Patent Grant
11803382
Modern digital signal processors (DSP) face multiple challenges. Workloads continue to increase, requiring increasing bandwidth. Systems on a chip (SOC) continue to grow in size and complexity. Memory system latency severely impacts certain classes of algorithms. As transistors get smaller, memories and registers become less reliable. As software stacks get larger, the number of potential interactions and errors becomes larger. Even wires become an increasing challenge. Wide busses are difficult to route. Wire speeds continue to lag transistor speeds. Routing congestion is a continual challenge.
One technique useful for filtering functions is table look up. A data table is loaded into memory storing a set of results at a memory location corresponding to an input parameter. To perform a function, the input parameter is used to recall the pre-calculated result. This technique can be particularly valuable for seldom used and difficult to calculate mathematical functions.
In accordance with at least one example of the disclosure, a digital data processor includes a multi-stage butterfly network, which is configured to, in response to a look up table read instruction, receive look up table data from an intermediate register, reorder the look up table data based on control signals comprising look up table configuration register data, and write the reordered look up table data to a destination register specified by the look up table read instruction.
For a detailed description of various examples, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:
Central processing unit core 110 fetches instructions from level one instruction cache 121 as controlled by instruction fetch unit 111. Instruction fetch unit 111 determines the next instructions to be executed and recalls a fetch packet sized set of such instructions. The nature and size of fetch packets are further detailed below. As known in the art, instructions are directly fetched from level one instruction cache 121 upon a cache hit (if these instructions are stored in level one instruction cache 121). Upon a cache miss (the specified instruction fetch packet is not stored in level one instruction cache 121), these instructions are sought in level two combined cache 130. In one embodiment, the size of a cache line in level one instruction cache 121 equals the size of a fetch packet. The memory locations of these instructions are either a hit in level two combined cache 130 or a miss. A hit is serviced from level two combined cache 130. A miss is serviced from a higher level of cache (not illustrated) or from main memory (not illustrated). As is known in the art, the requested instruction may be simultaneously supplied to both level one instruction cache 121 and central processing unit core 110 to speed use.
Central processing unit core 110 includes plural functional units (also referred to as “execution units”) to perform instruction specified data processing tasks. Instruction dispatch unit 112 determines the target functional unit of each fetched instruction. In one embodiment, central processing unit 110 operates as a very long instruction word (VLIW) processor capable of operating on plural instructions in corresponding functional units simultaneously. A compiler may organize instructions in execute packets that are executed together. Instruction dispatch unit 112 directs each instruction to its target functional unit. In one embodiment, the functional unit assigned to an instruction is completely specified by the instruction produced by a compiler in that the hardware of central processing unit core 110 has no part in this functional unit assignment. Instruction dispatch unit 112 may operate on plural instructions in parallel. The number of such parallel instructions is set by the size of the execute packet. This will be further detailed below.
One part of the dispatch task of instruction dispatch unit 112 is determining whether the instruction is to execute on a functional unit in scalar datapath side A 115 or vector datapath side B 116. An instruction bit within each instruction called the s bit determines which datapath the instruction controls. This will be further detailed below.
Instruction decode unit 113 decodes each instruction in a current execute packet. Decoding includes identification of the functional unit performing the instruction, identification of registers used to supply data for the corresponding data processing operation from among possible register files, and identification of the register destination of the results of the corresponding data processing operation. As further explained below, instructions may include a constant field in place of one register number operand field. The result of this decoding is signals for control of the target functional unit to perform the data processing operation specified by the corresponding instruction on the specified data.
Central processing unit core 110 includes control registers 114. Control registers 114 store information for control of the functional units in scalar datapath side A 115 and vector datapath side B 116. This information could include mode information or the like.
The decoded instructions from instruction decode unit 113 and information stored in control registers 114 are supplied to scalar datapath side A 115 and vector datapath side B 116. As a result, functional units within scalar datapath side A 115 and vector datapath side B 116 perform instruction specified data processing operations upon instruction specified data and store the results in an instruction specified data register or registers. Each of scalar datapath side A 115 and vector datapath side B 116 includes plural functional units that may operate in parallel. These will be further detailed below in conjunction with
Central processing unit core 110 includes further non-instruction based modules. Emulation unit 118 permits determination of the machine state of central processing unit core 110 in response to instructions. This capability will typically be employed for algorithmic development. Interrupts/exceptions unit 119 enables central processing unit core 110 to be responsive to external, asynchronous events (interrupts) and to respond to attempts to perform improper operations (exceptions).
Central processing unit core 110 includes streaming engine 125. Streaming engine 125 supplies two data streams from predetermined addresses typically cached in level two combined cache 130 to register files of vector datapath side B. This provides controlled data movement from memory (as cached in level two combined cache 130) directly to functional unit operand inputs. This is further detailed below.
Level one data cache 123 exchanges data with register files in scalar datapath side A 115 via bus 143. Bus 143 is a 64-bit bus in this example embodiment. Level one data cache 123 exchanges data with register files in vector datapath side B 116 via bus 144. Bus 144 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Busses 143 and 144 are illustrated as bidirectional supporting both central processing unit 110 data reads and data writes. Level one data cache 123 exchanges data with level two combined cache 130 via bus 145. Bus 145 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Bus 145 is illustrated as bidirectional supporting cache service for both central processing unit 110 data reads and data writes.
As known in the art, CPU data requests are directly fetched from level one data cache 123 upon a cache hit (if the requested data is stored in level one data cache 123). Upon a cache miss (the specified data is not stored in level one data cache 123), this data is sought in level two combined cache 130. The memory locations of this requested data is either a hit in level two combined cache 130 or a miss. A hit is serviced from level two combined cache 130. A miss is serviced from another level of cache (not illustrated) or from main memory (not illustrated). As is known in the art, the requested instruction may be simultaneously supplied to both level one data cache 123 and central processing unit core 110 to speed use.
Level two combined cache 130 supplies data of a first data stream to streaming engine 125 via bus 146. Bus 146 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Streaming engine 125 supplies data of this first data stream to functional units of vector datapath side B 116 via bus 147. Bus 147 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Level two combined cache 130 supplies data of a second data stream to streaming engine 125 via bus 148. Bus 148 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Streaming engine 125 supplies data of this second data stream to functional units of vector datapath side B 116 via bus 149. Bus 149 is a 512-bit bus in this example embodiment. Busses 146, 147, 148 and 149 are illustrated as unidirectional from level two combined cache 130 to streaming engine 125 and to vector datapath side B 116 in accordance with this example embodiment.
