Patent Grant
10324142
The present invention relates to a technology for enabling high-sensitivity magnetic sensor, and in particular, relates to a diamond crystal and film that enables the high-sensitivity magnetic measurement at room temperature in the atmosphere, a magnetic sensor using the same, and the like.
Diamond can be said to be a specific crystal lattice in which a color center in a crystal behaves like so called “atoms (trapped atoms) in low temperature and a vacuum” in room temperature and the atmosphere. A nitrogen-vacancy complex (NV center) that is formed in the specific crystal lattice, or diamond, is one type of color center, and involves nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon and an atomic vacancy (V) that is positioned adjacent to this nitrogen, as is illustrated in
An NV− center, which is the NV center in a negatively charged state once it captures an electron, is only one solid characterized by the fact that a single spin can be operated and detected by light at room temperature and the coherence time is long, and is expected to be applied to a magnetic sensor having high spatial resolution and high sensitivity (see Non-Patent Literature 1 by D Le Sage et al., Non-Patent Literature 2 by J. R. Maze et al., and the like). There is a report that a magnetic detection limit of the sensor using the NV− center at ordinary temperature largely exceeds detection limits of a hole sensor and an impedance sensor, and is equivalent to the detection limit of SQUID, on a theoretical calculation (see Non-Patent Literature 3 by V. M. Acosta et al.).
When the NV− center in the ground state is irradiated with green light, the NV− center emits red fluoresce. However, when it has the electron spin of |1> or |−1> in the ground state, some of the electrons after excitation pass through a singlet state and returns to the ground state, which makes it difficult to cause a fluorescence process. Energy separation (2γB) between these electron spin states of |1> and |−1> is proportional to the magnetic field strength B, and accordingly when a sensor using the NV− center is irradiated with a microwave having a frequency of approximately 2.8 GHz, and the frequency of the microwave is swept, the sensor can detect the magnetic field strength as a brightness lowering point of the red fluorescence.
On the basis of such a principle, there is a reported result of measurement of a two-dimensional distribution of a weak magnetic field of approximately 1 mT (see Non-Patent Literature 4 by S. Hong), and there is also a report that a magnetic field of an fT level can be measured in principle (see Non-Patent Literature 3).
In recent years, there has been a need to measure magnetic fields in a wide range of regions two-dimensionally with high sensitivity, and it has been studied to use a color center including the above described NV− center in diamond, for magnetic sensing, as has been described above (see also Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2012-110489, Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2012-121747, and Patent Literature 3: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2012-121748).
However, a technology for satisfying the need has not yet been established, and a further study is required on problems of, among others, what type of diamond is preferable to be used as a magnetic sensor, and what structure is preferable as a sensor array for two-dimensional high-sensitivity magnetic measurement.
The present invention has been made in consideration of such problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a diamond crystal (or film) that enables two-dimensional magnetic sensor with higher sensitivity at room temperature in the atmosphere, and a diamond device, a magnetic sensor and a magnetic measurement device that use the same.
In order to solve the above described problems, a diamond crystal according to a first aspect of the present invention has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface, wherein the NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than a concentration of the NV centers.
A diamond crystal according to a second aspect of the present invention has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface, wherein a crystal face of the NV region is a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
The donor concentration is preferably in a range of 10×1015 cm−3 to 10×1019 cm−3. In addition, the NV region is preferably formed in a crystal film of nitrogen-doped diamond, which has been grown by a CVD method or a high-temperature high-pressure method (HPHT method).
An device using the diamond of a first aspect according to the present invention includes a second region formed so as to be in contact with a first region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, and has a donor concentration higher than that in the first region.
It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and second regions each having a donor concentration higher than that in the first region are formed on respective side faces or peripheries of the first regions.
In addition, it is preferable that the second region is formed of n-type diamond, and the first region is formed of i-type or p-type diamond. In another preferred aspect the second region is formed of the n-type diamond, and the first region is a depletion region formed by a p-n junction.
In addition, the second region has preferably an n+ type of conductivity type of which the donor level is 1×1018 cm−3 or higher.
An device using the diamond of the second aspect according to the present invention includes an electrode for applying a positive potential that is provided through an insulating film, on one principal surface side of a first region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen.
It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and the electrodes for applying the positive potential are provided on the respective one principal surface sides of the first regions, through an insulating film.
It is preferable that a second region that has an NV center concentration lower than that in the first region is formed so as to be in contact with the first region.
In addition, it is preferable that a crystal face of the first region is a {111} face or a plane having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In addition, the first region has preferably a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers of the first region. In addition, the donor concentration is preferably in a range of 10×1015 cm−3 to 10×1019 cm−3.
In addition, it is preferable that the diamond is a diamond film that is formed on a substrate by a CVD method or a high-temperature high-pressure method (HPHT method).
Furthermore, it is preferable that the diamond device has further an electric field generating unit that has at least two electrodes that are provided so as to face each other, on upper and lower face sides or side face sides of the diamond crystal portion containing the first region.
In the diamond device according to the present invention, the periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is positioned on each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice, when the plane is viewed from above.
