Patent Application
20170200820
The present invention relates to electronic devices, and more particularly to three dimensional vertically structured electronic devices and methods of making the same.
Wide bandgap semiconductor materials are used in power electronics due to their ability to withstand higher breakdown voltages and temperatures compared to conventional semiconductors, i.e., silicon. Particular wide bandgap semiconductor materials of interest currently include silicon carbide and diamond. Gallium nitride (GaN) has also emerged as a wide bandgap material of particular interest due to its high electron mobility, saturation velocity and breakdown voltage, which has led to superior power switching performance in terms of conduction loss and switching loss. GaN has a favorable specific on resistance compared to SiC, which gives rise to a more efficient switching device.
Conventional power electronic devices are arranged in a configuration where the current conduction flows parallel to the wafer surface.
The source, drain and gate regions 110, 112, 116 generally each include metal contacts, to which a voltage may be applied. In the “on” state, current flows in a lateral/horizontal direction (as represented by arrow 118) from the source region 110 to the drain region 112 through the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) 120 formed at the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, and is modulated by the gate region 116. Moreover, in the “off” state, the blocking voltage is held laterally by depleting the 2-DEG between the source and drain regions 110, 112 (see e.g., the region represented by arrow 122).
Lateral GaN transistors, such as that shown in
According to one embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least one vertical transistor includes: a substrate including a semiconductor material; an array of three dimensional (3D) structures above the substrate; and an isolation region positioned between the 3D structures. Each 3D structure includes the semiconductor material. Each 3D structure also includes a first region having a first conductivity type and a second region having a second conductivity type, where the second region includes a portion of at least one vertical sidewall of the 3D structure.
According to another embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least one transistor includes: a substrate including a first semiconductor material; an array of three dimensional (3D) structures above the substrate; a first sidewall heterojunction layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of each 3D structure; and an isolation region positioned between the 3D structures. Each 3D structure includes the first semiconductor material, and the first sidewall heterojunction layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of each 3D structure includes a second semiconductor material, where the first and second semiconductor materials have different bandgaps.
According to yet another embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least vertical transistor includes: a substrate including a first semiconductor material; at least one three dimensional (3D) structure above the substrate; a heterojunction capping layer above an upper surface of the 3D structure; and a passivation layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of the 3D structure. The 3D structure includes the first semiconductor material, and the heterojunction capping layer includes a second semiconductor material, where the first and second semiconductor materials have a different bandgap.
Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations.
Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc.
As also used herein, the term “about” when combined with a value refers to plus and minus 10% of the reference value. For example, a length of about 1 μm refers to a length of 1 μm±0.1 μm.
It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless otherwise specified.
The following description discloses several preferred embodiments of three dimensional vertically structured transistors and/or related systems and methods of making the same.
In one general embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least one vertical transistor includes: a substrate including a semiconductor material; an array of three dimensional (3D) structures above the substrate; and an isolation region positioned between the 3D structures. Each 3D structure includes the semiconductor material. Each 3D structure also includes a first region having a first conductivity type and a second region having a second conductivity type, where the second region includes a portion of at least one vertical sidewall of the 3D structure.
In another general embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least one transistor includes: a substrate including a first semiconductor material; an array of three dimensional (3D) structures above the substrate; a first sidewall heterojunction layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of each 3D structure; and an isolation region positioned between the 3D structures. Each 3D structure includes the first semiconductor material, and the first sidewall heterojunction layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of each 3D structure includes a second semiconductor material, where the first and second semiconductor materials have different bandgaps.
In yet another general embodiment, an apparatus includes at least one vertical transistor, where the at least vertical transistor includes: a substrate including a first semiconductor material; at least one three dimensional (3D) structure above the substrate; a heterojunction capping layer above an upper surface of the 3D structure; and a passivation layer positioned on at least one vertical sidewall of the 3D structure. The 3D structure includes the first semiconductor material, and the heterojunction capping layer includes a second semiconductor material, where the first and second semiconductor materials have a different bandgap.
As discussed previously, power electronics utilize wide bandgap semiconductor materials due to their favorable electrical and optical properties. Conventional power electronic devices utilizing wide bandgap materials are typically based on horizontal architectures, or a combination of horizontal and vertical architectures. However, these conventional power electronics suffer from current slump issues, increased manufacturing costs and/or complexity, lower device performance, larger than desired device sizes, and other such disadvantages.
Embodiments described herein overcome the aforementioned drawbacks associated with conventional transistors by providing a unique vertical transistor architecture that includes one or more three dimensional (3D) structures (e.g., pillars, ridges, etc.) comprised of one or more wide bandgap semiconductor materials. In various embodiments, the turn-on voltage and the breakdown voltage of these unique vertical transistors may be independently tuned by selecting the diameter and the height of the 3D structures, respectively. In particular embodiments, the one or more three dimensional structures may comprise GaN. Advantages include increased speed, power, and at a reduced cost by using a smaller die size for the same device functionality.
