Antisense inhibition of C/EBP beta expression

Abstract

Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of C/EBP beta. The compositions comprise antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of C/EBP beta expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of C/EBP beta are provided.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of C/EBP beta. In particular, this invention relates to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta. Such oligonucleotides have been shown to modulate the expression of C/EBP beta.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transcription factors represent a group of molecules within the cell that function to connect the pathways from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Immediately after an environmental stimulus, these proteins which reside predominantly in the cytosol are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter elements of target genes and activate the transcription of these target genes. One family of transcription factors, CCAAT/Enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), regulates the expression of an extensive panel of genes that control normal tissue development and cellular function, cellular proliferation and functional differentiation. Six members of this family have been identified to date all of which form both homo- and heterodimers with other C/EBP family members as well as with members of the NFkB and Fos/Jun families of transcription factors (Lekstrom-Himes and Xanthopoulos, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 28545-28548). While all of the members of the C/EBP family have a similar modular protein structure, expression levels and tissue distributions vary widely leading to a diversity of roles (Lekstrom-Himes and Xanthopoulos, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 28545-28548).

C/EBP beta (also known as C/EBP2, LAP, TCF5, CRP2, NFIL6, IL6DBP, NF-M, AGP/EBP and Apc/EPB) was originally identified as a mediator of IL-6 signaling, binding to IL-6 responsive agents in acute phase response genes such as TNF, IL-8 and G-CSF (Akira et al., Embo J., 1990, 9, 1897-1906; Descombes et al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551) isolated from the liver and primarily regulates hormone responsiveness and oxidative stress responses (Descombes et al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551). Studies of tissue distribution and developmental expression patterns showed that C/EBP beta is found the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, brain and testis with the highest expression found in the lung (Descombes et al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551). Disclosed in U.S. Pats. 5,215,892 and 5,360,894 are the nucleic acid sequence of C/EBP beta as well as plasmids and host cells for the expression of the recombinant protein (Kishimoto et al., 1994; Kishimoto et al., 1993).

C/EBP-deficient mice have been generated for five of the six members of the C/EBP family and these have been characterized for system-specific phenotypic abnormalities. Mice lacking C/EBP beta demonstrate defective carbohydrate metabolism, immunodeficiency, defective Th1 response and female sterility. They also have a low level of expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Park et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 211-217; Yamada et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 5880-5887) and demonstrate perinatal lethality suggesting involvement of C/EBP beta in gluconeogenic pathways (Arizmendi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 13033-13040; Greenbaum et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 102, 996-1007). These mice are highly susceptible to infection by a wide range of pathogens indicating a critical role for C/EBP beta in bactericidal responses (Tanaka et al., Cell, 1995, 80, 353-361).

In addition to stage-specific expression level variations, the C/EBP members also undergo multiple isoform expression arising from alternative start positions, for the alpha and beta isoforms, in 5′ upstream open reading frames (Geballe and Morris, Trends Biochem. Sci., 1994, 19, 159-164; Lincoln et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 9552-9560). The steady-state level of the various pools of transcripts also changes as a function of age and stress challenges (Hsieh et al., Mol. Biol. Cell, 1998, 9, 1479-1494). In mice the expression of certain transcripts of one isoform has also been shown to regulate the expression of other C/EBP isoforms (Burgess-Beusse et al., Hepatology, 1999, 29, 597-601).

C/EBP beta occurs as two isoforms in the cell, a full-length 32-kDa form, known as LAP and a shorter form known as LIP. The dimerization of these two forms attenuates transcription of the C/EBP beta gene and therefore represents an autoregulatory mechanism of expression (Descombes et al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551).

In disease states, C/EBP beta has been implicated in the development of diabetes and cancer. Studies comparing normal and tumorigenic tissue from human ovaries demonstrated a higher level of expression of C/EBP alpha and beta in the tumor tissues, irrespective of stage or grade of tumor (Sundfeldt et al., Br. J. Cancer, 1999, 79, 1240-1248). In the rat pancreas, it was shown that C/EBP beta expression is upregulated upon chronically elevated levels of glucose, possibly contributing to impaired insulin secretion in severe type II diabetes (Lu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 28349-28359; Seufert et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101, 2528-2539).

The pharmacological modulation of C/EBP beta activity and/or expression may therefore be an appropriate point of therapeutic intervention in pathological conditions.

Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents which effectively inhibit the synthesis of C/EBP beta and to date, investigative strategies aimed at modulating C/EBP beta function have involved the use of antibodies and gene knock-outs in mice. However, these strategies are untested as therapeutic protocols and consequently there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting C/EBP beta function.

Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of C/EBP beta expression.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating C/EBP beta expression, including modulation of both the long and short isoforms of C/EBP beta.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding C/EBP beta, and which modulate the expression of C/EBP beta. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the antisense compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of C/EBP beta in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of C/EBP beta by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention employs oligomeric antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding C/EBP beta, ultimately modulating the amount of C/EBP beta produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid encoding C/EBP beta” encompass DNA encoding C/EBP beta, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense”. The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of C/EBP beta. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.

It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding C/EBP beta. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding C/EBP beta, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.

It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.

The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′—5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.

Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.

Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.

Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use.

The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans. In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 30 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 30 linked nucleosides). Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 25 nucleobases. As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′—5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH 2 component parts.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH 2 —NH—O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 — [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 — and —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 — [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH 2 —] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S— or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 10 alkyl or C 2 to C 10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH 2 ) n O] m CH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n OCH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n NH 2 , O(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n ONH 2 , and O(CH 2 ) n ON[(CH 2 ) n CH 3 )] 2 , where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C 1 to C 10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH 3 , OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , SOCH 3 , SO 2 CH 3 , ONO 2 , NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , also known as 2′—O— (2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH 2 ) 2 ON(CH 3 ) 2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′—O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′—O—CH 2 —O—CH 2 —N(CH 2 ) 2 , also described in examples hereinbelow.

Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′—O—CH 3 ), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′—OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; and 5,681,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules. The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 to Imbach et al.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of C/EBP beta is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.

The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding C/EBP beta can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of C/EBP beta in a sample may also be prepared.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.

Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.

Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.

Emulsions

The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.

Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic: surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (S0750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DA0750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and triglycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

Liposomes

There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.

Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.

In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.

Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.

Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.

Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis.

Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).

Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome™ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S. T. P. Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).

Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G M1 , or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).

Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. ( Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G M1 , galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G M1 , or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al.).

Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. ( Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C 12 15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. ( FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. ( FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. ( Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al.) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.

A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.

Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

Penetration Enhancers

In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.

Surfactants: In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or “surface-active agents”) are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).

Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C 1-10 alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).

Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term “bile salts” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).

Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).

Non-chelating non-surfactants: As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides.

Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.

Carriers

Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, “carrier compound” or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).

Excipients

In contrast to a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).

Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Other Components

The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs such as daunorubicin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, nitrogen mustard, chlorambucil, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine (CA), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 1206-1228). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC 50 s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2′-alkoxy amidites

2′-Deoxy and 2′-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.). Other 2′-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds.

Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21, 3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling Va. or ChemGenes, Needham Mass.).

2′-Fluoro amidites

2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine amidites

2′-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described previously [Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841] and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2′-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S N 2-displacement of a 2′-beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3′,5′-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite intermediates.

2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine

The synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl-arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine. Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5′-DMT- and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorouridine

Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2,2′-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine

2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) modified amidites

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504.

2,2′-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluridine]

5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60° C. at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4° C.).

2,2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine

2,2′-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160° C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160° C., the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH 3 CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH 2 Cl 2 /acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH 3 CN (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl 3 (1.5 L) and extracted with 2×500 mL of saturated NaHCO 3 and 2×500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).

3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35° C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl 3 (800 mL) and extracted with 2×200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2×200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHCl 3 . The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane(4:1). Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions.

3,-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine

A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH 3 CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH 3 CN (1 L), cooled to −5° C. and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl 3 was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10° C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1×300 mL of NaHCO 3 and 2×300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

A solution of 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH 40 H (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2×200 mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH 3 gas was added and the vessel heated to 100° C. for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion). The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl 3 (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHCO 3 (2×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated to give a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-3′-amidite

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (1 L). Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHCO 3 (1×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3×300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.

2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside antidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites

2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites

2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5-methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine.

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O 2 -2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine

O 2 -2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100.0 g, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66 g, 0.013 eq, 0.0054 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8 g, 119.0 mL, 1.1 eq, 0.458 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×1 L) and brine (1 L). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600 mL) and the solution was cooled to −10° C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl ether (3×200 mL) and dried (40° C., 1 mm Hg, 24 h) to 149 g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product.

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL). In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O 2 -2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160° C. was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure<100 psig). The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1 mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100° C.) with the more extreme conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2 kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84 g, 50%), contaminated starting material (17.4 g) and pure reusable starting material 20 g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% pure product.

2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (20 g, 36.98 mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63 g, 44.36 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (7.24 g, 44.36 mmol). It was then dried over P 2 O 5 under high vacuum for two days at 40° C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8 mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98 mL, 44.36 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs. By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (60:40), to get 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819 g, 86%).

5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine

2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine (3.1 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH 2 Cl 2 (4.5 mL) and methylhydrazine (300 mL, 4.64 mmol) was added dropwise at −10° C. to 0° C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH 2 Cl 2 and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The solution was concentrated to get 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH (67.5 mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1 eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl]-5-methyluridine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%).

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine

5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.77 g, 3.12 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1 M pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6 mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to this solution at 10° C. under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 ). Aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (5%, 10 mL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH (30.6 mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30 mL, 3.37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10° C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHCO 3 (25 mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated to dryness . The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine as a white foam (14.6 g, 80%).

2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91 mL, 24.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 12 mmol, dry, kept over KOH). This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.40 g, 2.4 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 ). Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 to get 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (766 mg, 92.5%).

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (750 mg, 2.17 mmol) was dried over P 2 O 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20 mL). The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (11 mL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5 mg, 2.60 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (880 mg, 2.60 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylamino-oxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.13 g, 80%).

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.08 g, 1.67 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL). To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29 g, 1.67 mmol) was added and dried over P 2 O 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N 1 ,N 1 -tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12 mL, 6.08 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1). The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO 3 (40 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04 g, 74.9%).

2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites

2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

The 2′-O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2′-O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with a minor amount of the 3′-O-isomer. 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C., Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C. J., WO 94/02501 A1 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine. As before the hydroxyl group may be displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite].

2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) nucleoside amidites

2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e., 2′—O—CH 2 —O—CH 2 —N (CH 2 ) 2′ or 2′-DMAEOE nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows. Other nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl uridine

2[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol) is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas evolves as the solid dissolves. O 2 -,2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155° C. for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened. The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL). The excess phenol is extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a white solid.

5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine

To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine in anhydrous pyridine (8 mL), triethylamine (0.36 mL) and dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2×200 mL). The combined CH 2 Cl 2 layers are washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by silica gel chromatography using MeOH:CH 2 Cl 2 :Et 3 N (20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound.

5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are added to a solution of 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyluridine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and the solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the eluent to give the title compound.

