Patent Grant
9863810
This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-001400 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Jan. 7, 2015, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an optical device.
2. Description of the Related Art
In light measurement, light in a polarized state is, in some cases, converted into light in an unpolarized state, i.e., light whose polarized state is cancelled. The light in the polarized state changes to the light in the unpolarized state in such a manner that any of factors including a time, a location, and a wavelength is changed.
For example, the diffraction efficiency of a diffraction grating used for a spectrometer changes depending on the relationship between the direction of a groove of the diffraction grating and the polarization state of incident light.
In order to accurately measure a wavelength level regardless of the polarization state of incident light, a depolarization plate is, as described in, e.g., JP-A-2002-365592, provided at an input portion of a spectrometer to eliminate the influence of the difference based on the relationship between the direction of the groove and the polarization state of incident light.
Two light beams split by the depolarization plate 3 are converted into parallel light beams by a first concave mirror 4. Then, such light beams enter a plane diffraction grating 5, and then, are diffracted.
The light beams diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 5 are condensed at a second concave mirror 6, and then, are output through an output slit 7.
In the depolarization plate 3 illustrated in
α=2(ne−no)tan θ0 (1)
where α: the angle between two split light beams;
θ0: a wedge angle;
ne: the refractive index of the ordinary beam; and
no: the refractive index of the extraordinary beam.
As described above, the incident angle and the diffraction angle of the light can be resolved into zx components and yz components. That is, the incident angle of the light on the zx plane can be defined as α1, and the diffraction angle of the light on the zx plane as α2. On the yz plane, the incident angle of the light is the same as the diffraction angle of the light. Consequently, each of the angles can be defined as θ. In this case, the relationship between the incident angle to the plane diffraction grating and the diffraction angle by the plane diffraction grating is typically represented by the following expression (2):
mλ=d cos θ(sin α1+sin α2) (2)
where m: a diffraction order;
d: a grating constant;
λ: a wavelength;
θ: the angle between incident light and the depth direction of the groove;
α1: the incident angle of incident light to the diffraction grating; and
α2: the diffraction angle of diffracted light from the diffraction grating.
Returning to
An optical device includes: a diffraction grating; a depolarization plate containing a birefringent material to eliminate polarization dependency of the diffraction grating; and an optical corrector configured to optically correct diffraction angle deviation of diffracted light due to diffraction at the diffraction grating.
In the following detailed description, for purpose of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are schematically shown in order to simplify the drawing.
In the configuration illustrated in
The output slit 7 selects ones of condensed light beams having a particular wavelength component. The light beams condensed to two points preferably have the same wavelength, and preferably pass through the output slit 7.
Two light beams split by the depolarization plate 3 are converted into parallel light beams by the concave mirror 4, and then, enter the plane diffraction grating 5. If the angle θ between the incident angle to the plane diffraction grating 5 and the depth of the groove of the plane diffraction grating 5 is the same or substantially the same between these light beams, these two light beams can pass through the narrow output slit 7.
This can be achieved if the incident height position of incident light to the concave mirror 4 is coincident with the center axis of the concave mirror 4. However, since this places a limitation on component arrangement of the spectrometer (monochromator), it is difficult to design the spectrometer.
Moreover, in order to obtain high resolution and a high vicinal dynamic range of the spectrometer, incident light may be diffracted plural times by the plane diffraction grating 5. However, it is more difficult to design the spectrometer such that only light having diffracted plural times passes through the output slit 7.
Further, the angle of the output slit 7 and the light division direction are adjusted to each other so that the narrow output slit 7 can be used, and therefore, the performance of the spectrometer can be enhanced. However, it is difficult to adjust, within a wide wavelength range, the angle of the output slit 7 and the light division direction. Typically, the direction of division into two light beams and the angle of the output slit 7 becomes out of adjustment with each other.
In addition, when the intermediate incident position between two light beams and each center axis of the concave mirrors 4, 6 are coincident with each other, the diffraction angle is the same between two diffracted light beams. However, the diffracted light returns in the same optical path as that of the incident light. For this reason, in this case, an additional component is used to extract only the diffracted light beams from the overlapping light beams. This is disadvantageous in performance and cost.
