molecules arrive at the substrate. This large plasma volume in traditional systems then has to be pumped down or flushed/purged between cycles resulting in long cycle-times. In contrast, the instant design is much more compact, with the plasma volume having a very short length. Specifically, the length of the plasma volume is the distance between the lower surface of quartz plate 104E and the upper surface of metal plate 122A. This length of the instant plasma volume is preferably approximately of 1 inch. This compact design, combined with the continuous-flow of plasma gas(es) without requiring a purge of the plasma volume, results in substantially lower cycle-times than in traditional art.
For ease of understanding, the transit distance d and the length of the plasma volume l of the instant design are illustrated in the dot-and-dashed outlined box in the upper right hand corner of
Due to the combination of plates 122A, 123A and their holes 122B, 123B respectively, the plasma ions and electrons, sometimes referred to as the ion flux, do not penetrate the small holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A. They thus do not damage substrate 140 as in traditional systems. In order to accomplish this, in yet another innovative aspect, holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A are specifically designed to have a diameter less than 2 Debye lengths. As a result, the plasma flux is prevented from entering the ALD volume to the extent that its damaging effects on the substrate are negligible for most applications.
Referring to
Preferably, the plasma gas or gas A is flowed to planar ICP source 104A substantially vertically with respect to substrate 140. This is accomplished by feeding gas A to ICP source 104A by vertical gas feedthroughs 106A-B as already explained, and the fact that excited radicals of gas A pass down vertically as neutrals via holes 122B, 123B towards substrate 140 (also see
In other embodiments, reactant/precursor feeding line 127 may be provided from a side, or at another appropriate location in chamber 100, as long as it feeds in below ceramic plate 123A. This is required to keep the precursor gas in the ALD volume where the ALD reaction with the substrate and the excited neutrals from the plasma gas needs to take place. Of course, the ALD reaction can only commence when top and bottom portions 102, 120 are sealed and not in the ajar position shown in
Sometimes, the plasma gas or gas A may also be referred to as simply the reactant while gas B may also be referred to as the precursor. This is because gas B is typically used as a metal precursor (on an appropriate carrier gas), that is utilized in the self-limiting ALD reaction for depositing a compound of the metal on the substrate. Thus, while all precursors are reactants, not all reactants are precursors. In this disclosure, we will use the term reactant to generally refer to either gas A or gas B, and will reserve the term precursor for referring to gas B. The applicability of these terms should be apparent from the context to the skilled reader. The deposited compound mentioned above is preferably an oxide or a nitride of the metal. There are several precursors of aluminum, gallium and other metals, such as silicon, zinc and hafnium, available in the art that may utilized for this purpose.
As hinted above, a carrier gas may be used to bring low vapor pressure reagents/reactants/precursors such as liquids/solids into the ALD volume in lower portion 120 (see
Another popular method involves using a bubbler mechanism. More specifically, a carrier gas is “bubbled” through the reactant while it is heated. This may be desired for really low vapor pressure reactants. The use of bubblers, heaters, carrier gases, pumps and other such industry standard techniques are well known to skilled artisans, and will not be delved into detail in this specification. Preferably, the carrier gas is nitrogen N2 or argon Ar because of their inert properties well known in the art.
Thus, gas B is pulsed into chamber 100 on a suitable carrier gas using any of the above mentioned or sill other techniques. However, if it is has a high enough vapor pressure then no carrier gas may be necessary to carry it from its reservoir to chamber 100 through line 127. Referring to
The two reactant gases (gas B and excited neutrals of gas A) and heated substrate 140 react in a self-limiting manner. Without being limited to a specific theory, the self-limiting reaction may consist of a first self-limiting reaction between the excited neutrals of gas A and heated substrate surface 140. Note that this self-limiting reaction may also be referred to as a surface-limited reaction or as a self-limiting surface reaction because it ceases once all the reactive sites on the surface have been consumed by the excited neutrals.
