Patent Grant
10991738
The invention relates to the production of several curved, that is to say non-flat, electronic circuits and to the production of electronic devices comprising such curved electronic circuits coupled to optical systems, for example of imager (or sensor) or display unit type. The invention relates to the collective production of several curved electronic circuits.
An electronic device such as a sensor or a display unit comprises an optical system, generally formed of several lenses, coupled to an electronic circuit intended to produce an emission or a detection of light through the optical system. The electronic circuit comprises a substrate on which are produced several electronic components forming an electronic chip.
The fact of bending the electronic circuit is one solution that makes it possible to greatly simplify the optical system, notably by reducing the number of lenses required by the optical system, which enables a more compact production of the optical system. An example of simplification of a wide angle optic is described for example in the document “Tunable curvature of large visible CMOS image sensors: Towards new optical functions and system miniaturization” of B. Chambion et al., 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC).
The substrates from which the electronic components of circuits are produced are generally made of silicon. Packaging techniques and methods make it possible to reduce the thickness of the substrate down to relatively small thicknesses (several microns). To produce a curved electronic circuit, once the substrate of the components of the circuit has been thinned to the desired thickness, the electronic circuit is packaged, or assembled, on a support which is compatible with the desired curvature.
In the previously cited document of B. Chambion et al., a particular support is described on which the electronic circuit is bonded. The curvature is next obtained by applying on one point a force against the support, at the centre of the side opposite to that where the electronic circuit is located. In this method, it is however necessary that the force bending the support is constantly applied on the support, which represents an important constraint.
The document US 2014/0160327 A1 describes the use of a support in which is formed a cavity. An electronic circuit is arranged on the support, above the cavity. The circuit is next curved under the effect of a thermal treatment. The curvature may be adjusted via a depressurising of the cavity, and the circuit is next fixed in the curved position obtained through a glue injected between the circuit and the support in the cavity. This solution has however the drawback of causing considerable mechanical stresses at the edges of the electronic circuit that rest on the support, which weakens it. In addition, this method has the drawback of not controlling the final shape of the curved circuit obtained in the cavity.
Alternatively, the document WO 2012/172251 A1 describes the production of a curved electronic circuit making use of a support formed of two materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion. The curvature is obtained by a bimetal effect between the two materials of the support which have different thermomechanical behaviours. This method is not however suited to a collective production of several curved electronic circuits since the different electronic circuits produced from a same substrate have to be cut before each being arranged individually on a support. In addition, the choice of the level of curvature of the circuits is made by adjustment of the temperature to which the support is subjected, which is restrictive notably when the electronic circuit corresponds to an imager due to the fact that its operation is extremely temperature sensitive (an increase in the temperature carried out to adjust the curvature of the circuit degrades the quality of the image supplied by the imager on account of the increase in noise caused by the increase in the temperature).
The documents US 2011/0149423 A1, US 2009/0045510 A1 and EP 2 320 469 A1 describe other methods making it possible to bend electronic circuits. However, none of these methods is suited for collectively producing several curved electronic circuits.
The document US 2006/0038183 A1 describes a method making it possible to bend collectively several electronic circuits produced on a same substrate. To do so, a compartment containing a fluid is positioned under each circuit in such a way as to apply a hydrostatic force under each circuit. The curvature of the circuits is obtained through this hydrostatic force. This method has however several drawbacks. Indeed, the curvature obtained varies with the temperature to which the fluid is subjected. It is thus difficult to obtain a precise curvature of the electronic circuits. In addition, this solution is not reliable because, in the event of leakage of the fluid, the curvature of the circuits has to be readjusted.
Thus there is a need to propose a method for collectively producing several curved electronic circuits that does not have the drawbacks of the methods of the prior art described previously.
To do so, a method is described for producing at least one curved electronic circuit, including:
It is notably proposed a method for collectively producing several curved electronic circuits, including:
In this method, due to the fact that the force is applied by pressure against one of the main faces of the electronic chip(s) and not at the sides, or lateral faces, thereof, a similar deformation may be obtained simultaneously for several electronic chips, which makes the method compatible with a collective production of several curved electronic circuits. A collective production of several curved electronic circuits is also possible due to the fact that it is not necessary to arrange individually each electronic chip on a distinct support to bend the electronic chips.
