Multi resonance unibody ultrasonic transducer

Abstract

A multi-resonance frequency ultrasonic transducer has a plurality of useful resonance frequencies for wire bonding operation and comprises an integral unibody with a rectangular aperture in the center of its mass. A multi-frequency stack of transducer drivers is mounted in the rectangular aperture with compression wedges. The length L of the stack of transducer drivers is equal to or less than one-quarter of one wavelength of the lower useful resonance frequency and the design envelopes for the useful frequencies embrace two or more useful fixed frequencies separated from spurious unusable frequencies by a minimum of two kilohertz.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Related Applications

This application is an improvement of my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/161,847, filed 6 Dec. 1993 for a UNIBODY ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER.

2. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to ultrasonic transducers of the type employed to bond two metallic elements together. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel ultrasonic transducer of the type used on automatic wire bonders and ultrasonic bonding machines employed in the semiconductor industry.

3. Description of the Prior Art

Heretofore, ultrasonic transducers have been employed to bond fine wires to semiconductor pads and to the leads on lead frames or carriers to form electrical interconnecting gold and/or aluminum wires. Gold wires will bond to gold pads and leads using both pressure and heat to form a thermal compression bond. Gold wires will bond to the same gold pads or leads faster when ultrasonic scrub assist is added to the pressure and heat to form a thermosonic bond.

There can be found numerous academic opinions in the field of thermosonic fine wire bonding which advocate a single best frequency for making thermosonic wire bonds, however, manufacturers of automatic wire bonding machines and their customers who use such bonding machines to make highly reliable wire bonds have not standardized on the single best frequency. When more than one frequency is desired or needed, it has been necessary to change both the transducer and the generator to provide a different resonance frequency and this incurs a substantial downtime loss.

Heretofore, manufacturers of ultrasonic transducers used for fine wire bonding have offered standard fixed frequency generators and transducers. The fixed frequency transducers are provided with a mounting flange fixed at a zero displacement node when operated at the designed resonance frequency. When such prior art fixed frequency transducers are driven at multi (harmonic) frequencies of the designed fixed frequency, several problems arise which have prevented such prior art transducers from being useful at the higher harmonic frequency as will be explained in greater detail hereinafter.

It would be desirable to provide an ultrasonic transducer that is operable equally well at two or more fixed resonance frequencies in the range of frequencies that are useful for fine wire bonding operations. These frequencies presently extend from high sonic frequencies through the range of 300 kilohertz.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a single ultrasonic transducer that has a plurality of useful operating frequencies for wire bonding operations.

It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a single ultrasonic transducer that may be switched from one frequency to another frequency during a wire bonding operation.

It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a single ultrasonic transducer that may be driven at two different frequencies simultaneously during the same wire bonding operation.

It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a unibody ultrasonic transducer that has a plurality of designs envelopes one for each useful frequency which embraces two or more distinct useful fixed frequencies.

It is another primary object of the present invention to provide a novel method of bonding fine wires employing a plurality of different frequencies either sequentially or simultaneously or both.

According to these and other objects of the present invention, there is provided a multi-frequency ultrasonic transducer of the type having a plurality of resonance frequencies which need not be a integer harmonic of each other. A multi-frequency ultrasonic generator is coupled to the ultrasonic transducer and is provided with a controller for selecting one or more of a plurality of the resonance frequencies to the multi-frequency ultrasonic transducer during a wire bonding operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of a typical prior ultrasonic transducer used for wire bonding at a fixed frequency of about 60 kilohertz;

FIG. 2 is a displacement waveform showing the nodes and the amount of displacement along the longitudinal axis of the FIG. 1 ultrasonic transducer at about 60 kilohertz;

FIG. 3 is a displacement waveform showing the nodes and the amount of displacement along the longitudinal axis of the FIG. 1 ultrasonic transducer at about 120 kilohertz;

FIG. 4 is a top view of the present invention multi-resonant frequency unibody transducer used for wire bonding at more than one fixed frequency;

FIG. 5 is a displacement waveform for the transducer shown in FIG. 4 when driven at an ultrasonic frequency of about 60 kilohertz;