Obviously when we refer to the reaction with the substrate, we are referring to the upper or top surface of the wafer/substrate and not its bottom surface which rests unexposed on the working surface of platen heater 142. It should be noted that unlike traditional art where only one reactant is present in the ALD volume at a time, the excited neutrals of gas A in the present design are always present in the ALD volume. This is because of the continuous production of the plasma from the continuous supply of gas A or plasma gas as explained above.
Again, without being limited to a particular theory, the first self-limiting reaction is followed by a second self-limiting reaction. The second self-limiting (and surface-limited) reaction is between gas B and substrate surface 140 after its first self-limiting reaction above. The end-result of these self-limiting/surface-limited/surface-limiting reactions, also conveniently referred to as simply the self-limiting ALD reaction or the self-limiting reaction (in the singular), is an atomically sized film formed on the surface of substrate 140.
Additionally, there is no deposition on the walls of ALD volume, specifically lower portion 120. That is because their temperature is kept sufficiently below the temperature of substrate 140 to form the film by the above self-limiting reaction. Recall, that the walls of lower portion 120 are heated by cartridge heater(s) to avoid any condensation of reactant gases. Using the above described design, the instant technology is able to achieve films that are remarkably pure and have uniform thickness, while avoiding damage to the substrate surface from high energy plasma ions and electrons (plasma flux).
As already explained, the plasma in the instant design is rapidly terminated, quenched, shorted or “killed” over the short distance/length below quartz plate 104E at metal plate 122A (see
As a result, the present design of metal plate 122A (and corresponding ceramic plate 123A) requires much fewer holes 122B (and 123B) than attributable to a typical dense holes showerhead design of the prevailing art. In a typical implementation, the instant design would require only 20-30 such holes in its metal plate as compared to hundred or more holes of a typical showerhead design. Once the monolayer of an atomically sized film is formed utilizing sufficient number of activated species/neutrals, the remainder of the activated neutrals do not react and are then pumped out.
Again, without being limited by a specific theory, the plasma, and more specifically the plasma field, is quickly shorted/terminated/quenched by grounded metal plate 122A, with minimal sputtering around metal holes 122B. Preferably, metal plate 122A is made out of aluminum because of its high conductivity in terminating the plasma as well as high thermal conductivity to be at a temperature equilibrium with the rest of chamber 100. In other embodiments, stainless steel or copper may also be employed. If plate 122A is made of stainless steel it will have better sputtering qualities than aluminum, however one would need to contend with its less efficient electrical and thermal conductivity than aluminum. If a copper plate is employed, it would have superior thermal/electrical conductivity but one would have to be careful about copper impurities reaching the substrate.
As will be apparent by now, small holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A only allow the activated neutrals of gas A to pass through. They accomplish this while also completely or almost completely or substantially preventing the flow of plasma flux containing energetic ions and electrons to substrate 140. The present technology is able to do this because holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A are specifically designed to have diameter less than two Debye lengths of the plasma. Those skilled in the art will understand that Debye length λ of a plasma is estimated by:
where ε0 is the permittivity of free space, k is the Boltzmann constant, e is the charge of an electron while T and n are the temperature and density of the plasma electrons respectively. Substituting the values of constants ε0, k and e while ensuring the consistency of units in Eq. 1 yields:
For a typical ALD recipe supported by the instant techniques, the plasma is powered at 200 Watts resulting in temperature T of around 2 eV with density n of about 108 per cm3. Plugging these values in Eq. 2 results in:
Indeed, in the instant design the diameter of holes 123B of ceramic plate 123A is kept at 1 mm (or 0.038 inches) which is obviously less than 2×λ, or 2×1.05=2.1 mm. The thickness of ceramic plate 122A itself is about 6.35 mm (or 0.25 inches). This results in a large aspect ratio (thickness/diameter) of about 0.25/0.038≅6.58.
Let us consider the scenario that electron density n in the chamber were much higher than that used in Eq. 3, leading to a value of λ much lower than 1 mm. Without being limited by a specific theory, the value of n would drop from the mouth of holes 123B at the surface of ceramic plate 123A, towards the interior/deeper portion of holes 123B. This is evident because the plasma neutrals will travel through holes 123B from the upper surface of ceramic plate 123A towards its lower surface, approaching substrate 140.