Moreover, this method does not use materials having different CET (coefficients of thermal expansion) to obtain the desired curvature by bimetal effect, which makes the curvature of the electronic circuit(s) independent of the temperature to which the electronic circuit(s) is subjected. The curvature obtained is also more stable thanks to the fact that the bearing surface used is curved and defines the curvature of the electronic circuit produced. Finally, the curvature of the electronic circuit(s) is not impacted by a high temperature to which the electronic circuit(s) could be subjected.
In addition, unlike the method described in the document US 2014/0160327 A1 wherein the edges of the curved electronic chip rest on the edges of the support, the edges of the curved electronic chip by the method disclosed here are free and the mechanical stresses undergone by the electronic chip during its curvature are well spread out in the whole of the chip. Without embedding, the edges of the electronic chip are thus not subjected to greater local stresses than in the remainder of the chip.
This method does not make use of a fluid to obtain the desired curvature, which increases the reliability of the method.
This method is compatible with a concave or convex curvature of the electronic chip of the curved electronic circuit produced. Other curvature shapes may also be envisaged, such as for example: elliptical, portion of torus, free form. Any curvature shape may be envisaged, provided that said curvature does not cause mechanical breakage of the electronic chip.
The electronic chips, the adhesive elements and the curved bearing surfaces are arranged in a single volume able to be depressurised towards the environment outside the volume and including empty spaces present between the electronic chips and the curved bearing surfaces, that is to say a single space in which air can circulate freely in all the parts of this space. Air can notably circulate freely in the empty spaces present between the electronic chips and the curved bearing surfaces and between these empty spaces. Several distinct volumes do not form together a single volume as defined above.
Advantageously, the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume may comprise the establishment of a vacuum inside the volume.
The flexible film corresponds to a thin layer able to be deformed under the effect of the pressure difference and to constrain the electronic chip along the curved bearing surface.
The flexible film may form at least one part of the walls delimiting the volume able to be depressurised. In an alternative, the flexible film may be included in the volume able to be depressurised towards the outside environment, notably when the volume is delimited by at least one flexible wall able to bear on the flexible film during the depressurising of the volume.
Before the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, the curved bearing surface may be arranged between the electronic chip and a rigid support, the volume being formed at least by the rigid support and the flexible film made integral with the rigid support, the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume being produced through at least one opening passing through the rigid support and/or pores of the material of the rigid support.
Before the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, the curved bearing surfaces may be arranged between the electronic chips and a rigid support, the volume being able to be formed at least by the rigid support and the flexible film made integral with the rigid support, the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume being able to be produced through at least one opening passing through the rigid support and/or pores of the material of the rigid support.
The method may further comprise, after stopping the application of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, a step of removal of the rigid support.
Alternatively, the volume may be delimited by a flexible wall. This flexible wall has for example a pouch, or bag, shape in which are arranged the electronic chip(s), the element(s) forming the curved bearing surfaces, the adhesive element(s) and the flexible film.
The method may further comprise, before the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, putting in place a counter-wedge such that the electronic chip is arranged between the curved bearing surface and the counter-wedge, the counter-wedge being able to have a curved surface arranged against the electronic chip during the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume. On the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, the curved surface of the counter-wedge thus bears on the electronic chip, thereby contributing to the bending of the electronic chip.
The method may further comprise, before the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume, putting in place counter-wedges such that the electronic chips are arranged between the curved bearing surfaces and the counter-wedge(s), and the counter-wedges may have curved surfaces arranged against the electronic chips during the establishment of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume.
The curved bearing surface may correspond to a surface of a wedge or to an inner surface of a package in which the electronic chip is intended to be encapsulated. The curved bearing surfaces may correspond to surfaces of wedges or to inner surfaces of packages in which the electronic chips are intended to be encapsulated.
Several curved electronic circuits may be produced collectively from several electronic chips maintained against several curved bearing surfaces.
In this case, several wedges that are distinct and spaced apart or not from each other, or several packages that are distinct and spaced apart or not from each other, may be used to form the curved bearing surfaces. Thus, during the establishment of the pressure difference one or several exhaust channels formed between the wedges or packages make it possible to have a circulation of air inside the volume. Alternatively or additionally, this circulation of air may be obtained thanks to a notch present in the volume, at the periphery of the volume, for example formed in the rigid support.