In addition, in the diamond device according to the present invention, the periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a hexagonal packed array in which on six vertexes of a regular hexagon that has a center point on a center position of a particular first region, the centers of the other first regions are positioned respectively, when the plane is viewed from above.
A magnetic sensor according to the present invention includes: the above described diamond device; and an optical sensor that detects an optical signal that is an optical signal emitted from the respective surfaces of the first regions in the diamond device and is generated originating from electron spin resonance in the NV center.
A magnetic measurement system according to the present invention is a magnetic measurement system provided with the above described magnetic sensor, and includes: a sample stage that is provided so as to face the diamond device; an optical system that irradiates the diamond device with green light; a microwave generating unit that irradiates the diamond device with a microwave of which a frequency is variable; and a signal processing unit that processes an optical signal that has been detected by the optical sensor and has been generated originating from electron spin resonance in the NV center.
The magnetic measurement system according to the present invention preferably further has an electric field generating unit that has at least two electrodes that are provided so as to face each other, on upper and lower face sides or side face sides of the diamond crystal portion containing the first region.
A method for manufacturing a sensor array of a first aspect according to the present invention includes: forming columnar portions that are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed on the surface of a plate-like diamond, as first regions; forming a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, in each of the first regions; and forming second regions that are second regions that surround respective peripheries of the first regions and each have a donor concentration higher than that in the first region. In addition, as another aspect, an electrode for applying a positive potential may be provided on a rear face side of the first region through an insulating film.
A method for manufacturing a sensor array of a second aspect according to the present invention includes forming a plurality of junctions of a heterogeneous conductivity type that is formed of diamond and has a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, formed in a region of the junction, on a principal surface of a plate-like diamond. Incidentally, the aspect may be such an aspect of having means for injecting current into the junctions of the heterogeneous conductivity type or means for applying a voltage thereto.
The diamond crystal according to the present invention enables almost 100% of the complex (NV center) of the nitrogen (N) substituted with the carbon atom and the vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen to be in a negatively charged state (NV−). In addition, spin states of the NV− centers can be aligned in one direction, and as a result, a peak of an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR: Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance) signal becomes sharp, and besides, a contrast is also enhanced.
Furthermore, the diamond device according to the present invention can keep the NV center formed in the above described diamond crystal in a negatively charged state (NV−).
As a result, the magnetic sensor that is provided with the diamond device according to the present invention enables two-dimensional magnetic measurement at ordinary temperature in the atmosphere to be carried out with high sensitivity as compared with a conventional one.
The diamond crystal, and the diamond device, the magnetic sensor and the magnetic measurement device that use the same, according to the present invention, will be described below with reference to the drawings.
Incidentally, the present invention is targeted at the diamond crystal, but a similar effect is also expected in another wide band-gap semiconductor such as silicon carbide. In addition, the diamond device according to the present invention will be described below as a sensor array having such a form that the first regions each containing the NV center are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in the plane, but the present invention is not limited to this form. The diamond device may have a single first region, and the application thereof is not limited to the sensor.
[Diamond Crystal] (First Aspect)
The diamond crystal of a first aspect according to the present invention is preferably a plate-like diamond crystal, and has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, at least on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface. The NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than a concentration of the NV centers.
In the case of a diamond crystal in which an electrical neutral NV0 center is formed in an undoped diamond crystal and is negatively charged by a technique of forming a defect by irradiation with an electron beam or the like, and then subjecting the NV0 center to heat treatment, or the like, and the NV− center is thus formed, it is known that when the diamond crystal is irradiated with light, a part of the NV− center becomes the NV0 center, and a ratio between the NV− center and the NV0 center after irradiation with light results in becoming approximately 7:3.
However, as a result of a study by the present inventors, it has become clear that in the case of the diamond crystal in which the above described NV− center is formed on the n-type diamond crystal, the film of which has been formed by the CVD method, even when the diamond crystal has been irradiated with light, the NV− center keeps the charged state, in other words, the NV− center stably exists even after having been irradiated with light.
It is understood that only signals emitted from the NV− centers are observed from the n-type diamond crystal (
In contrast to this, from the undoped diamond crystal (
Such a phenomenon is understood to occur because even though some NV− centers once emit electrons due to irradiation with light and become the NV0 centers, these NV0 centers capture electrons again that have been emitted from donors with which the diamond crystal has been doped, and become the NV− centers again. Therefore, in order to make the NV− centers stably exist even after irradiation with light, it is effective that the donor concentration in the crystal is equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the NV region.
The donor concentration in the NV region may be equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the region, is 1×1012 cm−3 or higher for instance, and is preferably in a range of 10×1015 cm−3 to 10×1019 cm−3, in order to achieve an efficient electron supply to the NV0 center.
In addition, the above described donor is generally phosphorus (P); but may be nitrogen (N) impurities that substitute for carbon and exist in the crystal as P1 centers (electric charge 0 and spin S=½); or may be arsenic (As) or sulfur (S); and besides may also be a complex of boron (B) and hydrogen (H), or the like.
