Method and apparatus for an improved optical window deposition shield in a plasma processing system

Abstract

The present invention presents an improved optical window deposition shield for optical access to a process space in a plasma processing system through a deposition shield, wherein the design and fabrication of the optical window deposition shield advantageously provides an optically clean access to the processing plasma in the process space while sustaining substantially minimal erosion of the optical window deposition shield.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved component for a plasma processing system and, more particularly, to an optical window deposition shield employed in a plasma processing system to provide optical access to a process space through a deposition shield.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The fabrication of integrated circuits (IC) in the semiconductor industry typically employs plasma to create and assist surface chemistry within a plasma reactor necessary to remove material from and deposit material to a substrate. In general, plasma is formed within the plasma reactor under vacuum conditions by heating electrons to energies sufficient to sustain ionizing collisions with a supplied process gas. Moreover, the heated electrons can have energy sufficient to sustain dissociative collisions and, therefore, a specific set of gases under predetermined conditions (e.g., chamber pressure, gas flow rate, etc.) are chosen to produce a population of charged species and chemically reactive species suitable to the particular process being performed within the chamber (e.g., etching processes where materials are removed from the substrate or deposition processes where materials are added to the substrate).

Although the formation of a population of charged species (ions, etc.) and chemically reactive species is necessary for performing the function of the plasma processing system (i.e. material etch, material deposition, etc.) at the substrate surface, other component surfaces on the interior of the processing chamber are exposed to the physically and chemically active plasma and, in time, can erode. The erosion of exposed components in the plasma processing system can lead to a gradual degradation of the plasma processing performance and ultimately to complete failure of the system.

In order to minimize the damage sustained by exposure to the processing plasma, components of the plasma processing system, known to sustain exposure to the processing plasma, are coated with a protective barrier. For example, components fabricated from aluminum can be anodized to produce a surface layer of aluminum oxide, which is more resistant to the plasma. In another example, a consumable or replaceable component, such as one fabricated from silicon, quartz, alumina, carbon, or silicon carbide, can be inserted within the processing chamber to protect the surfaces of more valuable components that would impose greater costs during frequent replacement. Furthermore, it is desirable to select surface materials that minimize the introduction of unwanted contaminants, impurities, etc. to the processing plasma and possibly to the devices formed on the substrate.

In both cases, the inevitable failure of the protective coating, either due to the integrity of the protective barrier or the integrity of the fabrication of the protective barrier, and the consumable nature of the replaceable components demands frequent maintenance of the plasma processing system. This frequent maintenance can produce costs associated with plasma processing down-time and new plasma processing chamber components, which can be excessive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an improved optical window deposition shield for optical access to a process space in a plasma processing system through a deposition shield, wherein the design and fabrication of the optical window deposition shield advantageously addresses the above-identified shortcomings.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical window deposition shield comprising a plug configured to extend through an opening formed in the deposition shield, a flange coupled to the plug and configured to attach the optical window deposition shield to the deposition shield. The plug comprises a frontal surface and a perimeter surface coupled thereto. The flange comprises a first surface, a second surface, and an edge surface, wherein the first surface further comprises a mating surface.

It is another object of the present invention that the optical window deposition shield comprises at least one optical through-hole coupled to the frontal surface of the plug and the second surface of the flange and configured to permit the passage of light, wherein such an optical through-hole can comprise an exposed entrant surface coupled to the frontal surface of the plug, and an interior through-hole surface coupled to the exposed entrant surface and to the second surface of the flange.

It is another object of the present invention that the optical window deposition shield comprises a plurality of fastening receptors coupled to the mating surface of the first surface of the flange and the second surface of the flange and configured to receive fastening devices, wherein each fastening receptor can comprise an entrant region, a through-hole region, an exit through-hole, an interior fastener surface, and a recessed fastener surface.

It is another object of the present invention that the optical window deposition shield further comprises a protective barrier formed on a plurality of exposed surfaces of the optical window deposition shield exposed to the processing plasma.

It is a further object of the present invention that the exposed surfaces of the deposition shield comprise the frontal surface of the plug, the perimeter surface of the plug, the first surface of the flange excluding the mating surface, and the exposed entrant surface of the at least one optical through-hole.