FIG. 6 is a displacement waveform for the transducer shown in FIG. 4 when driven at an ultrasonic frequency of about 120 kilohertz;

FIG. 7 is a electrical waveform showing the change of the reciprocal of resistance (1/R) over a range of frequencies from about 50 to 150 kilohertz for the present invention ultrasonic transducer shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is an electrical waveform showing the I-V phase difference between current (I) and voltage (V) in degrees over a range of frequencies from about 50 to 150 kilohertz for the ultrasonic transducer of FIG. 4;

FIG. 9 is a schematic electrical diagram of the present invention transducer shown coupled to a multi-frequency generator;

FIG. 10 is a more simplified electrical diagram of the same multi-frequency generator of FIG. 9 incorporating the controller with the generator;

FIGS. 11A and 11B are displacement versus time waveform diagrams showing two different resonance frequencies of a transducer that are not true integer harmonics of the base frequency, and

FIG. 11C is a displacement versus time waveform of the combined FIGS. 11A and 11B which provide a variable amplitude and output frequency signal that is useful for performing bonding operations.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Before describing the prior art and the present invention, one should acknowledge that there are well known design rules for designing ultrasonic transducers of the type used for bonding fine wires. For example, the total length or thickness of the stack of driving elements which made of piezo electric material should not substantially exceed one quarter of one wavelength of the desired resonance frequency. When such prior art transducers are driven at a different resonance frequency, the useful amplitude of the transducer is substantially diminished mainly because the zero nodes shift due to the non-symmetrical design. As a result of this shift, substantial energy losses occur which renders the transducer non-useful at the higher frequency.

Refer now to FIG. 1 showing a top view of a typical prior art ultrasonic transducer of the type used for wire bonding at a fixed frequency of about 60 kilohertz. The transducer 10 comprises a left end bell 11 and right end bell 12 having a stack of four piezo electric elements 13 clamped therebetween by a screw or bolt 14. The end bell 12 is shown attached to a transducer horn which comprises a mounting flange 16 and a capillary clamp 17.

Refer now to FIG. 2 showing a displacement waveform diagram showing the nodes and the amount of displacement along the longitudinal axis of the transducer 10. The waveform 18 shown having a zero node 19 at the center of the stack 13. A second zero node 21 occurs at the mounting flange 16. The antinode 22 representative of the maximum displacement of the transducer horn 15 occurs at the capillary clamp 17.

Refer now to FIG. 3 showing a displacement waveform and the nodes which occur along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic transducer 10 when driven at about 120 kilohertz. It will be noted that the first antinode 23 now occurs at the center of the stack instead of a zero node. Further the second antinode 24 now occurs at the point of the mounting flange 16. The third antinode 25 occurs at the correct position where the capillary clamp occurs.

It will be noted from reviewing FIGS. 1 through 3 that it will be necessary to move the mounting flange 16 from its position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 to a position where a zero node occurs if the transducer 10 is to be driven at the higher frequency. If the mounting flange 16 is clamped to the mounting structure of a wire bonder, it will change the characteristic impedance of the transducer system and substantially attenuate the energy that is being transmitted to the capillary clamp 17.

Refer now to FIG. 4 showing a top view of the present invention multi-resonance frequency unibody transducer 30 which comprises a symmetrical body 26 having a rectangular aperture 31 therein. A stack of piezo electric crystals 27 is mounted in the rectangular aperture 31 and comprises three piezo electric elements 28 placed on either side of a compression wedge 29. A mounting flange 32 is formed as an integral part of the body 26 at the zero node of the stack 27 at the zero node of the body 26. The capillary clamp 17' is provided at the antinode at one end of the body 26. A half stack of three elements 28 in the preferred embodiment transducer 30 is 300 mils wide by 150 mils long.

Refer now to FIG. 5 showing a displacement waveform for the transducer 30 shown in FIG. 4 when driven at an ultrasonic frequency of about 60 kilohertz. The zero node 33 occurs at the center of the unibody 26 and the center of the stack of the piezo electric crystals 28. The antinode 34 occurs at the capillary clamp 17'.