Referring now to
A particular advantage of the vertical JFET 200 is the ability to tune the performance thereof by altering the geometry (e.g., the height and/or the width) of the 3D semiconductor structure. For instance, the breakdown voltage and the threshold (turn on) voltage may each be independently increased by increasing the height and decreasing the width of the 3D semiconductor structure, respectively.
As an option, the vertical JFET 200 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, the vertical JFET 200, and others presented herein, may be used in various applications and/or in permutations, which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, one or more components of the vertical JFET 200 may be of conventional material(s), design, and/or fabricated using conventional techniques as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
It should be noted that a width of a component of the vertical JFET 200 corresponds to the distance between opposing sides of said component as measured in the horizontal direction (i.e., the direction parallel to an x-z plane of the substrate 202, the z axis depicted in
As shown in
In more preferred approaches, the substrate 202 may have an n+ conductivity type. For instance, in some approaches, the substrate 202 may have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1016 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3.
In more approaches, the height of the substrate 202 may be in a range from about 0 to about 1 mm.
As also shown in
In yet more preferred approaches, the 3D structure 204 may have an n-conductivity type. For example, in some approaches, the 3D structure 204 may have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1014 cm−3 to about 1×1019 cm−3.
Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the substrate 202 and/or the 3D structure 204 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
It is important to note, however, that in alternative approaches, the doping profile in the substrate 202 and 3D structure 204 may be inverted to the opposite carrier type (e.g., changed to a p-type doping profile) in order to allow for a p-channel vertical JFET device. Suitable p-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the substrate 202 and/or the 3D structure 204 to form a p-channel vertical JFET device may include, but are not limited to, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, carbon, calcium, combinations thereof, etc.
In additional approaches, the total width, wt, of the 3D structure 204 may be in a range from about 0.001 μm to about 100 μm. In more approaches, the total height, ht, of the 3D structure 204 may be in a range from about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm. In yet more approaches, the 3D structure 204 may have a high aspect ratio. For example, the aspect ratio of the 3D structure 204, defined as the ratio of the greatest height (e.g., ht) of the structure relative to its greatest width (e.g., wt), may be in a range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1 or higher, e.g., about 1:1, about 10:1, about 25:1, about 50:1, and about 100:1. It is important to note that the dimensions (width, height, aspect ratio, etc.) of the 3D structure 204 described herein serve only as an example and are not limiting in any way, as various embodiments may have larger or smaller dimensions.
While not shown in
Formation of the 3D structure 204 of
With continued reference to
Again with reference to
In more approaches, a width of the heterojunction capping layer 206, as measured in the horizontal direction, may be about equal to or less than the width of the 3D structure 204. In yet more approaches, a height of the heterojunction capping layer 206, as measured in the vertical direction, may be in a range from about 100 Å to about 1 μm.
Techniques to form the heterojunction capping layer 206 above the 3D structure 204 may include, but are not limited to, MBE, PAMBE, MOMBE, MOCVD, MOVPE, HVPE, ammonothermal growth, etc.
The vertical JFET 200 of
The height of the passivation layer 208 may be less than the height of the 3D structure 204, in various approaches. A suitable height for the passivation layer 208 may be in a range from about 0 to about 100% of the height of the 3D structure 204. Moreover, a suitable width of the passivation layer 208 may in a range from about 1.0 nm to about 10 μm. In approaches where the vertical JFET 200 includes an array of the 3D structures 204, the passivation layer 208 may be present in (and partially or completely fill) the cavity regions between each 3D structure 204.
Suitable materials for the passivation layer 208 may include, but are not limited to, SiNx, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, BN, B, Al2O3, Ga2O3, MgO, Y2O3, Gd2O3, combinations thereof, or other such suitable materials as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Formation of the passivation layer 208 may be achieved via atomic layer deposition (ALD), MBE, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electron beam physical vapor deposition, sputtering, and other such application techniques as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
The vertical JFET 200 of
As particularly shown in
In various approaches, the width of source region 212 may be about equal to or less than the width of the passivation layer 208. In particular approaches, the width of the source region 212 may be in a range from about 10 nm to about 10 μm. In the exemplary embodiment shown in
As also shown in
As discussed previously, in the “on” state, the current (as represented by the dotted arrows) flows from the source region 212 through the 2-DEG 218, and then in a substantially vertical direction toward the drain region 216. It is important to note that in other approaches, the vertical JFET 200 of
Referring now to
As an option, the vertical JFET 400 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, the vertical JFET 400, and other transistors presented herein, may be used in various applications and/or in permutations, which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, one or more components of the vertical JFET 400 may be of conventional material(s), design, and/or fabricated using conventional techniques as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
It is of note that a width of a component of the vertical JFET 400 corresponds to the distance between opposing sides of said component as measured in the horizontal direction (i.e., the direction parallel to an x-z plane of the substrate 402, the z axis depicted in
As shown in
In some approaches, the substrate 402 may be an insulating substrate comprising sapphire, glass, quartz, Al2O3, combinations thereof, etc. However, in approaches where the substrate 402 is an insulating substrate, the drain region 426 (described in greater detail infra) may be coupled to a conductive layer at the bottom of the 3D structure 404, rather than coupled directly to the bottom surface of said substrate 402.