The present invention further provides a method of producing the optical window deposition shield in the plasma processing system comprising the steps: fabricating the optical window deposition shield; anodizing the optical window deposition shield to form a surface anodization layer on the optical window deposition shield; machining the exposed surfaces on the optical window deposition shield to remove the surface anodization layer; and forming a protective barrier on the exposed surfaces.

The present invention provides another method of producing the optical window deposition shield in the plasma processing system comprising the steps: fabricating the optical window deposition shield; masking the exposed surfaces on the optical window deposition shield to prevent formation of a surface anodization layer; anodizing the optical window deposition shield to form the surface anodization layer on the optical window deposition shield; unmasking the exposed surfaces; and forming a protective barrier on the exposed surfaces.

The present invention provides another method of producing the optical window deposition shield in the plasma processing system comprising the steps: fabricating the optical window deposition shield; and forming a protective barrier on exposed surfaces.

The present invention also includes another method that combines masking portions of the exposed surfaces before anodization and leaving other portions of the exposed surfaces unmasked; anodizing the unmasked surfaces; machining the portions of the exposed surfaces that were unmasked and which were anodized; unmasking the masked portions of the exposed surfaces; and forming a protective barrier on the exposed surfaces.

Any of the above methods may also optionally include machining anodized (or otherwise coated) surfaces that are not exposed surfaces (e.g., to obtain a bare metal connection where the machined surface will mate with another part).

It is another object of the present invention that the optical window deposition shield serves as an insert, wherein the insert comprises no optical through-holes and can be produced using any of the above methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where:

FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a plasma processing system comprising an optical window deposition shield according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A shows a plan view of an optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2B shows a plan view of an insert for a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3A shows a cross sectional view of an optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3B shows a cross sectional view of an insert for a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows an expanded cross sectional view of an optical through-hole for an optical window deposition shield in a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows an expanded view of a perimeter surface of a plug and a first surface of a flange for an optical window deposition shield in a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 presents a method of producing an optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 presents a method of producing an optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system according to another embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 8 presents a method of producing an optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT

The present invention provides an improved optical window deposition shield for a plasma processing system to provide optical access to a process space through a deposition shield, wherein the design and fabrication of the optical window deposition shield advantageously addresses known shortcomings.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a plasma processing system 1 is depicted in FIG. 1 comprising a plasma processing chamber 10, an upper assembly 20, an electrode plate 24, a substrate holder 30 for supporting a substrate 35, and a pumping duct 40 coupled to a vacuum pump (not shown) for providing a reduced pressure atmosphere 11 in plasma processing chamber 10. Plasma processing chamber 10 can facilitate the formation of a processing plasma in a process space 12 adjacent substrate 35. The plasma processing system 1 can be configured to process any substrate (e.g., 200 mm substrates, 300 mm substrates, or larger).

In the illustrated embodiment, upper assembly 20 can comprise at least one of a cover, a gas injection assembly, and an upper electrode impedance match network. For example, the electrode plate 24 can be coupled to an RF source. In another alternate embodiment, the upper assembly 20 comprises a cover and an electrode plate 24, wherein the electrode plate 24 is maintained at an electrical potential equivalent to that of the plasma processing chamber 10. For example, the plasma processing chamber 10, the upper assembly 20, and the electrode plate 24 can be electrically connected to ground potential.

Plasma processing chamber 10 can, for example, further comprise a deposition shield 14 for protecting the plasma processing chamber 10 from the processing plasma in the process space 12, and an optical viewport 16. Optical viewport 16 can comprise an optical window 17 coupled to the backside of an optical window deposition shield 18, and an optical window flange 19 can be configured to couple optical window 17 to the optical window deposition shield 18. Sealing members, such as O-rings, can be provided between the optical window flange 19 and the optical window 17, between the optical window 17 and the optical window deposition shield 18, and between the optical window deposition shield 18 and the plasma processing chamber 10. Optical viewport 16 can, for example, permit monitoring of optical emission from the processing plasma in process space 12.

