Patent Grant
10418444
The present invention relates to a silicon carbide semiconductor device used as a power semiconductor device.
As already known, an IGBT or a vertical MOSFET (There are cases in which a MOS structure is a planar type or a trench type.), which is a typical example of a power semiconductor device (power device) having a MOS structure, is used, for example, as a switching element in an inverter circuit. This type of power device has a very thin gate insulating film as compared with a field oxide film or the like.
Here, a vertical power MOSFET described in Patent Document 1 is a device using Si as a semiconductor substrate material. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 in Patent Document 1, in an adjacent region on a side of a cell region of a MOSFET adjacent to a periphery of the cell region of the MOSFET (including a gate pad), minute diodes are arranged at least in one row along the periphery. Each of such diodes arranged in one row in the region between the gate pad and the cell region of the MOSFET absorbs holes that are injected from a P-well and a P-base into an N-type semiconductor layer on a drain side upon applying a forward bias when the MOSFET is switched from an ON state to an OFF state as illustrated in FIG. 3 of Patent Document 1. For this reason, the structure described in Patent Document 1 can prevent a parasitic transistor illustrated in FIG. 3 of Patent Document 1 from turning on when the MOSFET is switched from a forward bias to a reverse bias. In addition, in the structure described in Patent Document 1, the P-base which is the P-well of a MOSFET cell is electrically connected to a source electrode through a back gate as illustrated in FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 05-198816 (1993) (FIGS. 1 to 3)
The problem to be solved by the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1.
Now, when a MOSFET cell which is a switching element switches from an ON state to an OFF state, a drain voltage of the MOSFET cell, that is, a voltage of a drain electrode, rapidly increases and changes from about 0 volt to several hundred volts. Then, a displacement current flows into a P-well through a parasitic capacitance present between the P-well and an N-type drain layer. As described below, although this displacement current flows into the source electrode, this is the same for the case in which the P-well that forms the parasitic capacitance between itself and the N-type drain layer is a P-well of the MOSFET cell, a P-well of a diode cell, or a P-well located below a gate pad or below a gate finger mechanically connected to the gate pad.
Here, it should be noted that, when an area of a transverse plane of the P-well of the MOSFET cell is compared with an area of a transverse plane of the P-well of the diode cell, the area of the transverse plane of the P-well below the gate pad or below the gate finger is very large. Consequently, an electric resistance value in the P-well below the gate pad or below the gate finger becomes a very large value as compared with an electric resistance value of the P-well of the MOSFET cell and an electric resistance value of the P-well of the diode cell.
In Patent Document 1, since the source electrode and a field plate illustrated in a longitudinal sectional view in a section (C) of
As described above, the area of the transverse plane of the P-well below the gate pad or below the gate finger is very large as compared with the areas of the transverse planes of other P-wells. However, since resistances are present in the P-well itself and the contact hole, when the displacement current flows in the P-well having a large area of the transverse plane and located below the gate pad or below the gate finger, a potential drop of a value that cannot be ignored is generated in the P-well.
As a result of this, a portion having a large distance in a horizontal direction from a portion (a portion immediately below the contact hole) which is electrically connected to the source electrode through the contact hole and the field plate in the P-well has a relatively large potential. Additionally, this potential becomes larger as a fluctuation of a drain voltage V relative to a time t, that is, dV/dt, becomes larger.
For this reason, as illustrated in the section (C) of FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1, in the case where the gate electrode is provided, through a gate insulating film, in a portion of a side edge of the cell that is farthest from the contact hole in the P-well below the gate finger connected to the gate pad, an electric field having a large strength is applied to a gate insulating film between the gate electrode having a voltage value close to 0 volt in a state immediately after the MOSFET cell is switched from an ON state to an OFF state and the portion of the side edge of the cell of the P-well. This sometimes causes a breakdown of an electrical insulation of the gate insulating film.
Therefore, recently, it has been expected to reduce a loss in an inverter circuit by using, as an switching element of an inverter circuit, a SiC semiconductor device (for example, vertical MOSFET or IGBT) using, as a semiconductor substrate material, silicon carbide (SiC) having a band gap which is three times larger than that of Si used as a conventional semiconductor substrate material. In addition, a further high-speed driving of the switching element is demanded to achieve a further low loss. To state it differently, it is demanded to further quicken the fluctuation dV/dt of the drain voltage V relative to the time t to achieve a lower loss.
