Patent Grant
7034009
The sequence listing submitted on compact disc, in compliance with 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e)(5), is incorporated by reference. Two separate compact discs are submitted, each containing the file “400.049 Sequence Listing—Revised Apr. 23, 2004, txt” (4,511,993 bytes in size), each created on CD on May 24, 2004.
This invention relates to methods and reagents for the treatment of diseases or conditions relating to the levels of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor(s).
The following is a discussion of relevant art, none of which is admitted to be prior art to the present invention.
VEGF, also referred to as vascular permeability factor (VPF) and vasculotropin, is a potent and highly specific mitogen of vascular endothelial cells (for a review see Ferrara, 1993 Trends Cardiovas. Med. 3, 244; Neufeld et al., 1994 Prog. Growth Factor Res. 5, 89). VEGF induced neovascularization is implicated in various pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, wound healing and others.
VEGF, an endothelial cell-specific mitogen, is a 34-45 kDa glycoprotein with a wide range of activities that include promotion of angiogenesis, enhancement of vascular-permeability and others. VEGF belongs to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of growth factors with approximately 18% homology with the A and B chain of PDGF at the amino acid level. Additionally, VEGF contains the eight conserved cysteine residues common to all growth factors belonging to the PDGF family (Neufeld et al., supra). VEGF protein is believed to exist predominantly as disulfide-linked homodimers; monomers of VEGF have been shown to be inactive (Plouet et al., 1989 EMBO J. 8, 3801).
VEGF exerts its influence on vascular endothelial cells by binding to specific high-affinity cell surface receptors. Covalent cross-linking experiments with 125I -labeled VEGF protein have led to the identification of three high molecular weight complexes of 225, 195 and 175 kDa presumed to be VEGF and VEGF receptor complexes (Vaisman et al., 1990 J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19461). Based on these studies VEGF-specific receptors of 180, 150 and 130 kDa molecular mass were predicted. In endothelial cells, receptors of 150 and the 130 kDa have been identified. The VEGF receptors belong to the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterized by a conserved cytoplasmic catalytic kinase domain and a hydrophylic kinase sequence. The extracellular domains of the VEGF receptors consist of seven immunoglobulin-like domains that are thought to be involved in VEGF binding functions.
The two most abundant and high-affinity receptors of VEGF are flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase) cloned by Shibuya et al., 1990 Oncogene 5, 519 and KDR (kinase-insert-domain-containing receptor) cloned by Terman et al., 1991 Oncogene 6, 1677. The murine homolog of KDR, cloned by Mathews et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 88, 9026, shares 85% amino acid homology with KDR and is termed as flk-1 (fetal liver kinase-1). Recently it has been shown that the high-affinity binding of VEGF to its receptors is modulated by cell surface-associated heparin and heparin-like molecules (Gitay-Goren et al., 1992 J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6093).
VEGF expression has been associated with several pathological states such as tumor angiogenesis, several forms of blindness, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and others. Following is a brief summary of evidence supporting the involvement of VEGF in various diseases:
1) Tumor angiogenesis: Increased levels of VEGF gene expression have been reported in vascularized and edema-associated brain tumors (Berkman et al., 1993 J. Clini. Invest. 91, 153). A more direct demostration of the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis was demonstrated by Jim Kim et al., 1993 Nature 362, 841 wherein, monoclonal antibodies against VEGF were successfully used to inhibit the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme cells in nude mice. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutated form of the flt-1 VEGF receptor inhibits vascularization induced by human glioblastoma cells in nude mice (Millauer et al., 1994, Nature 367, 576).
2) Ocular diseases: Aiello et al., 1994 New Engl. J. Med. 331, 1480, showed that the ocular fluid of a majority of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders, contains a high concentration of VEGF. Miller et al., 1994 Am. J. Pathol. 145, 574, reported elevated levels of VEGF mRNA in patients suffering from retinal ischemia. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in ocular diseases.
3) Psoriasis: Detmar et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 1141 reported that VEGF and its receptors were over-expressed in psoriatic skin and psoriatic dermal microvessels, suggesting that VEGF plays a significant role in psoriasis.
4) Rheumatoid arthritis: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies on tissues from the joints of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis show an increased level of VEGF and its receptors (Fava et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 341). Additionally, Koch et al., 1994 J. Immunol. 152, 4149, found that VEGF-specific antibodies were able to significantly reduce the mitogenic activity of synovial tissues from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in rheumatoid arthritis.
In addition to the above data on pathological conditions involving excessive angiogenesis, a number of studies have demonstrated that VEGF is both necessary and sufficient for neovascularization. Takashita et al., 1995 J. Clin. Invest. 93, 662, demonstrated that a single injection of VEGF augmented collateral vessel development in a rabbit model of ischemia. VEGF also can induce neovascularization when injected into the cornea. Expression of the VEGF gene in CHO cells is sufficient to confer tumorigenic potential to the cells. Kim et al., supra and Millauer et al., supra used monoclonal antibodies against VEGF or a dominant negative form of flk-1 receptor to inhibit tumor-induced neovascularization.
During development, VEGF and its receptors are associated with regions of new vascular growth (Millauer et al., 1993 Cell 72, 835; Shalaby et al., 1993 J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2235). Furthermore, transgenic mice lacking either of the VEGF receptors are defective in blood vessel formation, in fact these mice do not survive; flk-1 appears to be required for differentiation of endothelial cells, while flt-1 appears to be required at later stages of vessel formation (Shalaby et al., 1995 Nature 376, 62; Fung et al., 1995 Nature 376, 66). Thus, these receptors must be present to properly signal endothelial cells or their precursors to respond to vascularization-promoting stimuli.
All of the conditions listed above, involve extensive vascularization. This hyper-stimulation of endothelial cells may be alleviated by VEGF antagonists. Thus most of the therapeutic efforts for the above conditions have concentrated on finding inhibitors of the VEGF protein.
Kim et al., 1993 Nature 362, 841 have been successful in inhibiting VEGF-induced tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice by treating the mice with VEGF-specific monoclonal antibody.
Koch et al., 1994 J. Immunol. 152, 4149 showed that the mitogenic activity of microvascular endothelial cells found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue explants and the chemotactic property of endothelial cells from RA synovial fluid can be neutralized significantly by treatment with VEGF-specific antibodies.
Ullrich et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 94/11499 and Millauer et al., 1994 Nature 367, 576 used a soluble form of flk-1 receptor (dominant-negative mutant) to prevent VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis in immunodeficient mice.
Kendall and Thomas, International PCT Publication No. WO 94/21679 describe the use of naturally occuring or recombinantly-engineered soluble forms of VEGF receptors to inhibit VEGF activity.
Robinson, International PCT Publication No. WO 95/04142 describes the use of antisense oligonucleotides targeted against VEGF RNA to inhibit VEGF expression.
Jellinek et al., 1994 Biochemistry 33, 10450 describe the use of VEGF-specific high-affinity RNA aptamers to inhibit the binding of VEGF to its receptors.
Rockwell and Goldstein, International PCT Publication No. WO 95/21868, describe the use of anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the effect of VEGF on endothelial cells.
The invention features novel nucleic acid-based compounds [e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (ribozymes such as Inozyme, G-cleaver, amberzyme, zinzyme), DNAzyme, antisense nucleic acids, 2-5A antisense chimeras, triplex forming nucleic acid, decoy nucleic acids, aptamers, allozymes, antisense nucleic acids containing RNA cleaving chemical groups (Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,051)] and methods for their use to down regulate or inhibit the expression of receptors of VEGF (VEGF-R).
In one embodiment, the invention features the use of one or more of the nucleic acid-based compounds to inhibit the expression of flt-1 and/or flk-1/KDR receptors.
In another embodiment, the present invention features a compound having Formula I: (SEQ ID NO: 20818).
wherein each a is 2′-O-methyl adenosine nucleotide, each g is a 2′-O-methyl guanosine nucleotide, each c is a 2′-O-methyl cytidine nucleotide, each u is a 2′-O-methyl uridine nucleotide, each A is adenosine, each G is guanosine, each s individually represents a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage, U is 2′-deoxy-2′-C-allyl uridine, and B is an inverted deoxyabasic moiety.
In another embodiment, the present invention features a compound having Formula II: (SEQ ID NO: 13488).
wherein each a is 2′-O-methyl adenosine nucleotide, each g is a 2′-O-methyl guanosine nucleotide, each c is a 2′-O-methyl cytidine nucleotide, each u is a 2′-O-methyl uridine nucleotide, each A is adenosine, each G is guanosine, each s individually represents a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage, U is 2′-deoxy-2′-C-allyl uridine, and B is an inverted deoxyabasic moiety.
In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising a compound of Formula I and/or II in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
In another embodiment, the invention features a method of administering to a cell, for example a mammalian cell or human cell, the compound of Formula I and/or II, comprising contacting the cell with the compound under conditions suitable for administration, for example in the presence of a delivery reagent. Examples of suitable delivery reagents include a lipid, cationic lipid, phospholipid, or liposome as described herein and known in the art.
In one embodiment, the invention features a method of administering to a cell the compound of Formula I or II in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic agent comprising contacting the cell with the compound and the chemotherapeutic agent under conditions suitable for administration.
Examples of chemotherapeutic agents that can be combined with the compound of Formula I and/or II include but are not limited to 5-fluoro uridine, Leucovorin, Irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR® or CPT-11 or Camptothecin-11 or Campto), Paclitaxel, or Carboplatin or a combination thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention also features a cell comprising the compound of Formula I and/or II, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell. For example, in one embodiment the mammalian cell is a human cell.
In one embodiment, the invention features a method of inhibiting angiogenesis, for example tumor angiogenesis, in a patient comprising the step of contacting the patient with the compound of Formula I and/or II under conditions suitable for said inhibition. In one embodiment, the patient is a mammal, for example, a human.
In another embodiment, the invention features a method of treatment of a patient having a condition associated with an increased level of VEGF receptor, for example, cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, or melanoma, or ocular indications such as diabetic retinopathy, or age related macular degeneration, comprising contacting one or more cells of the patient with the compound of Formula I and/or II, under conditions suitable for the treatment. In one embodiment, the patient is a human.
In another embodiment, the invention features a method of treatment of a patient having an ocular condition associated with an increased level of a VEGF receptor, for example, diabetic retinopathy, or age related macular degeneration, comprising contacting one or more cells of the patient with a nucleic acid molecule, such as an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule, targeted against a VEGF receptor RNA, e.g., a molecule according to Formula I and/or II, under conditions suitable for the treatment. In one embodiment, the patient is a human.
In yet another embodiment, a method of treatment of the invention further comprises the use of one or more drug therapies under conditions suitable for the treatment.
In one embodiment, the present invention also features a method of cleaving RNA comprising a sequence of flt-1 comprising contacting the compound of Formula I with the RNA under conditions suitable for the cleavage of the RNA, for example, where the cleavage is carried out in the presence of a divalent cation such as Mg2+.
In another embodiment, the invention features a method of administering to a mammal, for example a human, the compound of Formula I and/or II comprising contacting the mammal with the compound under conditions suitable for the administration, for example, in the presence of a delivery reagent such as a lipid, cationic lipid, phospholipid, or liposome.
In yet another embodiment, the invention features a method of administering to a mammal the compound of Formula I and/or II in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic agent comprising contacting the mammal, for example a human, with the compound and the chemotherapeutic agent under conditions suitable for the administration.
In another embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the instant invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
By “inhibit” it is meant that the activity of VEGF-R or level of VEGF-R mRNAs or equivalent RNAs encoding VEGF-R is reduced below that observed in the absence of a nucleic acid molecule of the instant invention. In one embodiment, inhibition with enzymatic nucleic acid preferably is below that level observed in the presence of an enzymatically inactive or attenuated molecule that is able to bind to the same site on the mRNA, but is unable to cleave that RNA. In another embodiment, inhibition with antisense oligonucleotides is preferably below that level observed in the presence of, for example, an oligonucleotide with scrambled sequence or with mismatches. In another embodiment, inhibition of a VEGF-R gene with the nucleic acid molecule of the instant invention is greater in the presence of the nucleic acid molecule than in its absence.
By “enzymatic nucleic acid molecule” it is meant an RNA molecule which has complementarity in a substrate binding region to a specified gene target, and also has an enzymatic activity which is active to specifically cleave target RNA. That is, the enzymatic RNA molecule is able to intermolecularly cleave RNA and thereby inactivate a target RNA molecule. The complementary region(s) allows sufficient hybridization of the enzymatic RNA molecule to the target RNA and thus permit cleavage. One hundred percent complementarity is preferred, but complementarity as low as 50-75% can also be useful in this invention. The nucleic acids can be modified at the base, sugar, and/or phosphate groups. The term enzymatic nucleic acid is used interchangeably with phrases such as ribozymes, catalytic RNA, enzymatic RNA, enzymatic DNA, catalytic DNA, catalytic oligonucleotides, nucleozyme, DNAzyme, Zinzyme, RNA enzyme, endoribonuclease, endonuclease, minizyme, leadzyme, oligozyme or DNA enzyme. All of these terminologies describe nucleic acid molecules with enzymatic activity. The specific enzymatic nucleic acid molecules described in the instant application are not meant to be limiting and those skilled in the art will recognize that all that is important in an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of this invention is that it have a specific substrate binding site which is complementary to one or more of the target nucleic acid regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart a nucleic acid cleaving activity to the molecule (Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071; Cech et al., 1988, JAMA).
By “enzymatic portion” or “catalytic domain” is meant that portion/region of the enzymatic nucleic acid essential for cleavage of a nucleic acid substrate (for example see FIG. 1).
By “substrate binding arm” or “substrate binding domain” is meant that portion/region of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is complementary to (i.e., able to base-pair with) a portion of its substrate. Generally, such complementarity is 100%, but can be less if desired. For example, as few as 10 bases out of 14 can be base-paired. Such arms are shown generally in FIG. 1. That is, these arms contain sequences within an enzymatic nucleic acid are intended to bring enzymatic nucleic acid and target RNA together through complementary base-pairing interactions. The enzymatic nucleic acid of the invention can have binding arms that are contiguous or non-contiguous and can be of varying lengths. The length of the binding arm(s) are preferably greater than or equal to four nucleotides, and are of sufficient length to stably interact with the target RNA; specifically 12-100 nucleotides; more specifically 14-24 nucleotides long. If two binding arms are chosen, the design is such that the length of the binding arms are symmetrical (i.e., each of the binding arms is of the same length; e.g., five and five nucleotides, six and six nucleotides or seven and seven nucleotides long) or asymmetrical (i.e., the binding arms are of different length; e.g., six and three nucleotides; three and six nucleotides long; four and five nucleotides long; four and six nucleotides long; four and seven nucleotides long; and the like).
By “DNAzyme” is meant an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule lacking a 2′-OH group. In particular embodiments, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule can have an attached linker(s) or other attached or associated groups, moieties, or chains containing one or more nucleotides with 2′-OH groups.