In particular approaches, the substrate 402 may include Si, SiC, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In preferred approaches, the substrate 402 may include GaN
In more preferred approaches, the substrate 402 may have an n+ conductivity type. For instance, in some approaches, the substrate 402 may have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1016 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3. Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the substrate 402 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
In more approaches, the height of the substrate 402 may be in a range from about 0 to about 1000 μm.
The vertical JFET 400 also includes at least one 3D structure 404 comprising a semiconductor material formed above the substrate 402. In various approaches, the 3D structure 404 may include one or more of the same semiconductor materials as the substrate 402. In particular, the 3D structure 404 may include SiC, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 404 may include GaN.
As particularly shown in
As noted above, a portion of one or more of the vertical sidewalls 416 of the 3D structure 404 may include the p-type region 410. In one particular approach, a portion of two vertical sidewalls 416 of the 3D structure 404 may each include p-type regions 410. In other approaches, a portion of each vertical sidewall 416 of the 3D structure 404 may include a p-type region 410.
The n-type regions 406, 408, 412 of the 3D structure 404 may each have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1014 cm−3 to about 1×1019 cm−3, and preferably an n-type dopant concentration about 5×1016 cm−3. Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the n-type regions 406, 408, 412 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
The p-type region(s) 410 of the 3D structure 404 may have a p-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1015 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3, and preferably a p-type dopant concentration of about 1×1018 cm−3. Suitable p-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the p-type regions 410 may include, but are not limited to, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, carbon, calcium, combinations thereof, etc.
It is important to note that, in alternative approaches, the doping profile in the substrate 402 and the regions of the 3D structure 404 may be inverted to the opposite carrier type in order to allow for a p-channel vertical JFET device. For instance, the substrate 402 and the lower, middle, and upper n-type regions 406, 412, 408 of the 3D structure 404 may be altered to have a p-type conductivity rather than an n-type conductivity, whereas the p-type regions 410 may be altered to have an n-type conductivity rather than a p-type conductivity.
The width, wl, of the lower n-type region 406 may be in a range from about 0.001 μm to about 100 μm, in various approaches. Likewise, the width, wu, of the upper n-type region 408 may be in a range from about 0.001 μm to about 100 μm, in numerous approaches. In preferred approaches, wu may be about equal to or less than wl. In more approaches, the width, wm, of the middle n-type region 412 may be less than wl and/or wu. In particular approaches, wm may be in a range from about 99% to about 10% of wl. In yet more approaches, the width, wp, of each p-type region 410 may be in a range from about 10% to about 20% of wl.
In further approaches, the total height, ht, of the 3D structure 404 may be in a range from about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm. In some approaches, the height, hl, of the lower n-type region 406 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 100% of ht. In more approaches, the height, hm, of the middle n-type region 412 may be in a range about 0% to about 100% of ht. Likewise, the height, hp, of each p-type region 410 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 100% of ht, in yet more approaches. In still more approaches, the height, hu, of the upper n-type region 408 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 100% of ht.
In additional approaches, the 3D structure 404 may have a high aspect ratio. For example, the aspect ratio of the 3D structure 404, defined as the ratio of the greatest height (e.g., ht) of the structure relative to its greatest width (e.g., wl), may be in a range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1 or higher, e.g., about 1:1, about 10:1, about 25:1, about 50:1, and about 100:1. As noted previously, a particular advantage of the vertical JFET 400 is the ability to tune the performance thereof by altering the geometry (e.g., the total height and/or the largest width) of the 3D structure 404. For instance, the breakdown voltage and the threshold (turn on) voltage may each be independently increased by increasing the total height and decreasing the largest width of the 3D structure 404, respectively.
The 3D structure 404 may also be a pillar, a ridge, or have any suitable 3D shape as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the 3D structure 404 may be rectangular, square, triangular, hexagonal, octagonal, rounded, star-shaped, circular, irregular, etc.
It is again important to note that the dimensions (width, height, aspect ratio, etc.), and shape of the 3D structure 404 as disclosed herein serve only as an example and are not limiting in any way, as various embodiments may include larger or smaller dimensions and/or different shapes.
As also shown in
In various approaches, the height of the isolation region 414 may be less than the combined height of the lower n-type region 406 and the p-type region 412 (hl+hp). Stated another way, the upper surface of the 418 of isolation region 414 may be below the upper surface 420 of the p-type region(s) 410.