Substrate holder 30 can, for example, further comprise a vertical translational device 50 surrounded by a bellows 52 coupled to the substrate holder 30 and the plasma processing chamber 10, and configured to seal the vertical translational device 50 from the reduced pressure atmosphere 11 in plasma processing chamber 10. Additionally, a bellows shield 54 can, for example, be coupled to the substrate holder 30 and configured to protect the bellows 52 from the processing plasma. Substrate holder 10 can, for example, further be coupled to at least one of a focus ring 60, and a shield ring 62. Furthermore, a baffle plate 64 can extend about a periphery of the substrate holder 30.

Substrate 35 can be, for example, transferred into and out of plasma processing chamber 10 through a slot valve (not shown) and chamber feed-through (not shown) via robotic substrate transfer system where it is received by substrate lift pins (not shown) housed within substrate holder 30 and mechanically translated by devices housed therein. Once substrate 35 is received from substrate transfer system, it is lowered to an upper surface of substrate holder 30.

Substrate 35 can be, for example, affixed to the substrate holder 30 via an electrostatic clamping system. Furthermore, substrate holder 30 can, for example, further include a cooling system including a re-circulating coolant flow that receives heat from substrate holder 30 and transfers heat to a heat exchanger system (not shown), or when heating, transfers heat from the heat exchanger system. Moreover, gas can, for example, be delivered to the back-side of substrate 35 via a backside gas system to improve the gas-gap thermal conductance between substrate 35 and substrate holder 30. Such a system can be utilized when temperature control of the substrate is required at elevated or reduced temperatures. In other embodiments, heating elements, such as resistive heating elements, or thermoelectric heaters/coolers can be included.

In the illustrated embodiment, shown in FIG. 1, substrate holder 30 can comprise an electrode through which RF power is coupled to the processing plasma in process space 12. For example, substrate holder 30 can be electrically biased at a RF voltage via the transmission of RF power from a RF generator (not shown) through an impedance match network (not shown) to substrate holder 30. The RF bias can serve to heat electrons to form and maintain plasma. In this configuration, the system can operate as a reactive ion etch (RIE) reactor, wherein the chamber and upper gas injection electrode serve as ground surfaces. A typical frequency for the RF bias can range from 1 MHz to 100 MHz and is preferably 13.56 MHz. RF systems for plasma processing are well known to those skilled in the art.

Alternately, the processing plasma formed in process space 12 can be formed using a parallel-plate, capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) source, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source, any combination thereof, and with and without DC magnet systems. Alternately, the processing plasma in process space 12 can be formed using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR). In yet another embodiment, the processing plasma in process space 12 is formed from the launching of a Helicon wave. In yet another embodiment, the processing plasma in process space 12 is formed from a propagating surface wave.

Referring now to an illustrated embodiment of the present invention depicted in FIGS. 2A (plan view) and 3A (cross sectional view), optical window deposition shield 18 comprises a plug 80 configured to extend through an opening in the deposition shield 14, and a flange 82 coupled to the plug 80 and configured to attach the optical window deposition shield 18 to the deposition shield 14. As shown in FIG. 3A, the plug 80 comprises a frontal surface 84 configured to face a processing plasma in the process space 12, and a perimeter surface 86 configured to mate with a first opening surface in the opening 70 (FIG. 1) of the deposition shield 14. Additionally, the flange 82 comprises a first surface 88 coupled to the perimeter surface 86 of plug 80, a second surface 90, and an edge surface 92. Furthermore, for example, a width (along a major axis) of the plug 80 can range from 1 to 100 mm. Desirably, the width can range from 10 to 40 mm, and, preferably, the width is at least 25 mm. Furthermore, for example, a height (along a minor axis) of the plug 80 can range from 1 to 100 mm. Desirably, the height can range from 10 to 40 mm, and, preferably, the height is at least 15 mm.

With continuing reference to FIGS. 2A and 3A, the optical window deposition shield 18 can, for example, further include at least one optical through-hole 94 coupled to the frontal surface 84 of the plug 80 and to the second surface 90 of the flange 82, and configured to permit the passage of light to and/or from the process space 12.