Steaming engine data requests are directly fetched from level two combined cache 130 upon a cache hit (if the requested data is stored in level two combined cache 130). Upon a cache miss (the specified data is not stored in level two combined cache 130), this data is sought from another level of cache (not illustrated) or from main memory (not illustrated). In some embodiments, level one data cache 123 may cache data not stored in level two combined cache 130. If such operation is supported, then upon a streaming engine data request that is a miss in level two combined cache 130, level two combined cache 130 may snoop level one data cache 123 for the streaming engine requested data. If level one data cache 123 stores this data, its snoop response would include the data, which is then supplied to service the streaming engine request. If level one data cache 123 does not store this data, its snoop response would indicate this and level two combined cache 130 would then service this streaming engine request from another level of cache (not illustrated) or from main memory (not illustrated).
In one embodiment, both level one data cache 123 and level two combined cache 130 may be configured as selected amounts of cache or directly addressable memory in accordance with the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,686 entitled UNIFIED MEMORY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE INCLUDING CACHE AND DIRECTLY ADDRESSABLE STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY.
L1 unit 221 may accept two 64-bit operands and produce one 64-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global scalar register file 211 or L1/S1 local register file 212. L1 unit 221 may perform the following instruction selected operations: 64-bit add/subtract operations; 32-bit min/max operations; 8-bit Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions such as sum of absolute value, minimum and maximum determinations; circular min/max operations; and various move operations between register files. The result produced by L1 unit 221 may be written into an instruction specified register of global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, or D1/D2 local register file 214.
S1 unit 222 may accept two 64-bit operands and produce one 64-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global scalar register file 211 or L1/S1 local register file 212. In one embodiment, S1 unit 222 may perform the same type of operations as L1 unit 221. In other embodiments, there may be slight variations between the data processing operations supported by L1 unit 221 and S1 unit 222. The result produced by S1 unit 222 may be written into an instruction specified register of global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, or D1/D2 local register file 214.
M1 unit 223 may accept two 64-bit operands and produce one 64-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global scalar register file 211 or M1/N1 local register file 213. M1 unit 223 may perform the following instruction selected operations: 8-bit multiply operations; complex dot product operations; 32-bit bit count operations; complex conjugate multiply operations; and bit-wise Logical Operations, moves, adds, and subtracts. The result produced by M1 unit 223 may be written into an instruction specified register of global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, or D1/D2 local register file 214.
N1 unit 224 may accept two 64-bit operands and produce one 64-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global scalar register file 211 or M1/N1 local register file 213. N1 unit 224 may perform the same type operations as M1 unit 223. There may be certain double operations (called dual issued instructions) that employ both the M1 unit 223 and the N1 unit 224 together. The result produced by N1 unit 224 may be written into an instruction specified register of global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, or D1/D2 local register file 214.
D1 unit 225 and D2 unit 226 may each accept two 64-bit operands and each produce one 64-bit result. D1 unit 225 and D2 unit 226 may perform address calculations and corresponding load and store operations. D1 unit 225 is used for scalar loads and stores of 64 bits. D2 unit 226 is used for vector loads and stores of 512 bits. D1 unit 225 and D2 unit 226 also may perform: swapping, pack and unpack on the load and store data; 64-bit SIMD arithmetic operations; and 64-bit bit-wise logical operations. D1/D2 local register file 214 will generally store base and offset addresses used in address calculations for the corresponding loads and stores. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global scalar register file 211, or D1/D2 local register file 214. The calculated result by D1 unit 225 and/or D2 unit 226 may be written into an instruction specified register of global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, or D1/D2 local register file 214.
L2 unit 241 may accept two 512-bit operands and produce one 512-bit result.
Each of up to two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232 or predicate register file 234. L2 unit 241 may perform instruction similar to L1 unit 221 except on wider 512-bit data. The result produced by L2 unit 241 may be written into an instruction specified register of global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232, M2/N2/C local register file 233, or predicate register file 234.
S2 unit 242 may accept two 512-bit operands and produce one 512-bit result. Each of up to two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232 or predicate register file 234. S2 unit 242 may perform instructions similar to S1 unit 222 except on wider 512-bit data. The result produced by S2 unit 242 may be written into an instruction specified register of global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232, M2/N2/C local register file 233, or predicate register file 234.
M2 unit 243 may accept two 512-bit operands and produce one 512-bit result.
The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global vector register file 231 or M2/N2/C local register file 233. M2 unit 243 may perform instructions similar to M1 unit 223 except on wider 512-bit data. The result produced by M2 unit 243 may be written into an instruction specified register of global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232, or M2/N2/C local register file 233.
N2 unit 244 may accept two 512-bit operands and produce one 512-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global vector register file 231 or M2/N2/C local register file 233. N2 unit 244 may perform the same type operations as M2 unit 243. There may be certain double operations (called dual issued instructions) that employ both M2 unit 243 and the N2 unit 244 together. The result produced by N2 unit 244 may be written into an instruction specified register of global vector register file 231, L2/S2 local register file 232, or M2/N2/C local register file 233.
C unit 245 may accepts two 512-bit operands and produce one 512-bit result. The two operands are each recalled from an instruction specified register in either global vector register file 231 or M2/N2/C local register file 233. C unit 245 may perform: “Rake” and “Search” instructions; up to 512 2-bit PN * 8-bit multiplies; I/Q complex multiplies per clock cycle; 8-bit and 16-bit Sum-of-Absolute-Difference (SAD) calculations, up to 512 SADs per clock cycle; horizontal add and horizontal min/max instructions; and vector permutes instructions. In one embodiment, C unit 245 includes 4 vector control registers (CUCR0 to CUCR3) used to control certain operations of C unit 245 instructions. Control registers CUCR0 to CUCR3 are used as operands in certain C unit 245 operations. For example, control registers CUCR0 to CUCR3 may be used in control of a general permutation instruction (VPERM) or as masks for SIMD multiple DOT product operations (DOTPM) and SIMD multiple Sum-of-Absolute-Difference (SAD) operations. Control register CUCR0 may be used to store polynomials for Galois Field Multiply operations (GFMPY). Control register CUCR1 may be used to store a Galois field polynomial generator function.
P unit 246 may perform basic logic operations on registers of local predicate register file 234. P unit 246 has direct access to read from and write to predicate register file 234. The operations performed by P unit 246 may include AND, ANDN, OR, XOR, NOR, BITR, NEG, SET, BITCNT, RMBD, BIT Decimate and Expand. One use of P unit 246 can include manipulation of an SIMD vector comparison result for use in control of a further SIMD vector operation.