Because of the high aspect ratio of the ceramic plate of the instant design, at some point during this travel of the neutrals, the value of n will drop sufficiently enough to achieve a value of λ close to that computed in Eq. 3. Henceforth, the instant design is still able to achieve its benefits by ensuring that the diameter of ceramic plate holes 123B is kept less than 2×λ. Obviously, if the value of electron density n were any lower than that used in Eq. 3, that would only increase the value of λ than that computed in Eq. 3.
As a direct consequence of the above design, there is an isolation/separation between the plasma and the ALD volumes. This isolation/separation is accorded by metal and ceramic plates 122A and 123A respectively. Because of the smaller number of holes 122A and 123A than traditional designs such as a grid, and the extremely small size of holes 123B, the plasma volume and the ALD volume can be kept at different desirable pressures.
The instant design allows one to maintain higher pressure in the plasma volume than in the ALD volume. This consequently prevents precursor gas from diffusing to the plasma volume and depositing there. Therefore, in the present design, quartz plate 104E does not accumulate deposits. In the preferred embodiment, the pressure in the ALD volume in lower portion 120 is kept at 0.27 Torr or lower, while the pressure in the plasma volume/chamber is kept higher at 0.5 Torr. Moreover, the plasma can thus be struck at a higher pressure where it is easier to control/maintain and is more readily reproducible.
As compared to traditional art, gas A flows continuously into chamber 100, and is always present around substrate 140 in an excited state. This is indeed a surprising aspect of the instant technology because by definition, traditional ALD techniques involve sending alternating pulses of the reactants, but never the two reactants together. In comparison, a cycle of the instant technology only involves sending one pulse of the precursor gas B in the continuous presence of activated gas A neutrals.
The design all the same still achieves the desired self-limiting ALD reaction. Then after steady-state/background pressure is achieved and any excess precursor and/or byproducts are removed, another pulse of gas B can be sent to repeat the cycle. As many cycles can be repeated as required to achieve a desired thickness of the film. The above results in a dramatic reduction of cycle-time of the instant technology to typically half of that of traditional art. This is illustrated in
Analogous to the prior art timing diagram shown in
Note that while in
The compact design of the instant technology with the exceptional results of film uniformity across the substrate surface, and dramatically reduced cycle-times, make it especially useful for a variety of applications. These applications especially include those that require high quality films at a high throughput. The technology is able to produce films of a variety of materials. The results from a non-exhaustive list of films of various materials deposited or coated using the instant continuous-flow plasma enhanced ALD (PEALD) techniques are summarized below. The results indicate the high degree of uniformity of the film across a 6 inch diameter substrate. We refer to a film of such a high degree of uniformity as a substantially uniform film.
Note that in the above results, sometimes a single type of gas or chemical specie is employed for gas A or the plasma gas, while at other times multiple types of gases or chemical species are employed. Specifically, in recipes (1) and (5), GaN and Ga2O3 are produced using an N2 plasma and an O2 plasma respectively. However, in recipes (2), (3) and (4), AlN, Al2O3 and Ga2O3 are produced using plasmas obtained from gaseous mixtures of N2+H2, O2+Ar, and O2+H2 respectively. There are a number of reasons/scenarios as to why multiple species of gas may be used to produce plasma in a given recipe. These include:
It should be noted that in addition to gas A, another gas may also be added to gas B. Recall that gas B is typically a metal precursor on a carrier gas. For example, an inert gas may also be added with the carrier gas of the precursor to remove unwanted byproducts of the reaction as in scenario (2) above. Similarly, an inert gas may also be mixed with the carrier gas of the precursor to provide sufficient loading for turbo pump 192 as in scenario (3) above. In addition to the above films, the instant techniques may be used to deposit many other different types of films. The various types of films deposited/coated by the instant technology include AlN, Al2O3, GaN, Ga2O3, SiO2, Si3N4, ZnO, Zn3N2, HfO2, etc.