By “zinzyme” motif or configuration is meant a class II enzymatic nucleic acid molecule comprising a motif as generally described in FIG. 32 and in Beigelman et al., International PCT publication No. WO 99/55857 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/918,728, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, including the drawings. Zinzymes possess endonuclease activity to cleave RNA substrates having a cleavage triplet including but not limited to, YG/Y, where Y is uridine or cytidine, and G is guanosine and/represents the cleavage site. Zinzymes can be chemically modified to increase nuclease stability through various substitutions, including substituting 2′-O-methyl guanosine nucleotides for guanosine nucleotides. In addition, differing nucleotide and/or non-nucleotide linkers can be used to substitute the 5′-gaaa-2′ loop of the motif. Zinzymes represent a non-limiting example of an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule that does not require a ribonucleotide (2′-OH) group within its own nucleic acid sequence for activity.
By “sufficient length” is meant a nucleic acid molecule long enough to provide the intended function under the expected condition. For example, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention needs to be of “sufficient length” to provide stable binding to a target site under the expected binding conditions and environment. In another non-limiting example, for the binding arms of an enzymatic nucleic acid, “sufficient length” means that the binding arm sequence is long enough to provide stable binding to a target site under the expected reaction conditions and environment. The binding arms are not so long as to prevent useful turnover of the nucleic acid molecule.
By “stably interact” is meant interaction of the oligonucleotides with target, such as a target protein or target nucleic acid (e.g., by forming hydrogen bonds with complementary amino acids or nucleotides in the target under physiological conditions) that is sufficient for the intended purpose (e.g., specific binding to a protein target to disrupt the function of that protein or cleavage of target RNA/DNA by an enzyme).
By “equivalent” RNA to VEGF-R is meant to include those naturally occurring RNA molecules having homology (partial or complete) to VEGF-R, or encoding for proteins with similar function as VEGF-R in various animals, including human, rodent, primate, rabbit and pig. The equivalent RNA sequence also includes in addition to the coding region, regions such as 5′untranslated region, 3′-untranslated region, introns, intron-exon junction and the like.
By “homology” is meant the nucleotide sequence of two or more nucleic acid molecules is partially or completely identical.
By “antisense nucleic acid” it is meant a non-enzymatic nucleic acid molecule that binds to target RNA by means of RNA-RNA or RNA-DNA or RNA-PNA (protein nucleic acid; Egholm et al., 1993 Nature 365, 566) interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (for a review see Stein and Cheng, 1993 Science 261, 1004). Typically, antisense molecules will be complementary to a target sequence along a single contiguous sequence of the antisense molecule. However, in certain embodiments, an antisense molecule may bind to substrate such that the substrate molecule forms a loop, and/or an antisense molecule may bind such that the antisense molecule forms a loop. Thus, the antisense molecule may be complementary to two (or even more) non-contiguous substrate sequences or two (or even more) non-contiguous sequence portions of an antisense molecule may be complementary to a target sequence or both.
By “2-5A antisense chimera” it is meant, an antisense oligonucleotide containing a 5′ phosphorylated 2′-5′-linked adenylate residues. These chimeras bind to target RNA in a sequence-specific manner and activate a cellular 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease which, in turn, cleaves the target RNA (Torrence et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1300).
By “triplex DNA” it is meant an oligonucleotide that can bind to a double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner to form a triple-strand helix. Formation of such triple helix structure has been shown to inhibit transcription of the targeted gene (Duval-Valentin et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 504).
By “gene” it is meant a nucleic acid that encodes an RNA, for example, nucleic acid sequences including, but not limited to, structural genes encoding a polypeptide.
By “complementarity” is meant that a nucleic acid can form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types. In reference to the nucleic molecules of the present invention, the binding free energy for a nucleic acid molecule with its target or complementary sequence is sufficient to allow the relevant function of the nucleic acid to proceed, e.g., ribozyme cleavage, antisense or triple helix inhibition. Determination of binding free energies for nucleic acid molecules is well known in the art (see, e.g., Turner et al., 1987, CSH Symp. Quant. Biol. LII pp. 123-133; Frier et al., 1986, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9373-9377; Turner et al., 1987, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:3783-3785. A percent complementarity indicates the percentage of contiguous residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary). “Perfectly complementary” means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence.
Seven basic varieties of naturally-occurring enzymatic RNAs are known presently. Each can catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA phosphodiester bonds in trans (and thus can cleave other RNA molecules) under physiological conditions. Table I summarizes some of the characteristics of these ribozymes. In general, enzymatic nucleic acids act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base-pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA destroys its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets. Thus, a single enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is able to cleave many molecules of target RNA. In addition, the enzymatic nucleic acid is a highly specific inhibitor of gene expression, with the specificity of inhibition depending not only on the base-pairing mechanism of binding to the target RNA, but also on the mechanism of target RNA cleavage. Single mismatches, or base-substitutions, near the site of cleavage can completely eliminate catalytic activity of a ribozyme.
Enzymatic nucleic acids that cleave the specified sites in VEGF-R mRNAs represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat tumor angiogenesis, and cancers including, but not limited to, tumor and cancer types shown under Diagnosis in Table XX, ocular diseases, rhuematoid arthritis, psoriasis and others. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention are able to inhibit the activity of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) and the catalytic activity of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules is required for their inhibitory effect. Those of ordinary skill in the art will find it clear from the exemplary nucleic acid molecules described that other enzymatic nucleic acid molecules that cleave VEGF-R mRNAs can be readily designed and are within the scope of the invention.
In one of the embodiments of the inventions described herein, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is formed in a hammerhead or hairpin motif, but can also be formed in the motif of a hepatitis delta virus, group I intron, group II intron or RNase P RNA (in association with an RNA guide sequence), Neurospora VS RNA, DNAzymes, Zinzymes, NCH cleaving motifs, or G-cleavers. Examples of such hammerhead motifs are described by Dreyfus, supra, Rossi et al., 1992, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8, 183; of hairpin motifs by Hampel et al., EP0360257, Hampel and Tritz, 1989 Biochemistry 28, 4929, Feldstein et al., 1989, Gene 82, 53, Haseloff and Gerlach, 1989, Gene, 82, 43, and Hampel et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 299; Chowrira & McSwiggen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,359; of the hepatitis delta virus motif is described by Perrotta and Been, 1992 Biochemistry 31, 16; of the RNase P motif by Guerrier-Takada et al., 1983 Cell 35, 849; Forster and Altman, 1990, Science 249, 783; Li and Altman, 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 835; Neurospora VS RNA ribozyme motif is described by Collins (Saville and Collins, 1990 Cell 61, 685-696; Saville and Collins, 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8826-8830; Collins and Olive, 1993 Biochemistry 32, 2795-2799; Guo and Collins, 1995, EMBO. J. 14, 363); Group II introns are described by Griffin et al., 1995, Chem. Biol. 2, 761; Michels and Pyle, 1995, Biochemistry 34, 2965; Pyle et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/22689; of the Group I intron by Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071; of Zinzymes as is generally described by Beigelman et al., International PCT publication No. WO 99/55857 (see for example FIG. 32); and of DNAzymes as is generally described by Usman et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 95/11304; Chartrand et al., 1995, NAR 23, 4092; Breaker et al., 1995, Chem. Bio. 2, 655; Santoro et al., 1997, PNAS 94, 4262 (see for example FIG. 33). NCH cleaving motifs are described in Ludwig & Sproat, International PCT Publication No. WO 98/58058; and G-cleavers are described in Kore et al., 1998, Nucleic Acids Research 26, 4116-4120 and Eckstein et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 99/16871. These specific motifs are not limiting in the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that all that is important in an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of this invention is that it has a specific substrate binding site which is complementary to one or more of the target gene RNA regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart an RNA cleaving activity to the molecule (Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071).
Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of the invention that are allosterically regulated (“allozymes”) can be used to modulate VEGR receptor expression. These allosteric enzymatic nucleic acids or allozymes (see for example George et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,834,186 and 5,741,679, Shih et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,332, Nathan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,914, Nathan and Ellington, International PCT publication No. WO 00/24931, Breaker et al., International PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/26226 and 98/27104, and Sullenger et al., International PCT publication No. WO 99/29842) are designed to respond to a signaling agent. For example, allozymes can be designed to respond to signaling agents, such as flt-1 or kdr protein, flt-1 or kdr RNA, other proteins and/or RNAs involved in VEGF activity, and also, for example, compounds, metals, polymers, molecules and/or drugs that are targeted to VEGF or VEGF receptor, such as flt-1 or kdr expressing cells etc., which in turn modulate the activity of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule. In response to interaction with a predetermined signaling agent, the activity of the allosteric enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is activated or inhibited such that the expression of a particular target is selectively down-regulated. The target can comprise flt-1 or kdr and/or a predetermined cellular component or receptor that modulates VEGF activity.
In a specific example, allosteric enzymatic nucleic acid molecules that are activated by interaction with a RNA encoding a flt-1 protein are used as therapeutic agents in vivo. The presence of RNA encoding the flt-1 protein activates the allosteric enzymatic nucleic acid molecule that subsequently cleaves the RNA encoding the flt-1 protein, resulting in the inhibition of flt-1 protein expression. In this manner, cells that express the flt-1 protein are selectively targeted.
In another non-limiting example, an allozyme can be activated by an flt-1 protein or peptide that caused the allozyme to inhibit the expression of flt-1 gene by, for example, cleaving RNA encoded by flt-1 gene. In this non-limiting example, the allozyme acts as a decoy to inhibit the function of flt-1 and also inhibit the expression of flt-1 once activated by the flt-1 protein.
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention, e.g., antisense molecule, triplex DNA, or ribozyme, is 13 to 100 nucleotides in length, e.g., in specific embodiments 35, 36, 37, or 38 nucleotides in length (e.g., for particular ribozymes). In particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is 15-100, 17-100, 20-100, 21-100, 23-100, 25-100, 27-100, 30-100, 32-100, 35-100, 40-100, 50-100, 60-100, 70-100, or 80-100 nucleotides in length. Instead of 100 nucleotides being the upper limit on the length ranges specified above, the upper limit of the length range can be, for example, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 nucleotides. Thus, for any of the length ranges, the length range for particular embodiments has a lower limit as specified, with an upper limit as specified which is greater than the lower limit. For example, in a particular embodiment, the length range can be 35-50 nucleotides in length. All such ranges are expressly included. Also in particular embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule can have a length which is any of the lengths specified above, for example, 21 nucleotides in length.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing a class of enzymatic cleaving agents which exhibit a high degree of specificity for the RNA of a desired target. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is preferably targeted to a highly conserved sequence region of target mRNAs encoding VEGF-R proteins (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) such that specific treatment of a disease or condition can be provided with either one or several enzymatic nucleic acids. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be delivered exogenously to specific tissue or cellular targets as required. Alternatively, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be expressed from DNA and/or RNA vectors that are delivered to specific cells.
By “highly conserved sequence region” is meant a nucleotide sequence of one or more regions in a nucleic acid molecule that does not vary significantly from one generation to the other or from one biological system to the other.
Synthesis of nucleic acids greater than 100 nucleotides in length is difficult using automated methods, and the therapeutic cost of such molecules is prohibitive. In this invention, small nucleic acid motifs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, hammerhead or the hairpin ribozymes) are used for exogenous delivery. The simple structure of these molecules increases the ability of the nucleic acid to invade targeted regions of the mRNA structure. However, these nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters (e.g., Izant and Weintraub, 1985 Science 229, 345; McGarry and Lindquist, 1986 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 399; SullengerScanlon et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 10591-5; Kashani-Sabet et al., 1992 Antisense Res. Dev., 2, 3-15; Dropulic et al., 1992 J. Virol, 66, 1432-41; Weerasinghe et al., 1991 J. Virol, 65, 5531-4; Ojwang et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10802-6; Chen et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 4581-9; Sarver et al., 1990 Science 247, 1222-1225; Thompson et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2259). Those skilled in the art realize that any nucleic acid can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from the appropriate DNA/RNA vector. The activity of such nucleic acids can be augmented by their release from the primary transcript by a ribozyme (Draper et al., PCT WO93/23569, and Sullivan et al., PCT WO94/02595, both hereby incorporated in their totality by reference herein; Ohkawa et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser., 27, 15-6; Taira et al., 1991, Nucleic Acids Res., 19, 5125-30; Ventura et al., 1993 Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 3249-55; Chowrira et al., 1994 J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25856).
The nucleic acid molecules of the invention are useful for the prevention of diseases and conditions related to the level of VEGF-R, including cancer (including but not limited to tumor and cancer types shown under Diagnosis in Table XX), diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, neovascular glaucoma, myopic degeneration, arthritis, psoriasis, verruca vulgaris, angiofibroma of tuberous sclerosis, pot-wine stains, Sturge Weber syndrome, Kippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome and any other diseases or conditions that are related to the levels of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) in a cell or tissue.
By “diseases or conditions related to the level of VEGF-R” is meant that the reduction of VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) RNA levels and thus reduction in the level of the respective protein will relieve, to some extent, the symptoms of the disease or condition.
Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are added directly, or can be complexed with cationic lipids, packaged within liposomes, or otherwise delivered to target cells or tissues. The nucleic acid or nucleic acid complexes can be locally administered to relevant tissues ex vivo, or in vivo through injection, infusion pump or stent, with or without their incorporation in biopolymers.
In one embodiment, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of the invention has one or more binding arms which are complementary to the substrate sequences in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII. Examples of such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules also are shown in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII. Examples of such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules consist essentially of sequences defined in these Tables.
In yet another embodiment, the invention features antisense nucleic acid molecules and 2-5A chimera including sequences complementary to the target sequences shown in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII. Such nucleic acid molecules can include sequences as shown for the binding arms of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII. Similarly, triplex molecules can be provided targeted to the corresponding DNA target regions, and containing the DNA equivalent of a target sequence or a sequence complementary to the specified target (substrate) sequence. Typically, antisense molecules are complementary to a target sequence along a single contiguous sequence of the antisense molecule. However, in certain embodiments, an antisense molecule can bind to substrate such that the substrate molecule forms a loop, and/or an antisense molecule can bind such that the antisense molecule forms a loop. Thus, the antisense molecule can be complementary to two (or even more) non-contiguous substrate sequences or two (or even more) non-contiguous sequence portions of an antisense molecule can be complementary to a target sequence or both.