Thus, in accordance with certain disclosed embodiments of this disclosure, global register files may be accessible by all functional units of a side (e.g., scalar and vector) and local register files may be accessible by only some of the functional units of a side. Some additional embodiments in accordance with this disclosure could be practiced employing only one type of register file corresponding to the disclosed global register files.
Crosspath 117 permits limited exchange of data between scalar datapath side A 115 and vector datapath side B 116. During each operational cycle one 64-bit data word can be recalled from global scalar register file 211 for use as an operand by one or more functional units of vector datapath side B 116 and one 64-bit data word can be recalled from global vector register file 231 for use as an operand by one or more functional units of scalar datapath side A 115. Any scalar datapath side A 115 functional unit (L1 unit 221, S1 unit 222, M1 unit 223, N1 unit 224, D1 unit 225, and D2 unit 226) may read a 64-bit operand from global vector register file 231. This 64-bit operand is the least significant bits of the 512-bit data in the accessed register of global vector register file 231. Scalar datapath side A 115 functional units may employ the same 64-bit crosspath data as an operand during the same operational cycle. However, only one 64-bit operand is transferred from vector datapath side B 116 to scalar datapath side A 115 in any single operational cycle. Any vector datapath side B 116 functional unit (L2 unit 241, S2 unit 242, M2 unit 243, N2 unit 244, C unit 245, and P unit 246) may read a 64-bit operand from global scalar register file 211. If the corresponding instruction is a scalar instruction, the crosspath operand data is treated as any other 64-bit operand. If the corresponding instruction is a vector instruction, the upper 448 bits of the operand are zero filled. Vector datapath side B 116 functional units may employ the same 64-bit crosspath data as an operand during the same operational cycle. Only one 64-bit operand is transferred from scalar datapath side A 115 to vector datapath side B 116 in any single operational cycle.
Streaming engine 125 transfers data in certain circumstances. In the embodiment of
Streaming engine 125 provides several benefits. For example, streaming engine 125 permits multi-dimensional memory accesses, increases the available bandwidth to functional units of CPU 110, reduces the number of cache miss stalls since the stream buffer bypasses level one data cache 123, reduces the number of scalar operations required to maintain a loop, and manages address pointers. Streaming engine 125 can also handle address generation, which frees up address generation instruction slots and D1 unit 225 and D2 unit 226 for other computations.
CPU 110 operates on an instruction pipeline. Instructions are fetched in instruction packets of a fixed length as further described below. All instructions have the same number of pipeline phases for fetch and decode, but can have a varying number of execute phases.
Fetch phase 1110 includes program address generation stage 1111 (PG), program access stage 1112 (PA), and program receive stage 1113 (PR). During program address generation stage 1111 (PG), a program address is generated in the CPU and a read request is sent to a memory controller for the level one instruction cache L1I. During the program access stage 1112 (PA), the level one instruction cache L1 I processes the request, accesses the data in its memory, and sends a fetch packet to the CPU boundary. During the program receive stage 1113 (PR), the CPU registers the fetch packet.
In an example embodiment, instructions are fetched as sixteen 32-bit wide slots, constituting a fetch packet, at a time.
The execution of the individual instructions is partially controlled by a p bit in each instruction. This p bit can be configured as bit 0 of the 32-bit wide slot. The p bit of an instruction determines whether the instruction executes in parallel with a next instruction. Instructions are scanned from lower to higher addresses. If the p bit of an instruction is 1, then the next following instruction (higher memory address) is executed in parallel with (in the same cycle as) that instruction. If the p bit of an instruction is 0, then the next following instruction is executed in the cycle after the instruction.
CPU 110 and level one instruction cache L1I 121 pipelines are de-coupled from each other. Fetch packet returns from level one instruction cache L1 I can take different number of clock cycles, depending on external circumstances such as whether there is a hit in level one instruction cache 121 or a hit in level two combined cache 130. Therefore program access stage 1112 (PA) can take several clock cycles instead of 1 clock cycle as in the other stages.
The instructions executing in parallel constitute an execute packet. In one embodiment, an execute packet can contain up to sixteen instructions (slots). No two instructions in an execute packet may use the same functional unit. A slot can be one of five types: 1) a self-contained instruction executed on one of the functional units of CPU 110 (L1 unit 221, S1 unit 222, M1 unit 223, N1 unit 224, D1 unit 225, D2 unit 226, L2 unit 241, S2 unit 242, M2 unit 243, N2 unit 244, C unit 245, and P unit 246); 2) a unitless instruction such as a NOP (no operation) instruction or multiple NOP instructions; 3) a branch instruction; 4) a constant field extension; and 5) a conditional code extension. Some of these slot types will be further explained below.
Dispatch and decode phases 1120 include instruction dispatch to appropriate execution unit stage 1121 (DS), instruction pre-decode stage 1122 (DC1), and instruction decode, operand reads stage 1123 (DC2). During instruction dispatch to appropriate execution unit stage 1121 (DS) the fetch packets are split into execute packets and assigned to the appropriate functional units. During the instruction pre-decode stage 1122 (DC1), the source registers, destination registers, and associated paths are decoded for the execution of the instructions in the functional units. During the instruction decode, operand reads stage 1123 (DC2), more detailed unit decodes are done, as well as reading operands from the register files.
Execution phase 1130 includes execution stages 1131 to 1135 (E1 to E5).
Different types of instructions may require different numbers of these stages to complete their execution. These stages of the pipeline play an important role in understanding the device state at CPU cycle boundaries.
During execute 1 stage 1131 (E1), the conditions for the instructions are evaluated and operands are operated on. As illustrated in
As illustrated in
During execute 2 stage 1132 (E2), load instructions send the address to memory. Store instructions send the address and data to memory. Single-cycle instructions that saturate results set a bit (SAT) in the control status register (CSR) if saturation occurs. For 2-cycle instructions, results are written to a destination register file.
During execute 3 stage 1133 (E3), data memory accesses are performed. Any multiply instructions that saturate results set the SAT bit in the control status register (CSR) if saturation occurs. For 3-cycle instructions, results are written to a destination register file
During execute 4 stage 1134 (E4), load instructions bring data to the CPU boundary. For 4-cycle instructions, results are written to a destination register file.