The structural problem that is pointed out with reference to Patent Document 1 is a problem that may be caused similarly even if Si as a conventional semiconductor substrate material is replaced with SiC described above. Furthermore, in the case where the semiconductor substrate material is SiC, it is demanded to further quicken the fluctuation dV/dt of the drain voltage V relative to the time t as described above. As a result, the value of the displacement current that flows into the P-well through the foregoing parasitic capacitance is also further increased.
Further, if the semiconductor substrate material is replaced with SiC, the following problem emerges. That is, in the switching element using SiC as the semiconductor substrate material, it is difficult to sufficiently lower a resistance of a semiconductor layer due to a large band gap of SiC as compared with a switching element using conventional Si as the semiconductor substrate material. Because of this, if SiC is used as the semiconductor substrate material, the value of the parasitic resistance of the P-well or the like described earlier becomes larger than the case where Si is used, and the value of the large parasitic resistance causes the potential generated in the P-well below the gate pad or below the gate finger to become further larger.
The present invention is made in view of findings of such problems and recognition of locations where the problems occur, and a primary object of the present invention is to suppress occurrence of dielectric breakdown between a gate electrode and a source electrode during switching or turning-off, increase a switching speed or a charging and discharging speed, and thereby achieving a lower loss in a SiC semiconductor device that has a MOS structure and functions as a switching element.
A silicon carbide semiconductor device according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a silicon carbide semiconductor substrate; a drift layer of a first conductivity type provided on a main surface of the silicon carbide semiconductor substrate; a first well layer of a second conductivity type provided from an upper surface of the drift layer to an inner part of the drift layer and provided in a cell region in which a plurality of cells each functioning as a semiconductor element are formed, and a second well layer of the second conductivity type provided on a periphery of the cell region; a semiconductor layer of the second conductivity type provided in an upper layer of the second well layer; a gate insulating film and a field oxide film provided on the semiconductor layer; a gate electrode provided on the gate insulating film and the field oxide film; and a gate electrode pad provided immediately above the gate electrode.
According to a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to the present invention, it is possible to suppress a potential distribution in a second well layer of a second conductivity type which is caused by an inflow of a displacement current generated during switching, particularly during turning off, so that the potential distribution is reduced. As a result, a potential difference between a gate electrode and the second well layer of the second conductivity type is reduced, which makes it possible to effectively prevent a breakdown of a gate insulating film. This allows the switching speed to be increased, a life of the device to be prolonged, and a low loss to be realized as a result of an increase in the switching speed. Consequently, it is further possible to promote a low consumption of power (saving of energy) of the device. Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail together with the effects and advantages thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Hereinafter, description will be given of a structure, a manufacturing method, and evaluation of an n-type channel SiC-MOSFET as an example of a SiC semiconductor device according to the present embodiment.
The structural feature of the SiC-MOSFET illustrated in
Accordingly, a resistance of the p-type layer located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11 is reduced from an overall perspective. Therefore, a potential difference or an electrical resistance between an end portion as well as a vicinity thereof opposite to a side of a region of a MOSFET cell in which a plurality of MOSFET cells each functioning as a MOSFET are arranged among end portions of the p-type well 1OM located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11 and a vicinity portion of a well contact layer 3 of the p-type well layer 1OM located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11 is reduced.
As a result, a value of a voltage applied between the vicinity portion of the well contact layer 3 of the p-type well layer 1OM located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11 and a gate electrode polysilicon layer 7 is significantly reduced, and insulation properties of the gate insulating film 6 located immediately below the gate electrode polysilicon layer 7 are protected.
From such a perspective, as the resistivity of the p-type semiconductor layer 14 becomes lower, the foregoing operation and effect notably increase due to its presence. For example, a concentration of an impurity contained in the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is set to become larger than that of the p-type well layer 1OM located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11, and it is preferable that a range of the concentration of the impurity be set between 1×1019 cm−3 and 1×1020 cm−3. It is also preferable that a thickness of the p-type semiconductor layer 14 be set at, for example, about 100 nm or larger. However, a band gap of the p-type semiconductor layer 14 may be larger than, smaller than, or equal to that of the p-type well layer 1OM located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11.
The p-type semiconductor layer 14 which is a characterized portion is structurally and electrically connected to the gate electrode pad 11, and it is also preferable, in view of its operation and effect, that the p-type semiconductor layer 14 be entirely or partially provided, similarly, on an upper surface of the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) located immediately below the gate electrode finger (not illustrated) that is structurally and electrically connected to each gate electrode polysilicon layer 7.