By “consists essentially of” is meant that the active nucleic acid molecule of the invention, for example, an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule, contains an enzymatic center or core equivalent to those in the examples, and binding arms able to bind RNA such that cleavage at the target site occurs. Other sequences can be present that do not interfere with such cleavage. Thus, a core region can, for example, include one or more loop, stem-loop structure, or linker that does not prevent enzymatic activity. Thus, the underlined regions in the sequences in Tables II, IV, VI, VIII, XIV and XVI can be such a loop, stem-loop, nucleotide linker, and/or non-nucleotide linker and can be represented generally as sequence “X”. For example, a core sequence for a hammerhead enzymatic nucleic acid can comprise a conserved sequence, such as 5′-CUGAUGAG-3′ and 5′-CGAA-3′ connected by “X”, where X is 5′-GCCGUUAGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20822), or any other Stem II region known in the art, or a nucleotide and/or non-nucleotide linker. Similarly, for other nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention, such as Inozyme, G-cleaver, amberzyme, zinzyme, DNAzyme, antisense, 2-5A antisense, triplex forming nucleic acid, and decoy nucleic acids, other sequences or non-nucleotide linkers can be present that do not interfere with the function of the nucleic acid molecule.
X can be a linker of ≧2 nucleotides in length, preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 26, 30, where the nucleotides can preferably be internally base-paired to form a stem of preferably ≧2 base pairs. Alternatively or in addition, X may be a non-nucleotide linker. In yet another embodiment, the nucleotide linker (X) can be a nucleic acid aptamer, such as an ATP aptamer, HIV Rev aptamer (RRE), HIV Tat aptamer (TAR) and others (for a review see Gold et al., 1995, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 763; and Szostak & Ellington, 1993, in The RNA World, ed. Gesteland and Atkins, pp. 511, CSH Laboratory Press).
A “nucleic acid aptamer” as used herein is meant to indicate a nucleic acid sequence capable of interacting with a ligand. The ligand can be any natural or a synthetic molecule, including but not limited to a resin, metabolites, nucleosides, nucleotides, drugs, toxins, transition state analogs, peptides, lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acid molecules, hormones, carbohydrates, receptors, cells, viruses, bacteria and others.
In yet another embodiment, the non-nucleotide linker (X) is as defined herein. The term “non-nucleotide” as used herein include either abasic nucleotide, polyether, polyamine, polyamide, peptide, carbohydrate, lipid, or polyhydrocarbon compounds. Specific examples include those described by Seela and Kaiser, Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18:6353 and Nucleic Acids Res. 1987, 15:3113; Cload and Schepartz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113:6324; Richardson and Schepartz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113:5109; Ma et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21:2585 and Biochemistry 1993, 32:1751; Durand et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18:6353; McCurdy et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides 1991, 10:287; Jschke et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34:301; Ono et al., Biochemistry 1991, 30:9914; Arnold et al., International Publication No. WO 89/02439; Usman et al., International Publication No. WO 95/06731; Dudycz et al., International Publication No. WO 95/11910 and Ferentz and Verdine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113:4000, all hereby incorporated by reference herein. A “non-nucleotide” further means any group or compound which can be incorporated into a nucleic acid chain in the place of one or more nucleotide units, including either sugar and/or phosphate substitutions, and allows the remaining bases to exhibit their enzymatic activity. The group or compound can be abasic in that it does not contain a commonly recognized nucleotide base, such as adenosine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention features an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule having one or more non-nucleotide moieties, and having enzymatic activity to cleave an RNA or DNA molecule.
In another aspect of the invention, enzymatic nucleic acid molecules that cleave target RNA molecules and inhibit VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) activity are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Enzymatic nucleic acid expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus vectors. Preferably, the recombinant vectors capable of expressing the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are delivered as described above, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of enzymatic nucleic acids. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the enzymatic nucleic acids cleave the target mRNA. Delivery of enzymatic nucleic acids expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell.
By “vectors” is meant any nucleic acid- and/or viral-based technique used to deliver a desired nucleic acid.
By “patient” is meant an organism which is a donor or recipient of explanted cells or the cells themselves. “Patient” also refers to an organism to which the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be administered. In one embodiment, the patient is a mammal or mammalian cells. Preferably, the patient is a human or human cells.
The nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention, individually, or in combination or in conjunction with other drugs, can be used to treat diseases or conditions discussed above. For example, to treat a disease or condition associated with VEGF-R, the patient can be treated, or other appropriate cells can be treated, as is evident to those skilled in the art, individually with a nucleic acid molecule of the invention or in combination with one or more drugs under conditions suitable for the treatment.
For example, to treat a disease or condition associated with VEGF-R levels, such as cancer (e.g., colorectal cancer, breast cancer) or ocular diseases (e.g., diabetic retinopathy or age related macular degeneration) a patient may be treated, or other appropriate cells may be treated, as is evident to those skilled in the art, individually or in combination with one or more drugs under conditions suitable for the treatment.
In a further embodiment, the described molecules, such as antisense or enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be used in combination with other known treatments to treat conditions or diseases discussed above. For example, the described molecules can be used in combination with one or more known therapeutic agents to treat cancer.
In another embodiment, the invention features nucleic acid-based techniques (e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (ribozymes such as Inozyme, G-cleaver, amberzyme, zinzyme), DNAzyme, antisense nucleic acids, 2-5A antisense chimeras, triplex forming nucleic acid, decoy nucleic acids, aptamers, allozymes, antisense nucleic acids containing RNA cleaving chemical groups (Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,051)] and methods for their use to down regulate or inhibit the expression of genes capable of inducing angiogenesis (e.g., flt-1 and kdr).
In another embodiment, the invention features nucleic acid-based techniques (e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (ribozymes such as Inozyme, G-cleaver, amberzyme, zinzyme), DNAzyme, antisense nucleic acids, 2-5A antisense chimeras, triplex forming nucleic acid, decoy nucleic acids, aptamers, allozymes, antisense nucleic acids containing RNA cleaving chemical groups (Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,051)] and methods for their use to down regulate or inhibit the expression of VEGF receptor.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
a-d show hammerhead ribozyme substrate motifs.
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Mechanism of Action of Nucleic Acid Molecules of the Invention
Antisense: Antisense molecules can be modified or unmodified RNA, DNA, or mixed polymer oligonucleotides and primarily function by specifically binding to matching sequences resulting in inhibition of peptide synthesis (Wu-Pong, November 1994, BioPharm, 20-33). The antisense oligonucleotide binds to target RNA by Watson Crick base-pairing and blocks gene expression by preventing ribosomal translation of the bound sequences either by steric blocking or by activating RNase H enzyme. Antisense molecules can also alter protein synthesis by interfering with RNA processing or transport from the nucleus into the cytoplasm (Mukhopadhyay & Roth, 1996, Crit. Rev. in Oncogenesis 7, 151-190).
In addition, binding of single stranded DNA to RNA can result in nuclease degradation of the heteroduplex (Wu-Pong, supra; Crooke, supra). To date, the only backbone modified DNA chemistry which acts as substrates for RNase H are phosphorothioates and phosphorodithioates. Recently it has been reported that 2′-arabino and 2′-fluoro arabino-containing oligos can also activate RNase H activity.
A number of antisense molecules have been described that utilize novel configurations of chemically modified nucleotides, secondary structure, and/or RNase H substrate domains (Woolf et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 98/13526; Thompson et al., U.S. Ser. No. 60/082,404 which was filed on Apr. 20, 1998; Hartmann et al., U.S. Ser. No. 60/101,174 which was filed on Sep. 21, 1998) all of these are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides (TFO): Single stranded DNA can be designed to bind to genomic DNA in a sequence specific manner. TFOs are comprised of pyrimidine-rich oligonucleotides which bind DNA helices through Hoogsteen Base-pairing (Wu-Pong, supra). The resulting triple helix composed of the DNA sense, DNA antisense, and TFO disrupts RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase. The TFO mechanism can result in gene expression or cell death since binding may be irreversible (Mukhopadhyay & Roth, supra).
2-5A Antisense Chimera: The 2-5A system is an interferon mediated mechanism for RNA degradation found in higher vertebrates (Mitra et al., 1996, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93, 6780-6785). Two types of enzymes, 2-5A synthetase and RNase L, are required for RNA cleavage. The 2-5A synthetases require double stranded RNA to form 2′-5′ oligoadenylates (2-5A). 2-5A then acts as an allosteric effector for utilizing RNase L which has the ability to cleave single stranded RNA. The ability to form 2-5A structures with double stranded RNA makes this system particularly useful for inhibition of viral replication.
(2′-5′) oligoadenylate structures can be covalently linked to antisense molecules to form chimeric oligonucleotides capable of RNA cleavage (Torrence, supra). These molecules putatively bind and activate a 2-5A dependent RNase, the oligonucleotide/enzyme complex then binds to a target RNA molecule which can then be cleaved by the RNase enzyme.
Enzymatic Nucleic Acid: Seven basic varieties of naturally-occurring enzymatic RNAs are presently known. In addition, several in vitro selection (evolution) strategies (Orgel, 1979, Proc. R. Soc. London, B 205, 435) have been used to evolve new nucleic acid catalysts capable of catalyzing cleavage and ligation of phosphodiester linkages (Joyce, 1989, Gene, 82, 83-87; Beaudry et al., 1992, Science 257, 635-641; Joyce, 1992, Scientific American 267, 90-97; Breaker et al., 1994, TIBTECH 12, 268; Bartel et al., 1993, Science 261:1411-1418; Szostak, 1993, TIBS 17, 89-93; Kumar et al., 1995, FASEB J., 9, 1183; Breaker, 1996, Curr. Op. Biotech., 7, 442; Santoro et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 4262; Tang et al., 1997, RNA 3, 914; Nakamaye & Eckstein, 1994, supra; Long & Uhlenbeck, 1994, supra; Ishizaka et al., 1995, supra; Vaish et al., 1997, Biochemistry 36, 6495; all of these are incorporated by reference herein). Each can catalyze a series of reactions including the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in trans (and thus can cleave other RNA molecules) under physiological conditions.
Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of this invention block to some extent VEGF-R (specifically flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) production and can be used to treat disease or diagnose such disease. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are delivered to cells in culture, to cells or tissues in animal models of angiogenesis and/or RA and to human cells or tissues ex vivo or in vivo. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecule cleavage of VEGF-R RNAs (specifically RNAs that encode flt-1 and flk-1/KDR) in these systems can alleviate disease symptoms.
The enzymatic nature of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules, such as ribozymes, has significant advantages, such as the concentration of enzymatic nucleic acid necessary to affect a therapeutic treatment is lower. This advantage reflects the ability of the enucleic acid molecule to act enzymatically. Thus, a single enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is able to cleave many molecules of target RNA. In addition, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is a highly specific inhibitor, with the specificity of inhibition depending not only on the base-pairing mechanism of binding to the target RNA, but also on the mechanism of target RNA cleavage. Single mismatches, or base-substitutions, near the site of cleavage can be chosen to completely eliminate catalytic activity of an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule.
Nucleic acid molecules having an endonuclease enzymatic activity are able to repeatedly cleave other separate RNA molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be targeted to virtually any RNA transcript, and achieved efficient cleavage in vitro (Zaug et al., 324, Nature 429 1986; Uhlenbeck, 1987 Nature 328, 596; Kim et al., 84 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8788, 1987; Dreyfus, 1988, Einstein Quart. J. Bio. Med., 6, 92; Haseloff and Gerlach, 334 Nature 585, 1988; Cech, 260 JAMA 3030, 1988; and Jefferies et al., 17 Nucleic Acids Research 1371, 1989; Santoro et al., 1997 supra).
Because of their sequence specificity, enzymatic nucleic acids, such as trans-cleaving ribozymes can be used as therapeutic agents for human disease (Usman & McSwiggen, 1995 Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 30, 285-294; Christoffersen and Marr, 1995 J. Med. Chem. 38, 2023-2037). Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the RNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a disease state can be selectively inhibited.
Target sites
Targets for useful enzymatic nucleic acid molecules and antisense nucleic acids can be determined as disclosed in Draper et al., WO 93/23569; Sullivan et al., WO 93/23057; Thompson et al., WO 94/02595; Draper et al., WO 95/04818; McSwiggen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,468, and hereby incorporated by reference herein in totality. Other examples include the following PCT applications which concern inactivation of expression of disease-related genes: WO 95/23225, WO 95/13380, WO 94/02595, incorporated by reference herein. Rather than repeat the guidance provided in those documents here, below are provided specific examples of such methods, not limiting to those with skill in the art. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules to such targets are designed as described in those applications and synthesized to be tested in vitro and in vivo, as also described. The sequence of human and mouse flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 mRNAs were screened for optimal enzymatic nucleic acid target sites using a computer folding algorithm. Hammerhead, hairpin, NCH, or G-Cleaver ribozyme cleavage sites were identified. These sites are shown in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII (all sequences are 5′ to 3′ in the tables; X can be any base-paired sequence, the actual sequence is not relevant here). The nucleotide base position is noted in the Tables as that site to be cleaved by the designated type of ribozyme. While mouse and human sequences can be screened and enzymatic nucleic acid molecules thereafter designed, the human targeted sequences are of most utility. However, as discussed in Stinchcomb et al., WO 95/23225, mouse targeted enzymatic nucleic acid can be useful to test efficacy of action of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule prior to testing in humans. The nucleotide base position is noted in the Tables as that site to be cleaved by the designated type of enzymatic nucleic acid.
For example, hammerhead or hairpin ribozymes were designed that could bind and cleave target RNA in a sequence-specific manner. The ribozymes were individually analyzed by computer folding (Jaeger et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 7706) to assess whether the ribozyme sequences fold into the appropriate secondary structure. Those ribozymes with unfavorable intramolecular interactions between the binding arms and the catalytic core were eliminated from consideration. Varying binding arm lengths can be chosen to optimize activity.
Referring to
Ribozymes of the hammerhead or hairpin motif were designed to anneal to various sites in the mRNA message. The binding arms are complementary to the target site sequences described above. The ribozymes were chemically synthesized. The method of synthesis used follows the procedure for normal RNA synthesis as described below and in Usman et al., 1987 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 7845; Scaringe et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 5433; and Wincott et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684.
Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Molecules
Synthesis of nucleic acids greater than 100 nucleotides in length is difficult using automated methods, and the therapeutic cost of such molecules is prohibitive. In this invention, small nucleic acid motifs (“small refers to nucleic acid motifs no more than 100 nucleotides in length, preferably no more than 80 nucleotides in length, and most preferably no more than 50 nucleotides in length; e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, hammerhead or the hairpin ribozymes) are preferably used for exogenous delivery. The simple structure of these molecules increases the ability of the nucleic acid to invade targeted regions of RNA structure. Exemplary molecules of the instant invention were chemically synthesized, and others can similarly be synthesized. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized using standard protocols as described in Caruthers et al., 1992, Methods in Enzymology 211, 3-19, and is incorporated herein by reference.