During execute 5 stage 1135 (E5), load instructions write data into a register. This is illustrated schematically in
The creg field 1301 (bits 29 to 31) and the z bit 1302 (bit 28) are fields used in conditional instructions. These bits are used for conditional instructions to identify a predicate (also referred to as “conditional”) register and a condition. The z bit 1302 (bit 28) indicates whether the condition is based upon zero or not zero in the predicate register. If z=1, the test is for equality with zero. If z=0, the test is for nonzero. For unconditional instructions, the creg field 1301 and z bit 1302 are set to all 0s to allow unconditional instruction execution. The creg field 1301 and the z field 1302 are encoded in the instruction as shown in Table 1.
Execution of a conditional instruction is conditional upon the value stored in the specified conditional data register. In this illustrated example, the conditional register is a data register in the global scalar register file 211. The “z” in the z bit column refers to the zero/not zero comparison selection noted above, and “x” is a do not care state. In this example, the use of three bits for the creg field 1301 in this coding allows for specifying only a subset (A0-A5) of the 16 global registers of global scalar register file 211 as predicate registers. This selection was made to preserve bits in the instruction coding and reduce opcode space.
The dst field 1303 (bits 23 to 27) specifies a register in a corresponding register file as the destination of the instruction results (e.g., where the results are to be written).
The src2/cst field 1304 (bits 18 to 22) can be interpreted in different ways depending on the instruction opcode field (bits 4 to 12 for all instructions and additionally bits 28 to 31 for unconditional instructions). The src2/cst field 1304 indicates a second source operand, either from a register of a corresponding register file or as a constant depending on the instruction opcode field. Depending on the instruction type, when the second source operand is a constant, this may be treated as an unsigned integer and zero extended to a specified data length or may be treated as a signed integer and sign extended to the specified data length.
The src1 field 1305 (bits 13 to 17) specifies a register in a corresponding register file as a first source operand.
The opcode field 1306 (bits 4 to 12) for all instructions (and additionally bits 28 to 31 for unconditional instructions) specifies the type of instruction and designates appropriate instruction options. This includes designation of the functional unit used and the operation performed. Additional details regarding such instruction options are detailed below.
The e bit 1307 (bit 2) is used for immediate constant instructions where the constant may be extended. If e=1, then the immediate constant is extended in a manner detailed below. If e=0, then the immediate constant is not extended. In the latter case, the immediate constant is specified by the src2/cst field 1304 (bits 18 to 22). The e bit 1307 may be used for only some types of instructions. Accordingly, with proper coding, the e bit 1307 may be omitted from instructions which do not need it, and this bit can instead be used as an additional opcode bit.
The s bit 1308 (bit 1) designates scalar datapath side A 115 or vector datapath side B 116. If s=0, then scalar datapath side A 115 is selected, and the available functional units (L1 unit 221, S1 unit 222, M1 unit 223, N1 unit 224, D1 unit 225, and D2 unit 226) and register files (global scalar register file 211, L1/S1 local register file 212, M1/N1 local register file 213, and D1/D2 local register file 214) will be those corresponding to scalar datapath side A 115 as illustrated in
The p bit 1308 (bit 0) is used to determine whether the instruction executes in parallel with the following instruction. The p-bits are scanned from lower to higher addresses. If p=1 for the current instruction, then the next instruction executes in parallel with the current instruction. If p=0 for the current instruction, then the next instruction executes in the cycle after the current instruction. All instructions executing in parallel constitute an execute packet. In one example embodiment, an execute packet can contain up to twelve instructions for parallel execution, with each instruction in an execute packet assigned to a different functional unit.
In one example embodiment of processor 100, there are two different condition code extension slots (slot 0 and slot 1). The condition code extension slots may be 32-bit in this example embodiment, as with the coding format 1300 described in
In the illustrated example, no execution packet can have more than one instruction directed to a particular execution unit, and no execute packet of instructions can contain more than one condition code extension slot 1. Thus, the mapping of creg/z bits to functional unit instruction is unambiguous. As discussed above, setting the creg/z bits equal to “0000” makes the instruction unconditional. Thus, a properly coded condition code extension slot 1 can make some instructions conditional and some unconditional.
Both condition code extension slot 0 1400 and condition code extension slot 1 may include a p bit to define an execute packet as described above in conjunction with
In one example embodiment of processor 100, there are two different constant extension slots. Each execute packet can contain one each of these unique 32-bit constant extension slots which contains 27 bits to be concatenated as high order bits with a 5-bit constant field in the instruction coding 1300 to form a 32-bit constant. As noted in the instruction coding 1300 description above, only some instructions define the 5-bit src2/cst field 1304 as a constant rather than a source register identifier. At least some of those instructions may employ a constant extension slot to extend this constant to 32 bits.
Constant extension slot 0 and constant extension slot 1 are used as follows. The target instruction must be of the type permitting constant specification. As known in the art this is implemented by replacing one input operand register specification field with the least significant bits of the constant as described above with respect to scr2/cst field 1304. Instruction decoder 113 determines this case, known as an immediate field, from the instruction opcode bits. The target instruction also includes one constant extension bit (e bit 1307) dedicated to signaling whether the specified constant is not extended (e.g., constant extension bit=0) or the constant is extended (e.g., constant extension bit=1). If instruction decoder 113 detects a constant extension slot 0 or a constant extension slot 1, it further checks the other instructions within that execute packet for an instruction corresponding to the detected constant extension slot. A constant extension is made when a corresponding instruction has a constant extension bit (e bit 1307) equal to 1.
Sign extension unit 1703 forms the final operand value from the input from multiplexer 1703. Sign extension unit 1703 receives control inputs Scalar/Vector and Data Size. The Scalar/Vector input indicates whether the corresponding instruction is a scalar instruction or a vector instruction. The functional units of data path side A 115 (L1 unit 221, S1 unit 222, M1 unit 223, N1 unit 224, D1 unit 225 and D2 unit 226) are, in this embodiment, limited to performing scalar instructions. Any instruction directed to one of these functional units is a scalar instruction. Data path side B functional units L2 unit 241, S2 unit 242, M2 unit 243, N2 unit 244 and C unit 245 may perform scalar instructions or vector instructions. Instruction decoder 113 determines whether the instruction is a scalar instruction or a vector instruction from the opcode bits. P unit 246 may only perform scalar instructions in this embodiment. The Data Size may be 8 bits (byte B), 16 bits (half-word H), 32 bits (word W), 64 bits (double word D), quad word (128 bit) data or half vector (256 bit) data.
Table 2 lists the operation of sign extension unit 1703 for the various options.