In
Referring to the structure illustrated in
Next, referring to the longitudinal sectional views in
First, referring to
For example, an n-type 4H-silicon carbide substrate is preferable as the n-type semiconductor substrate 5. In addition, nitrogen is doped in the n-type drift layer 4, and the nitrogen concentration is in a range not less than 5×1015 cm−3 and not more than 5×1016 cm−3. It is preferable that the thickness of the n-type drift layer 4 be in a range not less than 10 μm and not more than 15 μm. It should be noted that phosphorus may be doped instead of nitrogen.
After the n-type drift layer 4 is formed, a resist (not illustrated) is used as a mask, an impurity is ion-implanted in a position that is a predetermined distance away above an upper surface of the n-type drift layer 4, and a pair of the p-type well layers 1 is formed in the n-type drift layer 4.
Thereafter, the resist is removed. At this time, it is preferable that the concentration of the impurity be in a range not less than 1×1018 cm−3 and not more than 1×1019 cm−3, and the thickness of the p-type well layer 1 be in a range not less than 0.5 μm and not more than 1.5 μm. For example, boron (B) or aluminum (Al) is named as the p-type impurity.
Furthermore, an impurity is ion-implanted, using a resist (not illustrated) as a mask, in each of the p-type well layers 1 which is supposed to be present in the region of the MOSFET cell among the plurality of p-type well layers 1, and the n-type contact layer 2 is formed.
Thereafter, the resist is removed. At this time, it is preferable that the concentration of the impurity be in a range not less than 1×1019 cm−3 and not more than 1×1020 cm−3, and the thickness of the n-type contact layer 2 be in a range not less than 0.3 μm and not more than 0.8 μm. For example, phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N) is named as the n-type impurity.
In addition, among the plurality of the p-type well layers 1, an impurity is ion-implanted, using a resist (not illustrated) as a mask, in the vicinity of the outermost periphery of the p-type well layer 1 to be located immediately below the gate electrode pad 11 illustrated in
Furthermore, impurity is ion-implanted, using a resist (not illustrated) as a mask, in each of the plurality of the p-type well layers 1, the p-type well contact layer 3 is formed, and thereafter, the resist is removed. At this time, it is preferable that the concentration of the impurity be in a range not less than 1×1020 cm−3 and not more than 1×1021 cm−3, and the thickness of the p-type well contact layer 3 be in a range not less than 0.3 μm and not more than 0.8 μm. For example, boron (B) or aluminum (Al) is named as the p-type impurity.
Next, activation of the n-type and p-type impurities which are ion-implanted will be performed. This is a process in which a wafer is subjected to annealing treatment under a high temperature by a heat treatment device and the implanted ions are electrically activated.
Alternatively, it is also possible to use the epitaxial crystal growth method to further deposit n-type SiC, perform patterning by using a resist (not illustrated) as a mask, and form an n-type channel epitaxial layer. It is preferable that the impurity to be doped in the n-type channel epitaxial layer be nitrogen, the concentration of nitrogen be in a range not less than than 1×1016 cm−3 and not more than 1×1017 cm−3, and the thickness of the n-type channel epitaxial layer be in a range not less than 0.3 μm and not more than 0.6 μm. Here, phosphorus may be doped instead of nitrogen.
After the annealing treatment, an upper surface of the n-type drift layer 4 is oxidized by thermal oxidation, whereby an insulating film 6A of SiO2 film is formed on an entire wafer, and a p-type polysilicon film 7A is deposited on the insulating film 6A by a CVD method (
After the p-type polysilicon film 7A is deposited, the p-type polysilicon film 7A is subjected to patterning, and the gate insulating film 6 and the gate electrode polysilicon layer 7 provided thereon are formed, as illustrated in
In addition, an insulating film 8A such as a TEOS film is formed (
Next, a p-type polysilicon film 14A is formed by the CVD method (
The p-type semiconductor layer 14 to be formed in this process may be formed of a single crystal, polycrystal, amorphous semiconductor, or mixture of SiC, Si, GaAs, GaP, InP, InAs, ZnS, ZnSe, CdS, SiGe, GaN, AlN, BN, or C (diamond). The film forming method may be a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
In this way, the present invention has a feature in which the restriction to the material for the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is small. If the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is formed of SiC containing a p-type impurity, the thermal resistance can be increased.