Before moving on, the reader should note that while there is no limit to the number of individual species/types of gases or component gases that may be mixed to form gas A and gas B, care should be taken that the gases in the mixture are not very mutually reactive at the pressures involved. In other words, an O2+H2 mixture for plasma at high pressures will be mutually reactive. Note however that in recipe (4) above, it was still possible to use O2 and H2 but at the low pressures of 10 sccm, while the carrier for the precursor was Ar at 20 sccm.
Recall from
Other componentry from earlier drawings is not explicitly shown in
These gases are then carried to plasma source 104A in upper portion 102 of chamber 100 via lines 126A and 106A as explained where they mix together. Then they are delivered as gas mixture A or more simply just gas A or the plasma gas to plasma source 104A. Plasma source 104A generates plasma from gas A whose excited neutrals then pass through holes in metal and ceramic plates (not shown) to partake in a self-limiting reaction for ALD as already taught above.
Gas B typically containing a metal precursor is supplied into chamber 100 by line 127. In the embodiment shown in
The schematic of
In other words, one or more of valves 209 controlling the flow of the components of gas A from MFC's 202 can be programmatically manipulated in a recipe to alter the composition of the plasma gas to chamber 100 during the recipe. Similarly, one or more of valves 208 controlling the flow of the components of gas B from reservoirs 204 may be programmatically manipulated during a recipe to alter the composition of gas B. This may also be done in conjunction with manipulating one or more of valves 212 of carrier gases from MFC's 206. The above functionality may be desired if compounds of more than one type need to be deposited during the recipe. In this case, a purge cycle to clean chamber 100 may be necessary once an ALD film of a required compound is completed and the next layer of the film of a different compound in the same recipe needs to be deposited.
As already mentioned that
In one such thermal ALD variation, heated and externally supplied ozone (O3) from an ozone generator 214A is sent to the ALD volume. As shown, generator 214A is connected to a manual valve 210 for any convenient removal/replacement operation. Alternatively, thermally excited water vapor from reservoir 214B is sent to the ALD volume for thermal oxidation. In still other variations, nitric oxide (NO) supplied from a tank (not shown) may be used as an oxidizer instead of ozone or water vapor. In any case, water vapor, O3 or NO supplies are controlled by ALD valves 208 for programmatic introduction into the ALD volume. Such embodiments may preferably be used to produce oxide films such as Al2O3, Ga2O3, etc.
In yet another thermal ALD variation of the present design, nitride films taught earlier may also be produced. Nitridation is accomplished by flowing ammonia NH3 or hydrazine from reservoir 216 via micrometer valve 218 into the ALD volume of chamber 100 as shown in
It should be remarked that the above explained thermal ALD embodiments supported by the instant design are not continuous-flow. In other words, both the precursor as well as the oxidizing/nitriding reactants are pulsed alternately in a typical dose-purge-dose-purge sequence. As already explained, that plasma is not used for reactant activation in these thermal embodiments. As such, continuously flowing plasma gas A in lines 126A of earlier PEALD embodiments is not used. The purpose of providing these thermal embodiments is to show that the instant continuous-flow PEALD design is versatile enough to support more traditional thermal ALD processes also.
However, the above thermal ALD embodiments still benefit from the compact design of the smaller ALD volume of the earlier PEALD embodiments. Even though no plasma is used in these embodiments, cycle-time is still reduced, because a smaller chamber volume needs to be purged than traditional thermal ALD systems. Though the present design fully supports thermal ALD as explained above, the plasma enhanced embodiments explained earlier have shown to produce very uniform and high quality films without downstream abatement processes.