When the electronic chips are produced against the flexible film, the method may further comprise, before the putting in place step, a stretching, isotropic or not, of the flexible film causing a spacing apart of the electronic chips from each other, the flexible film being maintained stretched during the putting in place step.
The electronic chips may be produced against the flexible film via the implementation of the following steps:
In this case, between the steps of making integral and cutting, the substrate may undergo a step of thinning.
In an alternative, when the electronic chip(s) are not produced against the flexible film, the electronic chip(s) may be arranged against the curved bearing surface(s) in a unitary manner.
The element(s) forming the curved bearing surfaces may be integral with the rigid support.
In an alternative, the putting in place step may comprise:
The adhesive element(s) may be arranged against the electronic chip(s) and/or against the curved bearing surface(s).
A method is also proposed for producing at least one electronic device, comprising the implementation of a method for producing at least one electronic circuit such as described above, then a step of optical coupling of the electronic circuit with an optical system, forming the electronic device.
It is also proposed a method for producing at least one electronic device, comprising the implementation of a method for producing electronic circuits as described above, then a step of optical coupling of at least one of the electronic circuits with an optical system, forming the electronic device.
The present invention will be better understood on reading the description of exemplary embodiments given purely for indicative purposes and in no way limiting, while referring to the appended drawings in which:
Identical, similar or equivalent parts of the different figures described hereafter bear the same numerical references in order to make it easier to go from one figure to the next.
The different parts shown in the figures are not necessarily according to a uniform scale, in order to make the figures more legible.
The different possibilities (alternatives and embodiments) should be understood as not being mutually exclusive and may be combined together.
In the course of a first step shown in
The electronic components of the electronic circuits 100 are produced beforehand on the semiconductor substrate 106 and are located on the side of the first face 104 which corresponds to the front face of the substrate 106. These electronic components form for example image sensors.
The flexible film 102 is characterised by its aptitude to be able to be stretched without breaking. The elongation at break of the flexible film 102 is at least 1%, and preferably greater than around 10%. The elongation at break of the flexible film 102 may be even greater, and reach for example around 500%.
The flexible film 102 may comprise compounds of the family of polyolefins and/or the family of polysiloxanes. As other examples, the film 102 may correspond to a film of Adwill® D-650, D-675 or E-8180HR type, sold by the Lintec® Company.
The nature of the flexible film 102 is notably chosen as a function of the stretching that said flexible film 102 has to undergo to bend the electronic chips. Thus, the smaller the radius of curvature to reach and/or the smaller the electronic chips, the more the flexible film 102 must have considerable stretchability.
The flexible film 102 is moreover leak tight.
The lengthening that the film 102 may undergo may be reversible or not. Thus, the flexible film 102 may have elastic properties. In the first embodiment described here, the film 102 comprises at least one elastic material that will make it possible, in the course of the method, to be stretched and to space apart the electronic chips that will be produced from the substrate 106.
The film 102 comprises a thickness for example comprised between around 50 μm and 100 μm, or between around 50 μm and 200 μm.
The substrate 106 may comprise at least one semiconductor material. In the first embodiment described here, the substrate 106 corresponds to a silicon wafer. The thickness of the substrate 106 corresponds to the standard thickness of a silicon wafer, for example equal to around 725 μm.
Optionally, the substrate 106 may undergo thinning. To do so, a temporary support 108 is made integral with the film 102, on the side opposite to that in contact with the substrate 106 (
The substrate 106 is next thinned from a second face 110, opposite to the first face 104, until a layer 112 is obtained formed by the remaining part of the substrate 106 and of which the thickness corresponds to the desired semiconductor thickness, for example around 100 μm (
The thinning of the substrate 106 described above is optional, and it is possible to continue the method with a non-thinned substrate 106, notably when the substrate 106 is intended to form a single and very large electronic chip.
The temporary support 108 is next removed (
The layer 112 is next cut into the form of electronic chips 116 each intended to form one of the electronic circuits 100 (
As shown in
In this first embodiment, the electronic chips 116 are intended to be transferred collectively onto a support 118 on which are arranged wedges 120 (see the exemplary embodiment shown in
In an alternative, it is possible to have a single wedge 120 comprising several curved bearing surfaces 122 on which the different electronic chips 116 are intended to be transferred.