Then, after an oxide film 12A is formed entirely on an exposed surface (
Thereafter, a p-type polysilicon film 7B is entirely deposited by the CVD method (
Further, an insulating film 8B such as a TEOS film is formed (
Thereafter, a contact hole to the gate electrode polysilicon layer 7 on the field oxide layer 12 and a contact hole to the p-type semiconductor layer 14 are formed (
Subsequently, the drain electrode 17 illustrated in
<Evaluation>
In the SiC-MOSFET produced by a conventional method, when the switching speed is increased, a voltage distribution in the p-type well layer 1 located below the gate pad or below the gate finger becomes large, and the gate insulating film is destroyed. However, in the SiC-MOSFET produced by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment, the gate insulating film 6 is not destroyed under the same condition, and it is understood that the voltage distribution in the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) which is caused by a voltage drop when a displacement current flows in the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) located below the gate electrode pad 11 is suppressed or reduced due to a presence of the p-type semiconductor layer 14.
Under this condition, an estimation is made, using numerical calculation, on the distribution of the potential difference between the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) and the gate electrode pad (gate electrode) 11 assuming that the fluctuation dV/dt of the drain voltage relative to the time t is 600V/20 nsec. In the SiC-MOSFET produced by the conventional method, the maximum value is 120 V or more, whereas, in the SiC-MOSFET produced by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment, the maximum value is 60 V or less.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to provide a SiC-MOSFET that is capable of increasing the switching speed, and has a long life yet a low loss (saving of energy) without destroying the gate insulating film.
Hereinafter, description will be given of a structure and evaluation of an n-type channel SiC-IGBT as an example of a SiC semiconductor device according to the present embodiment.
The differences of the structure illustrated in
The structure illustrated in
<Evaluation>
In the SiC-IGBT produced by a conventional method, when the switching speed is increased, a voltage distribution in the p-type well layer located on the outermost periphery which is caused by a voltage drop becomes 100 V or higher, and a gate insulating film is destroyed. However, in the SiC-IGBT produced according to the present embodiment, the gate insulating film 6 is not destroyed under the same condition, and it is understood that the voltage distribution in the p-type well layer 1OM on the outermost periphery which is caused by a voltage drop is suppressed with a presence of the p-type semiconductor layer 14. Under this condition, an estimation is made, using numerical calculation, on the distribution of the potential difference between the p-type well layer 1OM and the gate electrode pad 11. In the SiC-IGBT produced by the conventional method, the maximum value is 100 V or more, whereas, in the SiC-IGBT produced according to the present embodiment, the maximum value is 50 V or less.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to provide a SiC-IGBT that is capable of increasing the switching speed, and has a long life yet a low loss (saving of energy) without destroying the gate insulating film.
<Modification>
In Embodiments 1 and 2 according to the present invention described above, it has been described that the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is entirely or partially provided on the upper surface of the p-type well layer 1 (corresponding to 1OM) located on the outermost periphery. However, as an example of partially providing the p-type semiconductor layer 14, it may be provided in a comb teeth-like shape. Hereinafter, referring to
By forming the p-type semiconductor layer 14 in a comb teeth-like shape, a region in which the electric field concentrates is formed in a bonded surface between the p-type well layer 1OM and the p-type semiconductor layer 14. That is, since corners CN are present in a portion corresponding to a portion between the comb teeth in
Hereinafter, description will be given of a structure, a manufacturing method, and evaluation of an n-type channel SiC-MOSFET as an example of a SiC semiconductor device according to the present embodiment.
The n-type channel SiC-MOSFET having a structure illustrated in
After the p-type well contact layer 3 is formed in the plurality of p-type well layers 1, a resist (not illustrated) is used to mask, entirely or partially, an upper surface of the p-type well layer 1OM located on the outermost periphery outside the region of the MOSFET cell among the plurality of p-type well layers 1, a p-type impurity is ion-implanted to form the p-type semiconductor layer 14, and thereafter, the resist is removed.
It is preferable that the concentration of the impurity to be ion-implanted be in a range not less than 1×1020 cm−3 and not more than 1×1021 cm−3, and the thickness of the p-type well contact layer 3 be in a range not less than 0.3 μm and not more than 0.8 μm. For example, boron (B) or aluminum (Al) is named as the p-type impurity.
The p-type semiconductor layer 14 may be formed simultaneously with the formation of the p-type well contact layer 3.
Next, activation of the n-type and p-type impurities which are ion-implanted will be performed. This is a process in which a wafer is subjected to annealing treatment under a high temperature by a heat treatment device, and the implanted ions are electrically activated.
It is also possible to use an epitaxial crystal growth method to deposit n-type SiC, perform patterning by using a resist (not illustrated) as a mask, and form an n-type channel epitaxial layer. It is preferable that the impurity to be doped in the n-type channel epitaxial layer be nitrogen, the concentration of nitrogen be in a range not less than 1×1016 cm−3 and not more than 1×1017 cm−3, and the thickness of the n-type channel epitaxial layer be in a range not less than 0.3 μm and not more than 0.6 μm. Here, phosphorus may be doped instead of nitrogen.