The vertical JFET 400 of
As particularly shown in
In various approaches, the width of the gate region 422 may be less than the width of the isolation region 414. In particular approaches, the width of the gate region 422 may be in a range from about 10 nm to about 10 μm. In the exemplary embodiment shown in
As also shown in
It is important to note that the vertical JFET formed via method 500 corresponds to an exemplary variation of the vertical JFET 400 of
As shown in
An exemplary top-down process may include first forming a layer comprising an n-type semiconductor material above the substrate. Formation of the layer above the substrate may be achieved via MBE, PAMBE, MOMBE, MOVPE, HVPE, MOCVD, PECVD, ammonothermal growth, etc. A mask having a desired pattern may then be applied to the layer, and material not covered by the mask may be removed to transfer the desired pattern to the layer, thereby forming the 3D structures 404. Several optical and/or non-optical lithographic techniques may be used to form the patterned mask, including but not limited to photolithography, electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, x-ray lithography colloidal/nanosphere lithography, microsphere lithography, nanoimprint lithography, microcontact printing/soft lithography, interference/holographic lithography, etc. Moreover, removal of the material from the layer that is not covered by the mask may be achieved via one or more etching techniques, including but not limited to plasma-based etching, ion-beam milling, metal-assisted chemical etching, electrochemical etching, photo-enhanced chemical etching, dry chemical etching, wet chemical etching, etc. After the 3D structures have been formed via the etching process, the patterned mask may be removed.
An exemplary bottom-up process may include growing the 3D structures 404 via HVPE, MBE, MOCVD, MOVPE, PAMBE, MOMBE, ammonothermal growth methods, catalyst nanowire or microwire growth, catalyst-free nanowire or microwire growth, self-catalyst nanowire or microwire growth, selective area growth, epitaxial lateral overgrowth on a patterned substrate, etc.
As further shown in
In one exemplary approach, formation of the p-type region 410 between the lower and upper n-type regions 406, 408 of each 3D structure 404 may include capping the upper surface of each 3D structure 404 with a mask (e.g., a PECVD oxide mask) having a generally mushroom-style shape; and performing a doping process using p-type dopants. The p-type dopants may be introduced via implantation processes (e.g., focused ion-beam implantation, plasma ion immersion implantation, etc.), diffusion processes (e.g., gas/vapor phase diffusion, solid source diffusion, liquid source diffusion, superfluid diffusion, etc.), laser based doping processes, and other suitable doping processes as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Use of the mushroom-style mask on the top of each 3D structure 404 may shield the upper areas thereof during the doping process, thus resulting in formation of the upper n-type regions 408 (the source-gate isolation regions) above the p-type regions 410. After the performance of the doping process, the second mask may be removed.
In another exemplary approach, formation of the p-type region 410 may include first implanting p-type dopants to a desired depth in at least one vertical sidewall 416 of each 3D structure 404 using any of the doping techniques described herein. In some approaches, this may achieve a coreshell type structure, with an n-type semiconductor core and a p-type semiconductor shell. After implementation of this doping process, each 3D structure 404 may include at least one p-type region 410, where the p-type region 410 is preferably positioned above the lower n-type region 406 of said structures. However, the upper n-type region 408 of each 3D structure 704 that is configured to isolate the source and gate regions will have yet to be formed. Accordingly, after the p-type doping process, the upper n-type region 408 (the source-gate isolation region) of each 3D structure 404 may be epitaxially regrown to a desired height above the p-type region(s) 410 and the middle n-type region 412.
While not specifically shown in
Still with reference to
The upper surface 418 of the isolation region 414 may preferably be below the upper surface 420 of the p-type region(s) 410 in each 3D structure 404. Accordingly, after deposition of the isolation region 414 in the cavity regions 502, the isolation region 414 may be etched back to a desired height and/or planarized, in some approaches. In other approaches, the isolation region 414 may include a self-leveling planarization material and be deposited in the cavity regions 502 to the desired height.
The drift region of each 3D structure 404 may next be formed in the lower n-type region 406 thereof via an additional etching step (not shown in
As additionally shown in
It is important to note with respect to method 500, that the doping profile in the substrate 402 and the regions of the 3D structure 404 may be inverted to the opposite carrier type (e.g., p-type conductivity to n-type conductivity, and vice versa) in order to allow for formation of a p-channel vertical JFET device, in alternative approaches.
Referring now to
It important to note that the vertical JFET 600 embodied in
As shown in
As particularly shown in
As evident from
Referring now to
It is of note that a width of a component of the DDV-JFET 700 corresponds to the distance between opposing sides of said component as measured in the horizontal direction (i.e., the direction parallel to an x-z plane of the substrate 702, the z axis depicted in
As shown in
In more preferred approaches, the substrate 702 may have an n+ conductivity type. For instance, in some approaches, the substrate 702 may have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1016 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3. Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the substrate 702 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
In additional approaches, the height of the substrate 702 may be in a range from about 0 to about 1000 μm.