Example 2

Oligonucleotide synthesis

Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized as for the phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 h), the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution.

Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, 20 respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3

Oligonucleoside Synthesis

Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 4

PNA Synthesis

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5

Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[2′-O-Me]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2′-O-methyl. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2′ positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to ½ volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass, spectrometry.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[-2′-O-(methoxy-ethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 6

Oligonucleotide Isolation

After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7

Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected abeta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH 4 OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8

Oligonucleotide Analysis—96 Well Plate Format

The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9

Cell culture and oligonucleotide treatment

The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following 5 cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

T-24 cells:

The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

A549 cells:

The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

NHDF cells:

Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HEK cells:

Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

3T3-L1 cells:

The mouse embryonic adipocyte-like cell line 3T3-L1 was obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, Va.). 3T3-L1 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 80% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 4000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

Treatment with antisense compounds:

When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Gibco BRL) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4-7 hours of treatment, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCYCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 2, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments.

Example 10

Analysis of oligonucleotide inhibition of C/EBP beta expression

Antisense modulation of C/EBP beta expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, C/EBP beta mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions. Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed as multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

Protein levels of C/EBP beta can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to C/EBP beta can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1-10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.

Example 11

Poly(A)+ mRNA isolation

Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764. Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C. was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Example 12

Total RNA Isolation

Total mRNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 100 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 100 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 10 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 60 μL water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was repeated with an additional 60 μL water.

The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13

Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of C/EBP beta mRNA Levels

Quantitation of C/EBP beta mRNA levels was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μL PCR cocktail (1× TAQMAN™ buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 300 μM each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μL poly(A) mRNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

Probes and primers to human C/EBP beta were designed to hybridize to a human C/EBP beta sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number X52560, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:3). For human C/EBP beta the PCR primers were: forward primer: GCAACCCACGTGTAACTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 4) reverse primer: TCAACAGCAACAAGCCCTAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the PCR probe was: FAM-CCGGGCCCTGAGTAATCGCTTAAAGAT-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 7) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 8) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC- TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Probes and primers to mouse C/EBP beta were designed to hybridize to a mouse C/EBP beta sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number X62600, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:10). For mouse C/EBP beta the PCR primers were: forward primer: CGGATCAAACGTGGCTGA (SEQ ID NO:11) reverse primer: CGCAGGAACATCTTTAAGGTGATT (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the PCR probe was: FAM-ACGTGTAACTGTCTAGCCGGGCCCTG-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 13) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For mouse GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO: 14) reverse primer: GGGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 15) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-AAGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGTCATC- TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Example 14

Northern blot analysis of C/EBP beta mRNA levels

Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then robed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

To detect human C/EBP beta, a human C/EBP beta specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer GCAACCCACGTGTAACTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the reverse primer TCAACAGCAACAAGCCCTAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 5). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

To detect mouse C/EBP beta, a mouse C/EBP beta specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CGGATCAAACGTGGCTGA (SEQ ID NO:11) and the reverse primer CGCAGGAACATCTTTAAGGTGATT (SEQ ID NO: 12). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15

Antisense inhibition of human C/EBP beta expression by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap

In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human C/EBP beta RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number X52560, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3, and GenBank accession number AI567596, the complement of which is incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 17). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human C/EBP beta mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 1
Inhibition of human C/EBP beta mRNA levels by chimeric
phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a
deoxy gap
ISIS		TARGET	TARGET			SEQ ID
#	REGION	SEQ ID NO	SITE	SEQUENCE	% INHIB	NO
116442	5′UTR	3	178	ctgctgccgccgctgccggg	63	18
116443	5′UTR	3	203	agctgtcgccgctgcgtcgc	0	19
116444	5′UTR	3	234	cggcccgcaggtgcgcggcc	16	20
116445	Start	3	290	aggcgttgcatgaacgcggg	0	21
	Codon
116446	Coding	3	366	gaagttggccacttccatgg	0	22
116447	Coding	3	370	agtagaagttggccacttcc	0	23
116448	Coding	3	375	ctcgtagtagaagttggcca	11	24
116449	Coding	3	394	cagcagccaagcagtccgcc	40	25
116450	Coding	3	399	gtacgcagcagccaagcagt	0	26
116451	Coding	3	488	tcgtggtcgccgatgctgcc	8	27
116452	Coding	3	626	tcgtggtgctgcccggagga	49	28
116453	Coding	3	637	cggagaggaagtcgtggtgc	17	29
116454	Coding	3	642	gaggtcggagaggaagtcgt	0	30
116455	Coding	3	664	tgcccccgtagtcgtcggag	50	31
116456	Coding	3	680	ggcttcttgcagttcttgcc	0	32
116457	Coding	3	681	cggcttcttgcagttcttgc	23	33
116458	Coding	3	685	cggccggcttcttgcagttc	50	34
116459	Coding	3	698	acgtagccgtactcggccgg	0	35
116460	Coding	3	708	ccccaggctcacgtagccgt	59	36
116461	Coding	3	791	gcgggcggcggcggcggcgg	0	37
116462	Coding	3	805	ccgccttgagctcggcgggc	18	38
116463	Coding	3	814	agcccggctccgccttgagc	15	39
116464	Coding	3	818	tcgaagcccggctccgcctt	31	40
116465	Coding	3	867	gccgccgcccggcgccccgg	34	41
116466	Coding	3	878	gccatgcctgcgccgccgcc	60	42
116467	Coding	3	890	gggaagcccgccgccatgcc	4	43
116468	Coding	3	900	cagcgcgtacgggaagcccg	0	44
116469	Coding	3	910	ggtaagcgcgcagcgcgtac	45	45
116470	Coding	3	912	gaggtaagcgcgcagcgcgt	27	46
116471	Coding	3	920	tggtagccgaggtaagcgcg	0	47
116472	Coding	3	922	cctggtagccgaggtaagcg	0	48
116473	Coding	3	924	cgcctggtagccgaggtaag	0	49
116474	Coding	3	925	ccgcctggtagccgaggtaa	64	50
116475	Coding	3	937	tgccgctcggcaccgcctgg	10	51
116476	Coding	3	960	ggacgtggagaggctcccgc	24	52
116477	Coding	3	976	gcgggctggacgaggaggac	0	53
116478	Coding	3	1053	ctgcgagggcgccggcccgg	40	54
116479	Coding	3	1127	atgttgttgcgctcgcgccg	52	55
116480	Coding	3	1169	aggttgcgcatcttggcctt	0	56
116481	Coding	3	1174	tctccaggttgcgcatcttg	49	57
116482	Coding	3	1187	accttgtgctgcgtctccag	43	58
116483	Coding	3	1223	ttctgcagccgctcgttctc	39	59
116484	Coding	3	1228	ccttcttctgcagccgctcg	47	60
116485	Coding	3	1233	ctccaccttcttctgcagcc	32	61
116486	Coding	3	1238	agctgctccaccttcttctg	49	62
116487	Coding	3	1243	gcgacagctgctccaccttc	57	63
116488	Coding	3	1253	ctgagctcgcgcgacagctg	63	64
116489	Coding	3	1265	ttccgcagggtgctgagctc	27	65
116490	Coding	3	1270	acaagttccgcagggtgctg	54	66
116491	Coding	3	1275	cttgaacaagttccgcaggg	12	67
116492	Coding	3	1280	agctgcttgaacaagttccg	26	68
116493	Coding	3	1285	cgggcagctgcttgaacaag	42	69
116494	Stop	3	1321	cgcgctagcagtggccggag	59	70
	Codon
116495	Stop	3	1325	gggccgcgctagcagtggcc	56	71
	Codon
116496	3′UTR	3	1366	ccggagtctcagccccggcc	57	72
116497	3′UTR	3	1367	cccggagtctcagccccggc	43	73
116498	3′UTR	3	1375	gggcgctccccggagtctca	0	74
116499	3′UTR	3	1470	ataaaatattaaaattaccg	23	75
116500	3′UTR	3	1499	ggttggcaaaatatagatat	0	76
116501	3′UTR	3	1509	atgtacggttggttggcaaa	0	77
116502	3′UTR	3	1544	ttcttctttatacaccacgg	19	78
116503	3′UTR	3	1570	tatcattcatctgtacacat	47	79
116504	3′UTR	3	1624	gaaaccggccccgcccgccg	0	80
116505	3′UTR	3	1642	accgattgcatcaacttcga	71	81
116506	3′UTR	3	1662	acgcgttcagccatgtttaa	50	82
116507	3′UTR	3	1685	ggttgcgtcagtcccgtgta	77	83
116508	3′UTR	3	1711	cagggcccggctgacagtta	82	84
116509	3′UTR	3	1727	tctttaagcgattactcagg	51	85
116510	3′UTR	3	1749	aacagcaacaagccctagaa	57	86
116511	3′UTR	3	1758	caaaacatcaacagcaacaa	37	87
116512	3′UTR	3	1821	tcttttctcatagaaataga	42	88
116513	3′UTR	3	1826	acgcctcttttctcatagaa	58	89
116514	3′UTR	3	1827	gacgcctcttttctcataga	52	90
116515	3′UTR	3	1854	aaacggaaaagattcccaaa	35	91
116516	3′UTR	3	1869	gttcttaattgcttgaaacg	19	92
116517	3′UTR	3	1887	aaaaagtttattaaaagtgt	8	93
116518	3′UTR	17	143	cccaaaaggctttgtaacca	13	94
116519	3′UTR	17	148	ctgcccccaaaaggctttgt	14	95

As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 18, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 89, 90 and 91 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of human C/EBP beta expression in this assay and are therefore preferred.

Example 17

Antisense inhibition of mouse C/EBP beta expression by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap.