One objective of the present disclosure is to provide an optical device configured to reduce, within a wide wavelength range, misadjustment of two split light beams and a slit angle and to have improved wavelength resolution and wavelength accuracy.
An optical device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure (the optical device) includes: a diffraction grating; a depolarization plate containing a birefringent material to eliminate polarization dependency of the diffraction grating; and an optical corrector configured to optically correct diffraction angle deviation of diffracted light due to diffraction at the diffraction grating.
In the optical device, the optical corrector may be configured to bend back the diffracted light diffracted by the diffraction grating to re-emit the light to the diffraction grating.
In the optical device, the optical corrector may be configured to invert a positional relationship of the diffracted light in a diffusion direction without changing a positional relationship of the diffracted light in a non-diffusion direction.
In the optical device, the optical corrector may include a first lens configured to condense the diffracted light diffracted by the diffraction grating, a second lens configured to convert the light diffusing after condensed by the first lens into parallel light, a first mirror configured to reflect the light emitted from the second lens such that an optical path thereof is bent at a right angle, a second mirror configured to reflect the light reflected by the first mirror such that an optical path thereof is bent at the right angle, a third lens configured to condense the light reflected by the second mirror, and a fourth lens configured to convert the light diffusing after condensed by the third lens into parallel light to emit the parallel light to the diffraction grating.
In the optical device, the optical corrector may include a concave mirror configured to convert incident light into parallel light to emit the parallel light to the diffraction grating and configured to reflect and condense the diffracted light diffracted by the diffraction grating, a fifth lens configured to convert the light reflected by the concave mirror into parallel light, a third mirror configured to reflect the light emitted from the fifth lens such that an optical path thereof is bent at a right angle, a fourth mirror configured to reflect the light reflected by the third mirror such that an optical path thereof is bent at the right angle, and a sixth lens configured to condense the light reflected by the fourth mirror to emit the condensed light to the concave mirror.
In the optical device, the diffraction angle difference caused due to diffraction in the first half can be corrected by diffraction in the second half. Thus, the optical device is less susceptible to the diffraction angle difference according to the wavelength of the diffraction grating. Accordingly, the optical device can improve the wavelength resolution and the wavelength accuracy within a wide wavelength range.
An embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below in detail.
The depolarization plate 12 includes two wedge plates, for example. The two wedge plates are bonded together such that the crystal optical axes thereof are perpendicular to each other, for example. The two wedge plates contain a birefringent material such as crystal plates. Two wedge plates are cut such that the thickness thereof varies according to a predetermined shape.
The concave mirror 13 converts incident light containing light in an unpolarized state and light in a polarized state into parallel light to emit the parallel light to the rotatably-provided plane diffraction grating 14.
A lens (first lens) 15 condenses first diffracted light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14.
A lens (second lens) 16 converts the light diffusing after condensed by the lens 15 into parallel light. That is, the lens 16 converts the light condensed by the lens 15 into parallel light. The lens 16 emits the parallel light to a planar mirror 17. In order to bend back the light, the planar mirror 17 is disposed such that the direction of reflected light from the planar mirror 17 is substantially at the right angle to the optical axis of the lens 16. That is, the planar mirror 17 reflects the light emitted from the lens 16 to bend the optical path of such light at the right angle (substantially at the right angle).
The planar mirror (first mirror) 17 emits the reflected light to a planar mirror (second mirror) 18. The planar mirror 18 is disposed such that the direction of the reflected light from the planar mirror 18 is substantially at the right angle to the direction of the reflected light from the planar mirror 17. That is, the planar mirror 18 reflects the reflected light from the planar mirror 17 to bend the optical path of such light at the right angle (substantially at the right angle).
The planar mirror 18 emits the reflected light to a lens 19. The lens (third lens) 19 is disposed such that the optical axis thereof is substantially coincident with the direction of the reflected light from the planar mirror 18.