The support 118 also comprises one or several openings 126 passing through the support 118, placing in communication the two main faces of the support 118.
As shown in
In order to bend the electronic chips 116, a pressure difference is established between the two sides of the film 102, that is to say here between the inside of the volume 128 and the side of the film 102 opposite to that where the electronic chips 116 are located. In this first embodiment, a vacuum, for example a primary vacuum (pressure comprised between around 1 and 10−3 mbars), is created in the volume 128 through the opening 126. The creation of this pressure difference causes a pinning of the film 102 against the curved bearing surfaces 122 of the wedges 120. The electronic chips 116 are pinned against these curved bearing surfaces 122 of the wedges 120 and conform their shape on account of the hydrostatic force applied by the film 102, thanks to the negative pressure created within the volume 128 (
It is also possible that this hydrostatic force is brought about by an overpressure created on the side of the film 102 opposite to that where the electronic chips 116 are found, this overpressure replacing the negative pressure in the volume 128 or being complementary to this negative pressure.
When the adhesive elements 124 correspond to portions of glue, this glue is then cross-linked, either at room temperature, or by implementing a thermal cycle, making it possible to make the electronic chips 116 integral with the curved bearing surfaces 122 of the wedges 120 and thereby maintain the electronic chips 116 according to this curved shape. The implementation of a thermal cycle to cross-link the glue further facilitates the bending of the electronic chips 116 due to the fact that the rise in temperature fluidifies the glue and softens the film 102, favouring the pinning of the electronic chips 116 on the curved bearing surfaces 122.
Once the glue has been cross-linked, the return to the air is carried out by stopping the pressure difference created on each side of the film 102. The film 102 is removed, for example by UV treatment or by peeling. In the case of a monolithic matrix of wedges 120, a cutting step is implemented in order to separate one by one the electronic circuits 100 each produced and formed of a curved electronic chip 116 and the associated wedge 120. The wedges 120 may also be dissociated from the rigid support 118 (
At the end of these steps, the electronic circuits 100 may be packaged individually. Input and output electrical contacts connected to the electronic chips 116 may also be produced.
In the first embodiment described previously, the adhesive elements 124 are arranged on the curved bearing surfaces 122 of the wedges 120 in order to make the electronic chips 116 integral with the wedges 120. In an alternative, the adhesive elements 124 may be deposited on the electronic chips 116, for example by screen printing when the adhesive elements 124 are portions of glue, or any other rear face deposition technique.
In addition, in the first embodiment described above, the film 102 is stretched before making the electronic chips 116 integral with the wedges 120, in order to space the electronic chips 116 apart from each other.
In an alternative, it is possible not to stretch the film 102 because the implementation or not of this step of stretching the film 102 depends on the desired dimensions and spacings of the wedges 120 and electronic chips 116. In this alternative, the wedges 120 are arranged one beside the other while touching each other, due to the fact that the electronic chips 116 are not spaced apart from each other before the assembly formed of the film 102 and the electronic chips 116 is transferred onto the support 118, on the side of the wedges 120. The electronic chips 116 are however cut before their positioning on the wedges 120. The edges of the wedges 120 are positioned in the cutting lines present between neighbouring electronic chips 116.
In this alternative in which the electronic circuits 100 are produced collectively, the wedges 120 are advantageously formed by a single monolithic element, for example a semiconductor wafer, in which the curved bearing surfaces 122 are produced for example by lithography. Next, a pressure difference is established between the two sides of the film 102 so that the electronic chips 116 are pinned against the curved bearing surfaces 122 of the wedges 120 and conform their shape, as described previously.
The method according to this alternative is finished as described previously in relation with
In this alternative, the fact that the film 102 is not stretched before the positioning of the electronic chips 116 on the curved bearing surfaces 122 makes it possible to conserve the relative positioning of the wedges 120 and the chips 116 with respect to each other, which guarantees, at the end of bonding, very good alignment of each of the electronic chips 116 in the wedge 120 that is associated therewith. This is highly advantageous, for example to produce an alignment with respect to an optical system.