Such a diamond crystal may be a natural diamond crystal, or may be a diamond that is artificially synthesized by a high-temperature high-pressure method (HPHT method) or a CVD method (chemical vapor deposition method) using a microwave plasma or the like, and may also be a thin film crystal, for instance, which has been grown on a diamond substrate by a method such as the CVD method. The diamond synthesized by the CVD method is easy to introduce a dopant such as phosphorus therein which becomes the n-type during growth, and can introduce also nitrogen therein which forms the NV center during film formation. Accordingly, it is effective to use the CVD method. In addition, this diamond crystal is preferably an Ib-type diamond crystal, and is preferably a single crystal from the viewpoint of aligning the face orientation of the above described NV region and having a long phase coherence time of the electron spin. However, even though the diamond crystal is a polycrystal or a nanocrystal, a similar effect can be obtained. The face orientation is preferably a {110} face, a {100} face and a {111} face, and is particularly preferably the {111} face, because of a reason that will be described later.
Incidentally, when considering the case where a nitrogen-doped diamond film is crystal-grown by a CVD method, it is practically useful in many cases that the face orientation is that of a crystal face having a slight off-angle from the {111} face. The off-angle in this case is appropriately determined, but is preferably ±10 degrees or less in general.
[Diamond Crystal] (Second Aspect)
A diamond crystal of a second aspect according to the present invention is preferably a plate-like diamond crystal, and has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, at least on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface. The crystal face of this NV region is a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In other words, when the face orientation of the NV region is a (111) face, the principal axis of the NV center is the [111] axis that is perpendicular to the (111) face.
Also in this diamond crystal, the donor concentration in the NV region is equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the region, and is preferably in a range of 10×1015 cm−3 to 10×1019 cm−3, in order to achieve an efficient electron supply to the NV0 center. In addition, the NV region is formed in the crystal film of the nitrogen-doped diamond, which has been grown by the CVD method or the HPHT method, for instance.
As is shown in
If the dipoles are randomly formed with respect to the four <111> axes of which the dipoles are equivalent, and the above described four angles θ are different from each other, four lines of resonance lines result in appearing. If the magnetic field is formed in the [111] direction, one axis among the four equivalent <111> axes forms 0=0, and any one of the angles θ formed by the other three axes and the magnetic field direction becomes approximately 109 degrees. Because the three resonance frequencies become the same, the number of the resonance lines that appear in a spectrum becomes 2, and an intensity ratio between the two resonance lines becomes 1:3.
Thus, when the dipoles have been randomly formed, the intensity of fluorescence emitted from the diamond crystal tends to vary depending on light incident on the crystal, a direction of an external magnetic field and the like. For this reason, in order to achieve the high-sensitivity magnetic sensor using the NV− center in the diamond crystal, it becomes necessary to align the spin states of the NV− centers with one direction, in other words, to align the axes of the NV centers.
The present inventors have studied this point, and as a result, it has become clear that if the face orientation of the NV region is controlled to be the {111} face (or face having off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against {111} face), the principal axis of the NV center can be aligned with the <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face. Incidentally, hereafter, when the face is used, the {111} face is used as a meaning including also faces having off-angles that are ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face.
As has been described above, such a diamond crystal does not need to be a crystal grown by the CVD method, and may also be a nitrogen-doped diamond crystal that has been grown by another method such as the HPHT method. In addition, the diamond crystal may be doped with nitrogen certainly while the crystal is grown, but may also be doped by an ion implantation method or the like after the crystal has been grown.
Table 1 is a table that organizes examination results on rates at which the NV center axes are aligned, for each method of synthesizing diamond (and nitrogen-doping method).
Any of samples A, B and D is a diamond that has been synthesized on a diamond substrate of which the principal surface is the (111) face, by the CVD method. Incidentally, as for conditions of the CVD operation, it is preferable that a methane dilution concentration for hydrogen is set at 0.25 to 1%, and a gas pressure, a power and a substrate temperature are set in ranges of 130 Torr to 20 kPa, 400 to 3,700 W and 850 to 1100° C., respectively.
In the samples A and D out of these samples, the NV centers have been formed by being doped with nitrogen while the crystal of the diamond has been grown. In addition, in the sample B, the NV centers have been formed by being doped with nitrogen (15N) by the ion implantation method after the crystal of the diamond has been grown. Incidentally, as for the ion implantation, it is preferable to implant the 15N ions in the substrate with an acceleration voltage of approximately 30 keV while annealing the substrate so that the substrate temperature becomes approximately 600° C. In addition, it is preferable to set the dose amount at 109-1016 cm−2, and in order to reduce the crystal defect, further to perform annealing in an Ar atmosphere at a temperature of approximately 1,000° C. for approximately 2 hours after ion implantation.
The samples C and E are diamond that has been synthesized by an IIa HPHT method and an Ib HPHT method, respectively, and in the sample C, similarly to the sample B, the NV centers have been formed by being doped with the nitrogen (15N) by the ion implantation method, after the crystal of the diamond has been grown. In addition, in the sample E, the crystal of the diamond has been doped with nitrogen while the crystal has been grown, then the crystal of the diamond has been further grown, and the NV centers have been formed by irradiation with an electron beam. Incidentally, this irradiation with the electron beam has been performed on conditions that the acceleration voltage is 0.5 MeV and the concentration of the electron beam is 1.5×1016 cm−2, and in order to reduce the crystal defect, the annealing has been performed in the Ar atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000° C. for 2 hours, after irradiation with the electron beam.