Both constant extension slot 0 and constant extension slot 1 may include a p bit to define an execute packet as described above in conjunction with
In some embodiments, an execute packet can include a constant extension slot 0 or 1 and more than one corresponding instruction marked constant extended (e bit=1). For constant extension slot 0, this would mean more than one of an L1 unit 221 instruction, data in a D1 unit 225 instruction, an S2 unit 242 instruction, an offset in a D2 unit 226 instruction, an M2 unit 243 instruction, or an N2 unit 244 instruction in an execute packet have an e bit of 1. For constant extension slot 1 this would mean more than one of an L2 unit 241 instruction, data in a D2 unit 226 instruction, an S1 unit 222 instruction, an offset in a D1 unit 225 instruction, an M1 unit 223 instruction or an N1 unit 224 instruction in an execute packet have an e bit of 1. In such instances, instruction decoder 113 may, in one embodiment, determine this case an invalid and unsupported operation. In another embodiment, this combination may be supported with extension bits of the constant extension slot applied to each corresponding functional unit instruction marked constant extended.
Special vector predicate instructions use registers in predicate register file 234 to control vector operations. In the current embodiment, all the SIMD vector predicate instructions operate on selected data sizes. The data sizes may include byte (8 bit) data, half word (16 bit) data, word (32 bit) data, double word (64 bit) data, quad word (128 bit) data and half vector (256 bit) data. Each bit of the predicate register controls whether a SIMD operation is performed upon the corresponding byte of data. The operations of P unit 246 permit a variety of compound vector SIMD operations based upon more than one vector comparison. For example, a range determination can be made using two comparisons. A candidate vector is compared with a first vector reference having the minimum of the range packed within a first data register. A second comparison of the candidate vector is made with a second reference vector having the maximum of the range packed within a second data register. Logical combinations of the two resulting predicate registers would permit a vector conditional operation to determine whether each data part of the candidate vector is within range or out of range.
L1 unit 221, S1 unit 222, L2 unit 241, S2 unit 242 and C unit 245 often operate in a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) mode. In this SIMD mode, the same instruction is applied to packed data from the two operands. Each operand holds plural data elements disposed in predetermined slots. SIMD operation is enabled by carry control at the data boundaries. Such carry control enables operations on varying data widths.
It is typical in the art to operate on data sizes that are integral powers of 2 (2N). However, this carry control technique is not limited to integral powers of 2. One skilled in the art would understand how to apply this technique to other data sizes and other operand widths.
Processor 100 includes dedicated instructions to perform table look up operations implemented via one of D1 unit 225 or D2 unit 226. The tables for these table look up operations are mapped into level one data cache 123 directly addressable memory. An example of such a table/cache configuration is disclosed in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,686 entitled UNIFIED MEMORY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE INCLUDING CACHE AND DIRECTLY ADDRESSABLE STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY. These tables may be loaded by normal memory operations, such as via a direct memory access (DMA) port, by a special purpose LUTINIT instruction (described below), or just a normal store instruction to the memory space containing the tables. In one example embodiment, processor 100 supports up to 4 separate sets of parallel look up tables and, within a set, up to 16 tables can be looked up in parallel with byte, half word or word element sizes. In accordance with this embodiment, at least the portion of level one data cache 123 devoted to directly addressed memory has 16 banks. This permits parallel access to 16 memory locations and supports up to 16 tables per table set.
These look up tables are accessed with independently specified base and index addresses. A look up table base address register (LTBR) specifies the base address for each set of parallel tables. Each look up table instruction contains a set number identifying which base address register to use for that instruction. Based upon the use of a directly addressable portion of the level one data cache 123, each base address should align with the cache line size of the level one data cache 123. In one embodiment, the cache line size may be 128 bytes.
A look up table configuration register for each set of parallel tables sets controls information to the corresponding set of tables.
A field 1901 coding of 00 designates no promotion. A field 1901 coding of 01 designates a 2x promotion. A field 1901 coding of 10 designates a 4x promotion. A field 1901 coding of 11 designates an 8x promotion. In one example embodiment, the promoted data is limited to data sizes up to a double-word size (64 bits). Thus, in such an embodiment: a 2x promotion is valid for a data element size of byte (promoted from byte (8 bits) to half word (16 bits), half word (promoted from half word (16 bits) to word (32 bits), and word (promoted from word (32 bits) to double-word (64 bits); a 4x promotion is valid for a data element size of byte (promoted from byte (8 bit) to word (32 bit) and half word (promoted from half word (16 bit) to double-word (64 bit); and an 8x promotion is only valid for a data element size of byte (promoted from byte (8 bit) to double-word (64 bit). Promotion will be further explained below.
Table size field 1902 (bits 16 to 23) sets the table size. Table Size field 1902 is decoded as shown in Table 5.
The table base address stored in the corresponding look up table base address register must be aligned to the table size specified in the look up table configuration register.
Weight Size (WSIZE) field 1903 (bits 11 to 13) indicates the size of weight values in a source register for weighted histogram operations, described in further detail below. Weight Size field 1903 is decoded as shown in Table 6.
Interpolation field 1904 (bits 8 to 10) indicates a number of successive elements written to a destination register in response to a look up table read instruction, described in further detail below. Interpolation field 1904 is decoded as shown in Table 7.
An interpolation field 1904 coding of 000 designates no interpolation, where only the indexed element per table is written from the look up table to a destination register. An interpolation field 1904 coding of 001 designates interpolating 2 elements, where the indexed element and an additional, adjacent element per table are written from the look up table into the destination register. An interpolation field 1904 coding of 010 designates interpolating 4 elements, where the indexed element and an additional, adjacent 3 elements per table are written from the look up table into the destination register. An interpolation field 1904 coding of 011 designates interpolating 8 elements, where the indexed element and an additional, adjacent 7 elements per table are written from the look up table into the destination register. In one example embodiment, the interpolation field 1904 (in conjunction with the number of tables field 1908, explained below) cannot exceed the maximum number of elements that can be returned by L1D 123, which in one example is 16 elements. Thus, in such an embodiment, no interpolation is possible when the number of tables field 1908 indicates 16 tables; a maximum of 2-element interpolation is possible when the number of tables field 1908 indicates 8 tables; a maximum of 4-element interpolation is possible when the number of tables field 1908 indicates 4 tables; and a maximum of 8-element interpolation is possible when the number of tables field 1908 indicates 2 tables or 1 table.