The DDV-JFET 700 also includes at least one 3D structure 704 comprising a semiconductor material formed above the substrate 702. In various approaches, the 3D structure 704 may include one or more of the same semiconductor materials as the substrate 702. In particular, the 3D structure 704 may include SiC, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 704 may include GaN.
As particularly shown in
As noted above, a portion of one or more vertical sidewalls 716 of the 3D structure 704 may include a p-type region 710. In one particular approach, a portion of two vertical sidewalls 716 of the 3D structure 704 may each include a p-type region 710. In other approaches, a portion of each vertical sidewall 716 of the 3D structure 704 may include a p-type region 710.
The n-type regions 706, 708, 712 of the 3D structure 704 may each have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1014 cm−3 to about 1×1019 cm−3, and preferably an n-type dopant concentration about 5×1016 cm−3. Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the n-type regions 706, 708, 712 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
The p-type region(s) 710 of the 3D structure 704 may have a p-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1015 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3, and preferably a p-type dopant concentration of about 1×1018 cm−3. Suitable p-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the p-type region(s) 710 may include, but are not limited to, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, carbon, calcium, combinations thereof, etc.
It is important to note that, in alternative approaches, the doping profile in the substrate 702 and the regions of the 3D structure 704 may be inverted to the opposite carrier type in order to allow for a p-channel doping defined vertical JFET device. For instance, the substrate 702 and the lower, middle, and upper n-type regions 706, 712, 708 of the 3D structure 704 may be altered to have a p-type conductivity rather than an n-type conductivity, whereas the p-type regions 710 may be altered to have an n-type conductivity rather than a p-type conductivity.
The width, wl, of the lower n-type region 706 may be in a range from about 0.001 μm to about 100 μm in various approaches. In some approaches, the width, wm, of the middle n-type region 712 may be less than wl. In particular approaches, wm may be in a range from about 0.1% to about 99.9% of wl. In more approaches, the width, wp, of each p-type region 710 may be in a range from about 99.9% to about 0.1% of wl. In yet more approaches, the width, wu, of the upper n-type region 708 may about equal to wm. For instance, in preferred approaches, wu, may be in a range from about 100% to about 1% of wl.
In further approaches, the total height, ht, of the 3D structure 704 may be in a range from about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm. In some approaches, the height, hl, of the lower n-type region 706 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 99.9% of ht. In more approaches, the height, hm, of the middle n-type region 712 may be in a range from about 0.1% to about 75% of ht. Likewise, the height, hp, of each p-type region 710 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 100% of ht, in yet more approaches. In still more approaches, the height, hu, of the upper n-type region 708 may be in a range from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 25% of ht.
In additional approaches, the 3D structure 704 may have a high aspect ratio. For example, the aspect ratio of the 3D structure 704, defined as the ratio of the greatest height (e.g., ht) of the structure relative to its greatest width (e.g., wl), may be in a range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1 or higher, e.g., about 1:1, about 10:1, about 25:1, about 50:1, and about 100:1.
The 3D structure 704 may also be a pillar, a ridge, or have any suitable 3D shape as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the 3D structure 704 may be rectangular, square, triangular, hexagonal, octagonal, rounded, star-shaped, circular, irregular, etc.
It is again important to note that the dimensions (width, height, aspect ratio, etc.), and shape of the 3D structure 704 as disclosed herein serve only as an example and are not limiting in any way, as various embodiments may include larger or smaller dimensions and/or different shapes.
As also shown in
In various approaches, the height of the isolation region 714 may be about equal to the combined height of the lower n-type region 706 and the p-type region 710 (hl+hp). Stated another way, the upper surface of the 718 of isolation region 714 may be about equal to the upper surfaces 720 of the p-type region(s) 710.
It is also of note that the method of forming the DDV-JFET 700 may impart particular structural characteristics to the resulting/final DDV-JFET 700. For instance, in some approaches ion implantation may be utilized to form nitrogen and/or helium implanted isolation regions 714, thereby defining the geometry (size, shape, etc.) of the 3D structures 704. Definition of the 3D structure 704 via ion implantation may be an easier process to implement and/or allow a greater area of the vertical JFET to be used as compared to top-down (e.g., etching) processes that remove material to define the 3D structure 704. However, the vertical height of the 3D structure 704 may be limited to a few microns (e.g., about 1 to about 3 μm) due to the ion implantation depth restrictions.
The DDV-JFET 700 of
As particularly shown in
In various approaches, the width of gate region 722 may be about equal to the width of the p-type region 710 positioned below. In particular approaches, the width of the gate region 722 may be in a range from about 10 nm to about 10 μm, and the height of the gate region 722 may be in a range from about 5 nm to about 5 μm.
