The present disclosures relate to semiconductor structures, and more particularly, to a process and structure of a III-V compound semiconductor heterostructure MOSFET.
In III-V compound semiconductor process technology, there exists a need for a compound semiconductor heterostructure MOSFET process flow that facilitates the use of a GdGaO/Ga2O3 dielectric stack as a gate oxide. In addition, in an absence thereof, there is a need for an implant-free enhancement mode structure and process. Some examples of implant free MOSFETs are discussed in a co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/339,379, entitled “An Enhancement mode Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor,” Matthias Passlack et al., filed Jan. 9, 2003 (Attorney Docket Number JG00837), and are not discussed further here.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method and apparatus for overcoming the problems in the art.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limited by the accompanying figures, in which like references indicate similar elements, and in which:
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. Skilled artisans will also appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention.
In one embodiment, substrate 12 comprises a III-V compound semiconductor substrate with one or more layers 14 of III-V material epitaxially formed on an upper surface thereof (not shown). For purposes of this disclosure, the substrate and any epitaxial layers formed thereon will be referred to simply as a compound semiconductor substrate. For example, substrate 12 can comprise a III-V material such as GaAs or InP and epitaxial layer(s) 14 can comprise, for example, any suitable layer structure of In, Ga, P, As, Sb, or Al containing compounds.
In one embodiment, gate insulator layer 16 comprises a deposited gate oxide that has been deposited to a desired target thickness with use of a suitable oxide deposition system. The gate oxide is preferably deposited oxide to the desired thickness, as opposed to being deposited beyond the target thickness and then etched back to the desired thickness. In one embodiment, the as-grown GaAs based MOSFET structure comprises a GdGaO dielectric stack deposited onto GaAs based epitaxial layers. The target sheet resistivity is 400-500 Ohm/sq. No wet etch solutions nor dry etches were found to etch the gate oxide in a two-dimensional fashion; but rather, three dimensional etching or no etching occurs. Wet solutions investigated included HF, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, C2H4O2, BOE, HCl, NH4OH, and KOH; concentrated or diluted with H2O, H2O2 or iso-propanol. Dry etches investigated included Cl2, HBr, SF6, C2F6, CHF3, CF4 and combinations thereof.
As opposed to wet and dry etches, physical removal of GdGaO using Ar or Kr plasma provides well controlled removal rates with extremely smooth gate oxide surface with a surface roughness rms as low as 1 Å. However, interface damage may occur when films are thinned. For example, physical removal using Ar or Kr plasma can be used to provide complete and controlled two dimensional removal of gate oxide in ohmic contact areas.
In one embodiment, protective layer 18 comprises a protective layer that is deposited onto the semiconductor structure 10 after removal from the oxide deposition system used for depositing the gate oxide 16. It is desirable to minimize the amount of time that the gate oxide is exposed to ambient after removal of the semiconductor structure from the oxide deposition system and prior to application of the protective layer. In one embodiment, aluminum nitride (AlN) is used as the protective layer. A protective layer of AlN was found to be compatible with the gate oxide, i.e. AlN can be deposited and removed without damage to the gate oxide and the underlying oxide-semiconductor interface. Protective layer 18 protects a surface of the gate oxide layer from undesirable contaminants and surface modifications.
In one embodiment, the protective layer is deposited, wherein the AlN deposition is done by sputter deposition without substrate heating. In addition, it is noted that AlN removal can be done using NH4OH or Tetramethyl NH4OH. For further protection, a SiN or SiO layer can be deposited on top of the AlN layer at low substrate temperature. Because of the high atomic hydrogen load during SiN or SiO layer deposition, a process such as jet vapor deposition (JVD) is preferred. In contrast to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), JVD provides SiN and SiO films of excellent quality without substrate heating. The SiO or SiN layer can be selectively removed, as appropriate, using standard processing techniques. In an alternate embodiment, protection layer 18 is optional.
The protective layer functions to minimize surface gettering of contaminants during storage. The protective layer also provides for prevention of impurity diffusion into the oxide and towards the underlying oxide-semiconductor interface during temperature exposure.
During device processing, the protective layer 18 remains in place in regions that correspond to future active areas. Suitable hardmasks for use during isolation trench formation include JVD SiN, SiO, and sputtered AlN. In addition, suitable processing equipment is selected for handling various processing requirements. For example, the gate oxide 16 requires a low temperature, low atomic hydrogen, nitride and/or oxide process. Compatibility with AlN sputtered onto the substrate when not heated has been demonstrated. While CVD SiN and SiO2 processes are most likely incompatible because of combination of atomic hydrogen load and temperature, CVD may be compatible when an AlN protection layer is first used. Alternatively, another solution is JVD which produces high quality SiO2 and SiN without substrate heating.