Let us now turn our attention to an advantageous post processing step of the present techniques. This step prevents oxidation of the hot substrate sample after film deposition from the above applied techniques. Specifically, the step utilizes a load-lock mechanism with an automatic/robotic arm and an end effector. In conjunction with a lift assembly of platen heater 142 (see
To understand the working of this post processing step in detail, let us look at a right isometric view of the embodiment illustrated in
To visualize this further, let us look at the detailed view of load-lock mechanism or assembly 150 in
There is a robotic arm or simply arm 156 with an end effector 158 as shown in
To linearly manipulate arm 156 and end effector 158 a ballscrew assembly 162 (whose threads are not visible in
During normal operational flap door 152 is kept in a closed position and vacuum conditions are achieved in compartment 160 by a load-lock vacuum pump (not shown) connected via connections 172. Connections 172 are then used to fill load-lock compartment 160 with N2. Connections 172 include connections/pipes for pumping, venting, filling and feedthrough gauge connections for load-lock mechanism 150. Once ALD process is finished in chamber 100, substrate 140 is then brought into the airtight inert N2 environment of compartment 160 per above explanation. It remains there with flap door 152 closed until it cools off to room temperature. This minimizes any oxidation and deterioration of its surface.
Next, planar ICP source 104A is powered as shown by box 308. More specifically, in step 308 electrical power to the power supply of ICP source 104A is turned on and appropriate power setting is selected to produce RF signal of the desired strength. This RF signal is carried to ICP source 104A, specifically its RF antenna/coil 104B via RF input port 104C. In one embodiment, the antenna/coil can be powered at up to 1000 watts.
Next, gas B is pulsed into chamber 100, as indicated by box 310. This step is accomplished by utilizing fast ALD valves 208 (see
As already explained, any excess precursor or gas B as well as any reaction byproducts may also be purged during this wait/purge time indicated by process box 312 in
Once film deposition is complete, load-lock mechanism 150 is activated to bring sample/substrate 140 from chamber 100 into the inert conditions of compartment 160 as depicted by process box 314. Finished substrate 140 then cools off in compartment 160 of load-lock 150 to the ambient room temperature as indicated by box 316. Note that in alternative embodiments, the order of the above steps may be varied while adhering to the principles taught herein. For example, steps 304, 306, 308, 310 may all be carried out in parallel. In such a scenario, the self-limiting ALD reaction will only properly occur once substrate 140 is at its desired temperature and the plasma with the desired strength has been generated according to the recipe. Similarly, one can conceivably perform step 302 in parallel with steps 304 and 306. Other variations of the order of the steps may also be conceived within the present scope.
Screenshot 150 of
In addition to programmatic controls of ALD valves (see
Screenshot 350 of the control software of the present design further shows gauge 356 indicating the speed of the turbo pump as a percentage of its maximum speed. It also shows gauges 358 that include turbo speed in Hertz and a turbo setpoint indicator, as well as readouts from WRG and Pirani pressure gauges per above explanation. In the lower region of the screen indicated by reference numeral 360 are status bars of various components and sub-systems, including cooling subsystem, compressed dry air (CDA), venting status of the chamber, RF status, etc.
Further shown are MFC controls 362 showing which gases are being flowed at what pressure, RF controls 364 and pressure controls 366. Also shown are various temperature setpoints and corresponding readings 368. These include the temperature setpoints and current temperature readings for platen sample heater 142 (see
For completeness,
It should again be noted that the structure and configuration of the various embodiments described thus far is by way of example only. Alternative structures and configurations are entirely conceivable within the present scope. In particular, the present design requires the plasma generated by an ICP source to be separated or isolated from the ALD volume by above taught combination of metal and ceramic plates with their corresponding holes. This is to allow excited neutrals from the plasma gas to pass through the plates without allowing the plasma flux to enter the ALD volume and from damaging the substrate. As an added advantage, such a design allows one to maintain a pressure differential between the plasma volume and the ALD volume as taught above.
Therefore, in alternative embodiments, there may not be an upper and lower portion of the chamber, or the chamber may have more than two sections/portions. Similarly, gases may be supplied to the chamber in alternative fashion. This includes feeding gases in from the sides and via any number of appropriate gas feedthroughs. All such variations may be feasible so long as the plasma is kept above the conducting metal plate, and the precursor gas is kept below the ceramic plate in order to maintain the above discussed separation/isolation. More specifically, the separation/isolation objective is achieved by feeding plasma gas to the ICP source above the conducting metal plate, and by feeding the precursor gas to the chamber below the ceramic plate. Still other configurations may be conceived by those skilled in the art.