In accordance with the present invention, a second series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the mouse C/EBP beta RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number X62600, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 2 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse C/EBP beta mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 2
Inhibition of mouse C/EBP beta mRNA levels by chimeric
phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a
deoxy gap
		TARGET	TARGET			SEQ ID
ISIS #	REGION	SEQ ID NO	SITE	SEQUENCE	%INHIB	NO
116487	Coding	10	905	gcgacagctgctccaccttc	46	63
116513	3′UTR	10	1395	acgcctcttttctcatagaa	46	89
120605	5′UTR	10	6	tataaggcggcgcctggcaa	0	96
120606	5′UTR	10	10	ggtttataaggcggcgcctg	2	97
120607	5′UTR	10	18	gagcgggaggtttataaggc	0	98
120608	5′UTR	10	23	cggccgagcgggaggtttat	7	99
120609	5′UTR	10	42	ctcggactcggcgcggcggc	33	100
116520	5′UTR	10	56	ggtcccgtgcgcggctcgga	0	101
120610	5′UTR	10	62	cgtcccggtcccgtgcgcgg	41	102
116521	5′UTR	10	71	gctccgctgcgtcccggtcc	0	103
116522	Start	10	99	aggcggtgcatgaacgcggg	0	104
	Codon
120611	Start	10	105	gccagcaggcggtgcatgaa	43	105
	Codon
120612	Start	10	109	ccaggccagcaggcggtgca	41	106
	Codon
116523	Coding	10	118	tgctgcgtcccaggccagca	0	107
120613	Coding	10	126	gggaggcatgctgcgtccca	11	108
116524	Coding	10	145	aaaggcggcgggcggcggcg	18	109
116525	Coding	10	156	tccatgggtctaaaggcggc	0	110
116526	Coding	10	161	ccacttccatgggtctaaag	13	111
116527	Coding	10	171	tagaagttggccacttccat	13	112
116528	Coding	10	176	cgtagtagaagttggccact	0	113
120614	Coding	10	184	gtcgggctcgtagtagaagt	21	114
116529	Coding	10	194	aggccaggcagtcgggctcg	0	115
116530	Coding	10	210	gccgccttggccccgtaggc	0	116
116531	Coding	10	222	ggcgcggcgcgggccgcctt	0	117
120615	Coding	10	251	caatggccggctcggcggcg	17	118
116532	Coding	10	257	gctcgccaatggccggctcg	0	119
120616	Coding	10	264	cgctcgtgctcgccaatggc	40	120
120617	Coding	10	270	atggcgcgctcgtgctcgcc	31	121
116533	Coding	10	303	ggcgcgagcggctccaggta	1	122
116534	Coding	10	328	cgcgggcgcggcgaagtccg	2	123
116535	Coding	10	355	gtcggagaggaagtcgtggt	3	124
116536	Coding	10	360	aagaggtcggagaggaagtc	9	125
120618	Coding	10	378	gcgccgtagtcgtcggcgaa	14	126
120619	Coding	10	382	cttggcgccgtagtcgtcgg	26	127
120620	Coding	10	386	tcggcttggcgccgtagtcg	25	128
116537	Coding	10	392	tcttgctcggcttggcgccg	0	129
116538	Coding	10	405	tagtcggccggcttcttgct	28	130
120621	Coding	10	412	gtaaccgtagtcggccggct	20	131
120622	Coding	10	417	ctcacgtaaccgtagtcggc	28	132
120623	Coding	10	424	gccgaggctcacgtaaccgt	21	133
116539	Coding	10	430	cgcgcggccgaggctcacgt	0	134
116540	Coding	10	449	gcggcgcggccttggcgccc	0	135
116541	Coding	10	491	ccgccttgagcgccgcggga	0	136
116542	Coding	10	502	gaagcccggctccgccttga	0	137
120624	Coding	10	510	gcgggttcgaagcccggctc	37	138
120625	Coding	10	514	gtccgcgggttcgaagcccg	27	139
120626	Coding	10	517	gcagtccgcgggttcgaagc	4	140
120627	Coding	10	520	cttgcagtccgcgggttcga	18	141
120628	Coding	10	523	gcgcttgcagtccgcgggtt	31	142
120629	Coding	10	531	tcgtccgcgcgcttgcagtc	1	143
120630	Coding	10	532	gtcgtccgcgcgcttgcagt	14	144
120631	Coding	10	545	ccatggcgggcgcgtcgtcc	0	145
120632	Coding	10	555	aaaccggccgccatggcggg	44	146
120633	Coding	10	561	aacgggaaaccggccgccat	32	147
116543	Coding	10	586	gtagcccaggtaggcgcgca	0	148
120634	Coding	10	592	cgcctggtagcccaggtagg	19	149
120635	Coding	10	595	cgtcgcctggtagcccaggt	23	150
116544	Coding	10	604	gccgctcggcgtcgcctggt	0	151
116545	Coding	10	616	gctgccgctgctgccgctcg	0	152
120636	Coding	10	622	ggacaggctgccgctgctgc	25	153
120637	Coding	10	630	gacgacgtggacaggctgcc	36	154
116546	Coding	10	637	ggacgacgacgacgtggaca	0	155
116547	Coding	10	639	ctggacgacgacgacgtgga	0	156
116548	Coding	10	686	cggcgggcgcggccttggcg	0	157
120638	Coding	10	704	gcggccccgcgaagcaggcg	34	158
120639	Coding	10	710	cggccggcggccccgcgaag	0	159
116549	Coding	10	718	ggcgggcgcggccggcggcc	0	160
116550	Coding	10	722	ccttggcgggcgcggccggc	0	161
116551	Coding	10	727	cttggccttggcgggcgcgg	17	162