Formation of ohmic contacts 22 can include use of modified metal schemes for GaAs. In particular, the lateral contact structure differs from a standard contact module in that the lateral contact structures includes an overlap between the respective contact metal and a portion of the gate oxide layer 14, as shown in
In other words, the protective cap layer 18 is removed in region 24, wherein a portion of the protective cap layer remains in the region of the contact overlap, as indicated by reference numeral 19. Subsequently, the cap layer 18 is re-deposited after PDA, wherein the cap layer not only serves as protection against contaminants but also to improve temperature stability and, consequently, reliability of an interface passivation. Interface passivation starts to degrade above 300° C. without the cap layer 18. A JVD SiN cap layer has also been demonstrated to increase this critical temperature to above 480° C. In one embodiment, the annealing process may use direct substrate heating. In another embodiment, the use of materials that inherently possess a desired reduced density of interface states (Dit) may render the PDA step unnecessary. In an alternate embodiment, the portion 19 of the protective cap layer may also be removed during removal of the substantial portion of protective cap layer 18, wherein subsequent to the PDA step, a replacement protective cap layer is provided, further as discussed herein.
In one embodiment, the AlN film deposition is done by sputter deposition, the subsequent AlN removal uses MF24a developer. A standard photoresist module includes a photoresist coat (AZ6210), a dip (AZ527), and a bake (135° C., 45 sec). Photoresist removal is accomplished by acetone and isopropanol. The PDA step includes water vapor annealing, as discussed in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/882,482, entitled “Method of Passivating Oxide/Compound Semiconductor Interface,” filed Jun. 30, 2004 (Attorney Docket Number SC13349ZP), incorporated by reference herein, and is not discussed further here.
Next, a gate metal is deposited. Gate metallization includes a high work function material, such as Pt or Ir, for positive threshold voltages (Vth). The high work function metal gate is used for enhancement mode operation. In addition, Pt has been found to stick on the gate oxide discussed herein. Hardmasks used during gate contact formation can include JVD SiN, SiO, or sputtered AlN. The protective cap layer in the access areas between gate and drain and gate and source, as illustrated by reference numeral 29, preferentially removes trapped negative charge from the surface of the gate insulator layer 16. It is expected that negative charge on the surface of the gate insulator layer 16 in the access areas proportionally reduces the maximum available current Imax, e.g. for a sheet carrier density ns=2×1012 cm−2 in the epitaxial layer 14, and a trapped charge Nt=−2×1011 cm−2 on the surface of the gate oxide layer 16, Imax is reduced by about 10% in agreement with the 10% reduction of sheet carrier density (ns) due to trapped surface charge.
The device 30 can further include a step gate or field plate. Power devices need extra measures to increase a breakdown voltage. Since Dit is low, a T-gate may already serve as step gate when a proper distance between the upper bar of the T and the device surface is realized.
According to one embodiment, the workfunction of the gate contact 28 is selected according to the desired device type. For implant-free MOSFETs, a high workfunction is desired. The gate metal contact electrode can comprises Pt or Ir, wherein Pt and Ir have a workfunctions on the order of 5.6 and 5.3 eV, respectively.
The semiconductor device 30 can be processed further according to the requirements of the particular semiconductor device application. For example, further processing of semiconductor device 30 may include plating, via formation, metal2, etc. using suitable GaAs processing steps.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of making a III-V compound semiconductor device includes using one or more of (i) a GdGaO/Ga2O3 dielectric stack used in the FET flow, (ii) a protective layer (specifically AlN) for oxide and oxide/semiconductor interface protection and interface passivation retention, (iii) ohmic contacts overlapping oxide to prevent depletion of channel, (iv) high workfunction gate to allow enhancement mode operation. Advantages and benefits provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not necessarily limited to, one or more of the following: (i) for RF applications, higher performance, e.g. higher Imax, smaller die size, more flexible circuit designs, better linearity, lower noise, higher integration levels; (ii) combination of MOS advantages (ruggedness, scalability, integration) with advantages of III-Vs (higher efficiency, better frequency performance); or (iii) for digital, it will introduce a successful Si MOS concept of 2-D scaling into the III-V world.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a compound semiconductor heterostructure MOSFET process flow includes use of a GdGaO/Ga2O3 dielectric stack as a gate oxide overlying a GaAs epitaxial layer. The process flow further includes using a gate oxide cap layer, device isolation implants, ohmic contacts, post deposition annealing before gate contact metal deposition, and gate contact metal deposition, as discussed further herein. The gate oxide cap layer can include an ex-situ or in-situ deposited gate oxide cap layer. The gate oxide cap layer (i) protects an underlying gate oxide surface from contamination and hydrogen load during deposition of oxides and nitrides (e.g. CVD of oxides and nitrides), (ii) substantially improves a thermal stability of hydrogen or deuterium passivation of the Ga2O3/GaAs interface, (ii) allows building of nitride/oxide layer structures during processing steps, and (iii) has a substantially one-hundred percent (100%) etch selectivity. In one embodiment, the gate oxide cap layer comprises a nitride such as AlN. The device isolation implants are formed in direct contact with the GdGaO/Ga2O3 gate dielectric stack. The ohmic contacts are formed in direct contact with the GdGaO/Ga2O3 gate dielectric stack. Post deposition annealing is performed before gate contact metal deposition. In addition, gate contact metal deposition occurs after forming a suitable opening in the protective layer.