According to the result shown in Table 1, in the samples A and D in which the NV centers have been formed by being doped with the nitrogen while the crystal of the diamond is grown, the NV center axes are aligned with the [111] direction at such a high ratio as to exceed 99%. Incidentally, in the table, an item described as “single” in the item of “NV center” means that the observed NV center has been single, and an item described as “ensemble” means that there have been many observed NV centers.
As has been described above, the NV center in the diamond crystal has the C3v symmetry of which the principal axis is the <111> axis, and in the case where the dipoles have been randomly formed with respect to the four equivalent <111> axes, the ODMR signal also varies depending on the direction of the magnetic field that is applied to the NV center. For instance, if the magnetic field has been applied from four different directions of a [111] direction, a [1−1−1] direction, a [−11−1] direction and a [−1−11] direction, the ODMR signals that are obtained under each of the magnetic field application conditions result in being different from each other. Incidentally, in the above described marking, “−1” means “1 bar.”
However, when the face orientation of the NV region is controlled to the {111} face and the principal axes of the NV centers are aligned with the <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face, even though the magnetic field has been applied from the above described four different directions, a depression frequency (resonance frequency) of the ODMR signal becomes the same, as is shown in
However, when the dipoles are randomly formed with respect to the four equivalent <111> axes of the NV centers, the signal emitted from the NV− center having the <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face is different from signals emitted from the NV− centers having the three <111> axes except the axis, as is shown in
Incidentally, the spectra in
The sample is obtained in which the above described principal axes of the NV centers are aligned with the particular <111> axis (here, [111] axis) out of the four equivalent <111> axes, in the following way, for instance. Nitrogen gas, methane gas and hydrogen gas are introduced into a reaction chamber, and there, a film is formed on a diamond substrate that is synthesized by a high-temperature high-pressure method, is an Ib-type and has the (111) face (off-angle is 10 degrees or less), in the plasma with a microwave CVD method. The CVD conditions shall be the followings, for instance: a total gas pressure is 25 Torr; a flow rate of the gas is 400 sccm; a power of the microwave is 750 W; and a mixture ratio of the methane and the hydrogen is approximately 0.05%. In addition, the substrate temperature shall be approximately 800° C. The diamond film that has been obtained by such the CVD method is oriented mainly to the (111) face, and the NV centers are formed in the film, of which the principal axes are [111] that is the <111> axis that is perpendicular to this (111) face. Incidentally, it is desirable to introduce the nitrogen during film formation.
Such a diamond crystal may be a diamond crystal of which the principal surface is the {111} face; may be a natural diamond or a diamond that is synthesized by the high-temperature high-pressure method (HPHT) or also by the CVD method using the microwave plasma, or is also artificially synthesized; and is preferably an Ib-type diamond crystal that can be obtained, for instance, by a process of homoepitaxially growing the diamond thin film on a diamond substrate of which the principal surface is the {111} face, with the CVD method. In addition, the diamond thin film is desirably a single crystal, but a polycrystal or a nanodiamond can also provide a similar effect. It is desirable to introduce the nitrogen at the time of the CVD film formation, but it is also possible to introduce the nitrogen by ion implantation after film formation.
Also in such the diamond crystal of the second aspect, it is preferable that the NV region has the donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers. In addition, the donor concentration in the NV region may be equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the region, and for instance, is 1×1012 cm−3 or higher.
Furthermore, the above described donor is generally phosphorus (P); but may be nitrogen (N) impurities that substitute for carbon and exist in the crystal as P1 centers (electric charge 0 and spin S=½); or may be arsenic (As) or sulfur (S); and besides may also be a complex of boron (B) and hydrogen (H), or the like.
[Sensor Array] (First Aspect)
A sensor array of a first aspect according to the present invention is an device using diamond, wherein a second region formed so as to be in contact with a first region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, and has a donor concentration higher than that in the first region. It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and second regions each having a donor concentration higher than that in the first region are formed on respective side faces or peripheries of the first regions.
Due to such a form, an energy band of the first region is curved by existence of the second region, and this band curvature facilitates electron injection caused by diffusion from the second region. An electron that has been injected into the first region is captured by the NV center (NV0 center) that is in an electrically neutral state in the first region, and shows an effect of suppressing the lowering of the density of the NV centers in the negatively charged state (NV− centers), which enable magnetic detection to have high spatial resolution and high sensitivity.
Incidentally, here, it is supposed that the above described first region is almost undoped p− type diamond, and the second region that surrounds the first region is n+ type diamond. However, the sensor array of the first aspect according to the present invention may be a sensor array in which the energy band of the first region is curved by the existence of the second region, and this band curvature induces electron injection due to diffusion from the second region. Accordingly, for instance, the sensor array may be a sensor array in which the second region is formed of n− type diamond and the first region is formed of i-type or p-type diamond. In addition, the sensor array may be a sensor array in which the second region is formed of the n-type diamond and the first region is a depletion region formed by a p-n junction. In essence, the sensor array may have a form in which a heterogeneous conductivity type of junction is formed in which a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen is formed in the region of the junction, and the depletion region is formed in this junction.