The method of synthesis used for normal RNA including certain enzymatic nucleic acid molecules follows the procedure as described in Usman et al., 1987 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 7845; Scaringe et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 5433; and Wincott et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684 and makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3′-end. In a non-limiting example, small scale syntheses were conducted on a 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer using a 0.2 μmol scale protocol with a 7.75 min coupling step for alkylsilyl protected nucleotides and a 2.5 min coupling step for 2′-O-methylated nucleotides. Table XI outlines the amounts and the contact times of the reagents used in the synthesis cycle. Alternatively, syntheses at the 0.2 μmol scale can be done on a 96-well plate synthesizer, such as the instrument produced by Protogene (Palo Alto, Calif.) with minimal modification to the cycle. A 15-fold excess (31 μL of 0.1 M=3.1 μmol) of phosphoramidite and a 38.7-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (31 μL of 0.25 M=7.75 μmol) relative to polymer-bound 5′-hydroxyl was used in each coupling cycle. Average coupling yields on the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer, determined by colorimetric quantitation of the trityl fractions, were 97.5-99%. Other oligonucleotide synthesis reagents for the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer; detritylation solution was 3% TCA in methylene chloride (ABI); capping was performed with 16% N-methylimidazole in THF (ABI) and 10% acetic anhydride/10% 2,6-lutidine in THF (ABI); oxidation solution was 16.9 mM I2, 49 mM pyridine, 9% water in THF (PERSEPTIVE™). Burdick & Jackson Synthesis Grade acetonitrile was used directly from the reagent bottle. S-Ethyltetrazole solution (0.25 M in acetonitrile) was made up from the solid obtained from American International Chemical, Inc.
Deprotection of the RNA was performed using either a two-pot or one-pot protocol. For the two-pot protocol, the polymer-bound trityl-on oligoribonucleotide was transferred to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of 40% aq. methylamine (1 mL) at 65° C. for 10 min. After cooling to −20° C., the supernatant was removed from the polymer support. The support was washed three times with 1.0 mL of EtOH:MeCN:H2O/3:1:1, vortexed and the supernatant was then added to the first supernatant. The combined supernatants, containing the oligoribonucleotide, were dried to a white powder. The base deprotected oligoribonucleotide was resuspended in anhydrous TEA/HF/NMP solution (300 μL of a solution of 1.5 mL N-methylpyrrolidinone, 750 μL TEA and 1 mL TEA.3HF to provide a 1.4 M HF concentration) and heated to 65° C. After 1.5 h, the oligomer was quenched with 1.5 M NH4HCO3.
Alternatively, for the one-pot protocol, the polymer-bound trityl-on oligoribonucleotide was transferred to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of 33% ethanolic methylamine/DMSO:1/1 (0.8 mL) at 65° C. for 15 min. The vial was brought to r.t. TEA.3HF (0.1 mL) was added and the vial was heated at 65° C. for 15 min. The sample was cooled at −20° C. and then quenched with 1.5 M NH4HCO3.
For purification of the trityl-on oligomers, the quenched NH4HCO3 solution was loaded onto a C-18 containing cartridge that had been prewashed with acetonitrile followed by 50 mM TEAA. After washing the loaded cartridge with water, the RNA was detritylated with 0.5% TFA for 13 min. The cartridge was then washed again with water, salt exchanged with 1 M NaCl and washed with water again. The oligonucleotide was then eluted with 30% acetonitrile.
Inactive hammerhead ribozymes or binding attenuated control (BAC) oligonucleotides) were synthesized by substituting a U for G5 and a U for A14 (numbering from Hertel, K. J., et al., 1992, Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 3252).
The average stepwise coupling yields were >98% (Wincott et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the scale of synthesis can be adapted to be larger or smaller than the example described above including but not limited to 96 well format, all that is important is the ratio of chemicals used in the reaction.
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be synthesized separately and joined together by ligation (Moore et al., 1992, Science 256, 9923; Draper et al., International PCT publication No. WO 93/23569; Shabarova et al., 1991, Nucleic Acids Research 19, 4247).
Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are modified extensively to enhance stability by modification with nuclease resistant groups, for example, 2′-amino, 2′-C-allyl, 2′-flouro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-H (for a review see Usman and Cedergren, 1992 TIBS 17, 34; Usman et al., 1994 Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 31, 163). Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are purified by gel electrophoresis using general methods or are purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC; See Wincott et al., Supra, the totality of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference) and are resuspended in water.
For example, the sequences of the ribozymes that are chemically synthesized, useful in this study, are shown in Tables II to IX, XIV-XIX, XXII, and XXIII. Those in the art will recognize that these sequences are representative only of many more such sequences where the enzymatic portion of the ribozyme (all but the binding arms) is altered to affect activity. Stem-loop IV sequence of hairpin ribozymes listed in, for example, Table III (5′-CACGUUGUG-3′) can be altered (substitution, deletion, and/or insertion) to contain any sequence, provided a minimum of two base-paired stem structure can form. Preferably, no more than 200 bases are inserted at these locations. The sequences listed in Tables II to X, XII-XIX, XXII, and XXIII may be formed of ribonucleotides or other nucleotides or non-nucleotides. Such ribozymes with enzymatic activity are equivalent to the ribozymes described specifically in the Tables.
Optimizing Activity of the Nucleic Acid Molecule of the Invention.
Enzymatic nucleic acid activity can be optimized as described by Stinchcomb et al., supra. The details will not be repeated here, but include altering the length of the enzymatic nucleic acid binding arms (stems I and III, see
There are several examples in the art describing sugar, base and phosphate modifications that can be introduced into enzymatic nucleic acid molecules without significantly effecting catalysis and with significant enhancement in their nuclease stability and efficacy. For example, enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are modified to enhance stability and/or enhance catalytic activity by modification with nuclease resistant groups, for example, 2′-amino, 2′-C-allyl, 2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-H, nucleotide base modifications (for a review see Usman and Cedergren, 1992 TIBS 17, 34; Usman et al., 1994 Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 31, 163; Burgin et al., 1996 Biochemistry 35, 14090). Sugar modification of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules have been extensively described in the art (see Eckstein et al., International Publication PCT No. WO 92/07065; Perrault et al. Nature 1990, 344, 565-568; Pieken et al. Science 1991, 253, 314-317; Usman and Cedergren, Trends in Biochem. Sci. 1992, 17, 334-339; Usman et al. International Publication PCT No. WO 93/15187; Sproat, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,711 and Beigelman et al., 1995 J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25702; all of the references are hereby incorporated in their totality by reference herein). Such publications describe general methods and strategies to determine the location of incorporation of sugar, base and/or phosphate modifications and the like into enzymatic nucleic acid without inhibiting catalysis, and are incorporated by reference herein. In view of such teachings, similar modifications can be used as described herein to modify the nucleic acid catalysts of the instant invention.
Nucleic acid catalysts having chemical modifications which maintain or enhance enzymatic activity are provided. Such nucleic acid is also generally more resistant to nucleases than unmodified nucleic acid. Thus, in a cell and/or in vivo the activity may not be significantly lowered. As exemplified herein such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules are useful in a cell and/or in vivo even if activity over all is reduced 10 fold (Burgin et al., 1996, Biochemistry, 35, 14090). Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules herein are said to “maintain” the enzymatic activity of an all RNA enzymatic nucleic acid molecules.
Therapeutic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid molecules and antisense nucleic acid molecules) delivered exogenously must optimally be stable within cells until translation of the target RNA has been inhibited long enough to reduce the levels of the undesirable protein. This period of time varies between hours to days depending upon the disease state. Clearly, these nucleic acid molecules must be resistant to nucleases in order to function as effective intracellular therapeutic agents. Improvements in the chemical synthesis of nucleic acid molecules described in the instant invention and in the art have expanded the ability to modify nucleic acid molecules by introducing nucleotide modifications to enhance their nuclease stability as described above.
By “enhanced enzymatic activity” is meant to include activity measured in cells and/or in vivo where the activity is a reflection of both catalytic activity and enzymatic nucleic acid stability. In this invention, the product of these properties is increased or not significantly (less that 10 fold) decreased in vivo compared to an all RNA enzymatic nucleic acid molecule.
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules comprises a 5′ and/or a 3′-cap structure.
By “cap structure” is meant chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at the terminus of the oligonucleotide (see for example Wincott et al., WO 97/26270, incorporated by reference herein). These terminal modifications protect the nucleic acid molecule from exonuclease degradation, and may help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap may be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap) or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap) or may be present on both terminus. In non-limiting examples: the 5′-cap is selected from the group comprising inverted abasic residue (moiety), 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl)nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotides; alpha-nucleotides; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate linkage; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; acyclic 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety; 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 3′-phosphoramidate; hexylphosphate; aminohexyl phosphate; 3′-phosphate; 3′-phosphorothioate; phosphorodithioate; or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety (for more details see Beigelman et al., International PCT publication No. WO 97/26270, incorporated by reference herein).
In yet another embodiment, the 3′-cap is selected from a group comprising, 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl)nucleotide; 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 5′-amino-alkyl phosphate; 1,3-diamino-2-propyl phosphate, 3-aminopropyl phosphate; 6-aminohexyl phosphate; 1,2-aminododecyl phosphate; hydroxypropyl phosphate; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotide; alpha-nucleotide; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 5′-5′-inverted nucleotide moeity; 5′-5′-inverted abasic moeity; 5′-phosphoramidate; 5′-phosphorothioate; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 5′-amino; bridging and/or non-bridging 5′-phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate and/or phosphorodithioate, bridging or non bridging methylphosphonate and 5′-mercapto moeities (for more details see Beaucage and Iyer, 1993, Tetrahedron 49, 1925; incorporated by reference herein).
By the term “non-nucleotide” is meant any group or compound which can be incorporated into a nucleic acid chain in the place of one or more nucleotide units, including either sugar and/or phosphate substitutions, and allows the remaining bases to exhibit their enzymatic activity. The group or compound is abasic in that it does not contain a commonly recognized nucleotide base, such as adenosine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine.
By “nucleotide” as used herein is as recognized in the art to include natural bases (standard), and modified bases well known in the art. Such bases are generally located at the 1′ position of a sugar moiety. A nucleotide generally comprises a base, sugar and a phosphate group. The nucleotide may also be abasic, i.e., lacking a base. The nucleotides can be unmodified or modified at the sugar, phosphate and/or base moiety, (also referred to interchangeably as nucleotide analogs, modified nucleotides, non-natural nucleotides, non-standard nucleotides and other; see for example, Usman and McSwiggen, supra; Eckstein et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 92/07065; Usman et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 93/15187; all hereby incorporated by reference herein). Several examples of modified nucleic acid bases are known in the art and has recently been summarized by Limbach et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 2183. Some of the non-limiting examples of base modifications that can be introduced into enzymatic nucleic acids without significantly effecting their catalytic activity include, inosine, purine, pyridin-4-one, pyridin-2-one, phenyl, pseudouracil, 2,4,6-trimethoxy benzene, 3-methyl uracil, dihydrouridine, naphthyl, aminophenyl, 5-alkylcytidines (e.g., 5-methylcytidine), 5-alkyluridines (e.g., ribothymidine), 5-halouridine (e.g., 5-bromouridine) or 6-azapyrimidines or 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g. 6-methyluridine) and others (Burgin et al., 1996, Biochemistry, 35, 14090).
By “modified bases” in this aspect is meant nucleotide bases other than adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil at 1′ position or their equivalents; such bases may be used within the catalytic core of the enzyme and/or in the substrate-binding regions.
By “abasic” is meant sugar moieties lacking a base or having other chemical groups in place of a base at the 1′ position.
By “unmodified nucleoside” is meant one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil joined to the 1′ carbon of β-D-ribo-furanose.
By “modified nucleoside” is meant any nucleotide base that contains a modification in the chemical structure of an unmodified nucleotide base, sugar and/or phosphate.
In connection with 2′-modified nucleotides as described for the present invention, by “amino” is meant 2′-NH2 or 2′-O—NH2, which can be modified or unmodified. Such modified groups are described, for example, in Eckstein et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,695 and Matulic-Adamic et al., WO 98/28317, respectively, which are both incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Various modifications to nucleic acid (e.g., antisense and ribozyme) structure can be made to enhance the utility of these molecules. Such modifications enhance shelf-life, half-life in vitro, stability, and ease of introduction of such oligonucleotides to the target site, e.g., to enhance penetration of cellular membranes, and confer the ability to recognize and bind to targeted cells.
Use of these molecules can lead to better treatment of the disease progression by affording the possibility of combination therapies (e.g., multiple enzymatic nucleic acid molecules targeted to different genes, enzymatic nucleic acid molecules coupled with known small molecule inhibitors, or intermittent treatment with combinations of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (including different ribozyme motifs) and/or other chemical or biological molecules). The treatment of patients with nucleic acid molecules can also include combinations of different types of nucleic acid molecules. Therapies can be devised which include a mixture of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (including different ribozyme motifs), antisense and/or 2-5A chimera molecules to one or more targets to alleviate symptoms of a disease.
Administration of Nucleic Acid Molecules
Sullivan, et al., supra, describes the general methods for delivery of enzymatic RNA molecules. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those familiar to the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as hydrogels, cyclodextrins, biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres. For some indications, enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be directly delivered ex vivo to cells or tissues with or without the aforementioned vehicles. Alternatively, the nucleic acid/vehicle combination is locally delivered by direct injection or by use of a catheter, infusion pump or stent. Other routes of delivery include, but are not limited to, intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous or joint injection, aerosol inhalation, oral (tablet or pill form), topical, systemic, ocular, intraperitoneal and/or intrathecal delivery. More detailed descriptions of nucleic acid delivery and administration are provided in Sullivan et al., supra and Draper et al., supra which have been incorporated by reference herein.
Methods for the delivery of nucleic acid molecules is described in Akhtar et al., 1992, Trends Cell Bio., 2, 139; and Delivery Strategies for Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, ed. Akhtar, 1995 which are both incorporated herein by reference. Sullivan et al., PCT WO 94/02595, further describes the general methods for delivery of enzymatic RNA molecules. These protocols can be utilized for the delivery of virtually any nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid molecules can be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those familiar to the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as hydrogels, cyclodextrins, biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres. For some indications, nucleic acid molecules can be directly delivered ex vivo to cells or tissues with or without the aforementioned vehicles. Alternatively, the nucleic acid/vehicle combination is locally delivered by direct injection or by use of a catheter, infusion pump or stent. Other routes of delivery include, but are not limited to, intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous or joint injection, aerosol inhalation, oral (tablet or pill form), topical, systemic, ocular, intraperitoneal and/or intrathecal delivery. More detailed descriptions of nucleic acid delivery and administration are provided in Sullivan et al., supra and Draper et al., PCT WO93/23569 which have been incorporated by reference herein.
The molecules of the instant invention can be used as pharmaceutical agents. Pharmaceutical agents prevent, inhibit the occurrence, or treat (alleviate a symptom to some extent, preferably all of the symptoms) of a disease state in a patient.
The negatively charged polynucleotides of the invention can be administered (e.g., RNA, DNA or protein) and introduced into a patient by any standard means, with or without stabilizers, buffers, and the like, to form a pharmaceutical composition. When it is desired to use a liposome delivery mechanism, standard protocols for formation of liposomes can be followed. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated and used as tablets, capsules or elixirs for oral administration; suppositories for rectal administration; sterile solutions; suspensions for injectable administration; and the like.
