Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electro-chemical, or magnetic means

GPHYSICS G01Measuring instruments G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

G01N27/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electro-chemical, or magnetic means

G01N27/002by investigating the work function voltage G01N27/005by determining the work function in vacuum G01N27/007by investigating the electric dipolar moment G01N27/02by investigating the impedance of the material G01N27/021before and after chemical transformation of the material G01N27/023where the material is placed in the field of a coil G01N27/025a current being generated within the material by induction G01N27/026Dielectric impedance spectroscopy G01N27/028Circuits therefor G01N27/04by investigating resistance G01N27/041of a solid body G01N27/043of a granular material G01N27/045Circuits G01N27/046provided with temperature compensation G01N27/048for determining moisture content of the material G01N27/06of a liquid G01N27/07Construction of measuring vessels Electrodes therefor G01N27/08which is flowing continuously G01N27/10Investigation or analysis specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling G01N27/12of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid G01N27/121for determining moisture content G01N27/122Circuits particularly adapted therefor G01N27/123for controlling the temperature G01N27/124varying the temperature G01N27/125Composition of the body G01N27/126comprising organic polymers G01N27/127comprising nanoparticles G01N27/128Micro-apparatus G01N27/129Diode type sensors G01N27/14of an electrically-heated body in dependence upon change of temperature G01N27/16caused by burning or catalytic oxidation of a surrounding material to be tested G01N27/18caused by changes in the thermal conductivity of a surrounding material to be tested G01N27/185using a catharometer G01N27/20Investigating the presence of flaws G01N27/205in insulating materials G01N27/22by investigating capacitance G01N27/221by investigating the dielectric properties G01N27/223for determining moisture content G01N27/225by using hygroscopic materials G01N27/226Construction of measuring vessels; Electrodes therefor G01N27/227Sensors changing capacitance upon adsorption or absorption of fluid components G01N27/228Circuits therefor G01N27/24Investigating the presence of flaws G01N27/26by investigating electrochemical variables by using electrolysis or electrophoresis G01N27/27Association of two or more measuring systems or cells, each measuring a different parameter, where the measurement results may be either used independently, the systems or cells being physically associated, or combined to produce a value for a further parameter G01N27/28Electrolytic cell components G01N27/283Means for supporting or introducing electrochemical probes G01N27/286Power or signal connectors associated therewith G01N27/30Electrodes G01N27/301Reference electrodes G01N27/302pH sensitive G01N27/304Gas permeable electrodes G01N27/305optically transparent or photoresponsive electrodes G01N27/307Disposable laminated or multilayered electrodes G01N27/308at least partially made of carbon G01N27/31Half-cells with permeable membranes G01N27/32Calomel electrodes G01N27/327Biochemical electrodes electrical and mechanical details of in vitro measurements G01N27/3271Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids G01N27/3272Test elements therefor G01N27/3273Devices therefor G01N27/3274Corrective measures G01N27/3275Sensing specific biomolecules G01N27/3276being a hybridisation with immobilised receptors G01N27/3277being a redox reaction G01N27/3278involving nanosized elements G01N27/333Ion-selective electrodes or membranes G01N27/3335the membrane containing at least one organic component G01N27/34Dropping-mercury electrodes G01N27/36Glass electrodes G01N27/38Cleaning of electrodes G01N27/40Semi-permeable membranes or partitions G01N27/401Salt-bridge leaks Liquid junctions G01N27/403Cells and electrode assemblies G01N27/4035Combination of a single ion-sensing electrode and a single reference electrode G01N27/404Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid G01N27/4045for gases other than oxygen G01N27/406Cells and probes with solid electrolytes G01N27/4062Electrical connectors associated therewith G01N27/4065Circuit arrangements specially adapted therefor G01N27/4067Means for heating or controlling the temperature of the solid electrolyte G01N27/407for investigating or analysing gases G01N27/4071using sensor elements of laminated structure G01N27/4072characterized by the diffusion barrier G01N27/4073Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte G01N27/4074for detection of gases other than oxygen G01N27/4075Composition