In (a) and (b) of
When the first region (n− type) having the band view shown in (a) of
The NV− center formed in the diamond crystal is considered to be stable at room temperature, but when the NV− center has been affected by disturbance such as irradiation with light, the captured electron is emitted and the NV− center tends to become the NV0 center. When the NV− center has become the NV0 center, the NV0 center results in remaining in the crystal as it is, until the NV0 center captures the electron again.
In order to convert such the NV0 center into the NV center again which can detect magnetism at high spatial resolution and with high sensitivity as the NV− center, it is necessary for the NV0 center to capture the electron
In the present invention, the second region surrounds the first region, which has a donor concentration higher than that in the first region, and thereby curves the energy band in the first region. Due to this band curvature, the electron is injected from the second region by diffusion, and thereby the above described NV0 center is enabled to capture the electron.
Incidentally, in the conceptual view shown in
For instance, in the case where the donor concentration of the second region is approximately 1×1018 cm−3 and the acceptor concentration of the first region is approximately 1×1016 cm−3, depletion layers of approximately 0.5 μm are formed in the first region side from both boundaries between the first region and the second region, respectively. Accordingly, when the width of the first region is set at approximately 1.0 μm, the above described effect can be shown in almost the whole region of the first region. In addition, in the case where the acceptor concentration of the first region is approximately 1×1017 cm−3, the width of the first region is controlled to approximately 0.4 μm; and in the case where the acceptor concentration of the first region is approximately 3×1016 cm−3, the width of the first region is controlled to approximately 0.7 μm. Then, the above described effect can be shown in almost the whole region of the first region.
Also in the sensor array of such an aspect, it is preferable to control the face orientation of the first region to the {111} face, and to align the principal axes of the NV centers with the <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In addition, it is preferable that the first region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region, and that the second region has the n+ type conductivity type of which the donor level is 1×1018 cm−3 or higher.
In this case, the donor is generally phosphorus (P); but may be nitrogen (N) impurities that substitute for carbon and exist in the crystal as P1 centers (electric charge 0 and spin S=½); or may be arsenic (As) or sulfur (S); and besides may also be a complex of boron (B) and hydrogen (H), or the like.
In addition, it is preferable that the concentration of the NV centers in the second region is lower than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
In addition, it is preferable that the above described diamond is, for instance, a nitrogen-doped diamond film that has been formed on a substrate by a CVD method. Such a diamond film is obtained, for instance, in the following way. Nitrogen gas, methane gas and hydrogen gas are introduced into a reaction chamber, and there, a film is formed on a diamond substrate that is synthesized by a high-temperature high-pressure method, is an Ib-type and has the (111) face (off-angle is 10 degrees or less), in the plasma with a microwave CVD method. As for the CVD conditions, for instance, a total gas pressure shall be 25 Torr, a flow rate of the gas shall be 400 sccm, a power of the microwave shall be 750 W, and a mixture ratio between the methane and the hydrogen shall be approximately 0.05%. In addition, the substrate temperature shall be approximately 800° C. The diamond film that has been obtained by such the CVD method is oriented mainly to the (111) face, and the NV center is formed in the film, of which the principal axis is [111] that is the <111> axis that is perpendicular to this (111) face. Incidentally, it is desirable to introduce the nitrogen during film formation.
Furthermore, the sensor array may have a form in which each of the first regions has an electrode for applying a positive potential provided on one principal surface side (rear face side), through an insulating film. When such the electrode is provided and the positive potential is applied thereto, such a probability that the NV0 center thereby captures an electron again can be enhanced, similarly to the above described curvature effect of the energy band. This point will be described later.
A method for manufacturing the above described sensor array of the first aspect includes: for instance, forming columnar portions that are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed on the surface of a plate-like diamond, as first regions; forming the complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with the carbon atom of the diamond and the vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, in each of the first regions; and forming second regions that are second regions that surround respective peripheries of the first regions and have the donor concentration higher than that in the first region to curve the energy band of the first region as has been described above.
[Sensor Array] (Second Aspect)
A sensor array of a second aspect according to the present invention is an device using diamond, wherein an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided through an insulating film, on one principal surface side (rear face side) of the first region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen. It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and the electrodes for applying the positive potential are provided on the respective one principal surface sides (rear face sides) of the first regions, through the insulating film. In addition, it is preferable that a second region that has an NV center concentration lower than that in the first region is formed so as to be in contact with the first region.
The electrode is provided on the rear face side of the first region having a band view shown in
As has been described above, when the NV− center formed in the diamond crystal has been affected by disturbance such as irradiation with light, there is a tendency that the electron that has been captured is emitted and the NV− center becomes the NV0 center.
In the sensor array of the second aspect according to the present invention, the positive potential is applied to the electrode, and thereby curves the energy band of the first region in the vicinity of the interface between the first region and the insulating film to enhance such a probability that the NV0 center captures an electron again.