The teachings heretofore have been focused on disclosing the methods and systems for the instant continuous-flow ALD techniques for a single substrate/wafer configuration. This is obvious, because the above embodiments produce a uniform thickness film on a single substrate/wafer 140 (see
The schematic illustration of such an embodiment 400 is provided in
As per above teachings, the plasma is terminated by the grounded metal plate in filter module 404B and then filtered through the small holes of the ceramic plate in filter module 404B. Activated neutrals of the plasma are then carried from plasma filter module 404B via normal stainless steel tubing 406 to a batch chamber 402 as shown. According to this aspect of the technology, the activated neutrals will stay excited for a reasonable tubing distance 406, preferably about half a meter. The plasma is then delivered to batch chamber 402.
Batch chamber 402 comprises several identical substrate modules of which one substrate module is marked by reference label 414. Substrate modules are vertically stacked in batch chamber 402 as shown. Each substrate module 414 comprises a heated wafer 140. In one variation, substrate modules 414 have quartz housing and substrates 140 are heated by Infrared (IR) lamps (not shown). Note that other appropriate wafer heating mechanism(s), resistive or otherwise, such as platen heaters may also be used as will be appreciated by skilled artisans. Such heating mechanisms are omitted from
As in single-wafer embodiments, precursor bottles 204, valves, 210 and 208, and carrier gases from MFC's 206 and on/off valves 212 are used to supply ALD precursor for the above taught self-limiting reaction in chamber 402. As shown, the precursor is supplied via line 408 directly above substrates 140 in the ALD volumes inside substrate modules 414. There, the plasma activated neutrals come in contact with the precursor delivered by line 408 above heated substrates 140. The resulting self-limiting reactions deposit an atomically sized film on all substrates 140 simultaneously as a product of the reaction in this batch operation. As before, as many ALD cycles may be run and pulses of gas B may be passed in batch chamber 402 in order to obtain ALD films of the desired thickness.
During the ALD cycles, gases from ALD volumes are pumped out via exhaust line 410. Any remaining gases in chamber 402 may be pumped out via exhaust line 412. In this manner, as in the case of single-wafer embodiments, pure and extremely uniform ALD films are simultaneously produced on all substrates 140 in substrate modules 414. Substrates 140 are then preferably allowed to cool off in the clean, inert environment of chamber 402 to lower operating or room/ambient temperature. As in earlier embodiments, this post-processing step is necessary in order to prevent/minimize oxidation of the wafers by environmental oxygen. Note that in this batch embodiment, load-lock mechanism 150 (see
However, in a cluster version of the instant technology, each substrate module is a single-wafer processing chamber of the earlier single-wafer embodiments. Each chamber has its own load-lock mechanism and a robotic arm for loading/unloading the wafers. Then a whole cluster of wafers may be coated simultaneously according to the instant techniques. As with the single-wafer embodiments, other configurations supporting deposition/coating of multiple wafers within the present scope may be conceived by those skilled in the art. Such configurations may include batch/cluster variations or still other ways of organizing and coating multiple wafers according to the instant principles.
As already taught above, heating of the substrate can be done by Infrared radiation (IR). This mechanism eliminates/reduces plate contact and results in a more uniform substrate temperature. In other variations, for surface cleaning prior to starting the ALD process, the substrate can be biased with RF. Specifically, plasma can be produced around the wafer/substrate to remove any organic contaminations before commencing the ALD process. This also improves adhesion of the substrate to the plate.
Still other variations of the present technology include double-sided ALD. In other words, the technology may be adapted to coat both sides of the wafer/substrate. As already mentioned, the present technology may also be used to deposit oxides such as hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2), that are promising for the development of next-generation logic. Additionally, by modifying various components, the present technology may also be used to carry out ALD of graphene.
In view of the above teaching, a person skilled in the art will recognize that the apparatus and methods of invention can be embodied in many different ways in addition to those described without departing from the principles of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be judged in view of the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
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