116552	Coding	10	744	tccaccgtcttcttggcctt	0	163
116553	Coding	10	745	gtccaccgtcttcttggcct	45	164
116554	Coding	10	753	ctcagcttgtccaccgtctt	36	165
120640	Coding	10	762	tactcgtcgctcagcttgtc	43	166
120641	Coding	10	767	tcttgtactcgtcgctcagc	57	167
116555	Coding	10	778	ctcgcgccgcatcttgtact	0	168
116556	Coding	10	802	cttgcgcaccgcgatgttgt	0	169
116557	Coding	10	818	tggccttgtcgcggctcttg	16	170
116558	Coding	10	834	tccaggttgcgcatcttggc	17	171
116559	Coding	10	838	cgtctccaggttgcgcatct	14	172
116560	Coding	10	856	ctccagcaccttgtgctgcg	0	173
116561	Coding	10	864	gccgtcagctccagcacctt	11	174
120642	Coding	10	870	ttctccgccgtcagctccag	39	175
120643	Coding	10	879	agccgctcgttctccgccgt	41	176
116562	Coding	10	887	tcttctgcagccgctcgttc	0	177
116563	Coding	10	893	ccaccttcttctgcagccgc	18	178
116564	Coding	10	897	tgctccaccttcttctgcag	48	179
116565	Coding	10	902	acagctgctccaccttcttc	18	180
120644	Coding	10	912	agctctcgcgacagctgctc	29	182
116566	Coding	10	919	ggtgctgagctctcgcgaca	0	183
116567	Coding	10	929	agttccgcagggtgctgagc	11	184
116568	Coding	10	934	gaacaagttccgcagggtgc	0	185
116569	Coding	10	939	tgcttgaacaagttccgcag	0	186
116570	Coding	10	945	ggcagctgcttgaacaagtt	0	187
116571	Coding	10	950	gctcgggcagctgcttgaac	0	188
120645	Coding	10	956	gcagcggctcgggcagctgc	12	189
116572	Coding	10	963	gaggccagcagcggctcggg	16	190
116573	Coding	10	966	gccgaggccagcagcggctc	0	191
116574	Coding	10	972	tggcccgccgaggccagcag	0	192
116575	Coding	10	977	agcagtggcccgccgaggcc	11	193
116576	Stop	10	980	gctagcagtggcccgccgag	0	194
	Codon
116577	Stop	10	988	cgcgccgcgctagcagtggc	0	195
	Codon
116578	Stop	10	994	cgccaccgcgccgcgctagc	0	196
	Codon
120646	3′UTR	10	1018	gcacggtggccgcggcgccc	0	197
116579	3′UTR	10	1074	agggcacgcacggtggtccg	19	198
116580	3′UTR	10	1083	ggtgcgcgcagggcacgcac	0	199
116581	3′UTR	10	1088	gtgcaggtgcgcgcagggca	0	200
116582	3′UTR	10	1092	gcaggtgcaggtgcgcgcag	0	201
120647	3′UTR	10	1099	cctcggtgcaggtgcaggtg	41	202
120648	3′UTR	10	1103	gtcccctcggtgcaggtgca	37	203
116583	3′UTR	10	1109	cgcggtgtcccctcggtgca	8	204
116584	3′UTR	10	l119	gcggtgtgcccgcggtgtcc	10	205
120649	3′UTR	10	1127	gcgtgcccgcggtgtgcccg	35	206
120650	3′UTR	10	1139	tgcgtgcgccgcgcgtgccc	0	207
120651	3′UTR	10	1149	gctgtgcaggtgcgtgcgcc	17	208
120652	3′UTR	10	1158	acccggtgcgctgtgcaggt	32	209
120653	3′UTR	10	1163	ccgaaacccggtgcgctgtg	51	210
120654	3′UTR	10	1168	aagtcccgaaacccggtgcg	26	211
116585	3′UTR	10	1174	tgcatcaagtcccgaaaccc	6	212
116586	3′UTR	10	1182	atccggattgcatcaagtcc	0	213
120655	3′UTR	10	1188	cgtttgatccggattgcatc	47	214
120656	3′UTR	10	1192	gccacgtttgatccggattg	19	215
120657	3′UTR	10	1197	gctcagccacgtttgatccg	73	216
120658	3′UTR	10	1202	cacgcgctcagccacgtttg	57	217
120659	3′UTR	10	1218	cgtagtcccgtgtccacacg	42	218
120660	3′UTR	10	1223	tgttgcgtagtcccgtgtcc	36	219
116587	3′UTR	10	1232	ttacacgtgtgttgcgtagt	8	220
120661	3′UTR	10	1240	ctagacagttacacgtgtgt	43	221
120662	3′UTR	10	1243	cggctagacagttacacgtg	42	222
116588	3′UTR	10	1257	gattactcagggcccggcta	0	223
116589	3′UTR	10	1264	ttaaggtgattactcagggc	0	224
120663	3′UTR	10	1271	aacatctttaaggtgattac	7	225
116590	3′UTR	10	1278	ccgcaggaacatctttaagg	10	226
116591	3′UTR	10	1292	aaacatcaacaaccccgcag	3	227
116592	3′UTR	10	1309	aacaaaaacaaaaccaaaaa	0	228
120664	3′UTR	10	1369	cttttttatataatacaaaa	7	229
120665	3′UTR	10	1376	aatagaacttttttatataa	8	230
116593	3′UTR	10	1385	tctcatagaaatagaacttt	3	231
116594	3′UTR	10	1393	gcctcttttctcatagaaat	39	232
120666	3′UTR	10	1405	aaatatacatacgcctcttt	3	234
120667	3′UTR	10	1417	gaaaaggttctcaaatatac	0	235
120668	3′UTR	10	1426	ctcgaaacggaaaaggttct	26	236
120669	3′UTR	10	1430	aatgctcgaaacggaaaagg	38	237
120670	3′UTR	10	1434	ctttaatgctcgaaacggaa	33	238
120671	3′UTR	10	1437	tcactttaatgctcgaaacg	46	239
120672	3′UTR	10	1442	tgtcttcactttaatgctcg	48	240
116595	3′UTR	10	1448	ttaaaatgtcttcactttaa	4	241
116596	3′UTR	10	1458	aaaaagtttattaaaatgtc	0	242
120673	3′UTR	10	1465	tctcccaaaaaagtttatta	0	243
116597	3′UTR	10	1476	cttttaaacattctcccaaa	0	244