The lens 19 condenses the light reflected and bent back by the planar mirror 18.
As described above, the light enters the lens 16 to be emitted from the lens 19 via the planar mirrors 17 and 18. As a result, a positional relationship (position) of the light in a diffusion direction is inverted. A positional relationship (position) of the light in a non-diffusion direction is, on the other hand, not changed.
A lens (fourth lens) 20 converts the light condensed by the lens 19 into parallel light. The lens 20 emits the parallel light such that the parallel light enters the plane diffraction grating 14 substantially at the same angle as that of the first diffracted light. That is, the lens 20 converts the light diffusing after condensed by the lens 19 into the parallel light to emit the parallel light to the plane diffraction grating 14.
Second diffracted light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 is emitted to the concave mirror 13.
An output slit 21 is provided near the focal position of the second diffracted light condensed by the concave mirror 13. The output slit 21 extracts light targeted for separation of light and having a predetermined wavelength.
The concave mirror 13 converts the second diffracted light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 into parallel light. The concave mirror 13 emits the parallel light to the output slit 21.
In the spectrometer configured as in
Two light beams diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 are represented by Expression (2) described below, Expression (2) being the relational expression among the wavelength of incident light to the plane diffraction grating 14, the angle of incidence to the plane diffraction grating 14, and the angle of light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14:
mλ=d cos θ(sin α1+sin α2) (2)
where m: a diffraction order;
d: a grating constant;
λ: a wavelength;
θ: the angle between incident light and the depth direction of the groove;
α1: the incident angle of incident light to the diffraction grating; and
α2: the diffraction angle of diffracted light from the diffraction grating.
The incident angle α1 is the same between two light beams diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14, whereas the angle θ is different between these light beams. Thus, even if these diffracted light beams have the same wavelength, there is a difference in value of the diffraction angle α2. When the diffracted light beams having different diffraction angles α2 are condensed by the lens, two light beams are, at the focal position, condensed with being shifted from each other as described above with reference to
The same applies to, e.g., the case where first diffracted light is, as second incident light, emitted to a diffraction grating by a mirror. In this case, the difference in diffraction angle α2 becomes greater, and the relationship in which the diffraction angles α2 are not the same as each other is not changed.
In the present embodiment, the first diffracted light is first condensed by the lens 15. The lens 16 is provided at such a position that the condensed light diffuses. After converted into the parallel light by the lens 16, the first diffracted light is bent back by two mirrors 17, 18 arranged such that the light is bent substantially at the right angle. Thus, a vertical angle relationship of the first diffracted light is inverted.
That is, the positional relationship between the shifted focal points is inverted. The first diffracted light diffuses from this state, and is re-converted into the parallel light by the lens 20. These parallel light beams enter, as the second incident light, the diffraction grating substantially at the same angle as that of the first diffracted light. In such a state, the positional relationship between the optical center axis of the lens 20 and the focal point of the lens 20 and the positional relationship (the positional relationship in the first input) between the optical center axis of the lens 15 and the focal point of the lens 15 are adjusted to each other, and therefore, the incident angle to the plane diffraction grating 14 is the same or substantially the same between the parallel light beams from the lens 20.
In the above-described manner, second diffraction is performed. For the second diffracted light beams, a value of θ in Expression (2) is different, and therefore, the diffraction angle α2 is also different. In the case of providing a configuration (e.g., a reflective member) for third diffraction, the same applies to the third diffraction.
In the present embodiment, the angle θ of two light beams entering the plane diffraction grating 14 in the second diffraction and the angle θ of two light beams entering the plane diffraction grating 14 in the first diffraction are substantially the same, but are inverted. Thus, the difference in diffraction angle α2 between two diffracted light beams in the second diffraction and the difference in diffraction angle α2 between two diffracted light beams in the first diffraction are the same, but are in an opposite direction (with opposite signs) (deviate from each other in a reverse direction). As a result, a correction function of canceling, by the second diffraction, the difference in diffraction angle α2 in the preceding diffraction (the first diffraction) is obtained.