FIG. 4 presents an expanded view of optical through-hole 94, wherein optical through-hole 94 comprises an exposed entrant surface 96 coupled to the frontal surface 84 of the plug 80, and an interior through-hole surface 98 coupled to the exposed entrant surface 96 and the second surface 90 of the flange 82. Furthermore, for example, a diameter of at least one optical through-hole 94 can range from 0.5 to 20 mm. Desirably, the diameter can range from 0.5 to 5 mm, and, preferably, the width is at least 0.5 mm. Furthermore, for example, the number of optical through-holes 94 can range from 1 to 500. Desirably, the number can range from 1 to 100, and, preferably, the number is at least 1.

In an alternate embodiment, the optical window deposition shield 18 comprises no optical through-holes. In the illustrated embodiment as shown in FIGS. 2B (plan view) and 3B (cross-sectional view), the optical window deposition shield 18 serves as an insert 18′ to fill the opening in the deposition shield 14 (i.e. optical access is not required for the specific process).

Referring to FIGS. 2A,B and 3A,B, flange 82 can, for example, further comprise a plurality of fastening receptors 100, each fastening receptor 100 coupled to the first surface 88 and the second surface 90 of the flange 82, and configured to receive fastening devices (not shown) (such as bolts) to couple optical window deposition shield 18 to deposition shield 14. The fastening receptors 100 can comprise an entrant region 102, a through-hole region 104, an exit through-hole 106, an interior fastener surface 108, and a recessed fastener surface 109. Furthermore, a portion of the first surface 88 of flange 82 can comprise a mating surface 110 configured to couple to a mating surface of the deposition shield 14 (FIG. 1). For example, the number of fastening receptors 100 formed within optical window deposition shield 18 can range from 0 to 100. Desirably, the number of fastening receptors 100 can range from 1 to 8; and, preferably, the number of fastening receptors 100 is at least 2 fastening receptors. For further details regarding the coupling of the optical window deposition shield 18 to the deposition shield 14, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,353, entitled “Method and apparatus for an improved deposition shield in a plasma processing system”, filed on even date herewith, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 5 provides an expanded view of the perimeter surface 86 of the plug 80, and the first surface 88 of the flange 82, and the coupling therebetween.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 through 5, the optical window deposition shield 18 further comprises a protective barrier 150 formed on a plurality of exposed surfaces 145 of the optical window deposition shield 18. In an embodiment of the present invention, the exposed surfaces 145 can comprise the frontal surface 84 of the plug 80, the perimeter surface 86 of the plug 80, and the first surface 88 of the flange 82 excluding the mating surface 110. Additionally, the exposed surfaces 145 can comprise the exposed entrant surface 96 of the at least one optical through-hole 94. In an alternate embodiment, the exposed surfaces 145 can include mating surface 110.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the protective barrier 150 can comprise a compound including an oxide of aluminum such as Al₂O₃. In another embodiment of the present invention, the protective barrier 150 can comprise a mixture of Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃. In another embodiment of the present invention, the protective barrier 150 can comprise at least one of a III-column element (i.e., column III of the periodic table) and a Lanthanon element. In another embodiment of the present invention, the III-column element can comprise at least one of Yttrium, Scandium, and Lanthanum. In another embodiment of the present invention, the Lanthanon element can comprise at least one of Cerium, Dysprosium, and Europium. In another embodiment of the present invention, the compound forming protective barrier 150 can comprise at least one of Yttria (Y₂O₃), Sc₂O₃, Sc₂F₃, YF₃, La₂O₃, CeO₂, Eu₂O₃, and DyO₃.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the protective barrier 150 formed on optical window deposition shield 18 can comprise a minimum thickness, wherein the minimum thickness can be specified as constant across at least one of the exposed surfaces 145. In another embodiment, the minimum thickness can be variable across the exposed surfaces 145. Alternately, the minimum thickness can be constant over a first portion of an exposed surface and variable over a second portion of an exposed surface. For example, a variable thickness can occur on a curved surface, on a corner, or in a hole. For example, the minimum thickness can range from 0.5 micron to 500 micron. Desirably, the minimum thickness can range from 5 micron to 200 micron, and, preferably, the minimum thickness is at least 5 micron.