According to one embodiment, a method of forming a compound semiconductor device includes: forming a gate insulator layer overlying a compound semiconductor substrate; defining an active device region within the compound semiconductor substrate; forming ohmic contacts to the compound semiconductor substrate proximate opposite sides of the active device region, and forming a gate metal contact electrode on the gate insulator layer in a region between the ohmic contacts. The ohmic contacts have portions thereof that overlap with portions of the gate insulator layer within the active device region. The overlapping portions ensure avoidance of an undesirable gap formation between an edge of the ohmic contact and a corresponding edge of the gate insulator layer.
In another embodiment, subsequent to forming the ohmic contacts and prior to forming the gate metal contact electrode, the method includes: annealing the gate insulator layer/compound semiconductor interface with a water vapor anneal to reduce a density of interface states (Dit) therein to a desired level. The desired level of density of interface states (Dit) is on the order of less than or equal to 5×1011 cm−2 eV−1. The method can further include forming a protective layer overlying the gate insulator layer subsequent to formation of the gate insulator layer and prior to defining the active device region. In addition, the forming of ohmic contacts proximate opposite sides of the active device region can further include forming the ohmic contacts to have a portion thereof that overlaps with the protective layer and the gate insulator layer. In the latter embodiment, the method further includes removing the protective layer in a region substantially between the ohmic contacts to expose the gate insulator layer subsequent to formation of the ohmic contacts and prior to annealing with the water vapor anneal, wherein a portion of the protective layer remains under the ohmic contacts in the overlapping regions of the ohmic contacts. The method can still further include forming a replacement protective layer, subsequent to the annealing with the water vapor anneal, in the region substantially between the ohmic contacts to cover the gate insulator layer previously exposed by the protective layer removal, wherein the gate metal contact electrode is formed through an opening in the replacement protective layer at a desired location of the gate metal contact electrode.
In yet another embodiment, the insulator layer comprises a gate oxide layer, wherein the gate oxide layer includes a high-k gate dielectric stack, the high-k gate dielectric stack providing low density of interface states (Dit) and low leakage, the low Dit including a midgap Dit at approximately 1011 cm−2 eV−1 and the low leakage including a leakage current of approximately 10 nA/cm2 at 1 MV/cm. For example, the high-k gate dielectric stack can comprise a GdxGa0.4-xO0.6/Ga2O3 gate dielectric stack.
In still another embodiment, the gate insulator layer comprises a deposited gate oxide layer. In this instance, (i) the gate oxide layer is deposited to a desired target thickness, or (ii) the gate oxide is deposited to greater than the desired target thickness and then reduced to the desired thickness.
In other embodiments, defining the active device region comprises forming isolation regions, the isolation regions comprising one selected from the group consisting of isolation implant regions, shallow trench isolation regions, and mesa isolation regions. In addition, the ohmic contacts can include one or more of nickel (Ni), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au). The gate metal contact electrode can be formed using a backfill gate process of lift-off and plating without recess etching. Still further, the gate metal contact electrode can comprise a gate metallization that includes a high workfunction material of Pt or Ir for positive threshold voltages (Vth), the high work function gate metal contact electrode enabling an enhancement mode operation.
In yet another embodiment, the method further includes providing a protective layer overlying the gate insulator layer, wherein the gate metal contact electrode is formed through an opening in a protective layer at a desired location of the gate metal contact electrode. Still further, subsequent to providing the protective layer and prior to forming the gate metal contact electrode through the opening in the protective layer, the method can further comprise annealing the gate insulator layer/compound semiconductor interface with a water vapor anneal to reduce a density of interface states (Dit) therein to a desired level.
The embodiments disclosed herein are applicable across all III-V semiconductors, and as such, capture a broad concept. The embodiments are applicable to analog, digital, and mixed signal circuitry. In other words, compound semiconductor heterostructure MOSFET devices formed according to the embodiments of the method of the present disclosure can be used in a variety of RF and mixed signal semiconductor circuits. RF and mixed signal semiconductor circuits can include, for example, mobile, wireless products such as handsets, wireless local area networks (WLAN), and digital heterointegration type applications.
In the foregoing specification, the disclosure has been described in reference to the various embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present embodiments as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present embodiments. For example, the present embodiments can apply to semiconductor device technologies where a GdGaO/Ga2O3 dielectric stack is used as a gate oxide. The present embodiments can further apply to implant-free MOSFETs.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. As used herein, the term “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
This application is related to co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/882,482, entitled “Method of Passivating Oxide/Compound Semiconductor Interface,” filed Jun. 30, 2004 (Attorney Docket Number SC13349ZP); Ser. No. (Not yet assigned), entitled “A III-V Compound Semiconductor Heterostructure MOSFET Device,” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket SC13350ZP PF), Ser. No. (Not yet assigned), entitled “Charge Compensated Dielectric Layer Structure and Method of Making the Same,” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket SC13784ZP), all assigned to the assignee of the present disclosures and incorporated herein by reference.