Refer now to FIG. 6 showing a displacement waveform for the same transducer 30 shown in FIG. 4 when driven at an ultrasonic frequency of about 120 kilohertz. It will be noted that the zero node 33 still occurs in the center of the waveform structure and that the antinode 34 still occurs at the capillary clamp 17'. It will be observed that the mounting flange 32 of the ultrasonic transducer 30 need not be moved when the piezo electric stack of crystals 27 is driven at the higher frequency which occurs at close to twice the base frequency.

Refer now to FIG. 7 having an electrical waveform showing the change of the reciprocal of resistance (1/R) over a range of frequencies from about 50 to 150 kilohertz for the present invention transducer 30 shown in FIG. 4. The actual transducer from which the waveform shown in FIG. 7 was produced is a compromise that was achieved by creating a useful resonance frequency of approximately 60 kilohertz and shown to be 65.0 at waveform 35. In the same design envelope it was found that the higher frequency of approximately 120 kilohertz occurred at 129.5 kilohertz as shown at waveform 36. It will be noted that all of the non-useful resonance frequencies close to these chosen resonance frequencies were eliminated to provide a clean, useful resonance frequency at the waveforms 35 and 36.

Refer now to FIG. 8 showing an electrical waveform of the I-V phase difference between current and voltage in degrees over a range of frequencies from about 50 to 150 kilohertz. It will be noted that the zero phase difference occurs at the zero node 37 and 65.0 kilohertz and that there is an anti-resonance point at 38 at a substantially higher frequency. Further, there is a second node 39 at a zero phase angle which occurs at the higher frequency of 129.5 kilohertz. Point 41 is representative of the anti-resonance point and occurs at a substantially higher frequency. It is a requirement for proper control of the novel transducer that the zero phase angle at resonance point 37 be substantially separated from its anti-resonance point 38 and that the resonance frequency point 39 also be separated from its anti-resonance point 41 to permit controllability.

Refer now to FIG. 9 showing a schematic electrical diagram of the present invention transducer 30 coupled to a multi-frequency generator 42. The generator 42 is shown having three distinct output frequencies F1, F2 and F3 which are near harmonics of a base frequency. The three frequencies shown are indicative of a plurality of useful frequencies which are applied to a controller 43 which is provided with programmable means 44 for selecting and/or combining the frequencies F1 through F3 to provide a desirable output frequency FX which may comprise a combination of any of the input frequencies. The output line 45 is shown connected to the stack of piezo electric crystals 27 of the transducer 30. It will be understood that the program means 44 permits a program to be entered which will control the coupling of the available plurality of frequencies to the ultrasonic transducer 30 during the formation of individual bonds so that a plurality of frequencies may be used for individual bonds and for different bonds.

Refer now to FIG. 10 showing a more simplified electrical diagram of the multi-frequency generator of FIG. 9 which incorporates the controller 43 into the generator 46. Prior art ultrasonic generators were designed for single frequencies. The present invention would require a plurality of such prior art generators. However, it is possible to produce an ultrasonic generator which has some mutual components and also produces a plurality of different desirable frequencies. When these plural generators are incorporated with the controller, the cost of the multi-frequency generator is substantially reduce.

Refer now to FIG. 11A showing a waveform diagram of displacement versus time at the capillary clamp point 17. Waveform 47 represents the displacement which occurs as a result of the 65.0 kilohertz signal from the generator and causes the displacement points 48, 49 and 51 to occur at particular times. The displacement waveform 52 shown in FIG. 11B occurs as a result of the application of energy at 129.5 kilohertz and causes the capillary clamp 17 to have zero displacement at the times 53 through 57. If the base time at points 48 and 53 occur simultaneously, then the waveform 52 which is occurring at somewhat less than twice the frequency of the waveform at 47 does not match the zero displacement points 49, 51 etc. of the lower frequency waveform 47 at continuing large time divergence.