Saturation (SAT) field 1905 (bit 7) indicates whether to saturate histogram bin entries to min/max values in response to a histogram operation, described in further detail below. If the saturation field 1905 is 1, then histogram bin entries are saturated to min/max values of the element data type. For example, unsigned bytes saturate to [0, 0xFF]; signed bytes saturate to [0x80, 0x7F]; unsigned half-words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF]; signed half-words saturate to [0x8000, 0x7FFF]; unsigned words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF FFFF]; and signed words saturate to [0x8000 0000, 0x7FFF FFFF]. If the saturation field 1905 is 0, then histogram bin entries do not saturate to min/max values of the element data type and instead will wrap around when incremented or decremented beyond a minimum value or maximum value, respectively.
Signed field 1906 (bit 6) indicates whether processor 100 treats the recalled look up table elements as signed integers or unsigned integers. If the signed field 1906 is 1, processor 100 treats the look up table elements as signed integers. If the signed field 1906 is 0, processor 100 treats the look up table elements as unsigned integers.
Element Size (ESIZE) field 1907 (bits 3 to 5) indicate the look up table element size. Element Size field 1907 is decoded as shown in Table 8.
Number of Tables (NTBL) field 1908 (bits 0 to 2) indicates the number of tables to be looked up in parallel. Number of Tables field 1908 is decoded as shown in Table 9.
A look up table enable register 2000 specifies the type of operations permitted for a particular table set. This is illustrated in
If the table set field is 01, then read operations are permitted from the corresponding look up table base address register and the corresponding look up table configuration register. If the table set field is 11, then read operations are permitted from and write operations are permitted to the corresponding look up table base address register and the corresponding look up table configuration register. If the table set field is 00, then no look up table operations are permitted.
Each look up table instruction specifies a vector register as an operand. This vector register is treated as a set of 32-bit look up table indices by the look up table operation corresponding to the instruction. Table 11 shows the coding of the vector indices in the vector operand register based upon the number tables for the set of tables controlled by Number of Tables field 1908 of the corresponding look up table configuration register.
Depending upon the number of tables specified in the Number of Tables field 1908 of the corresponding look up table configuration register 1900, the vector register bits specify various indices. The address for a table element within the first table for look up table operation is the base address stored in the base address register plus the index specified by bits 0 to 31 of the vector register values. The address for a table element within the second table for look up table operation (assuming at least two tables are specified by number of tables field 1908) is the base address stored in the base address register plus the index specified by bits 32 to 63 of the vector register. Similarly, the vector register specifies an offset for each table specified.
Below is the form of a look up table read (LUTRD) instruction in accordance with one example embodiment.
LUTRD tbl_index, tbl_set, dst
Tbl_index is an instruction operand specifying a vector register (such as within general vector register file 231) by register number. This is interpreted as index numbers as shown in Table 11. Tbl_set is a number [0:3] specifying the table set employed in the instruction. This named table set number specifies: a corresponding look up table base address register storing the table base address, which may a scalar register or a vector register; a corresponding look up table configuration register (
The look up table base address register 2101 corresponding to the specified table set stores the base address for the look up table set as illustrated schematically in
The example illustrated in
The look up table read instruction maps the data recalled from the table(s) directly to vector lanes of destination register 2120. The instruction maps earlier elements to lower lane numbers and later elements to higher lane numbers. The look up table read instruction deposits elements in vectors in increasing-lane order. The look up table read instruction fills each vector lane of destination register 2120 with elements recalled from the table(s). If the recalled data does not equal the vector length, the look up table read instruction pads the excess lanes of destination register 2120 with zeros.
When a promotion mode is enabled (promotion field 1901 of the corresponding look up table configuration register 1900≠00), the look up table read instruction promotes each recalled data element to a larger size.
Those skilled in the art would understand that other data element sizes (e.g., half word, word) would be similarly implemented. Further, other promotion factors, such as a promotion factor of 8×, would be similarly achieved. Those skilled in the art would understand how to apply the principles described in this disclosure to other numbers of look up tables within the selected set of tables.
Multiplexers 2932 to 2946 are controlled by multiplexer control encoder 3110 illustrated in
Note that lane 1 of destination register 2120 is always the same as lane 1 of temporary register 2950 regardless of selected data size or promotion factor. The column devoted to lane 1 includes all 1's and
As above, the look up table base address register 2101 corresponding to the specified table set stores the base address for the look up table set as illustrated schematically in
The example illustrated in
When an interpolation mode is enabled (interpolation field 1904 of the corresponding look up table configuration register 1900 #00), the look up table read instruction returns one or more additional data elements than the indexed element per table.
Each recalled data element is stored in a slot in destination register 2120. In accordance with the operation of this look up table read instruction where 2-element interpolation is enabled, the indexed data element in table 1 2611 (A5) and its next adjacent data element (A6) are stored in first and second data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 2 2612 (B1) and its next adjacent data element (B2) are stored in third and fourth data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 3 2613 (C8) and its next adjacent data element (C9) are stored in fifth and sixth data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 4 2614 (D10) and its next adjacent data element (D11) are stored in a seventh and eighth data slots in destination register 2120. In accordance with this example implementation, other data slots of destination register 2120 are zero filled.
Each recalled data element is stored in a slot in destination register 2120. In accordance with the operation of this look up table read instruction where 4-element interpolation is enabled, the indexed data element in table 1 2611 (A5) and its next 3 adjacent data elements (A6-A8) are stored in the first 4 data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 2 2612 (B1) and its next 3 adjacent data elements (B2-B4) are stored in the second 4 data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 3 2613 (C8) and its next 3 adjacent data elements (C9-C11) are stored in the third 4 data slots in destination register 2120. The indexed data element in table 4 2614 (D10) and its next 3 adjacent data elements (D11-D13) are stored in the fourth 4 data slots in destination register 2120. In this example, where the data element size is word, the 16 recalled data elements completely fill the destination register 2120; however, in an otherwise-similar example where the data element size is instead half-word or byte, the 16 recalled data elements would not completely fill the destination register 2120 and the remainder of data slots of destination register 2120 are zero filled.
Those skilled in the art would understand how to apply the principles described in this disclosure to other numbers of look up tables within the selected set of tables. For example, 8-element interpolation is not possible when the number of tables is 4 and the tables are arranged in level one data cache 123 in the manner shown in
Continuing the example of
For example, the four elements from Table 1 2611 (A5-A8) appear in the order A8, A5, A6, A7, since this is the order in which those elements appear in the first four banks of the level one data cache 123. On the other hand, the four elements from Table 3 2613 (C8-C11) appear in order in the intermediate register 3402 since the element C8 is already in the lowest bank of the level one data cache 123 corresponding to Table 3 2613.