As also shown in
It is important to note that the vertical JFET formed via method 800 corresponds to an exemplary variation of the DDV JFET 700 of
As shown in
As also shown in
P-type dopants may next be implanted to a desired vertical depth in at least one portion of each recessed region 806 to form a p-type region 710 of a to-be-defined 3D structure 704. See structure 805a. In preferred approaches, the p-type dopant implantation depth may be less than the vertical height of the recessed regions 806. Stated another way, the vertical height of the resulting p-type regions 710 may be less than the vertical height of the recessed regions 806. Portions 808 of the layer 802 positioned directly below the resulting p-type regions 710 may correspond to part of the lower regions of the to-be defined 3D structures 704. Formation of the p-type region 710 may be achieved via known ion implantation processes, diffusion processes, laser based doping processes, etch and regrowth or deposition process, etc.
Another exemplary approach for forming the upper regions (the source-gate isolation regions) of the to-be-defined 3D structures 704 in the layer 802 may involve selective regrowth of said regions. For instance, after formation of the layer 802 on the substrate 702, p-type dopants may then be implanted to a desired vertical depth in a plurality of regions of the layer 802, where each of these p-doped regions corresponds to a p-type region 710 of a to-be-defined 3D structure 704. See structure 803b. In preferred approaches, the p-type implantation depth may be less than the vertical height of the layer 802. Stated another way, the vertical height of the resulting p-type regions 710 may be less than the vertical height of the layer 802. Portions 808 of the layer 802 positioned directly below the resulting p-type regions 710 may correspond to part of the lower regions of the to-be defined 3D structures 704. Formation of the p-type region 710 may again be achieved via known ion implantation processes, diffusion processes, laser based doping processes, etc.
The layer 802 may then be regrown at selective sites, thereby resulting in protruding and recessed regions 804, 806, where the protruding regions 804 correspond to the upper regions (the source-gate isolation regions) of the to-be-defined 3D structures 704. See structure 805b.
After implementation of either exemplary approach described above (or other such suitable approach), nitrogen and/or helium and/or additional insulating dopants may be subsequently implanted to a desired depth in one or more remaining portions (e.g., non-p-type doped portions) of each recessed region 806 to form isolation regions 714. See structure 807. In preferred approaches, the implantation depth of the insulating dopants may be about equal to the vertical height of the recessed regions 806. Stated another way, the vertical height of the resulting isolation regions 714 may be about equal to the vertical height of the recessed regions 806. Formation of the isolation regions 714 may be achieved via known ion implantation processes, diffusion processes, laser based doping processes, etc.
As shown in structure 807, formation of the isolation regions 714 serves to define the 3D structures 704. Each 3D structure 704 includes a lower region 706, an upper region 708 (the source-gate isolation region), at least one p-type region 710 positioned above the lower region 706 and below the upper region 708 in the vertical direction, and a middle region 712 positioned between the lower and upper regions 706, 708 in the vertical direction and to one side of the p-type region 710 in the horizontal direction.
In an alternative approach shown in
With continued reference to
It is important to note with respect to method 800, that the doping profile in the substrate 702 and the regions of the 3D structure 704 may be inverted to the opposite carrier type (e.g., p-type conductivity to n-type conductivity, and vice versa) in order to allow for formation of a p-channel vertical JFET device, in alternative approaches.
Referring now to
It important to note that the doping defined vertical JFET 900 embodied in
As shown in
As particularly shown in
Referring now to
As an option, the VPE-FET 1000 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, the VPE-FET 1000, and other transistors presented herein, may be used in various applications and/or in permutations, which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, one or more components of the VPE-FET 1000 may be of conventional material(s), design, and/or fabricated using conventional techniques as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
It is of note that a width of a component of the VPE-FET 1000 corresponds to the distance between opposing sides of said component as measured in the horizontal direction (i.e., the direction parallel to an x-z plane of the substrate 1002, the z axis depicted in
As shown in
In more preferred approaches, the substrate 1002 may have an n+ conductivity type. For instance, in some approaches, the substrate 1002 may have an n-type dopant concentration in a range from about 1×1016 cm−3 to about 1×1020 cm−3. Suitable n-type dopants for inclusion in the semiconductor material of the substrate 1002 may include, but are not limited to, silicon, oxygen, germanium, combinations thereof, etc.
In additional approaches, the height of the substrate 1002 may be in a range from about 0 to about 1000 μm.
The VPE-FET 1000 also includes at least one 3D structure 1004 comprising a semiconductor material formed above the substrate 1002. In various approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may include one or more of the same semiconductor materials as the substrate 1002. In some approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may include, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In particular approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may include an III-V semiconductor material having a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with a c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate 1002 (the x-z plane). In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may include intrinsic GaN (i GaN) and/or GaN having an n− conductivity type (n− GaN).