Also in the sensor array of such an aspect, it is preferable to control the face orientation of the first region to the {111} face, and to align the principal axes of the NV centers with the <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In addition, it is preferable that the first region has the donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
In this case, the donor is generally phosphorus (P); but may be nitrogen (N) impurities that substitute for carbon and exist in the crystal as P1 centers (electric charge 0 and spin S=½); or may be arsenic (As) or sulfur (S); and besides may also be a complex of boron (B) and hydrogen (H), or the like.
In addition, it is preferable that the concentration of the NV centers in the second region is lower than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
In addition, it is preferable that the above described diamond is, for instance, a diamond thin film that has been formed on a substrate by a CVD method.
A method for manufacturing the above described sensor array of the second aspect includes: for instance, forming columnar portions that are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed on the surface of a plate-like diamond, as first regions; forming a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, in each of the first regions; forming second regions that are second regions that surround respective peripheries of the first regions and each have an NV center concentration lower than that in the first region; and providing electrodes for applying a positive potential on the respective rear face sides of the first region, through an insulating film.
Firstly, a diamond substrate 10 of which the principal surface is the (111) face is prepared (
Subsequently, an ion of nitrogen (N) is implanted in the columnar portion 11 in such a state that the surface of the substrate in the periphery of the columnar portion 11 is protected by the second mask 13, and the NV center is formed in the columnar portion 11 that will become the first region (
After the second mask 13 has been removed, the surface of the columnar portions 11 and a partial region of the surface of the diamond substrate 10 are protected with third masks 14a and 14b (
Incidentally, in the process example shown in
A single crystal diamond substrate 10a is prepared of which the principal surface is the (111) face (
Subsequent steps are similar to the steps described with reference to
The steps subsequently include: protecting the surface of the substrate in the peripheries of the columnar portions 11 with a second mask 13; implanting ions of nitrogen (N) in the state to form the NV centers in the columnar portions 11 that become the first region (
Here, the shape of the above described columnar portion is not limited in particular, and the cross section may be a rectangle or a circle. However, from the viewpoint of isotropy, the cross section is preferably the circle, in other words, the pillar 16 has preferably a columnar shape.
The above described periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is positioned on each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice, when the surface of the diamond is viewed from above.
In addition, the above described periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a hexagonal packed array in which on six vertexes of a regular hexagon that has a center point on a center position of a particular first region, the centers of the other first regions are positioned respectively, when the surface of the diamond is viewed from above.
A single crystal diamond substrate 10a is prepared of which the principal surface is the (111) face (
Subsequently, a first mask 12 is formed on the principal surface of the diamond film 10b so as to two-dimensionally and periodically array the first regions in a plane (
As has been described above, the sensor array according to the present invention may be a sensor array in which the energy band of the first region is curved by the existence of the second region, and this band curvature induces electron injection due to diffusion from the second region. Accordingly, the sensor array may have a form in which the second region is formed of the n-type diamond, and the first region is a depletion region formed in a heterogeneous conductivity type of junction that includes a p-n junction. Such a heterogeneous conductivity type of junction will be described below as a so-called p-n junction, but may be a “p-n junction” or an “i-n junction”. In addition, the sensor array may have a form of having means for injecting current into the junctions of the heterogeneous conductivity type, or means for applying a voltage thereto.
Such a sensor array can be manufactured by forming a plurality of p-n junctions on the principal surface of the plate-like diamond, which are p-n junctions formed of diamond and each have the complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, formed in a depletion region formed in the p-n junction.
Subsequently, a mask 18 is formed on the principal surface of the p-type diamond film 17 (
Subsequently, a mask 18 is formed on the principal surface of the p-type diamond film 17 (
Subsequently, an n+ type of single crystal diamond thin film 19 that is doped with phosphorus (P) is formed on the principal surface of the p-type diamond film 17 with the CVD method (
It is obvious for those skilled in the art that even by a process except the illustrated processes in
[Magnetic Measurement Device]
A magnetic sensor that is used in a magnetic measurement device according to the present invention includes: the above described sensor array 20; and an optical sensor 21 that detects an optical signal that is an optical signal emitted from the respective surfaces of the first regions in the sensor array and is generated originating from electron spin resonance in the NV center.
In the configuration example shown in this figure, the optical system 24 is provided with a light source 24a, an irradiation lens 24b and a dichroic mirror 24c. From the light source 24a, green light of 638 nm is emitted in response to a signal emitted from a control circuit 28 that is connected to a module 27 that serves as a microwave source and a sensor interface, and the green light irradiates the sensor array 20 that is positioned in the lower part, through the dichroic mirror 24c.
The microwave of which the frequency is variable irradiates the sensor array 20 through the microwave generating unit 25, in response to the signal emitted from the control circuit 28 that is connected to the module 27.
Incidentally,
Such an electric field generating unit 29 is an electric field generating unit that has at least two electrodes that are provided so as to face each other, for instance, on upper and lower face sides or side face sides of the diamond crystal portion containing the first region.