FIG. 6 presents a method of producing the optical window deposition shield 18 for the plasma processing system 1 described in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. A flow diagram 300 begins in 310 with fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 (as described above). Fabricating the optical window deposition shield comprises at least one of machining, casting, polishing, forging, and grinding. For example, elements of the optical window deposition shield 18 can be machined according to specifications set forth on a mechanical drawing, using conventional techniques including a mill, a lathe, etc. The techniques for machining a component using, for example, a mill or a lathe, are well known to those skilled in the art of machining. The optical window deposition shield 18 can, for example, be fabricated from aluminum.

In 320, the optical window deposition shield 18 is anodized to form a surface anodization layer. For example, when fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 from aluminum, the surface anodization layer comprises aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Methods of anodizing aluminum components are well known to those skilled in the art of surface anodization.

In 330, exposed surfaces 145 on the anodized optical window deposition shield 18 are identified, and the surface anodization layer is removed from the exposed surfaces 145 using standard machining techniques. In an embodiment of the present invention, the exposed surfaces comprise the frontal surface of the plug, the perimeter surface of the plug, the first surface of the flange excluding the mating surface, and the exposed entrant surface of the at least one optical through-hole.

In 340, the protective barrier 150 (as described above) is formed on the exposed surfaces 145 identified in 330. A protective barrier comprising, for example Yttria, can be formed using (thermal) spray coating techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art of ceramic spray coatings. In an alternate embodiment, forming the protective barrier can further comprise polishing (or smoothing) the thermal spray coating. For example, polishing the thermal spray coating can comprise the application of sand paper to the sprayed surfaces.

FIG. 7 presents a method of producing the optical window deposition shield 18 in the plasma processing system 1 described in FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the present invention. A flow diagram 400 begins in 410 with fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 (as described above). Fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 comprises at least one of machining, casting, polishing, forging, and grinding. For example, elements of the shield 18 can be machined according to specifications set forth on a mechanical drawing, using conventional techniques including a mill, a lathe, etc. The techniques for machining a component using, for example, a mill or a lathe, are well known to those skilled in the art of machining. The optical window deposition shield 18 can, for example, be fabricated from aluminum.

In 420, exposed surfaces 145 of the optical window deposition shield 18 are masked to prevent the formation of a surface anodization layer thereon. In an embodiment of the present invention, the exposed surfaces 145 comprise the frontal surface of the plug, the perimeter surface of the plug, the first surface of the flange excluding the mating surface, and the exposed entrant surface of the at least one optical through-hole. Techniques for surface masking and unmasking are well known to those skilled in the art of surface coatings and surface anodization.

In 430, the optical window deposition shield 18 is anodized to form a surface anodization layer on the remaining unmasked surfaces. For example, when fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 from aluminum, the surface anodization layer can comprise aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Methods of anodizing aluminum components are well known to those skilled in the art of surface anodization.

In 440, the exposed surfaces 145 are unmasked, and a protective barrier 150 (as described above) is formed on the exposed surfaces 145. A protective barrier comprising, for example Yttria, can be formed using (thermal) spray coating techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art of ceramic spray coatings. In an alternate embodiment, forming the protective barrier 150 can further comprise polishing (or smoothing) the thermal spray coating. For example, polishing the thermal spray coating can comprise the application of sand paper to the sprayed surfaces.

FIG. 8 presents a method of producing the optical window deposition shield 18 in the plasma processing system 1 described in FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the present invention. A flow diagram 500 begins in 510 with fabricating the optical window deposition shield 18 (as described above). Fabricating the optical window deposition shield can comprise at least one of machining, casting, polishing, forging, and grinding. For example, each of the elements described above can be machined according to specifications set forth on a mechanical drawing, using conventional techniques including a mill, a lathe, etc. The techniques for machining a component using, for example, a mill or a lathe, are well known to those skilled in the art of machining. The optical window deposition shield 18 can, for example, be fabricated from aluminum.

In 520, a protective barrier 150 (as described above) is formed on exposed surfaces 145 of the optical window deposition shield 18. In an embodiment of the present invention, the exposed surfaces comprise the frontal surface of the plug, the perimeter surface of the plug, the first surface of the flange excluding the mating surface, and the exposed entrant surface of the at least one optical through-hole. In another embodiment of the present invention, the exposed surfaces comprise all surfaces on the optical window deposition shield 18. A protective barrier comprising, for example Yttria, can be formed using (thermal) spray coating techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art of ceramic spray coatings. In an alternate embodiment, forming the protective barrier can further comprise polishing (or smoothing) the thermal spray coating. For example, polishing the thermal spray coating can comprise the application of sand paper to the sprayed surfaces.