In order to facilitate proper ordering of data elements written to the destination register 2120, explained above with respect to
To further facilitate proper ordering of data elements written to the destination register 2120, the multi-stage butterfly unit 3404 also receives all or portions of the look up table configuration register 1900 as control signal(s). In particular, the interpolation field 1904, the element size field 1907, and the number of tables field 1908 may influence the function of the multi-stage butterfly unit 3404. While
In a first example, the control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900 provided to the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 include the element size field 1907 indicating a size of word, the interpolation field 1904 indicating no interpolation, and the number of tables field 1908 indicating two tables. In this example, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 receives one indexed element from each group of banks 1-8 and banks 9-16 of the level one data cache 123, for example according to the two-table embodiment shown in
In a second example, the control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900 provided to the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 include the element size field 1907 indicating a size of word, the interpolation field 1904 indicating 2-element interpolation, and the number of tables field 1908 indicating two tables. In this example, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 receives one indexed element and a next adjacent element (e.g., according to 2-element interpolation, explained above) from each group of banks 1-8 and banks 9-16 of the level one data cache 123. Thus, in response to these control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 places the indexed element and the next adjacent element from the group of banks 1-8 in order in the first two word-size lanes of the destination register 2120. Similarly, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 places the indexed element and the next adjacent element from the group of banks 9-16 in order in the second two word-size lanes of the destination register 2120. In one example, the remaining lanes of the destination register 2120 are zero-filled, while in other examples the remaining lanes of the destination register may be filled in different manners.
In a third example, the control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900 provided to the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 include the element size field 1907 indicating a size of word, the interpolation field 1904 indicating 8-element interpolation, and the number of tables field 1908 indicating two tables. In this example, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 receives one indexed element and a next 7 adjacent elements (e.g., according to 8-element interpolation) from each group of banks 1-8 and banks 9-16 of the level one data cache 123. As explained above, the next 7 adjacent elements may wrap into a subsequent row. Thus, in response to these control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 places the indexed element and the next 7 adjacent elements from the group of banks 1-8 in order in the first eight word-size lanes of the destination register 2120. Similarly, the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 places the indexed element and the next 7 adjacent elements from the group of banks 9-16 in order in the second eight word-size lanes of the destination register 2120. In this example, assuming a 512-bit destination register 2120, all lanes are filled by the read operation and thus no additional filling is required.
Extensions of the above-described functionality of the multi-stage butterfly network 3404 in response to different combinations of control signals from the look up table configuration register 1900 should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, changes to the number of tables field 1908 affects the “boundaries” on which elements may be reordered before writing to the destination register 2120 (e.g., the number of tables field 1908 indicating four tables results in “boundaries” between groups of banks 1-4, 5-8, 9-12, and 13-16, while the number of tables field 1908 indicating eight tables results in “boundaries” between groups of banks 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, and 15-16). As another example, changes to the element size field 1907 affect how bits from the intermediate register 3402 are packed into the destination register 2120.
Below is the form of a look up table write (LUTWR) instruction in accordance with one example embodiment.
LUTWR tbl_index, tbl_set, write_data
Tbl_index is an instruction operand specifying a vector register (such as within general vector register file 231) by register number. This is interpreted as index numbers as shown in Table 11, above. Tbl_set is a number [0:3] specifying the table set employed in the instruction. This named table set number specifies: a corresponding look up table base address register storing the table base address, which may be a scalar register or a vector register; a corresponding look up table configuration register (
As above, the look up table base address register 2101 corresponding to the specified table set stores the base address for the look up table set as illustrated schematically in
The example illustrated in
A vector source data register 3502 contains data to be written to the indexed data elements of the look up tables 2611, 2612, 2613, 2614. In this example, because the look up table configuration register specifies a number of tables of four and an element size of word, the first four words of the vector source data register 3502 are utilized by the look up table write instruction, while the remainder of the vector source data register 3502 is not utilized by the look up table write instruction. In particular, the first word (W1) is written to the element specified by the index iA, or A5; the second word (W2) is written to the element specified by the index iB, or B1; the third word (W3) is written to the element specified by the index iC, or C8; and the fourth word (W4) is written to the element specified by the index iD, or D10.
Extensions of the above-described look up table write instruction in response to different parameters specified by the look up table configuration register 1900 should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, changes to the number of tables field 1908 affects the number of indexes specified by the vector source index register 2102 (e.g., as shown in
Below is the form of a look up table initialization (LUTINIT) instruction in accordance with one example embodiment.
LUTINIT tbl_index, tbl_set, write_data
Tbl_index, tbl_set, and write_data are generally similar to those described above with respect to the look up table write instruction. As above, the number of tables, size of the elements, and other parameters are specified in the look up table configuration register 1900. Unlike the look up table write instruction, which writes source data only to an indexed element in each table (tables 2611, 2612, 2613, 2614 in the example of
The look up table initialization instruction specifies source data for a single table (e.g., the vector source index register 2102 contains only a single index, for example in the first field (bits Vx[31:0])). The source data specified by the vector source data register 3502 varies in size depending on the number of tables specified by the look up table configuration register 1900. In response to execution of a look up table initialization instruction, the level one data cache 123 replicates the source data internally, based on the number of tables specified by the look up table configuration register 1900, and writes the resulting replicated data to the location specified by the index value in the vector source index register 2102 and the look up table base address register 2101. The duplicated data is written to the location specified by the index value in the vector source index register 2102 along with corresponding locations in each of the other tables in the table set.
As explained above, the source data specified by the vector source data register 3502 varies in size depending on the number of tables specified by the look up table configuration register 1900. In this example, the level one data cache has a width of 1024 bits and there are 16 tables, and thus each table is 64 bits wide. The registers B0-B3 are scalar registers, also having a size of 64 bits, and thus the entire contents of the registers B0-B3 are utilized by the look up table initialization instructions. In another example, the source data register is the vector source data register 3502, and thus only a portion of the contents of the register (e.g., the first 64 bits) is utilized by the lookup table initialization instruction.
The first look up table initialization instruction results in 64 bits of source data from register B0 being written to each of the 16 tables in the table set 0, beginning at the location specified by the index 0x00 (plus a base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 0. The second look up table initialization instruction results in 64 bits of source data from register B1 being written to each of the 16 tables in the table set 0, beginning at the location specified by the index 0x02 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 1. The third look up table initialization instruction results in 64 bits of source data from register B2 being written to each of the 16 tables in the table set 0, beginning at the location specified by the index 0x04 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 2. The fourth look up table initialization instruction results in 64 bits of source data from register B3 being written to each of the 16 tables in the table set 0, beginning at the location specified by the index 0x06 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 3.