That is, the spectrometer of the present embodiment includes an optical corrector configured to optically correct the diffraction angle deviation of diffracted light beams (e.g., two diffracted light beams) due to diffraction at the plane diffraction grating 14. The optical corrector is configured to bend back light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 to re-emit such light to the plane diffraction grating 14. The optical corrector is configured to invert the positional relationship (e.g., the focal point relationship) of diffracted light in the diffusion direction without changing the positional relationship (e.g., the focal point relationship) of the diffracted light in the non-diffusion direction. The optical corrector includes, for example, the lens 15, the lens 16, the planar mirror 17, the planar mirror 18, the lens 19, and the lens 20.
Typically, when the light enters the plane diffraction grating to be diffracted, the diffraction angle of the light depends on the wavelength of the light. That is, when the wavelength of the light is different, the diffraction angle to be obtained is also different. The spectrometer including no optical corrector has no influence on the positional relationship of the light in the diffusion direction. Therefore, the light entering the plane diffraction grating to be diffracted for the second time returns to the state before being diffracted for the first time. The spectrometer including the optical corrector, on the other hand, can invert the positional relationship (the focal point relationship) of the diffracted light in the diffusion direction. Therefore, when the light re-enters the plane diffraction grating, the light is diffracted so that the difference in the diffraction angle due to the difference in the wavelength of the light becomes wider. By using such effect, the wavelength resolution of the spectrometer including the optical corrector can be enhanced.
In the spectrometer of the present embodiment, the narrow slit is used to select a wavelength, and therefore, the wavelength resolution and the wavelength accuracy can be enhanced. Thus, the present embodiment can enhance the wavelength resolution and accuracy.
Moreover, the spectrometer of the present embodiment is configured such that the diffraction angle difference caused due to diffraction in the first half (e.g., the first diffraction) is corrected by diffraction in the second half (e.g., the second diffraction). Thus, the spectrometer of the present embodiment is less susceptible to the influence of the diffraction angle difference according to the wavelength in the diffraction grating. Consequently, the spectrometer of the present embodiment can be also used as a corrector for a diffraction angle within a wide wavelength range.
The plane diffraction grating 14 emits first diffracted light to a reflector 22. The reflector 22 reflects the first diffracted light to emit, as second incident light, such light to the plane diffraction grating 14.
The plane diffraction grating 14 performs second diffraction to emit second diffracted light to a lens 20. The second diffracted light enters, as third incident light, the plane diffraction grating 14 by way of an optical path, the optical path including the lens 20, a lens 19, a planar mirror 18, a planar mirror 17, a lens 16, and a lens 15 in this order.
The plane diffraction grating 14 performs third diffraction to emit third diffracted light to the reflector 22. The reflector 22 reflects the third diffracted light to emit, as fourth incident light, such light to the plane diffraction grating 14.
The plane diffraction grating 14 performs fourth diffraction to emit fourth diffracted light to a concave mirror 23.
The concave mirror 23 condenses the fourth diffracted light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 to emit such light to an output slit 21. The output slit 21 is configured to extract light having a particular wavelength. The output slit 21 is provided near the focal position of the light condensed by the concave mirror 23.
For the diffraction angle of two diffracted light beams in the configuration of
Moreover, the angle θ of two light beams entering the plane diffraction grating 14 in the fourth diffraction and the angle θ of two light beams entering the plane diffraction grating 14 in the third diffraction are substantially the same, but are inverted. Thus, the difference in diffraction angle α2 between two diffracted light beams in the fourth diffraction and the difference in diffraction angle α2 between two diffracted light beams in the third diffraction are the same, but are in an opposite direction (with opposite signs) (deviate from each other in a reverse direction).
As described above, the configuration of
With this configuration, two split light beams are, as illustrated in
The plane diffraction grating 14 emits first diffracted light to the first concave mirror 13. The first concave mirror 13 reflects and condenses the first diffracted light to emit such light to a lens (fifth lens) 16. That is, the first concave mirror 13 converts incident light (including the incident light 11) to the first concave mirror 13 into parallel light to emit such light to the plane diffraction grating 14, as well as reflecting and condensing the light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14.