The present invention also includes another method that combines masking portions of the exposed surfaces before anodization and leaving other portions of the exposed surfaces unmasked; anodizing the unmasked surfaces; machining the portions of the exposed surfaces that were unmasked and which were anodized; unmasking the masked portions of the exposed surfaces; and forming a protective barrier on the exposed surfaces.

Any of the above methods may also optionally include machining anodized (or otherwise coated) surfaces that are not exposed surfaces (e.g., to obtain a bare metal connection where the machined surface will mate with another part).

Although only certain exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention.

Claims

1. An insert for a deposition shield in a plasma processing system comprising: a plug configured to fit into an opening in said deposition shield, said plug comprises a frontal surface and a perimeter surface;a flange coupled to said plug and configured to couple said insert to at least one of the deposition shield and a chamber wall of the plasma processing system, said flange comprising a first surface, a second surface, and an edge surface, wherein said first surface comprises: a mating surface extending inward from said edge surface, anda recess positioned between said mating surface and said perimeter surface ofsaid plug, said recess having a recess surface recessed from said mating surface; anda protective barrier provided on a plurality of exposed surfaces of said insert, wherein the plurality of exposed surfaces comprise said frontal surface of said plug, said perimeter surface of said plug, and said first surface of said flange excluding said mating surface.

2. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said insert comprises a plurality of fastening receptors coupled to said first surface of said flange and said second surface of said flange and configured to receive fastening devices in order to couple said insert to the at least one of the deposition shield and the chamber wall.

3. The insert as recited in claim 2, wherein each of said plurality of fastening receptors comprises an entrant region, an entrant cavity, an exit through-hole, an interior fastener surface, and a recessed fastener surface.

4. The insert as recited in claim 3, wherein said plurality of exposed surfaces, having said protective barrier thereon, further comprise said interior fastener surface.

5. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said plurality of exposed surfaces, having said protective barrier thereon, further comprises said recess surface.

6. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said insert comprises a metal.

7. The insert as recited in claim 6, wherein said metal comprises aluminum.

8. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said insert comprises a rectangular shape.

9. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier comprises Al2O3.

10. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier comprises a mixture of Al2O3 and Y2O3.

11. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective baffler comprises a compound containing at least one of a group III element or a Lanthanon element.

12. The insert as recited in claim 11, wherein said group III element comprises at least one of Yttrium, Scandium, and Lanthanum.

13. The insert as recited in claim 11, wherein said Lanthanon element comprises at least one of Cerium, Dysprosium, and Europium.

14. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier comprises at least one of Yttria (Y2O3), Sc2O3, Sc2F3, YF3, La2O3, CeO2, Eu2O3, and DyO3.

15. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier comprises a predetermined thickness and said predetermined thickness is constant across at Least one of said exposed surfaces.

16. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier comprises a variable thickness and said variable thickness ranging from 0.5 to 500 microns.

17. The insert of claim 1, wherein said protective barrier is provided on at least a portion of said recess.

18. The insert of claim 17, wherein said protective barrier is provided on only a portion of said recess.

19. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said recess comprises: a first sidewall extending from said mating surface to said recess surface, said first sidewall being substantially at right angles to said mating surface and said recess surface; anda second sidewall opposing said first sidewall and extending from said recess surface to said perimeter surface of said plug, said second sidewall being substantially at a right angle to said recess surface, wherein said second sidewall and said recess have said protective barrier provided thereon.

20. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier includes a coating which comprises Yttria.

21. The insert as recited in claim 20, wherein said coating is a spray coating.

22. The insert as recited in claim 20, wherein said first sidewall does not include said protective barrier thereon.

23. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein: said mating surface is a bare metal surface not having said protective barrier thereon and not having an anodized layer thereon; andsaid insert further comprises at least one surface having an anodized layer thereon.

24. The insert as recited in claim 1, wherein said protective barrier is provided in direct contact with a bare surface of said insert not having an anodization layer thereon.