After the annealing treatment, an insulating film such as a TEOS film is formed, and the insulating film is subjected to patterning so that a field oxide film 12 that extends from the p-type well layer 1OM over the JTE layer 13 and extends further toward an outer periphery is formed, as illustrated in
Thereafter, as illustrated in
After the p-type polysilicon film 7A and the insulating film 6 are subjected to patterning, as illustrated in
Further, an insulating film such as a TEOS film is formed, and the insulating film is subjected to patterning so that an interlayer dielectric film 8 illustrated in
Next, after a nickel layer is deposited on an entire wafer, patterning is performed so that the nickel layer remains on the p-type well contact layer 3 and the p-type semiconductor layer 14 that exposes in the bottom of the opening. Then, annealing treatment is performed to silicify the nickel layer, and, as illustrated in
Subsequently, after an aluminum layer is deposited on an entire wafer, patterning is performed to form the source electrode 10, the gate electrode pad (gate electrode) 11, and by further forming the drain electrode 17 on a reverse side of the n-type semiconductor substrate 5, the n-type channel SiC-MOSFET illustrated in
<Evaluation>
In the SiC-MOSFET produced by a conventional method, when the switching speed is increased, a voltage distribution in the p-type well layer 1 located below the gate pad or below the gate finger becomes large, and a gate insulating film is destroyed. However, in the SiC-MOSFET produced by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment, the gate insulating film 6 is not destroyed under the same condition, and it is understood that the voltage distribution in the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) which is caused by a voltage drop when a displacement current flows in the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) located below the gate electrode pad 11 is suppressed or reduced due to the presence of the p-type semiconductor layer 14.
Under this condition, an estimation is made, using numerical calculation, on the distribution of the potential difference between the p-type well layer 1 (1OM) and the gate electrode pad (gate electrode) 11 assuming that the fluctuation dV/dt of the drain voltage relative to the time t is 600 V/20 nsec. In the SiC-MOSFET produced by the conventional method, the maximum value is 120 V or more, whereas, in the SiC-MOSFET produced by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment, the maximum value is 55 V or less.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to provide a SiC-MOSFET that is capable of increasing the switching speed, and has a long life yet a low loss (saving of energy) without destroying the gate insulating film.
(Supplement)
While the embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed and described in detail, the foregoing descriptions exemplify aspects in which the present invention can be applied and the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, various modifications and variations can be devised for the described aspects without departing from the scope of the present invention.
<Modification 1>
According to the n-type channel SiC-MOSFET of Embodiment 3 described above, since the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is formed in an upper-layer portion of the p-type well layer 1OM, the p-type well contact layer 3 similarly formed in upper-layer portion of the p-type well layer 1OM and the p-type semiconductor layer 14 may be integrated.
Such a structure is illustrated in
<Modification 2>
It has been described that, in the n-type channel SiC-MOSFET according to Embodiment 3 described above, the p-type semiconductor layer 14 is entirely or partially provided on the upper surface of the p-type well layer 1 (corresponding to 1OM) located on the outermost periphery. However, as an example of partially providing, it may be provided in a comb teeth-like shape. Hereinafter, referring to
By forming the p-type semiconductor layer 14 in a comb teeth-like shape, a region in which electric field concentrates is formed in a bonded surface between the p-type well layer 1OM and the p-type semiconductor layer 14. Specifically, since corners CN are present in a portion corresponding to a portion between the comb teeth in
1 p-type well layer, 1OM p-type well layer on outermost periphery, 2 n-type contact layer, 3 Well contact layer, 4 n-type drift layer, 5 n-type semiconductor substrate, 6 Gate insulating film, 7 Gate electrode polysilicon layer, 8 Interlayer dielectric film, 9 NiSi layer, 10 Source electrode, 11 Gate electrode pad (Gate electrode), 12 Field oxide film, 13 JTE layer, 14 p-type semiconductor layer, 15 p-type semiconductor substrate, Emitter electrode, 17 Drain electrode, 18 Collector electrode.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-040719 | Feb 2009 | JP | national |
This application is a divisional application of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 13/146,812, filed Jul. 28, 2011, which was the National Stage of International Application Serial No. PCT/JP2010/052667, filed Feb. 23, 2010, and which claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-040719, filed Feb. 24, 2009; the entire contents of each of the above are incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 13146812 | US | |
| Child | 14245539 | US |