This phenomenon is thought to have occurred because the distribution of the density of the electron spin in the NV center in the first region of the sensor array 20 varies according to the applied electric field, and as a result, a magnitude of an interaction between the electron spin and a nuclear spin varies. Such a reduction in the line width of the ODMR signal can remarkably enhance the sensitivity of the magnetic sensor. Incidentally, the diamond device according to the present invention is not limited to the application to the magnetic sensor and the magnetic measurement device, and can be applied also to various sensors such as a temperature sensor, an electric field sensor, current sensor and an acceleration sensor, and to a measurement device using the sensors.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings. The aspects included in the present invention are summarized as follows, for example:
A diamond crystal according to a first aspect of the present invention has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface, wherein the NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than a concentration of the NV centers.
The donor concentration in the NV region is preferably 1×1012 cm−3 or higher.
The donor is, for instance, phosphorus (P).
The face orientation of the NV region is preferably a {111} face, or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face.
In addition, the above described NV region is preferably a diamond film that has been formed on a diamond substrate with a CVD method.
A diamond crystal of a second aspect according to the present invention has an NV region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, on a surface or in the vicinity of the surface, wherein a crystal face of the NV region is a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
The NV region has preferably a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers.
In addition, the donor concentration in the NV region is preferably 1×1012 cm−3 or higher.
The donor is, for instance, phosphorus (P).
IN addition, the above described NV region is preferably a diamond film that has been formed on a diamond substrate with a CVD method.
A diamond device of a first aspect according to the present invention includes a second region formed so as to be in contact with a first region that contains a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, and has a donor concentration higher than that in the first region.
It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and second regions each having a donor concentration higher than that in the first region are formed on respective side faces or peripheries of the first regions.
In addition, it is preferable that the second region is formed of n-type diamond, and the first region is formed of i-type or p-type diamond.
In addition, the second region has preferably an n+ type of conductivity type of which the donor level is 1×1018 cm−3 or higher.
The donor is, for instance, phosphorus (P).
It is preferable that the face orientation of the first region is a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In addition, the first region has preferably a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
In addition, each of the first regions is preferably surrounded by the second region in which the concentration of the NV centers is lower than that in the first region.
In addition, the above described diamond is preferably a diamond film that has been formed on a substrate with a CVD method.
Furthermore, each of the first regions has preferably an electrode for applying a positive potential provided on one principal surface side (rear face side), through an insulating film.
A diamond device of a second aspect according to the present invention includes an electrode for applying a positive potential, which is provided through an insulating film, on one principal surface side (rear face side) of the first region that contains the complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with the carbon atom of the diamond and the vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen.
It is preferable that the first regions are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed in a plane, and the electrodes for applying the positive potential are provided on the respective one principal surface sides (rear face sides) of the first regions, through an insulating film.
In addition, it is preferable that the face orientation of the first region is a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face, and a principal axis of the NV center is a <111> axis that is perpendicular to the {111} face.
In addition, the first region has preferably a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
The donor is, for instance, phosphorus (P).
Each of the first regions is preferably surrounded by the second region in which the concentration of the NV centers is lower than that in the first region.
In addition, the above described diamond is preferably a diamond film that has been formed on a substrate with a CVD method.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the diamond device further has an electric field generating unit that has at least two electrodes that are provided so as to face each other, on upper and lower face sides or side face sides of the diamond crystal portion containing the first region.
In addition, in the present invention, the periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is positioned on each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice, when the plane is viewed from above.
Furthermore, in the present invention, the periodic array of the first regions is, for instance, a hexagonal packed array in which on six vertexes of a regular hexagon that has a center point on a center position of a particular first region, the centers of the other first regions are positioned respectively, when the plane is viewed from above.
A magnetic sensor according to the present invention includes: the above described diamond device; and an optical sensor that detects an optical signal that is an optical signal emitted from the respective surfaces of the first regions in the diamond device and is generated originating from electron spin resonance in the NV center.
In addition, a magnetic measurement device according to the present invention is a magnetic measurement device provided with the above described magnetic sensor, and includes: a sample stage that is provided so as to face the sensor array; an optical system that irradiates the diamond device with green light; a microwave generating unit that irradiates the diamond device with a microwave of which the frequency is variable; and a signal processing unit that processes an optical signal that has been detected by the optical sensor and has been generated originating from electron spin resonance in the NV center.
The magnetic measurement device according to the present invention preferably further has an electric field generating unit having at least two electrodes that are provided so as to face each other, on upper and lower face sides or side face sides of the diamond crystal portion containing the first region.
A method for manufacturing a sensor array of a first aspect according to the present invention includes: forming columnar portions that are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed on the surface of a plate-like diamond, as first regions; forming a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, in each of the first regions; and forming second regions that are second regions that surround respective peripheries of the first regions and each have a donor concentration higher than that in the first region.
A method for manufacturing a sensor array of a second aspect according to the present invention includes: forming columnar portions that are two-dimensionally and periodically arrayed on the surface of a plate-like diamond, as first regions; forming a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, in each of the first regions; forming second regions that are second regions that surround respective peripheries of the first regions and each have a donor concentration higher than that in the first region; and providing an electrode for applying a positive potential on one principal surface side of the first region (rear face side), through an insulating film.
The second region is preferably formed so as to have an NV center concentration lower than that in the first region.