The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the compounds described. These formulations include salts of the above compounds, e.g., acid addition salts, for example, salts of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, acetic acid, and benzene sulfonic acid.
A pharmacological composition or formulation refers to a composition or formulation in a form suitable for administration, e.g., systemic administration, into a cell or patient, preferably a human. Suitable forms, in part, depend upon the use or the route of entry, for example oral, transdermal, or by injection. Such forms should not prevent the composition or formulation to reach a target cell (i.e., a cell to which the negatively charged polymer is desired to be delivered to). For example, pharmacological compositions injected into the blood stream should be soluble. Other factors are known in the art, and include considerations such as toxicity and forms which prevent the composition or formulation from exerting its effect.
By “systemic administration” is meant in vivo systemic absorption or accumulation of drugs in the blood stream followed by distribution throughout the entire body. Administration routes which lead to systemic absorption include, without limitations: intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, inhalation, oral, intrapulmonary and intramuscular. Each of these administration routes expose the desired negatively charged polymers, e.g., nucleic acids, to an accessible diseased tissue. The rate of entry of a drug into the circulation has been shown to be a function of molecular weight or size. The use of a liposome or other drug carrier comprising the compounds of the instant invention can potentially localize the drug, for example, in certain tissue types, such as the tissues of the reticular endothelial system (RES). A liposome formulation which can facilitate the association of drug with the surface of cells, such as, lymphocytes and macrophages is also useful. This approach may provide enhanced delivery of the drug to target cells by taking advantage of the specificity of macrophage and lymphocyte immune recognition of abnormal cells, such as the cancer cells.
The invention also features the use of a composition comprising surface-modified liposomes containing poly(ethylene glycol)lipids (PEG-modified, or long-circulating liposomes or stealth liposomes). These formulations offer a method for increasing the accumulation of drugs in target tissues. This class of drug carriers resists opsonization and elimination by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS or RES), thereby enabling longer blood circulation times and enhanced tissue exposure for the encapsulated drug (Lasic et al. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2601-2627; Ishiwata et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 1005-1011). Such liposomes have been shown to accumulate selectively in tumors, presumably by extravasation and capture in the neovascularized target tissues (Lasic et al., Science 1995, 267, 1275-1276; Oku et al., 1995, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1238, 86-90). Long-circulating liposomes enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DNA and RNA, particularly compared to conventional cationic liposomes which are known to accumulate in tissues of the MPS (Liu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 42, 24864-24870; Choi et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10391; Ansell et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10390; Holland et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10392; all of these are incorporated by reference herein). Long-circulating liposomes are also likely to protect drugs from nuclease degradation to a greater extent compared to cationic liposomes, based on their ability to avoid accumulation in metabolically aggressive MPS tissues such as the liver and spleen. All of these references are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention also includes compositions prepared for storage or administration which include a pharmaceutically effective amount of the desired compounds in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985) hereby incorporated by reference herein. For example, preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and flavoring agents may be provided. Id. at 1449. These include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents can be used. Id.
A pharmaceutically effective dose is that dose required to prevent, inhibit the occurrence, or treat (alleviate a symptom to some extent, preferably all of the symptoms) of a disease state. The pharmaceutically effective dose depends on the type of disease, the composition used, the route of administration, the type of mammal being treated, the physical characteristics of the specific mammal under consideration, concurrent medication, and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. Generally, an amount between 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of active ingredients is administered dependent upon potency of the negatively charged polymer.
The nucleic acid molecules of the invention and formulations thereof can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like. In addition, there is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One or more nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants, and if desired other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more such sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents or preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. In some cases such coatings can be prepared by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents can be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions can also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents can be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents or suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day). The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
It is understood that the specific dose level for any particular patient depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
For administration to non-human animals, the composition can also be added to the animal feed or drinking water. It can be convenient to formulate the animal feed and drinking water compositions so that the animal takes in a therapeutically appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It can also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to the feed or drinking water.
The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also be administered to a patient in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect. The use of multiple compounds to treat an indication can increase the beneficial effects while reducing the presence of side effects.
Another means of accumulating high concentrations of a nucleic acid molecule of the invention (e.g., ribozyme or antisense) within cells is to incorporate the nucleic acid-encoding sequences into a DNA or RNA expression vector. Transcription of the nucleic acid sequences are driven from a promoter for eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (pol I), RNA polymerase II (pol II), or RNA polymerase III (pol III). Transcripts from pol II or pol III promoters will be expressed at high levels in all cells; the levels of a given pol II promoter in a given cell type will depend on the nature of the gene regulatory sequences (enhancers, silencers, etc.) present nearby. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase promoters are also used, providing that the prokaryotic RNA polymerase enzyme is expressed in the appropriate cells (Elroy-Stein and Moss, 1990 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 6743-7; Gao and Huang 1993 Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 2867-72; Lieber et al., 1993 Methods Enzymol., 217, 47-66; Zhou et al., 1990 Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 4529-37; Thompson et al., 1995 supra). Several investigators have demonstrated that enzymatic nucleic acid or antisese expressed from such promoters can function in mammalian cells (e.g. Izant and Weintraub, 1985 Science 229, 345; McGarry and Lindquist, 1986 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 399; Kashani-Sabet et al., 1992 Antisense Res. Dev., 2, 3-15; Ojwang et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 10802-6; Chen et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 4581-9; Yu et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 6340-4; L'Huillier et al., 1992 EMBO J. 11, 4411-8; Lisziewicz et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 8000-4; Thompson et al., 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2259). The above nucleic acid transcription units can be incorporated into a variety of vectors for introduction into mammalian cells, including but not restricted to, plasmid DNA vectors, viral DNA vectors (such as adenovirus or adeno-associated virus vectors), or viral RNA vectors (such as retroviral or alphavirus vectors).
In one embodiment of the invention, a transcription unit expressing an enzymatic nucleic acid that cleaves RNAs that encode flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 are inserted into a plasmid DNA vector or an adenovirus or adeno-associated virus DNA viral vector or a retroviral RNA vector. Viral vectors have been used to transfer genes and lead to either transient or long term gene expression (Zabner et al., 1993 Cell 75, 207; Carter, 1992 Curr. Opi. Biotech. 3, 533). The adenovirus, AAV or retroviral vector is delivered as recombinant viral particles. The DNA may be delivered alone or complexed with vehicles (as described for RNA above). The recombinant adenovirus or AAV or retroviral particles are locally administered to the site of treatment, e.g., through incubation or inhalation in vivo or by direct application to cells or tissues ex vivo. Retroviral vectors have also been used to express enzymatic nucleic acid in mammalian cells (Ojwang et al., 1992 supra; Thompson et al., 1995 supra).
Flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 are attractive nucleic acid-based therapeutic targets by several criteria. The interaction between VEGF and VEGF-R is well-established. Efficacy can be tested in well-defined and predictive animal models. Finally, the disease conditions are serious and current therapies are inadequate. Whereas protein-based therapies would inhibit VEGF activity nucleic acid-based therapy provides a direct and elegant approach to directly modulate flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 expression.
Because flt-1 and KDR mRNAs are highly homologous in certain regions, some enzymatic nucleic acid target sites are also homologous (see Table X). In this case, a single enzymatic nucleic acid cantarget both flt-1 and KDR mRNAs. At partially homologous sites, a single enzymatic nucleic acid can sometimes be designed to accommodate a site on both mRNAs by including G/U base pairing. For example, if there is a G present in an enzymatic nucleic acid target site in KDR mRNA at the same position there is an A in the flt-1 ribozyme target site, the enzymatic nucleic acid can be synthesized with a U at the complementary position and it will bind both to sites. The advantage of one enzymatic nucleic acid that targets both VEGF-R mRNAs is clear, especially in cases where both VEGF receptors may contribute to the progression of angiogenesis in the disease state.
“Angiogenesis” refers to formation of new blood vessels, which is an essential process in reproduction, development and wound repair. “Tumor angiogenesis” refers to the induction of the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. Tumor growth and tumor metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis (for a review see Folkman, 1985 supra; Folkman 1990 J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82, 4; Folkman and Shing, 1992 J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10931).
Angiogenesis plays an important role in other diseases such as arthritis wherein new blood vessels have been shown to invade the joints and degrade cartilage (Folkman and Shing, supra).
“Retinopathy” refers to inflammation of the retina and/or degenerative condition of the retina which may lead to occlusion of the retina and eventual blindness. In “diabetic retinopathy” angiogenesis causes the capillaries in the retina to invade the vitreous resulting in bleeding and blindness which is also seen in neonatal retinopathy (for a review see Folkman, 1985 supra; Folkman 1990 supra; Folkman and Shing, 1992 supra).
The following examples further illustrate the present invention but should not be construed to limit the present invention in any way.
By engineering ribozyme motifs, Applicant has designed several ribozymes directed against flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 encoded mRNA sequences. These ribozymes were synthesized with modifications that improve their nuclease resistance (Beigelman et al., 1995 J Biol. Chem. 270, 25702) and enhance their activity in cells. The ability of ribozymes to cleave target sequences in vitro was evaluated essentially as described in Thompson et al., PCT Publication No. WO 93/23057; Draper et al., PCT Publication No. WO 95/04818.
Several common human cell lines are available that express endogenous flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1. flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 which can be detected easily with monoclonal antibodies. Use of appropriate fluorescent reagents and fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) permit direct quantitation of surface flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 on a cell-by-cell basis. Active ribozymes are expected to directly reduce flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 expression and thereby reduce VEGF binding to the cells. In this example, human umbelical cord microvascular endothelial cells were used.
Cell Preparation:
Plates were coated with 1.5% gelatin and allowed to stand for one hour. Cells (e.g., microvascular endothelial cells derived from human umbilical cord vein) were plated at 20,000 cells/well (24 well plate) in 200 μl growth media and incubated overnight (˜1 doubling) to yield ˜40,000 cells (75-80% confluent).
Ribozyme Treatment:
Media was removed from cells and the cells were washed two times with 300 μl 1×PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture. A complex of 200-500 nM ribozyme and LipofectAMINE® (3:1 lipid:phosphate ratio) in 200 μl OptiMEM® (5% FBS) was added to the cells. The cells were incubated for 6 hr (equivalent to 2-3 VEGF-R turnovers).
125I VEGF Binding Assay:
The assay was carried out on ice to inhibit internalization of VEGF during the experiment. The media containing the ribozyme was removed from the cells and the cells were washed twice with 300 μl 1×PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture containing 1% BSA. Appropriate 125I VEGF solution (100,000 cpm/well, +/−10× cold 1×PBS, 1% BSA) was applied to the cells. The cells were incubated on ice for 1 hour. 125I VEGF-containing solution was removed and the cells were washed three times with 300 μl 1×PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture containing 1% BSA. To each well 300 μl of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5% Triton X-100 was added and the mixture was incubated for 2 minutes. The 125I VEGF-binding was quantitated using standard scintillation counting techniques. Percent inhibition was calculated as follows:
Hammerhead ribozymes targeted to twenty sites within flt-1 RNA were synthesized as described above. The sequences of the ribozymes used are shown in Table II; the length of the stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2 modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic ribose.
Referring to
In order to determine the specificity of ribozymes targeted against flt-1 RNA, the effect of five anti-flt-1 ribozymes on the binding of VEGF, UPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) to their corresponding receptors were assayed. As shown in
Hammerhead ribozymes targeted to twenty-one sites within KDR RNA were synthesized as described above. The sequences of the ribozymes used are shown in Table IV; the length of stem II region is 3 bp. The hammerhead ribozymes were chemically modified such that the ribozyme consists of ribose residues at five positions; U4 and U7 positions contain 2′-NH2 modifications, the remaining nucleotide positions contain 2′-O-methyl substitutions; four nucleotides at the 5′ terminus contains phosphorothioate substitutions. Additionally, the 3′ end of the ribozyme contains a 3′-3′ linked inverted abasic deoxyribose.
Referring to
Cell Preparation:
24-well plates were coated with 1.5% gelatin (porcine skin 300 bloom). After 1 hour, excess gelatin is washed off of the plate. Microvascular endothelial cells were plated at 5,000 cells/well (24 well plate) in 200 μl growth media. The cells were allowed to grow for ˜18 hours (˜1 doubling) to yield ˜10,000 cells (25-30% confluent).
Ribozyme Treatment:
Media was removed from the cells, and the cells were washed two times with 300 μl 1×PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture.
For anti-flt-1HH ribozyme experiment (
For anti-KDR HH ribozyme experiment (
Proliferation:
After three or six hours, the media was removed from the cells and the cells were washed with 300 μl 1×PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture. Maintenance media (contains dialyzed 10% FBS) +/−VEGF or basic FGF at 10 ng/ml was added to the cells. The cells were incubated for 48 or 72 hours. The cells were trypsinized and counted (Coulter counter). Trypan blue was added on one well of each treatment as a control.
As shown in
Human microvascular endothelial cells were also treated with hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 527, 730, 3702 or 3950 within the KDR mRNA. As shown in
These results strongly suggest that hammerhead ribozymes targeted against either flt-1 or KDR mRNA specifically inhibit VEGF-mediated induction of endothelial cell proliferation.
The following are some of the reagents used in the proliferation assay:
Cells: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) from Clonetics®. Cells at early passage are preferably used.
Uptake Medium: EBM (from Clonetics®); 1% L-Glutamine; 20 mM Hepes; No serum; No antibiotics.
Growth Medium: EGM (from Clonetics®); FBS to 20%; 1% L-Glutamine; 20 mM Hepes.
Cell Plating: 96-well tissue culture plates were coated with 0.2% gelatin (50 μl/well). The gelatin was incubated in the wells at room temperature for 15-30 minutes. The gelatin was removed by aspiration and the wells were washed with PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture. PBS mixture was left in the wells until cells were ready to be added. HAEC cells were detached by trypsin treatment and resuspended at 1.25×104/ml in growth medium. PBS was removed from plates and 200 μl of cells (i.e. 2.5×103 cells/well) were added to each well. The cells were allowed to grow for 48 hours before the proliferation assay.
Assay: Growth medium was removed from the wells. The cells were washed twice with PBS:Ca2+:Mg2+ mixture without antibiotics. A formulation of lipid/antisense oligonucleotide (antisense oligonucleotide is used here as a non-limiting example) complex was added to each well (100 μl/well) in uptake medium. The cells were incubated for 2-3 hours at 37° C. in a CO2 incubator. After uptake, 100 μl/well of growth medium was added (gives final FBS concentration of 10%). After approximately 72 hours, 40 μl MTS® stock solution (made as described by manufacturer) was added to each well and incubated at 37° C. for 1-3 hours, depending on the color development. (For this assay, 2 hours was sufficient). The intensity of color formation was determined on a plate reader at 490 nM.