In some approaches, the total width, wt, of the 3D structure 1004 may be in a range from about 0.001 μm to about 100 μm. In more approaches, the total height, ht, of the 3D structure 1004 may be in a range from about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm. In yet more approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may have a high aspect ratio. For example, the aspect ratio of the 3D structure 1004, defined as the ratio of the greatest height (e.g., ht) of the structure relative to its greatest width (e.g., wt), may be in a range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1 or higher, e.g., about 1:1, about 10:1, about 25:1, about 50:1, and about 100:1.
In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 1004 may be a pillar, a ridge, or have any suitable 3D shape as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the 3D structure 1004 may be any shape disclosed herein.
It is again important to note that the dimensions (width, height, aspect ratio, etc.), and shape of the 3D structure 1004 as disclosed herein serve only as an example and are not limiting in any way, as various embodiments may include larger or smaller dimensions and/or different shapes.
The VPE-FET 1000 further includes a sidewall layer 1006 to form a heterojunction, where the heterojunction sidewall layer 1006 is formed above the substrate 1002 and on at least one vertical sidewall 1008 of the 3D structure 1004. The sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 includes a semiconductor material that has a different bandgap than the semiconductor material of the 3D structure 1004. In some approaches, the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may include, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In particular approaches, the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may include an III-V semiconductor material having a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with a c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate 1002 (the x-z plane). In one exemplary approach, the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may comprise AlxGa1-xN, where 0≦x≦1. In another exemplary approach, the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may comprise InyGa1-yN, where 0≦y≦1.
In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 1004 and the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may each include a different III-V semiconductor material having a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with a c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate 1002, where the difference in the spontaneous (pyroelectric) and strain induced (piezoelectric) polarization between the two heterojunction constituents results in the 2-DEG 1028. For instance, in one specific, non-limiting approach, the 3D structure 1004 may comprise GaN (i GaN and/or n− type GaN), and the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may comprise AlxGa1-xN (0≦x≦1). AlGaN and GaN each possess polarized non-centrosymmetric crystal structures, having dipoles across the crystal in the [0001] direction (along the c-axis). In the bulk material (e.g., bulk GaN), the charge imbalance between adjacent dipoles cancels, but bound polarization charge exists at the surface (and is screened by the surface). The difference in spontaneous polarization along the c axis (the [0001] direction) between GaN and AlGaN, gives rise to the 2-DEG 1028 at the GaN/AlGaN interface. Moreover, as the total macroscopic polarization of GaN and AlGaN in the absence of the external electric fields includes spontaneous (pyroelectric), as well as strain induced (piezoelectric) contributions, strain engineering may also be used to form the 2-DEG 1028 at the GaN/AlGaN interface.
In another approach, the 3D structure 1004 may comprise GaN (i GaN and/or n− type GaN), and the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may comprise InyGa1-yN (0≦y≦1), thereby resulting in formation of a two dimensional hole gas (2-DHG) at the GaN/InGaN interface.
As shown in
Formation of the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 on at least one vertical sidewall 1008 of the 3D structure 1004 may be achieved via MOCVD, MOMBE, PAMBE, MOVPE, HVPE, MBE etc.
As also shown in
In various approaches, the height of the isolation region 1010 may be less than the height of the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006. In approaches where the VPE-FET 1000 includes an array of the 3D structures 1004, the isolation region 1010 may be present in (and partially or completely fill) the cavity regions between each 3D structure 1004.
Formation of the isolation region 1010 may be achieved via spin coating, drop casting, spray coating, CVD, MBE, LPCVD, PECVD, ALD, sputtering, etc.
The vertical VPE-FET 1000 further includes a source region 1012, a gate region 1014 and a drain region 1016, to each of which a voltage may be applied. The source, gate and drain regions 1012, 1014, 1016 may each independently include one or more metals (titanium, aluminum, gold, tin, tantalum, tungsten, palladium, silver, nickel, platinum combinations thereof, etc.), and/or one of more conducting oxides, and/or other such suitable material(s) as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. The source, gate and drain regions 1012, 1014, 1016 may also each independently have a single or multilayered structure. Formation of the source, gate and drain regions 1012, 1014, 1016 may be achieved via ALD, sputtering, electroplating, immersion/encapsulation techniques, evaporation, and other such suitable application processes as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
As particularly shown in
The gate region 1014 may be formed above or on the isolation region 1010, and horizontally adjacent to, or on, or be otherwise coupled to a portion of at least one vertical sidewall 1022 of the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006. In various approaches, the upper surface 1024 of the gate region may be below the lower surface 1026 of the source region 1012. In particular approaches, the height of the gate region 1014 may be greater than 0% to less than 100% of the sidewall heterojunction layer 1006. The width of the gate region 1014 may be in a range from about 10 nm to about 10 μm. The drain region 1016 may be formed below, or on, or otherwise coupled to the lower surface of the substrate 1002.