When the waveform 47 and 52 are combined as shown in FIG. 11C, the maximum displacements are not occurring simultaneously but are shifting over a time range which causes a unique waveform 58 that continues to change over a time period. The bonding time for a first or second bond of a interconnecting wire may extend over 10 milliseconds or 600 of the waveforms 47. Thus, it will be understood that the waveform 58 is continuing to change from a maximum amplitude to a minimum amplitude and shift back to a maximum amplitude over the 10 milliseconds or more bonding time. Having explained that the combination of two frequencies could create a variable amplitude displacement curve for the capillary clamp point 17 of the ultrasonic transducer 30, it is now possible to generate an unlimited combination of amplitude signatures for producing optimum bonding characteristics. Further, it is possible to program the introduction of the different frequencies into different time slots during a single bond operation so that it is now possible to custom design a displacement envelope for the bonding of interconnecting wires to different types of materials. For example, some carriers or lead frames may have become highly oxidized and will require additional scrubbing before the actual bonding operation takes place. This pre bond scrubbing operation can be custom designed into the bonding operation by conducting a series of tests during set up.

Having explained a preferred embodiment of the present invention its will now be understood that a single ultrasonic transducer can be provided which will achieve a useful resonance frequency at a plurality of fixed frequencies that are not necessarily the exact harmonics of the base frequency. It is possible to design the present unibody ultrasonic transducer to operate at fixed frequencies that are substantial harmonies of the base frequency which simplifies the design and cost of a multi frequency generator. The present invention transducer does not obsolete or require a substantial change of prior art ultrasonic generators which have embodied automatic impedance and/or frequency controls.

Claims

1. The method of making fine wire interconnections, comprising the steps of:

providing a multi-frequency ultrasonic transducer of the type having a plurality of resonance frequencies,

providing a multi-frequency ultrasonic generator coupled to said ultrasonic transducer, and

providing a controller for selecting one or more of the plurality of resonance frequencies produced by ultrasonic generator, and

coupling different ones of said plurality of resonance frequencies to said multi-frequency ultrasonic transducer during a wire bonding operation.

2. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the step of coupling different ones of said resonance frequencies to said multi-frequency ultrasonic transducer comprises the step of coupling different frequencies to said transducer during different bonding operations.

3. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the step of coupling different ones of said resonance frequencies to said multi-frequency transducer comprises the steps of coupling a plurality of different frequencies to said multi frequency transducer during the same bonding operation.

4. The method of making fine wire interconnections using an automatic wire bonder of the type employing a bonding tool mounted in an ultrasonic transducer, comprising the steps of:

coupling a multi-frequency ultrasonic generator to said ultrasonic transducer,

applying a bonding force through said bonding tool to a fine wire to be bonded to a target,

coupling a plurality of resonance frequency outputs from said multi-frequency ultrasonic generator to said ultrasonic transducer during a wire bonding operation, and

applying a plurality of different frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer while engaging said fine wire against said target.

5. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein the step of applying a plurality of frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer comprises the steps of:

applying at least two different frequencies simultaneously while making a fine wire bond.

6. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein the step of applying a plurality of different frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer comprises applying different frequencies at a first and a second wire bond.

7. The method as set forth in claim 6 wherein the step of applying a plurality of frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer comprises applying a plurality of different frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer at said first and said second wire bond.

8. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein said plurality of frequencies being generated by said multi-frequency ultrasonic generator comprises at least two frequencies which are distinct transducer resonance frequencies of said ultrasonic transducer.

9. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein said plurality of frequencies being generated by said multi-frequency ultrasonic generator comprise frequencies which include non-harmonic frequencies of a lower frequency.

10. The method as set forth in claim 4 wherein some of said plurality of frequencies are applied simultaneously during a bonding operation.

11. The method as set forth in claim 6 wherein the step of applying a plurality of different frequencies to said ultrasonic transducer comprises applying generated frequencies at said first and second wire bonds in excess of two frequencies.

12. The method of making fine wire bonds on semiconductor devices to optimize the strength of the first and second wire bonds comprising the steps of:

making a plurality of first and second wire bonds at different frequencies,

selecting the frequencies used at first and second wire bonds which result in the strongest wire bonds,

programming the selected frequencies for first wire bonds into a wire bonding machine,

programming the selected frequencies for second wire bonds into the wire bonding machine, and

automatically making fine wire interconnection at first and second wire bond at the selected frequencies while coupling the selected frequencies to a multi-frequency responsive transducer.