Phosphorothioate-substituted antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were custom synthesized by The Midland Certified Reagent Company®, Midland, Tex. Following non-limiting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against KDR RNA were used in the proliferation assay:
As shown in
Referring to
RNA Cleavage Assay In Vitro:
Substrate RNA was 5′ end-labeled using [γ-32P] ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase (US Biochemicals). Cleavage reactions were carried out under ribozyme “excess” conditions. Trace amount (≦1 nM) of 5′ end-labeled substrate and 40 nM unlabeled ribozyme were denatured and renatured separately by heating to 90° C. for 2 minutes and snap-cooling on ice for 10-15 minutes. The ribozyme and substrate were incubated, separately, at 37° C. for 10 minutes in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl and 10 mM MgCl2. The reaction was initiated by mixing the ribozyme and substrate solutions and incubating at 37° C. Aliquots of 5 μl were taken at regular intervals of time and the reaction was quenched by mixing with equal volume of 2× formamide stop mix. The samples were resolved on 20% denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The results were quantified and percentage of target RNA cleaved is plotted as a function of time.
Referring to
In this non-limiting example, hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 726, 527, 3702 and 3950 within KDR RNA were synthesized as described above. RNA cleavage reactions were carried out in vitro essentially as described under Example 7.
Referring to
Given that flt-1 and KDR mRNAs are highly homologous in certain regions, some ribozyme target sites are also homologous (see Table X). In this case, a single ribozyme will target both flt-1 and KDR mRNAs. Hammerhead ribozyme (FLT/KDR-1) targeted against one of the homologous sites between flt-1 and KDR (flt-1 site 3388 and KDR site 3151) was synthesized as described above. Ribozymes with either a 3 bp stem II or a 4 bp stem II were synthesized. RNA cleavage reactions were carried out in vitro essentially as described under Example 7.
Referring to
Since both flt-1 and KDR receptors of VEGF are involved in angiogenesis, the inhibition of the expression of both of these genes can be an effective approach to inhibit angiogenesis.
Human microvascular endothalial cells were treated with hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites flt-1 4229 alone, KDR 527 alone, KDR 726 alone, KDR 3950 alone, flt-1 4229+KDR 527, flt-1 4229+KDR 726 or flt-1 4229+KDR 3950. As shown in
Animal Models
There are several animal models in which the anti-angiogenesis effect of nucleic acids of the present invention, such as enzymatic nucleic acids, directed against VEGF-R mRNAs can be tested. Typically a corneal model has been used to study angiogenesis in rat and rabbit since recruitment of vessels can easily be followed in this normally avascular tissue (Pandey et al., 1995 Science 268: 567-569). In these models, a small Teflon or Hydron disk pretreated with an angiogenesis factor (e.g. bFGF or VEGF) is inserted into a pocket surgically created in the cornea. Angiogenesis is monitored 3 to 5 days later. Enzymatic nucleic acids directed against VEGF-R mRNAs are delivered in the disk as well, or dropwise to the eye over the time course of the experiment. In another eye model, hypoxia has been shown to cause both increased expression of VEGF and neovascularization in the retina (Pierce et al., 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 905-909; Shweiki et al., 1992 J. Clin. Invest. 91: 2235-2243).
In human glioblastomas, it has been shown that VEGF is at least partially responsible for tumor angiogenesis (Plate et al., 1992 Nature 359, 845). Animal models have been developed in which glioblastoma cells are implanted subcutaneously into nude mice and the progress of tumor growth and angiogenesism is studied (Kim et al., 1993 supra; Millauer et al., 1994 supra).
Another animal model that addresses neovascularization involves Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane that becomes a solid gel when injected subcutaneously (Passaniti et al., 1992 Lab. Invest. 67: 519-528). When the Matrigel is supplemented with angiogenesis factors such as VEGF, vessels grow into the Matrigel over a period of 3 to 5 days and angiogenesis can be assessed. Again, nucleic acids directed against VEGF-R mRNAs are delivered in the Matrigel.
Several animal models exist for screening of anti-angiogenic agents. These include corneal vessel formation following corneal injury (Burger et al., 1985 Cornea 4: 35-41; Lepri, et al., 1994 J. Ocular Pharmacol. 10: 273-280; Ormerod et al., 1990 Am. J. Pathol. 137: 1243-1252) or intracorneal growth factor implant (Grant et al., 1993 Diabetologia 36: 282-291; Pandey et al. 1995 supra; Zieche et al., 1992 Lab. Invest. 67: 711-715), vessel growth into Matrigel matrix containing growth factors (Passaniti et al., 1992 supra), female reproductive organ neovascularization following hormonal manipulation (Shweiki et al., 1993 Clin. Invest. 91: 2235-2243), several models involving inhibition of tumor growth in highly vascularized solid tumors (O'Reilly et al., 1994 Cell 79: 315-328; Senger et al., 1993 Cancer and Metas. Rev. 12: 303-324; Takahasi et al., 1994 Cancer Res. 54: 4233-4237; Kim et al., 1993 supra), and transient hypoxia-induced neovascularization in the mouse retina (Pierce et al., 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 905-909).
The cornea model, described in Pandey et al. supra, is the most common and well characterized anti-angiogenic agent efficacy screening model. This model involves an avascular tissue into which vessels are recruited by a stimulating agent (growth factor, thermal or alkalai burn, endotoxin). The corneal model utilizes the intrastromal corneal implantation of a Teflon pellet soaked in a VEGF-Hydron solution to recruit blood vessels toward the pellet which can be quantitated using standard microscopic and image analysis techniques. To evaluate their anti-angiogenic efficacy, nucleic acids are applied topically to the eye or bound within Hydron on the Teflon pellet itself. This avascular cornea as well as the Matrigel (see below) provide for low background assays. While the corneal model has been performed extensively in the rabbit, studies in the rat have also been conducted.
The mouse model (Passaniti et al., supra) is a non-tissue model which utilizes Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane (Kleinman et al., 1986) or Millipore® filter disk, which can be impregnated with growth factors and anti-angiogenic agents in a liquid form prior to injection. Upon subcutaneous administration at body temperature, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk forms a solid implant. VEGF embedded in the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk is used to recruit vessels within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk which can be processed histologically for endothelial cell specific vWF (factor VIII antigen) immunohistochemistry, Trichrome-Masson stain, or hemoglobin content. Like the cornea, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk are avascular; however, it is not tissue. In the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk model, nucleic acids are administered within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk to test their anti-angiogenic efficacy. Thus, delivery issues in this model, as with delivery of nucleic acids by Hydron-coated Teflon pellets in the rat cornea model, may be less problematic due to the homogeneous presence of the nucleic acid within the respective matrix.
These models offer a distinct advantage over several other angiogenic models listed previously. The ability to use VEGF as a pro-angiogenic stimulus in both models is highly desirable since the instant nucleic acid molecules target only VEGFr mRNA. In other words, the involvement of other non-specific types of stimuli in the cornea and Matrigel models is not advantageous from the standpoint of understanding the pharmacologic mechanism by which the anti-VEGFr mRNA nucleic acid molecules produce their effects. In addition, the models allow for testing the specificity of the anti-VEGFr mRNA nucleic acids by using either a- or bFGF as a pro-angiogenic factor. Vessel recruitment using FGF should not be affected in either model by anti-VEGFr mRNA nucleic acid molecules. Other models of angiogenesis including vessel formation in the female reproductive system using hormonal manipulation (Shweiki et al., 1993 supra); a variety of vascular solid tumor models which involve indirect correltations with angiogenesis (O'Reilly et al., 1994 supra; Senger et al., 1993 supra; Takahasi et al., 1994 supra; Kim et al., 1993 supra); and retinal neovascularization following transient hypoxia (Pierce et al., 1995 supra) were not selected for efficacy screening due to their non-specific nature, although there is a correlation between VEGF and angiogenesis in these models.
Other model systems to study tumor angiogenesis is reviewed by Folkman, 1985 Adv. Cancer. Res. 43, 175.
Use of Murine Models
For a typical systemic study involving 10 mice (20 g each) per dose group, 5 doses (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg daily over 14 days continuous administration), approximately 400 mg of enzymatic nucleic acid, formulated in saline is used. A similar study in young adult rats (200 g) requires over 4 g. Parallel pharmacokinetic studies involve the use of similar quantities of enzymatic nucleic acid further justifying the use of murine models.
Enzymatic Nucleic Acids and Lewis Lung Carcinoma and B-16 Melanoma Murine Models
Identifying a common animal model for systemic efficacy testing of enzymatic nucleic acid is an efficient way of screening enzymatic nucleic acid for systemic efficacy.
The Lewis lung carcinoma and B-16 murine melanoma models are well accepted models of primary and metastatic cancer and are used for initial screening of anti-cancer agents. These murine models are not dependent upon the use of immunodeficient mice, are relatively inexpensive, and minimize housing concerns. Both the Lewis lung and B-16 melanoma models involve subcutaneous implantation of approximately 106 tumor cells from metastatically aggressive tumor cell lines (Lewis lung lines 3LL or D122, LLc-LN7; B-16-BL6 melanoma) in C57BL/6J mice. Alternatively, the Lewis lung model can be produced by the surgical implantation of tumor spheres (approximately 0.8 mm in diameter). Metastasis also can be modeled by injecting the tumor cells directly intravenously. In the Lewis lung model, microscopic metastases can be observed approximately 14 days following implantation with quantifiable macroscopic metastatic tumors developing within 21-25 days. The B-16 melanoma exhibits a similar time course with tumor neovascularization beginning 4 days following implantation. Since both primary and metastatic tumors exist in these models after 21-25 days in the same animal, multiple measurements can be taken as indices of efficacy. Primary tumor volume and growth latency as well as the number of micro- and macroscopic metastatic lung foci or number of animals exhibiting metastases can be quantitated. The percent increase in lifespan can also be measured. Thus, these models provide suitable primary efficacy assays for screening systemically administered enzymatic nucleic acids and enzymatic nucleic acid formulations.
In the Lewis lung and B-16 melanoma models, systemic pharmacotherapy with a wide variety of agents usually begins 1-7 days following tumor implantation/inoculation with either continuous or multiple administration regimens. Concurrent pharmacokinetic studies can be performed to determine whether sufficient tissue levels of ribozymes can be achieved for pharmacodynamic effect to be expected. Furthermore, primary tumors and secondary lung metastases can be removed and subjected to a variety of in vitro studies (i.e. target RNA reduction).
Flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 protein levels can be measured clinically or experimentally by FACS analysis. Flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 encoded mRNA levels are assessed by Northern analysis, RNase-protection, primer extension analysis and/or quantitative RT-PCR. Enzymatic nucleic acids that block flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 protein encoding mRNAs and therefore result in decreased levels of flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 activity by more than 20% in vitro can be identified.
Enzymatic nucleic acids and/or genes encoding them are delivered by either free delivery, liposome delivery, cationic lipid delivery, adeno-associated virus vector delivery, adenovirus vector delivery, retrovirus vector delivery or plasmid vector delivery in these animal model experiments (see above).
Patients can be treated by locally administering nucleic acids targeted against VEGF-R by direct injection. Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraarticular, aerosol inhalation, oral (tablet, capsule or pill form), topical, systemic, ocular, intraperitoneal and/or intrathecal delivery.
The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-angiogenic activity of hammerhead ribozymes targeted against flt-1 4229 site in the rat cornea model of VEGF induced angiogenesis (see above). These ribozymes have either active or inactive catalytic core and either bind and cleave or just bind to VEGF-R mRNA of the flt-1 subtype. The active ribozymes, that are able to bind and cleave the target RNA, have been shown to inhibit (125I-labeled) VEGF binding in cultured endothelial cells and produce a dose-dependent decrease in VEGF induced endothelial cell proliferation in these cells (see Examples 3-5 above). The catalytically inactive forms of these ribozymes, wherein the ribozymes can only bind to the RNA but cannot catalyze RNA cleavage, fail to show these characteristics. The ribozymes and VEGF were co-delivered using the filter disk method: Nitrocellulose filter disks (Millipore®) of 0.057 diameter were immersed in appropriate solutions and were surgically implanted in rat cornea as described by Pandey et al., supra. This delivery method has been shown to deliver rhodamine-labeled free ribozyme to scleral cells and, in all likelihood cells of the pericorneal vascular plexus. Since the active ribozymes show cell culture efficacy and can be delivered to the target site using the disk method, it is essential that these ribozymes be assessed for in vivo anti-angiogenic activity.
The stimulus for angiogenesis in this study was the treatment of the filter disk with 30 μM VEGF which is implanted within the cornea's stroma. This dose yields reproducible neovascularization stemming from the pericorneal vascular plexus growing toward the disk in a dose-response study 5 days following implant. Filter disks treated only with the vehicle for VEGF show no angiogenic response. The ribozymes were co-adminstered with VEGF on a disk in two different ribozyme concentrations. One concern with the simultaneous administration is that the ribozymes will not be able to inhibit angiogenesis since VEGF receptors can be stimulated. However, Applicant has observed that in low VEGF doses, the neovascular response reverts to normal suggesting that the VEGF stimulus is essential for maintaining the angiogenic response. Blocking the production of VEGF receptors using simultaneous administration of anti-VEGF-R mRNA ribozymes could attenuate the normal neovascularization induced by the filter disk treated with VEGF.
Materials and Methods:
1. Stock Hammerhead Ribozyme Solutions:
a. flt-1 4229 (786 μM)—Active
b. flt-1 4229 (736 μM)—Inactive
2. Experimental Solutions/Groups:
10 eyes per group, 5 animals (Since they have similar molecular weights, the molar concentrations should be essentially similar).
Each solution (VEGF and RIBOZYMES) were prepared as a 2× solution for 1:1 mixing for final concentrations above, with the exception of solution 1 in which VEGF was 2× and diluted with ribozyme diluent (sterile water).
3. VEGF Solutions
The 2×VEGF solution (60 μM) was prepared from a stock of 0.82 μg/μL in 50 mM Tris base. 200 μL of VEGF stock was concentrated by speed vac to a final volume of 60.8 μL, for a final concentration of 2.7 μg/μL or 60 μM. Six 10 μL aliquots were prepared for daily mixing. 2× solutions for VEGF and Ribozyme was stored at 4° C. until the day of the surgery. Solutions were mixed for each day of surgery. Original 2× solutions were prepared on the day before the first day of the surgery.
4. Surgical Solutions:
Anesthesia:
stock ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/mL
stock xylazine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL
stock acepromazine 10 mg/mL
Final anesthesia solution: 50 mg/mL ketamine, 10 mg/mL xylazine, and 0.5 mg/mL acepromazine
5% povidone iodine for opthalmic surgical wash
2% lidocaine (sterile) for opthalmic administration (2 drops per eye)
sterile 0.9% NaCl for opthalmic irrigation
5. Surgical Methods:
Standard surgical procedure was performed as described in Pandey et al., supra. Filter disks were incubated in 1 μL of each solution for approximately 30 minutes prior to implantation.