Moreover, in the first embodiment described above, the curved bearing surfaces 122 of the different wedges 120 are similar to each other. For example, for an electronic chip 116 of lateral dimensions equal to 30 mm×37 mm and a thickness equal to 0.1 mm, the radius of curvature R of the curved bearing surface 122 onto which this electronic chip 116 is transferred may be such that R=150 mm. In an alternative, it is possible that these curved bearing surfaces 122 have different radiuses of curvature, or instead that certain wedges 120 do not have a curved surface but a flat surface. Generally, the radius of curvature R is for example comprised between around 1 mm and 5000 mm.
In an alternative of the opening(s) 126 serving to place under vacuum the volume 128 in which are located the wedges 120 and the electronic chips 116, it is possible to use a porous support 118, for example a substrate including ceramic, for example alumina or silicon carbide.
Moreover, the shapes of the curved surfaces 122 of the wedges 120 may be concave or convex, spherical, cylindrical, a portion of torus shape, or instead of free or aspherical shape.
As shown in
Counter-wedges 132, forming complementary bearing elements to the surfaces 125, are arranged on the electronic chips 116. Each of the counter-wedges 132 has a surface in contact with one of the electronic chips 116 which is for example of shape complementary to that of the curved bearing surface 125 of the associated wedge 123. Thus, in the example of
In the second embodiment described here, the radius of curvature of the bearing surface 133 of the counter-wedge 132 is greater than or equal to that of the curved bearing surface 125. If the counter-wedge 132 has a convex bearing surface 133, with a wedge 123 such as described previously in relation with the first embodiment, the radius of curvature of the bearing surface 133 of the counter-wedge 132 is less than or equal to that of the curved bearing surface 125.
However, if the material of the counter-wedge 132 has a certain flexibility, the difference between the radiuses of curvature of the surfaces 125 and 133 may be greater than when the material of the counter-wedge 132 is rigid because a flexible counter-wedge 132 more easily conforms the shape of the wedge 123.
In the second embodiment described here, the counter-wedges 132 are arranged individually on the electronic chips 116.
As shown in
As in the first embodiment, the edges of the film 102 are next made integral with the rigid support 118 in a leak tight manner in order that the film 102 and the rigid support 118 form the volume 128 in which the electronic chips 116, the wedges 123, the adhesive elements 124 and the counter-wedges 132 are enclosed (
The method for producing electronic circuits 100 is next finished in an analogous manner to the first embodiment described previously, that is to say by placing the volume 128 under vacuum in order to pin and bend the electronic chips 116 against the wedges 123 (using the pressure exerted by the film 102 and the counter-wedges 132 on the electronic chips 116), by cross-linking the glue of the adhesive elements 124, by stopping the depressurising of the volume 128, by carrying out the unitary cutting of the electronic circuits 100 and by packaging them.
The alternative embodiments of the method for producing electronic circuits 100 described previously in relation with the first embodiment may apply to the second embodiment described above.
In an alternative of the second embodiment, it is notably possible that the wedges 123 are arranged one beside the other such that two neighbouring wedges touch each other. The wedges 123 are advantageously formed by a single monolithic element, for example a semiconductor wafer. Neighbouring counter-wedges 132 may also be in contact with each other. The electronic chips 116 are cut before their positioning on the wedges 123. A pressure difference is established between the two sides of the film 102 so that the electronic chips 116 are pinned against the curved bearing surfaces 125 of the wedges 123 and conform their shape, as described previously.
The method according to this alternative is finished as described previously in relation with
Moreover, in an alternative of the second embodiment, the counter-wedges 132 and/or the electronic chips 116 may be transferred onto the wedges 123 not individually as in the method described above, but collectively by making the counter-wedges 132 and/or the electronic chips 116 integral with the film 102 beforehand and by using the film 102 to carry out his transfer.
In an alternative, it is also possible not to use counter-wedges 132 to bend the electronic chips 116. In this case, as in the first embodiment, the bearing bending the electronic chips 116 against the curved surfaces 125 of the wedges 123 is produced directly by the film 102.
The steps described previously in relation with
As shown in
The adhesive elements 124 and the wedges 120 are next arranged on the electronic chips 116 (
The rigid support 118 is next transferred onto the film 102, thereby forming the volume 128 that will be depressurised to bend the electronic chips 116 via the bearing undergone by the electronic chips 116 and the wedges 120 between the film 102 and the rigid support 118. By transferring the rigid support 118 onto the film 102, one benefits from the adherence of the front face of the film 102 to facilitate the transfer and the leak tightness with the rigid support 118. The temporary support 134 may be removed at this stage of the method.