The periodic array of the first regions shall be, for instance, a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is positioned on each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice, when the plane is viewed from above.
In addition, the periodic array of the first regions shall be, for instance, a hexagonal packed array in which on six vertexes of a regular hexagon that has a center point on a center position of a particular first region, the centers of the other first regions are positioned respectively, when the plane is viewed from above.
The crystal face of the first region shall be preferably a {111} face or a face having an off-angle that is ±10 degrees or less against the {111} face.
In addition, the second region shall be preferably formed of n-type diamond, and the first region shall be preferably formed of i-type or p-type diamond.
In addition, the second region shall be preferably n+ type diamond of which the donor level is 1×1018 cm−3 or higher.
In addition, the donor concentration in the first region is preferably controlled to be equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV centers in the first region.
Furthermore, the above described diamond is preferably formed as a diamond film that is formed on a substrate with a CVD method.
The method for manufacturing the sensor array of another aspect according to the present invention includes forming a plurality of junctions of a heterogeneous conductivity type that is formed of diamond and has a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, formed in the region of the junction, on a principal surface of a plate-like diamond. Incidentally, the aspect may be such an aspect of having means for injecting current into the junctions of the heterogeneous conductivity type or means for applying a voltage thereto.
The diamond crystal according to the present invention enables almost 100% of the complex (NV center) of the nitrogen (N) substituted with the carbon atom and the vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen to be in a negatively charged state (NV−), and also enables spin states of the NV− centers to be aligned in one direction; and a peak of an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR: Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance) signal becomes sharp, and besides, a contrast is also enhanced.
Furthermore, the diamond device according to the present invention can keep the NV center formed in the above described diamond crystal in a negatively charged state (NV−).
As a result, the magnetic sensor that is provided with the diamond device according to the present invention enables two-dimensional magnetic measurement at ordinary temperature in the atmosphere to be carried out with high sensitivity as compared with a conventional one.
Incidentally, the above described effect can be obtained not only in the diamond device and the like that use a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the nitrogen, but a similar effect can be obtained also in a diamond device and the like that use a complex of an device such as Si, P and Ge that substitute for the carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) located adjacent to the substituting device. Incidentally, the diamond device according to the present invention is not limited to the application to the magnetic sensor and the magnetic measurement device, but can be applied also to various sensors such as a temperature sensor, an electric field sensor, current sensor and an acceleration sensor, and to a measurement device using the sensors.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-008127 | Jan 2014 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2015/000193 | 1/19/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015/107907 | 7/23/2015 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9551763 | Hahn | Jan 2017 | B1 |
| 9817081 | Hahn | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9910104 | Boesch | Mar 2018 | B2 |
| 20100308813 | Lukin et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100315079 | Lukin et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110315988 | Yu et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120051996 | Scarsbrook et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20140037932 | Twitchen et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20150303333 | Yu et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2011-529018 | Dec 2011 | JP |
| 2012-110489 | Jun 2012 | JP |
| 2012-121747 | Jun 2012 | JP |
| 2012-121748 | Jun 2012 | JP |
| 2012152617 | Nov 2012 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| D. Le Sage, et al., “Optical magnetic imaging of living cells”, Nature, vol. 496, Total 6 Pages, (Apr. 25, 2013). |
| J. R. Maze, et al., “Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond”, Nature, Total 5 Pages, vol. 455, (Oct. 2, 2008). |
| V. M. Acosta, et al., “Diamonds with a high density of nitrogen-vacancy centers for magnetometry applications”, Physical Review B, vol. 80, pp. 115202-1-115202-15, (2009). |
| Sungkun Hong, et al., “Nanoscale magnetometry with NV centers in diamond”, M R S Bulletin, vol. 38, pp. 155-161, (Feb. 2013). |
| Y. Doi, et al., “Charge Manipulation of a Single NV Center by Current Injection into a Pin Diamond Semiconductor”, NDF-DIA. SYMP, vol. 26, Total 7 Pages, (2012), (with English Translation). |
| A Tallaire, et al., “High quality thick CVD diamond films homoepitaxially grown on (111)-oriented substrates”, Diamond & Related Materials, vol. 41, pp. 34-40, (2014). |
| International Search Report dated Apr. 21, 2015 in PCT/JP15/000193 Filed Jan. 19, 2015. |
| Extended European Search Report dated Nov. 9, 2017 in Patent Application No. 15737807.6, citing documents AA-AD and AV-AY therein, 10 pages. |
| Norikazu Mizuochi, “Electrically driven single photon source at room temperature by using single NV center in diamond”, The Optical Society of America, XP032603313, 2013, 2 Pages. |
| Satoshi Koizumi, et al. “Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction”, Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 292. No. 5523, XP002520859, 2001, pp. 1899-1901. |
| David M. Toyli, et al. “Chip-scale nanofabrication of single spins and spin arrays in diamond”, Nano Letters, vol. 10, No. 8, XP055413827, 2010, 15 pages. |
| Hiromitsu Kato, et al. “Tunable light emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in single crystal diamond PIN diodes”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 102, No. 15, XP012171908, 2013, pp. 151101-1-151101-4. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160334474 A1 | Nov 2016 | US |