As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 63, 89, 100, 102, 105, 106, 114, 120, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 150, 153, 154, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 176, 179, 182, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239 and 240 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of mouse C/EBP beta expression in this experiment and are therefore preferred.

Example 18

Western blot analysis of C/EBP beta protein levels

Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laenmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to C/EBP beta is used, with a radiolabelled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

244 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 1tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 2atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 3 1910 DNA Homo sapiens 3gtccttcgcg tcccggcggc gcggcggagg ggccggcgtg acgcagcggt tgctacgggc 60cgcccttata aataaccggg ctcaggagaa actttagcga gtcagagccg cgcacgggac 120tgggaagggg acccacccga gggtccagcc accagccccc tcactaatag cggccacccc 180ggcagcggcg gcagcagcag cagcgacgca gcggcgacag ctcagagcag ggaggccgcg 240cacctgcggg ccggccggag cgggcagccc caggccccct ccccgggcac ccgcgttc 298atg caa cgc ctg gtg gcc tgg gac cca gca tgt ctc ccc ctg ccg ccg 346Met Gln Arg Leu Val Ala Trp Asp Pro Ala Cys Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro 1 5 10 15ccg ccg cct gcc ttt aaa tcc atg gaa gtg gcc aac ttc tac tac gag 394Pro Pro Pro Ala Phe Lys Ser Met Glu Val Ala Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Glu 20 25 30gcg gac tgc ttg gct gct gcg tac ggc ggc aag gcg gcc ccc gcg gcg 442Ala Asp Cys Leu Ala Ala Ala Tyr Gly Gly Lys Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala 35 40 45ccc ccc gcg gcc aga ccc ggg ccg cgc ccc ccc gcc ggc gag ctg ggc 490Pro Pro Ala Ala Arg Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Pro Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly 50 55 60agc atc ggc gac cac gag cgc gcc atc gac ttc agc ccg tac ctg gag 538Ser Ile Gly Asp His Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp Phe Ser Pro Tyr Leu Glu 65 70 75 80ccg ctg ggc gcg ccg cag gcc ccg gcg ccc gcc acg gcc acg gac acc 586Pro Leu Gly Ala Pro Gln Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Thr Ala Thr Asp Thr 85 90 95ttc gag gcg gct ccg ccc gcg ccc gcc ccc gcg ccc gcc tcc tcc ggg 634Phe Glu Ala Ala Pro Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Ser Ser Gly 100 105 110cag cac cac gac ttc ctc tcc gac ctc ttc tcc gac gac tac ggg ggc 682Gln His His Asp Phe Leu Ser Asp Leu Phe Ser Asp Asp Tyr Gly Gly 115 120 125aag aac tgc aag aag ccg gcc gag tac ggc tac gtg agc ctg ggg cgc 730Lys Asn Cys Lys Lys Pro Ala Glu Tyr Gly Tyr Val Ser Leu Gly Arg 130 135 140ctg ggg gct gcc aag ggc gcg ctg cac ccc ggc tgc ttc gcg ccc ctg 778Leu Gly Ala Ala Lys Gly Ala Leu His Pro Gly Cys Phe Ala Pro Leu145 150 155 160cac cca ccg ccc ccg ccg ccg ccg ccg ccc gcc gag ctc aag gcg gag 826His Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Glu 165 170 175ccg ggc ttc gag ccc gcg gac tgc aag cgg aag gag gag gcc ggg gcg 874Pro Gly Phe Glu Pro Ala Asp Cys Lys Arg Lys Glu Glu Ala Gly Ala 180 185 190ccg ggc ggc ggc gca ggc atg gcg gcg ggc ttc ccg tac gcg ctg cgc 922Pro Gly Gly Gly Ala Gly Met Ala Ala Gly Phe Pro Tyr Ala Leu Arg 195 200 205gct tac ctc ggc tac cag gcg gtg ccg agc ggc agc agc ggg agc ctc 970Ala Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Gln Ala Val Pro Ser Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu 210 215 220tcc acg tcc tcc tcg tcc agc ccg ccc ggc acg ccg agc ccc gct gac 1018Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp225 230 235 240gcc aag gcc ccc ccg acc gcc tgc tac gcg ggg gcc ggg ccg gcg ccc 1066Ala Lys Ala Pro Pro Thr Ala Cys Tyr Ala Gly Ala Gly Pro Ala Pro 245 250 255tcg cag gtc aag agc aag gcc aag aag acc gtg gac aag cac agc gac 1114Ser Gln Val Lys Ser Lys Ala Lys Lys Thr Val Asp Lys His Ser Asp 260 265 270gag tac aag atc cgg cgc gag cgc aac aac atc gcc gtg cgc aag agc 1162Glu Tyr Lys Ile Arg Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys Ser 275 280 285cgc gac aag gcc aag atg cgc aac ctg gag acg cag cac aag gtc ctg 1210Arg Asp Lys Ala Lys Met Arg Asn Leu Glu Thr Gln His Lys Val Leu 290 295 300gag ctc acg gcc gag aac gag cgg ctg cag aag aag gtg gag cag ctg 1258Glu Leu Thr Ala Glu Asn Glu Arg Leu Gln Lys Lys Val Glu Gln Leu305 310 315 320tcg cgc gag ctc agc acc ctg cgg aac ttg ttc aag cag ctg ccc gag 1306Ser Arg Glu Leu Ser Thr Leu Arg Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Glu 325 330 335ccc ctg ctc gcc tcc tcc ggc cac tgc tag cgcggccccc gcggcgtccc 1356Pro Leu Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly His Cys 340 345cctggggccg gccggggctg agactccggg gagcgcccgc