As will be explained further below, in the example of
In the example of
The first look up table initialization instruction results in 512 bits of source data from register VB0 being written to the table in the table set 0, at the location specified by the index 0x00 (plus a base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 0. The second look up table initialization instruction results in 512 bits of source data from register VB1 being written to the table in the table set 0, at the location specified by the index 0x40 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the 65th element in row 0 (e.g., the first element in bank 8). The third look up table initialization instruction results in 512 bits of source data from register VB2 being written to the table in the table set 0, at the location specified by the index 0x80 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the first element in row 1. The fourth look up table initialization instruction results in 512 bits of source data from register VB3 being written to the table in the table set 0, at the location specified by the index 0xC0 (plus the base address from the look up table configuration register 1900), which is the 65th element in row 1 (e.g., the first element in bank 8).
As explained, the level one data cache 123 has a bandwidth of 1024 bits, although the data bus (e.g., 144) between the central processing unit core 110 and the level one data cache 123 is only 512 bits in the example embodiment shown in
As demonstrated, depending on the number of tables specified by the look up table configuration register 1900, the portion of the vector source data register 3502 that is sent to the level one data cache 123 to be duplicated varies, for example from 64 bits when the number of tables is 16 to 512 bits when the number of tables is 2 (duplication allowed) or 1 (duplication not allowed). Further, as explained with respect to
Below is the form of a histogram (HIST) instruction and a weighted histogram (WHIST) instruction in accordance with one example embodiment.
HIST hist_index, hist_set
WHIST hist_index, hist_set, hist_weights
Hist_index is an instruction operand specifying a vector register (such as within general vector register file 231) by register number. This is interpreted as index numbers as shown in Table 11, above. Hist_index is similar to Tbl_index discussed above, but particularly for the histogram context rather than the look up table context. Similarly, Hist_set is a number [0:3] specifying the histogram set employed in the instruction. This named histogram set number specifies: a corresponding look up table (or histogram) base address register storing the base address of the set of histograms, which may be a scalar register or a vector register; a corresponding look up table (or histogram) configuration register (
As above, the base address register 2101 corresponding to the specified histogram set stores the base address for the histogram set as illustrated schematically in
The example illustrated in
In response to execution of a histogram instruction according to the example of
If the saturation field 1905 of the configuration register 1900 is set, then bin entries are saturated (e.g., limited) to min/max values of the element data type in response to the histogram operation. For example, unsigned bytes saturate to [0, 0xFF]; signed bytes saturate to [0x80, 0x7F]; unsigned half-words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF]; signed half-words saturate to [0x8000, 0x7FFF]; unsigned words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF FFFF]; and signed words saturate to [0x8000 0000, 0x7FFF FFFF]. If the saturation field 1905 is 0, then histogram bin entries do not saturate to min/max values of the element data type and instead will wrap around when incremented beyond a maximum value or decremented beyond a minimum value.
Unlike above with respect to the look up table write instruction, for weighted histogram instructions, the vector source data register 3502 contains data to be added to the indexed bin entries in the histograms 3711, 3712, 3713, 3714. In some examples, histogram weights are signed values and weight size is limited to byte and half-word. Further, in some examples, weight size cannot be larger than the specified bin entry size. Thus, for byte-size bins, only byte-size weights are permitted; for half-word or word-size bins, byte or half-word size weights are permitted. In certain examples, for word-size bins, word size weights are permitted as well. In this example, because the look up table configuration register specifies a number of histograms of four and a weight size of half-word (which is permitted due to the bin entry size being specified as word-size), the first four half-words of the vector source data register 3502 are utilized by the weighted histogram instruction, while the remainder of the vector source data register 3502 is not utilized by the weighted histogram instruction. In particular, the first half-word (value of +5) is added to the bin entry specified by the index iA (e.g., A5 is incremented by 5); the second half-word (value of +2) is added to the bin entry specified by the index iB (e.g., B1 is incremented by 2); the third half-word (value of −3) is added to the bin entry specified by the index iC (e.g., C8 is decremented by 3); and the fourth half-word (value of +7) is added to the bin entry specified by the index iD (e.g., D10 is incremented by 7).
Similar to the above histogram instruction, if the saturation field 1905 of the configuration register 1900 is set, then bin entries are saturated (e.g., limited) to min/max values of the element data type in response to the histogram operation. For example, unsigned bytes saturate to [0, 0xFF]; signed bytes saturate to [0x80, 0x7F]; unsigned half-words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF]; signed half-words saturate to [0x8000, 0x7FFF]; unsigned words saturate to [0, 0xFFFF FFFF]; and signed words saturate to [0x8000 0000, 0x7FFF FFFF]. If the saturation field 1905 is 0, then histogram bin entries do not saturate to min/max values of the element data type and instead will wrap around when incremented beyond a maximum value or decremented beyond a minimum value.
Extensions of the above-described histogram and weighted histogram instructions in response to different parameters specified by the configuration register 1900 should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, changes to the number of tables (or histograms) field 1908 affects the number of indexes specified by the vector source index register 2102 (e.g., as shown in
In the foregoing discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . . ” Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection or through an indirect connection via other devices and connections. Similarly, a device that is coupled between a first component or location and a second component or location may be through a direct connection or through an indirect connection via other devices and connections. An element or feature that is “configured to” perform a task or function may be configured (e.g., programmed or structurally designed) at a time of manufacturing by a manufacturer to perform the function and/or may be configurable (or re-configurable) by a user after manufacturing to perform the function and/or other additional or alternative functions. The configuring may be through firmware and/or software programming of the device, through a construction and/or layout of hardware components and interconnections of the device, or a combination thereof. Additionally, uses of the phrases “ground” or similar in the foregoing discussion are intended to include a chassis ground, an Earth ground, a floating ground, a virtual ground, a digital ground, a common ground, and/or any other form of ground connection applicable to, or suitable for, the teachings of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise stated, “about,” “approximately,” or “substantially” preceding a value means+/−10 percent of the stated value.
The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles and various embodiments of the present disclosure. Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,874, filed Sep. 13, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/853,120, filed May 27, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present application relates to the following applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,519, filed Sep. 13, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,269,636; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,640, filed Sep. 13, 2019; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,778, filed Sep. 13, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,226,822; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,931, filed Sep. 13, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,157,278, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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| 20220413863 A1 | Dec 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62853120 | May 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16570874 | Sep 2019 | US |
| Child | 17901940 | US |