6. Experimental Protocol:
The animal corneas were treated with the treatment groups as described above. Animals were allowed to recover for 5 days after treatment with daily observation (scoring 0-3). On the fifth day animals were euthanized and digital images of each eye was obtained for quantitaion using Image Pro Plus. Quantitated neovascular surface areas were analyzed by ANOVA followed by two post-hoc tests including Dunnets and Tukey-Kramer tests for significance at the 95% confidence level. Dunnets provide information on the significance between the differences within the means of treatments vs. controls while Tukey-Kramer provide information on the significance of differences within the means of each group.
Results are graphically represented in FIG. 18. As shown in
Materials and Methods
Ribozymes: Hammerhead ribozymes and controls designed to have attenuated activity (attenuated controls) were synthesized and purified as previously described above. The attenuated ribozyme controls maintain the binding arm sequence of the parent ribozyme and thus are still capable of binding to the mRNA target. However, they have two nucleotide changes in the core sequence that substantially reduce their ability to carry out the cleavage reaction. Ribozymes were designed to target Flt-1 or KDR mRNA sites conserved in human, mouse, and rat. In general, ribozymes with binding arms of seven nucleotides were designed and tested. If, however, only six nucleotides surrounding the cleavage site were conserved in all three species, six nucleotide binding arms were used. A subset of ribozyme and attenuated control sequences and modifications are listed in Table XII. Data are presented herein for 2′-NH2 uridine modified ribozymes in cell proliferation studies and for 2′-C-allyl uridine modified ribozymes in RNAse protection, in vitro cleavage and corneal studies.
In vitro ribozyme cleavage assays: In vitro RNA cleavage rates on a 15 nucleotide synthetic RNA substrate were measured as previously described above.
Cell culture: Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d, Clonetics Corp.) were maintained at 37° C. in flasks or plates coated with 1.5% porcine skin gelatin (300 bloom, Sigma) in Growth medium (Clonetics Corp.) supplemented with 10-20% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone). Cells were grown to confluency and used up to the seventh passage. Stimulation medium consisted of 50% Sigma 99 media and 50% RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine and additional supplementation with 10 μg/mL Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (Gibco BRL) and 10% FBS. Cell growth was stimulated by incubation in Stimulation medium supplemented with 20 ng/mL of either VEGF165 or bFGF. VEGF165 (165 amino acids) was selected for cell culture and animal studies because it is the predominant form of the four native forms of VEGF generated by alternative mRNA splicing. Cell culture assays were carried out in triplicate.
Ribozyme and ribozyme/L
Cell culture: Ribozymes or attenuated controls (50-200 nM) were formulated for cell culture studies and used immediately. Formulations were carried out with L
In vivo: For corneal studies, lyophilized ribozyme or attenuated controls were resuspended in sterile water at a final stock concentration of 170 μg/μL (highest dose). Lower doses (1.7-50 μg/μL) were prepared by serial dilution in sterile water.
Proliferation assay: HMVEC-d were seeded (5×103 cells/well) in 48-well plates (Costar) and incubated 24-30 hours in Growth medium at 37° C. After removal of the Growth medium, cells were treated with 50-200 nM L
RNAse protection assay: HMVEC-d were seeded (2×105 cells/well) in 6-well plates (Costar) and allowed to grow 32-36 hours in Growth medium at 37° C. Cells were treated with L
Rat corneal pocket assay of VEGF-induced angiogenesis:
Animal guidelines and anesthesia. Animal housing and experimentation adhered to standards outlined in the 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council). Male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (10 mg/kg), and acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly (im). The level of anesthesia was monitored every 2-3 min by applying hind limb paw pressure and examining for limb withdrawal. Atropine (0.4 mg/kg, im) was also administered to prevent potential corneal reflex-induced bradycardia.
Preparation of VEGF soaked disk. For corneal implantation, 0.57 mm diameter nitrocellulose disks, prepared from 0.45 μm pore diameter nitrocellulose filter membranes (Millipore Corporation), were soaked for 30 min in 1 μL of 30 μM VEGF165 in 82 mM Tris HCl (pH 6.9) in covered petri dishes on ice.
Corneal surgery. The rat corneal model used in this study was a modified from Koch et al. Supra and Pandey et al., supra. Briefly, corneas were irrigated with 0.5% povidone iodine solution followed by normal saline and two drops of 2% lidocaine. Under a dissecting microscope (Leica MZ-6), a stromal pocket was created and a presoaked filter disk (see above) was inserted into the pocket such that its edge was 1 mm from the corneal limbus.
Intraconjunctival injection of test solutions. Immediately after disk insertion, the tip of a 40-50 μm OD injector (constructed in our laboratory) was inserted within the conjunctival tissue 1 mm away from the edge of the corneal limbus that was directly adjacent to the VEGF-soaked filter disk. Six hundred nanoliters of test solution (ribozyme, attenuated control or sterile water vehicle) were dispensed at a rate of 12 μL/min using a syringe pump (Kd Scientific). The injector was then removed, serially rinsed in 70% ethanol and sterile water and immersed in sterile water between each injection. Once the test solution was injected, closure of the eyelid was maintained using microaneurism clips until the animal began to recover gross motor activity. Following treatment, animals were warmed on a heating pad at 37° C.
Animal treatment groups/experimental protocol. Ribozymes targeting Flt-1 site 4229 and KDR mRNA site 726 were tested in the corneal model along with their attenuated controls. Five treatment groups were assigned to examine the effects of five doses of each test substance over a dose range of 1-100 μg on VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis. Negative (30 μM VEGF soaked filter disk and intraconjunctival injection of 600 nL sterile water) and no stimulus (Tris-soaked filter disk and intraconjunctival injection of sterile water) control groups were also included. Each group consisted of five animals (10 eyes) receiving the same treatment.
Quantitation of angiogenic response. Five days after disk implantation, animals were euthanized following im administration of 0.4 mg/kg atropine and corneas were digitally imaged. The neovascular surface area (NSA, expressed in pixels) was measured postmortem from blood-filled corneal vessels using computerized morphometry (Image Pro Plus, Media Cybernetics, v2.0). The individual mean NSA was determined in triplicate from three regions of identical size in the area of maximal neovascularization between the filter disk and the limbus. The number of pixels corresponding to the blood-filled corneal vessels in these regions was summated to produce an index of NSA. A group mean NSA was then calculated. Data from each treatment group were normalized to VEGF/ribozyme vehicle-treated control NSA and finally expressed as percent inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
Statistics. After determining the normality of treatment group means, group mean percent inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. This was followed by two post-hoc tests for significance including Dunnett's (comparison to VEGF control) and Tukey-Kramer (all other group mean comparisons) at alpha=0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP v.3.1.6 (SAS Institute).
Results.
Ribozyme-mediated reduction of VEGF-induced cell proliferation: Ribozyme cleavage of Flt-1 or KDR mRNA should result in a decrease in the density of cell surface VEGF receptors. This decrease should limit VEGF binding and consequently interfere with the mitogenic signaling induced by VEGF. To determine if cell proliferation was impacted by anti-Flt-1 and/or anti-KDR ribozyme treatment, proliferation assays using cultured human microvascular cells were carried out. Ribozymes included in the proliferation assays were initially chosen by their ability to decrease the level of VEGF binding to treated cells (see FIG. 8). In these initial studies, ribozymes targeting 20 sites in the coding region of each mRNA were screened. The most effective ribozymes against two sites in each target (Table XII), Flt-1 sites 1358 and 4229 and KDR sites 726 and 3950, were included in the proliferation assays reported here (FIG. 19). In addition, attenuated analogs of each ribozyme were used as controls (Table XII). These attenuated controls are still capable of binding to the mRNA target since the binding arm sequence is maintained. However, these controls have two nucleotide changes in the core sequence that substantially reduce their ability to carry out the cleavage reaction.
The antiproliferative effect of active ribozymes targeting two lead sites on each VEGF receptor mRNA is shown in FIG. 19. The active ribozymes tested decreased the relative proliferation of HMVEC-d after VEGF stimulation, an effect that increased with ribozyme concentration. This concentration dependency was not observed following treatment with the attenuated controls designed for these sites. In fact, little or no change in cell growth was noted following treatment with the attenuated controls, even though these controls can still bind to the specific target sequences. At 200 nM, there was a distinct “window” between the anti-proliferative effects of each ribozyme and its attenuated control; a trend also observed at lower doses. This window of inhibition of proliferation (56-77% based on total cells/well) reflects the contribution of ribozyme-mediated activity. In comparison, no effect of anti-Flt-1 or anti-KDR ribozymes was noted on bFGF-stimulated cell proliferation (
Specific reduction of Flt-1 or KDR mRNA by ribozyme treatment: To confirm that anti-Flt-1 and anti-KDR ribozymes reduce their respective mRNA targets, cellular levels of Flt-1 or KDR were quantified using an RNAse protection assay with specific Flt-1 or KDR probes. For each target, one ribozyme/attenuated control pair was chosen for continued study. Data from a representative experiment are shown in FIG. 20. Exposure of HMVEC-d to active ribozyme targeting Flt-1 site 4229 decreased Flt-1 mRNA, but not KDR mRNA. Likewise, treatment with the active ribozyme targeting KDR site 726 decreased KDR, but not Flt-1 mRNA. Both ribozymes decreased the level of their respective target RNA by greater than 50%. The degree of reduction associated with the corresponding attenuated controls was not greater than 13%.
In vitro activity of anti-Flt and anti-KDR ribozymes.
To confirm further the necessity of an active ribozyme core, in vitro cleavage activities were determined for the Flt-1 site 4229 ribozyme and the KDR site 726 ribozyme as well as their paired attenuated controls. The first order rate constants calculated from the time-course of short substrate cleavage for the anti-Flt-1 ribozyme and its attenuated control were 0.081+0.0007 min−1 and 0.001±6×10−5 min−1, respectively. For the anti-KDR ribozyme and its paired control, the first order rate constants were 0.434±0.024 min−1 and 0.002±1×10−4 min−1, respectively. Although the attenuated controls retain a very slight level of cleavage activity under these optimized conditions, the decrease in in vitro cleavage activity between each active ribozyme and its paired attenuated control is about two orders of magnitude. Thus, an active core is essential for cleavage activity in vitro and is also necessary for ribozyme activity in cell culture.
Ribozyme-mediated reduction of VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo. To assess whether ribozymes targeting VEGF receptor mRNA could impact the complex process of angiogenesis, prototypic anti-Flt-1 and KDR ribozymes that were identified in cell culture studies were screened in a rat corneal pocket assay of VEGF-induced angiogenesis. In this assay, corneas implanted with VEGF-containing filter disks exhibited a robust neovascular response in the corneal region between the disk and the corneal limbus (from which the new vessels emerge). Disks containing a vehicle solution elicited no angiogenic response. In separate studies, intraconjunctival injections of sterile water vehicle did not affect the magnitude of the VEGF-induced angiogenic response. In addition, ribozyme injections alone did not induce angiogenesis.
The dose-related effects of anti-Flt-1 or KDR ribozymes on the VEGF-induced angiogenic response were then examined.
The anti-Flt-1 ribozyme produced a significantly greater antiangiogenic response than its attenuated control at 3 and 10 μg (p<0.05; FIG. 21). Its attenuated control exhibited a small but significant antiangiogenic response at doses above 10 μg compared to vehicle treated VEGF controls (p<0.05; FIG. 21). At its maximum, this response was not significantly greater than that observed with the lowest dose of active anti-Flt-1 ribozyme. The anti-KDR ribozyme significantly inhibited angiogenesis from 3 to 30 μg (p<0.05; FIG. 22). The anti-KDR attenuated control had no significant effect at any dose tested.
A. Lewis Lung Carcinoma Mouse Model: Ribozymes were chemically synthesized as described above. The sequence of ANGIOZYME™ bound to its target RNA is shown in FIG. 26.
The tumors in this study were derived from a cell line (LLC-HM) which gives rise to reproducible numbers of spontaneous lung metastases when propagated in vivo. The LLC-HM line was obtained from Dr. Michael O'Reilly, Harvard University. Tumor neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma has been shown to be VEGF-dependent. Tumors from mice bearing LLC-HM (selected for the highly metastatic phenotype by serial propagation) were harvested 20 days post-inoculation. A tumor brei suspension was prepared from these tumors according to standard protocols. On day 0 of the study, 0.5×106 viable LLC-HM tumor cells were injected subcutaneously (sc) into the dorsum or flank of previously untreated mice (100 μL injectate). Tumors were allowed to grow for a period of 3 days prior to initiating continuous intravenous administration of saline or 30 mg/kg/d ANGIOZYME™ via Alzet mini-pumps. One set of animals was dosed from days 3 to 17, inclusive. Tumor length and width measurements and volumes were calculated according to the formula: Volume=0.5(length)(width)2. At post-inoculation day 25, animals were euthanized and lungs harvested. The number of lung macrometastatic nodules was counted. It should be noted that metastatic foci were quantified 8 days after the cessation of dosing. Ribozyme solutions were prepared to deliver to another set of animals 100, 10, 3, or 1 mg/kg/day of ANGIOZYME™ via Alzet mini-pumps. A total of 10 animals per dose or saline control group were surgically implanted on the left flank with osmotic mini-pumps pre-filled with the respective test solution three days following tumor inoculation. Pumps were attached to indwelling jugular vein catheters.
B. Mouse Colorectal Cancer Model. KM12L4a-16 is a human colorectal cancer cell line. On day 0 of the study, 0.5×106 KM12L4a-16 cells were implanted into the spleen of nude mice. Three days after tumor inoculation, Alzet minipumps were implanted and continuous subcutaneous delivery of either saline or 12, 36 or 100 mg/kg/day of ANGIOZYME™ was initiated. On day 5, the spleens containing the primary tumors were removed. On day 18, the Alzet minipumps were replaced with fresh pumps so that delivery of saline or ANGIOZYME™ was continuous over a 28 day period from day 3 to day 32. Animals were euthanized on day 41 and the liver tumor burden was evaluated.
Following treatment with 100 mg/kg/day of ANGIOZYME™, there was a significant reduction in the incidence and median number of liver metastasis (FIGS. 29 and 30). In saline-treated animals, the median number of metastases was 101. However, at the high dose of ANGIOZYME™ (100 mg/kg/day), the median number of metastases was zero.
Methods
Tumor inoculations. Male C57/BL6 mice, age 6 to 8 weeks, were inoculated subcutaneously in the flank with 5×105 LLC-HM cells from brei preparations made from tumors grown in mice.
Ribozymes and controls. The ribozyme and controls tested in this study are given in Table XIII. RPI.4610, also known as ANGIOZYME™, is an anti-Flt-1 ribozyme that targets site 4229 in the human Flt-1 receptor mRNA (EMBL accession no. X51602). The controls tested include RPI.13141, an attenuated version of RPI.4610 in which four nucleotides in the catalytic core are changed so that the cleavage activity is dramatically decreased. RPI.13141, however, maintains the base composition and binding arms of RPI.4610 and so is still capable of binding to the target site. The second control (RPI.13030) also has changes to the catalytic core (three) to inhibit cleavage activity, but in addition the sequence of the binding arms has been scrambled so that it can no longer bind to the target sequence. One nucleotide in the arm of RPI.13030 is also changed to maintain the same base composition as RPI.4610.