The method is next finished as in the preceding embodiments, that is to say by placing the volume 128 under vacuum in order to pin and bend the electronic chips 116 against the wedges 120, by cross-linking the glue of the adhesive elements 124, by stopping the depressurising of the volume 128, by carrying out the unitary cutting of the electronic circuits 100 and by placing them in final packages.
In an alternative, it is possible that the film 102 is not stretched before the positioning of the film 102 on the temporary support 134. In this case, the wedges 120 next positioned on the electronic chips 116 are such that neighbouring wedges 120 touch each other, as described previously in relation with
Whatever the embodiment of the method producing the electronic circuits 100, the alignment between the wedges 120 and the electronic chips 116 (which corresponds to the steps described in relation with
In the examples described previously, the depressurising of the volume 128 is obtained by producing a primary vacuum in the volume 128. Generally, the vacuum level is adjusted in order to ensure good pinning of the electronic chips 116 against the wedges 120, and to obtain the desired curvature of the electronic chips 116.
In the method described previously according to the different embodiments, several electronic circuits 100 are produced collectively, and the electronic chips 116 are notably curved in a collective manner in the course of this method. In an alternative, this method may be implemented for a single electronic circuit 100, in the course of which the curvature of a single electronic chip 116 may be carried out.
In the embodiments described previously, the wedges 120 are distinct from the rigid support 118. In an alternative, it is possible that the wedges 120 correspond to projecting parts of the rigid support 118. The wedges 120 may further correspond to a single element including several curved surfaces 122.
Finally, in the different embodiments described previously, the force applied by the film 102 on the electronic chips 116 to deform them is brought about by placing the volume 128 under vacuum. In an alternative, it is possible that this force applied by the film 102 on the electronic chips 116 is brought about by an increase in the pressure outside the volume 128.
In all cases, the curved electronic circuits 100 thereby produced may be used for the production of electronic devices 1000 such as that shown schematically in
In the embodiments described previously, each curved electronic circuit 100 formed of an electronic chip 116 bonded to a curved bearing surface 122 of a wedge 120 is packaged at the end of the steps described above. According to an alternative that can apply to all the embodiments described previously, it is possible that the wedges 120 correspond to the encapsulation packages of the electronic chips 116. In this case, the flexible film 102 ensures the closing of the package. Each of these encapsulation packages or each part of the flexible film 102 enclosing one of the packages is provided with a vent, or opening, in order that, during the application of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the volume 128, the air present in the package can be evacuated.
In an alternative of the embodiments described previously, it is possible that the flexible film 102 surrounds the assemblies formed of the wedges 120 (or packages) and the electronic chips 116, a part of the flexible film 102 passing between the rigid support 118 and the wedges 120. According to another alternative, it is possible that the flexible film 102 surrounds the assemblies formed of the wedges 120 and the electronic chips 116 and also the rigid support 118.
According to a fourth embodiment, it is possible not to use a rigid support 118. For example, as shown in
In an alternative of this fourth embodiment, the packages 135 may not comprise the vents 136, as is the case in
If the electronic chips 116 are intended to be encapsulated between the wedges 120, or the packages 135, and the flexible film 102, the flexible film 102 has adhesive properties enabling it to adhere to the edges of the wedges 120 or packages 135, and thereby encapsulate the electronic chips 116 pinned against the curved bearing surfaces 122. It is thereby possible to place the wedges 120 or the packages 135 by a “pick and place” type method, on the flexible film 102 already stretched, which improves the alignment of the electronic chips 116 towards the wedges 120 or packages 135. This may also apply to the third embodiment described previously.
In all the embodiments, the implementation of the method for collectively producing several electronic circuits 100 makes it possible to use wedges 120 of dimensions close to and slightly greater than those of the electronic chips 116.
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| Entry |
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| Chambion, B., et al., “Tunable curvature of large visible CMOS image sensors: Towards new optical functions and system miniaturization”, 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), pp. 1-10. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190140008 A1 | May 2019 | US |