The first diffracted light is converted into parallel light by the lens 16. The parallel light is bent back by planar mirrors 17, 18. The planar mirror (third mirror) 17 reflects the light emitted from the lens 16 such that the optical path thereof is bent at the right angle. The planar mirror (fourth mirror) 18 reflects the light reflected by the planar mirror 17 such that the optical path thereof is bent at the right angle.
A lens (sixth lens) 19 condenses the light reflected and bent back by the planar mirror 18 to emit such light to a second concave mirror 23. The second concave mirror 23 converts the incident light into parallel light to emit, as second incident light, such light to the plane diffraction grating 14.
The plane diffraction grating 14 performs second diffraction to emit second diffracted light to the second concave mirror 23.
The second concave mirror 23 reflects and condenses the second diffracted light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14 to emit such light to an output slit 21. That is, the second concave mirror 23 converts the incident light to the second concave mirror 23 into parallel light to emit such light to the plane diffraction grating 14, as well as reflecting and condensing the light diffracted by the plane diffraction grating 14. The output slit 21 is configured to extract light having a particular wavelength. The output slit 21 is provided near the focal position of the light condensed by the second concave mirror 23.
The configuration of
Moreover, according to the configuration of
As described above, according to the embodiments of the present disclosure, an optical device having high wavelength resolution and high wavelength accuracy within a wide wavelength range can be provided.
The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an optical device, and specifically relates to an optical device such as a spectrometer including a depolarization plate using a birefringent material or an optical spectrum analyzer using such a spectrometer.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated in
As will be seen from placement of the focal positions in
Moreover, the spectrometer of the present disclosure is configured such that the diffraction angle difference caused due to diffraction in the first half is corrected in the second half, and therefore, is not susceptible to the influence of the difference in diffraction angle varying according to the wavelength of the diffraction grating. Thus, the spectrometer of the present disclosure can be also used as a correction unit for a diffraction angle within a wide wavelength range.
In the configuration of
According to the configuration of
The embodiments of the present disclosure may relate to the following first to fifth optical devices.
The first optical device is an optical device including a depolarization plate formed of a birefringent material to eliminate the polarization dependency of a diffraction grating. In the optical device, an optical correction unit configured to optically correct diffraction angle deviation due to diffraction at the diffraction grating is provided.
In the second optical device according to the first optical device, the optical correction unit bends back light diffracted by the diffraction grating to re-emit the light to the diffraction grating.
In the third optical device according to the first or second optical device, as will be seen from placement of focal positions of light, the optical correction unit does not change the positional relationship between the focal positions in a non-diffusion direction, but inverts the focal positions in a diffusion direction.
In the fourth optical device according to any one of the first to third optical devices, the optical correction unit includes a first lens configured to condense the light diffracted by the diffraction grating, a second lens configured to convert the light diffusing after condensed by the first lens into parallel light, a first mirror configured to reflect the light emitted from the second lens at the right angle, a second mirror configured to further reflect the light reflected by the first mirror at the right angle to emit the light to the diffraction grating, a third lens configured to condense the light reflected by the second mirror, and a fourth lens configured to convert the light diffusing after condensed by the third lens into parallel light to emit the parallel light to the diffraction grating.
In the fifth optical device according to any one of the first to third optical devices, the optical correction unit includes a concave mirror configured to reflect the light diffracted by the diffraction grating, a first lens configured to receive the light reflected by the concave mirror, a first mirror configured to reflect the light emitted from the first lens at the right angle, a second mirror configured to further reflect the light reflected by the first mirror at the right angle to emit the light to the concave mirror, and a second lens configured to emit the reflected light emitted from the second mirror to the concave mirror. The first and second lenses condense and parallelize the diffracted light.
The foregoing detailed description has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject matter described herein to the precise form disclosed. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims appended hereto.
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