Ribozyme administrations. Ribozymes and controls were resuspended in normal saline. Administration was initiated seven days following tumor inoculation. Animals either received a daily subcutaneous injection (30 mg/kg test substance) from day 7 to day 20 or were instrumented with an Alzet osmotic minipump (12 μL/day flow rate) containing a solution of ribozyme or control. Subcutaneous infusion pumps delivered the test substances (30 mg/kg/day) from day 7 to 20 (14-day pumps, 420 mg/kg total test substance) or days 7-34 (28-day pumps, 840 mg/kg total test substance). Where indicated, chemotherapeutic agents were given in combination with ribozyme treatment. Cyclophosphamide was given by ip administration on days 7, 9 and 11 (125 mg/kg). Gemcitabine was given by intraperitoneal administration on days 8, 11 and 14 (125 mg/kg). Untreated, uninstrumented animals were used as comparison. Five animals were included in each group.
Results
The antiangiogenic ribozyme, ANGIOZYME™, was tested in a model of Lewis lung carcinoma alone and in combination with two chemotherapeutic agents. Previously (see above), 30 mg/kg/day ANGIOZYME™ alone was determined to inhibit both primary tumor growth and lung metastases in a highly metastatic variant of Lewis lung (continuous 14-day intraveneous delivery via Alzet minipump).
In this study, 30 mg/kg/day ANGIOZYME™ delivered either as a daily subcutaneous bolus injection or as a continuous infusion from an Alzet minipump resulted in a delay in tumor growth (FIG. 23). On average, tumor growth to 500 mm3 was delayed by approximately 7 days in animals being treated with ANGIOZYME™ compared to an untreated group. Growth of tumors in animals being treated with either of two attenuated controls was delayed by only approximately 2 days.
ANGIOZYME™ delivered by subcutaneous bolus was also tested in combination with either Gemcytabine or cyclophosphamide (FIG. 24). Tumor growth delay increased by about 3 days in the presence of combination therapy with ANGIOZYME™ and Gemcytabine over the effects of either treatment alone. The combination of ANGIOZYME™ and cyclophosphamide did not increase tumor growth delay over that of cyclophosphamide alone, however, suboptimal doses of cyclophosphamide were not included in this study. Neither of the attenuated controls increased the effect of the chemotherapeutic agents.
The effect of ANGIOZYME™ on metastases to the lung was also determined in the presence and absence of additional chemotherapeutic treatment. Macrometastases to the lungs were counted in two animals in each treatment group on day 20. Data for the daily subcutaneous administration of 30 mg/kg ANGIOZYME™ alone or with Gemcytabine or cyclophosphamide is given in FIG. 25. In the presence of ANGIOZYME™, with or without a chemotherapeutic agent, the lung metastases were reduced to zero. Treatment with either Gemcytabine or cyclophosphamide alone (mean number of metastases 4.5 and 4, respectively) were not as effective as ANGIOZYME™ alone or when used in combination with ANGIOZYME™. Neither of the attenuated controls increased the effect of the chemotherapeutic agents.
The effect on metastases to the lung was also determined following continuous treatment with ANGIOZYME™. At day 20, an average of approximately 8 macrometastases were noted in the treatment groups which had been instrumented with Alzet minipumps (either 14- or 28-day pumps). This is a decrease in metastases of approximately 50% from the untreated group. Since ANGIOZYME™ delivered by a daily subcutaneous bolus resulted in zero metastases (
A ribozyme therapeutic agent ANGIOZYME™, was assessed by daily subcutaneous administration in a phase I/II trial for 31 patients with refractory solid tumors. Demographic information relating to patients enrolled in the study are shown in Table XX. The primary study endpoint was to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose of ANGIOZYME™. Secondary endpoints assessed ANGIOZYME™ pharmacokinetics and clinical response. Patients were treated in four cohorts of three patients at doses of 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/m2/day. Following the dose escalation phase, an additional 15 evaluable patients were entered in an expanded cohort at 100 mg/m2/day. Patients were dosed for a minimum of 29 consecutive days with 24-hour pharmacokinetic analyses on Day 1 and 29. Clinical response was assessed monthly.
Results The data from 20 patients indicated that ANGIOZYME™ was well tolerated, with no systemic adverse events.
Summary of the Mouse Model: A mouse model of proliferative retinopathy (Aiello et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 10457-10461; Robinson et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4851-4856; Pierce et al., 1996, Archives of Ophthalmology 114: 1219-1228) in which neovascularization of the mouse retina is induced by exposure of 7-day old mice to 75% oxygen followed by a return to normal room air. The initial period in high oxygen causes an obliteration of developing blood vessels in the retina. Exposure to room air five days later is perceived as hypoxia by the now underperfused retina. The result is an immediate upregulation of VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein (between 6-12 hours) followed by an extensive retinal neovascularization that peaks in approximately 5 days. Although this model is more representative of retinopathy of prematurity than diabetic retinopathy, it is an accepted small animal model in which to study neovascular pathophysiology of the retina. In fact, intravitreal injection of certain antisense DNA constructs targeting VEGF mRNA have been found to be antiangiogenic in this model, as were soluble VEGF receptor chimeric proteins designed to bind VEGF in the vitreous humor (Aiello et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 10457-10461; Robinson et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4851-4856; Pierce et al., 1996, Archives of Ophthalmology 114: 1219-1228).
Summary of experiment: The effect of an anti-KDR/Flk-1 ribozyme on the peak level of neovascularization was tested in the mouse model described above. As shown in
RPI.4731 sequence and chemical composition:
5′-usascs asau ucU GAu Gag gcg aaa gcc Gaa Aag aca aB-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 13488)
where: uppercase G, A=ribonucleotides
1) Tumor angiogenesis: Angiogenesis has been shown to be necessary for tumors to grow into pathological size (Folkman, 1971, PNAS 76, 5217-5221; Wellstein & Czubayko, 1996, Breast Cancer Res and Treatment 38, 109-119). In addition, it allows tumor cells to travel through the circulatory system during metastasis. Increased levels of gene expression of a number of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been reported in vascularized and edema-associated brain tumors (Berkman et al., 1993 J. Clini. Invest. 91, 153). A more direct demonstration of the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis was demonstrated by Jim Kim et al., 1993 Nature 362, 841 wherein, monoclonal antibodies against VEGF were successfully used to inhibit the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme cells in nude mice. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutated form of the flt-1 VEGF receptor inhibits vascularization induced by human glioblastoma cells in nude mice (Millauer et al., 1994, Nature 367, 576). Specific tumor/cancer types that can be targeted using the nucleic acid molecules of the invention include but are not limited to the tumor/cancer types described under Diagnosis in Table XX.
2) Ocular diseases: Neovascularization has been shown to cause or exacerbate ocular diseases including but not limited to, macular degeneration, neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, myopic degeneration, and trachoma (Norrby, 1997, APMIS 105, 417-437). Aiello et al., 1994 New Engl. J. Med. 331, 1480, showed that the ocular fluid, of a majority of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders, contains a high concentration of VEGF. Miller et al., 1994 Am. J. Pathol. 145, 574, reported elevated levels of VEGF mRNA in patients suffering from retinal ischemia. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in ocular diseases. Other factors, including those that stimulate VEGF synthesis, may also contribute to these indications.
3) Dermatological Disorders: Many indications have been identified which may be angiogenesis dependent including, but not limited to, psoriasis, verruca vulgaris, angiofibroma of tuberous sclerosis, pot-wine stains, Sturge Weber syndrome, Kippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, and Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (Norrby, supra). Intradermal injection of the angiogenic factor b-FGF demonstrated angiogenesis in nude mice (Weckbecker et al., 1992, Angiogenesis: Key principles-Science-Technology-Medicine, ed R. Steiner) Detmar et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 1141 reported that VEGF and its receptors were over-expressed in psoriatic skin and psoriatic dermal microvessels, suggesting that VEGF plays a significant role in psoriasis.
4) Rheumatoid arthritis: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies on tissues from the joints of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis show an increased level of VEGF and its receptors (Fava et al., 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 341). Additionally, Koch et al., 1994 J. Immunol. 152, 4149, found that VEGF-specific antibodies were able to significantly reduce the mitogenic activity of synovial tissues from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in rheumatoid arthritis. Other angiogenic factors including those of the present invention may also be involved in arthritis.
Combination Therapies
Gemcytabine and cyclophosphamide are non-limiting examples of chemotherapeutic agents that can be combined with or used in conjunction with the nucleic acid molecules (e.g. ribozymes and antisense molecules) of the instant invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other anti-angiogenic and/or anti-cancer compounds and therapies can be similarly be readily combined with the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention (e.g. ribozymes and antisense molecules) and are hence within the scope of the instant invention. Such compounds and therapies are well known in the art (see for example Cancer: Principles and Pranctice of Oncology, Volumes 1 and 2, eds Devita, V. T., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S. A., J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, USA; incorporated herein by reference) and include, without limitations, folates, antifolates, pyrimidine analogs, fluoropyrimidines, purine analogs, adenosine analogs, topoisomerase I inhibitors, anthrapyrazoles, retinoids, antibiotics, anthacyclins, platinum analogs, alkylating agents, nitrosoureas, plant derived compounds such as vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, taxols, radiation therapy, surgery, nutritional supplements, gene therapy, radiotherapy, for example 3D-CRT, immunotoxin therapy, for example ricin, and monoclonal antibodies. Specific examples of chemotherapeutic compounds that can be combined with or used in conjuction with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention include, but are not limited to, Paclitaxel; Docetaxel; Methotrexate; Doxorubin; Edatrexate; Vinorelbine; Tomaxifen; Leucovorin; 5-fluoro uridine (5-FU); Ionotecan; Cisplatin; Carboplatin; Amsacrine; Cytarabine; Bleomycin; Mitomycin C; Dactinomycin; Mithramycin; Hexamethylmelamine; Dacarbazine; L-asperginase; Nitrogen mustard; Melphalan, Chlorambucil; Busulfan; Ifosfamide; 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, Thiotepa; Irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR®, CPT-11, Camptothecin-11, Campto) Tamoxifen, Herceptin; IMC C225; ABX-EGF: and combinations thereof.
Diagnostic Uses
The nucleic acid molecules of this invention (e.g., enzymatic nucleic acid) can be used as diagnostic tools to examine genetic drift and mutations within diseased cells or to detect the presence of flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 RNA in a cell. The close relationship between enzymatic nucleic acid activity and the structure of the target RNA allows the detection of mutations in any region of the molecule which alters the base-pairing and three-dimensional structure of the target RNA. By using multiple enzymatic nucleic acids described in this invention, one can map nucleotide changes which are important to RNA structure and function in vitro, as well as in cells and tissues. Cleavage of target RNAs with enzymatic nucleic acid can be used to inhibit gene expression and define the role (essentially) of specified gene products in the progression of disease. In this manner, other genetic targets can be defined as important mediators of the disease. These experiments can lead to better treatment of the disease progression by affording the possibility of combinational therapies (e.g., multiple enzymatic nucleic acids targeted to different genes, enzymatic nucleic acids coupled with known small molecule inhibitors, or intermittent treatment with combinations of enzymatic nucleic acids and/or other chemical or biological molecules). Other in vitro uses of enzymatic nucleic acids of the invention are well known in the art, and include detection of the presence of mRNAs associated with flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1 related condition. Such RNA is detected by determining the presence of a cleavage product after treatment with a ribozyme using standard methodology.
In a specific example, enzymatic nucleic acids which can cleave only wild-type or mutant forms of the target RNA are used for the assay. The first enzymatic nucleic acid is used to identify wild-type RNA present in the sample and the second enzymatic nucleic acid is used to identify mutant RNA in the sample. As reaction controls, synthetic substrates of both wild-type and mutant RNA are cleaved by both enzymatic nucleic acids to demonstrate the relative enzymatic nucleic acid efficiencies in the reactions and the absence of cleavage of the “non-targeted” RNA species. The cleavage products from the synthetic substrates also serve to generate size markers for the analysis of wild-type and mutant RNAs in the sample population. Thus, each analysis requires two enzymatic nucleic acids, two substrates and one unknown sample which is combined into six reactions. The presence of cleavage products is determined using an RNAse protection assay so that full-length and cleavage fragments of each RNA can be analyzed in one lane of a polyacrylamide gel. It is not absolutely required to quantify the results to gain insight into the expression of mutant RNAs and putative risk of the desired phenotypic changes in target cells. The expression of mRNA whose protein product is implicated in the development of the phenotype (i.e., flt-1, KDR and/or flk-1) is adequate to establish risk. If probes of comparable specific activity are used for both transcripts, then a qualitative comparison of RNA levels is adequate and decreases the cost of the initial diagnosis. Higher mutant form to wild-type ratios is correlated with higher risk whether RNA levels are compared qualitatively or quantitatively. The use of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules in diagnostic applications contemplated by the instant invention is more fully described in George et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,834,186 and 5,741,679, Shih et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,332, Nathan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,914, Nathan and Ellington, International PCT publication No. WO 00/24931, Breaker et al., International PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/26226 and 98/27104, and Sullenger et al., International PCT publication No. WO 99/29842.
Additional Uses
Potential usefulness of sequence-specific enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention have many of the same applications for the study of RNA that DNA restriction endonucleases have for the study of DNA (Nathans et al., 1975 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44:273). For example, the pattern of restriction fragments can be used to establish sequence relationships between two related RNAs, and large RNAs can be specifically cleaved to fragments of a size more useful for study. The ability to engineer sequence specificity of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is ideal for cleavage of RNAs of unknown sequence. Applicant describes the use of nucleic acid molecules to down-regulate gene expression of target genes in bacterial, microbial, fungal, viral, and eukaryotic systems including plant, or mammalian cells.
All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All references cited in this disclosure are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually.
One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The methods and compositions described herein as presently representative of preferred embodiments are exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art, which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention, are defined by the scope of the claims.
It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Thus, such additional embodiments are within the scope of the present invention and the following claims.
The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the description and the appended claims.
In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups or other grouping of alternatives, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group or other group.
Other embodiments are within the claims that follow.
thermophila rRNA, fungal mitochondria, chloroplasts, phage T4,
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of Pavco et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 09/870,161, now abandoned, filed May 29, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of Pavco et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 09/708,690, now abandoned, filed Nov. 7, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of Pavco et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 09/371,722, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,872, filed Aug. 10, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of Pavco et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 08/584,040, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,398, filed Jan. 11, 1996, which claims the benefit of Pavco et al., U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/005,974, filed Oct. 26, 1995, all of these earlier applications are entitled “Method and Reagent for Treatment of Diseases or Conditions Related to Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor”. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings and tables.
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