While not shown in
Referring now to
As an option, the VPE-FET 1100 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, the VPE-FET 1100, and other transistors presented herein, may be used in various applications and/or in permutations, which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, one or more components of the VPE-FET 1100 may be of conventional material(s), design, and/or fabricated using conventional techniques as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
It is of note that a width of a component of the VPE-FET 1100 corresponds to the distance between opposing sides of said component as measured in the horizontal direction (i.e., the direction parallel to an x-z plane of the substrate 1002, the z axis depicted in
It also important to note that the VPE-FET 1100 embodied in
As shown in
In some approaches, the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may include, a binary III-V semiconductor material, a ternary III-V semiconductor material, a quaternary III-V semiconductor material, combinations thereof, etc. In particular approaches, the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may include an III-V semiconductor material having a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with a c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate 1002 (the x-z plane).
In one approach, the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise AlxGa1-xN, where 0≦x≦1. In another exemplary approach, the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise InyGa1-yN, where 0≦y≦1.
In preferred approaches, the 3D structure 1004 and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may each include a different III-V semiconductor material having a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with a c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate 1002, where the difference in the spontaneous (pyroelectric) and strain induced (piezoelectric) polarization between the two heterojunction constituents results in the 2-DEG (or alternately a 2-DHG) 1028. For instance, in one specific, non-limiting approach, the 3D structure may comprise GaN (i GaN and/or n− type GaN), and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise AlxGa1-xN (0≦x≦1), thereby giving rise to the 2-DEG 1026 at the GaN/AlGaN interface. In another approach, the 3D structure 1004 may comprise GaN (i GaN and/or n− type GaN), and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise InyGa1-yN (0≦y—1), thereby resulting in formation of a two dimensional hole gas (2-DHG)) at the GaN/InGaN interface.
In some approaches, the first sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise one or more of the same semiconductor materials as one another. For instance, in such approaches, the first and second sidewall heterojunction layers 1006, 1102 may each include AlxGa1-xN (0≦x≦1). Additionally, in such approaches, the first and second sidewall heterojunction layers 1006, 1102 may each include InyGa1-yN, (0≦y—1)
In other approaches, the first sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise one or more different semiconductor materials as one another. For example, in preferred approaches, the first sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 may comprise AlxGa1-xN (0≦x≦1), and the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 may comprise InyGa1-yN (0≦y—1) or vice versa.
As particularly shown in
Formation of the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 on at least one vertical sidewall 1008 of the 3D structure 1004 may be achieved via MOCVD, MOMBE, PAMBE, MOVPE, HVPE, MBE, etc.
As also shown in both
An isolation region 1010 may additionally be adjacent to, or on, or otherwise coupled to at least a portion of at least one vertical sidewall 1104 of the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102. A second gate region 1106, to which a voltage may be applied, may also be formed above, or on, the isolation region 1010, and horizontally adjacent to, or on, or otherwise coupled to a portion of at least one vertical sidewall 1104 of the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102. Suitable materials for the second gate region 1106 may include, but are not limited to, one or more metals (titanium, aluminum, gold, tin, tantalum, tungsten, palladium, silver, nickel platinum, combinations thereof, etc.), and/or one or more conducting oxides, and/or other such suitable material(s) as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. Formation of the second gate region 1106, similar to the source, gate and drain regions 1012, 1014, 1016, may be achieved via ALD, sputtering, electroplating, immersion/encapsulation techniques, evaporation, and other such suitable application processes as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
In some approaches, the vertical channel current formed at the interface between the first sidewall heterojunction layer 1006 and the 3D structure 1004 may be controlled via gate region 1014, whereas the vertical channel current formed at the interface between the second sidewall heterojunction layer 1102 and the 3D structure 1004 may be independently controlled via the second gate region 1106. While the gate regions 1014, 1106 may be independently controllable to independently influence their respective vertical channel currents formed at the aforementioned interfaces, in other approaches, said gate regions 1014, 1106 may be controlled together to exert a similar influence on their respective vertical channel currents.
Applications/Uses
Embodiments of the present invention may be used in a wide variety of applications, particularly those applications which utilize power electronic devices. For instance, the vertical transistors disclosed herein be used in high powered electrical switches, amplifiers, power transmitters, motor drivers, etc.
The inventive concepts disclosed herein have been presented by way of example to illustrate the myriad features thereof in a plurality of illustrative scenarios, embodiments, and/or implementations. It should be appreciated that the concepts generally disclosed are to be considered as modular, and may be implemented in any combination, permutation, or synthesis thereof. In addition, any modification, alteration, or equivalent of the presently disclosed features, functions, and concepts that would be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the instant descriptions should also be considered within the scope of this disclosure.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 between the United States Department of Energy and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