or fabrication of the electrodes and coatings thereon G01N27/4076Reference electrodes or reference mixtures G01N27/4077Means for protecting the electrolyte or the electrodes G01N27/4078Means for sealing the sensor element in a housing G01N27/409Oxygen concentration cells G01N27/41Oxygen pumping cells G01N27/411for investigating liquid metals G01N27/4111using sensor elements of laminated structure G01N27/4112Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte G01N27/4114for detection of gases other than oxygen G01N27/4115Composition or fabrication of the electrodes and coatings thereon G01N27/4117Reference electrodes or reference mixtures G01N27/4118Means for protecting the electrolyte or the electrodes G01N27/413Concentration cells using liquid electrolytes measuring currents or voltages in voltaic cells G01N27/414Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors G01N27/4141specially adapted for gases G01N27/4143Air gap between gate and channel G01N27/4145specially adapted for biomolecules G01N27/4146involving nanosized elements G01N27/4148Integrated circuits therefor G01N27/416Systems G01N27/4161measuring the voltage and using a constant current supply G01N27/4162investigating the composition of gases, by the influence exerted on ionic conductivity in a liquid G01N27/4163checking the operation of, or calibrating, the measuring apparatus G01N27/4165for pH meters G01N27/4166measuring a particular property of an electrolyte G01N27/4167pH G01N27/4168Oxidation-reduction potential G01N27/417using cells G01N27/4175Calibrating or checking the analyser G01N27/419Measuring voltages or currents of oxygen pumping cells and oxygen concentration cells G01N27/42Measuring disposition or liberation of materials from an electrolyte Coulometry G01N27/423Coulometry G01N27/426by weighing G01N27/44using electrolysis to regenerate a reagent G01N27/447using electrophoresis G01N27/44704Details; Accessories G01N27/44708Cooling G01N27/44713Particularly adapted electric power supply G01N27/44717Arrangements for investigating the separated zones G01N27/44721by optical means G01N27/44726using specific dyes, markers or binding molecules G01N27/4473by electric means G01N27/44734by thermal means G01N27/44739Collecting the separated zones G01N27/44743Introducing samples G01N27/44747Composition of gel or of carrier mixture G01N27/44752Controlling the zeta potential G01N27/44756Apparatus specially adapted therefor G01N27/4476of the density gradient type G01N27/44765of the counter-flow type G01N27/44769Continuous electrophoresis, i.e. the sample being continuously introduced G01N27/44773Multi-stage electrophoresis G01N27/44778on a common gel carrier G01N27/44782of a plurality of samples G01N27/44786of the magneto-electrophoresis type G01N27/44791Micro-apparatus G01N27/44795Isoelectric focusing G01N27/453Cells therefor G01N27/48Polarography G01N27/49Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species G01N27/60by investigating electrostatic variables G01N27/605for determining moisture content G01N27/61Investigating the presence of flaws G01N27/62by investigating the ionisation of gases by investigating electric discharges G01N27/622separating and identifying ionized molecules based on their mobility in a carrier gas G01N27/624using a non-uniform electric field G01N27/626using heat to ionise a gas G01N27/628and a beam of energy G01N27/64using wave or particle radiation to ionise a gas G01N27/66and measuring current or voltage G01N27/68using electric discharge to ionise a gas G01N27/70and measuring current or voltage G01N27/72by investigating magnetic variables G01N27/725by using magneto-acoustical effects or the Barkhausen effect G01N27/74of fluids G01N27/745for detecting magnetic beads used in biochemical assays G01N27/76by investigating susceptibility G01N27/80for investigating mechanical hardness G01N27/82for investigating the presence of flaws G01N27/825by using magnetic attraction force G01N27/83by investigating stray magnetic fields G01N27/84by applying magnetic powder or magnetic ink G01N27/85using magnetographic methods G01N27/87using probes G01N27/90using eddy currents G01N27/9006Details G01N27/9013specially adapted for scanning G01N27/902by moving the sensors G01N27/9026by moving the material G01N27/9033Sensors G01N27/904and more than one sensor G01N27/9046by analysing electrical signals G01N27/9053Compensating for probe to workpiece spacing G01N27/906Compensating for velocity G01N27/9066by measuring the propagation time, or delaying the signals G01N27/9073Recording measured data G01N27/908synchronously with scanning G01N27/9086Calibrating of recording device G01N27/9093arrangements for supporting or marking or rejecting G01N27/92by investigating breakdown voltage