gcccgcgccc tcgcccccnc 1416ccccnnnncc gcaaaacttt ggcactgggg cacttggcag cnggggagcc cgtcggtaat 1476tttaatattt tattatatat atatatctat attttgccaa ccaaccgtac atgcagatgg 1536ctcccgcccg tggtgtataa agaagaaatg tctatgtgta cagatgaatg ataaactctc 1596tgctctccct ctgcccctct ccaggcccgg cgggcggggc cggtttcgaa gttgatgcaa 1656tcggtttaaa catggctgaa cgcgtgtgta cacgggactg acgcaaccca cgtgtaactg 1716tcagccgggc cctgagtaat cgcttaaaga tgttctaggg cttgttgctg ttgatgtttt 1776gttttgtttt gttttttggt ctttttttgt attataaaaa ataatctatt tctatgagaa 1836aagaggcgtc tgtatatttt gggaatcttt tccgtttcaa gcaattaaga acacttttaa 1896taaacttttt tttg 1910 4 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 4gcaacccacg tgtaactgtc a 21 5 22 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5tcaacagcaa caagccctag aa 22 6 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 6ccgggccctg agtaatcgct taaagat 27 7 19 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 7gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 8 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 9 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 9caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 10 1500 DNA Mus musculus CDS (108)...(998) 10gcccgttgcc aggcgccgcc ttataaacct cccgctcggc cgccgccgcg ccgagtccga 60gccgcgcacg ggaccgggac gcagcggagc ccgcgggccc cgcgttc atg cac cgc 116 Met His Arg 1ctg ctg gcc tgg gac gca gca tgc ctc ccg ccg ccg ccc gcc gcc ttt 164Leu Leu Ala Trp Asp Ala Ala Cys Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Ala Phe 5 10 15aga ccc atg gaa gtg gcc aac ttc tac tac gag ccc gac tgc ctg gcc 212Arg Pro Met Glu Val Ala Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Glu Pro Asp Cys Leu Ala 20 25 30 35tac ggg gcc aag gcg gcc cgc gcc gcg ccg cgc gcc ccc gcc gcc gag 260Tyr Gly Ala Lys Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Pro Arg Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 40 45 50ccg gcc att ggc gag cac gag cgc gcc atc gac ttc agc ccc tac ctg 308Pro Ala Ile Gly Glu His Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp Phe Ser Pro Tyr Leu 55 60 65gag ccg ctc gcg ccc gcc gcg gac ttc gcc gcg ccc gcg ccc gcg cac 356Glu Pro Leu Ala Pro Ala Ala Asp Phe Ala Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala His 70 75 80cac gac ttc ctc tcc gac ctc ttc gcc gac gac tac ggc gcc aag ccg 404His Asp Phe Leu Ser Asp Leu Phe Ala Asp Asp Tyr Gly Ala Lys Pro 85 90 95agc aag aag ccg gcc gac tac ggt tac gtg agc ctc ggc cgc gcg ggc 452Ser Lys Lys Pro Ala Asp Tyr Gly Tyr Val Ser Leu Gly Arg Ala Gly100 105 110 115gcc aag gcc gcg ccg ccc gcc tgc ttc ccg ccg ccg cct ccc gcg gcg 500Ala Lys Ala Ala Pro Pro Ala Cys Phe Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Ala 120 125 130ctc aag gcg gag ccg ggc ttc gaa ccc gcg gac tgc aag cgc gcg gac 548Leu Lys Ala Glu Pro Gly Phe Glu Pro Ala Asp Cys Lys Arg Ala Asp 135 140 145gac gcg ccc gcc atg gcg gcc ggt ttc ccg ttc gcc ctg cgc gcc tac 596Asp Ala Pro Ala Met Ala Ala Gly Phe Pro Phe Ala Leu Arg Ala Tyr 150 155 160ctg ggc tac cag gcg acg ccg agc ggc agc agc ggc agc ctg tcc acg 644Leu Gly Tyr Gln Ala Thr Pro Ser Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Thr 165 170 175tcg tcg tcg tcc agc ccg ccc ggc acg ccg agc ccc gcc gac gcc aag 692Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp Ala Lys180 185 190 195gcc gcg ccc gcc gcc tgc ttc gcg ggg ccg ccg gcc gcg ccc gcc aag 740Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala Cys Phe Ala Gly Pro Pro Ala Ala Pro Ala Lys 200 205 210gcc aag gcc aag aag acg gtg gac aag ctg agc gac gag tac aag atg 788Ala Lys Ala Lys Lys Thr Val Asp Lys Leu Ser Asp Glu Tyr Lys Met 215 220 225cgg cgc gag cgc aac aac atc gcg gtg cgc aag agc cgc gac aag gcc 836Arg Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys Ser Arg Asp Lys Ala 230 235 240aag atg cgc aac ctg gag acg cag cac aag gtg ctg gag ctg acg gcg 884Lys Met Arg Asn Leu Glu Thr Gln His Lys Val Leu Glu Leu Thr Ala 245 250 255gag aac gag cgg ctg cag aag aag gtg gag cag ctg tcg cga gag ctc 932Glu Asn Glu Arg Leu Gln Lys Lys Val Glu Gln Leu Ser Arg Glu Leu260 265 270 275agc acc ctg cgg aac ttg ttc aag cag ctg ccc gag ccg ctg ctg gcc 980Ser Thr Leu Arg Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Glu Pro Leu Leu Ala 280 285 290tcg gcg ggc cac tgc tag cgcggcgcgg tggcgtgggg ggcgccgcgg ccaccgtgcg 1038Ser Ala Gly His Cys 295ccctgccccg cgcgctccgg ccccgcgcgc gcgcccggac caccgtgcgt gccctgcgcg 1098cacctgcacc tgcaccgagg ggacaccgcg ggcacaccgc gggcacgcgc ggcgcacgca 1158cctgcacagc gcaccgggtt tcgggacttg atgcaatccg gatcaaacgt ggctgagcgc 1218gtgtggacac gggactacgc aacacacgtg taactgtcta gccgggccct gagtaatcac 1278cttaaagatg ttcctgcggg gttgttgatg tttttggttt tgtttttgtt ttttgttttg 1338ttttgttttt ttttttggtc ttattatttt ttttgtatta tataaaaaag ttctatttct 1398atgagaaaag aggcgtatgt atatttgaga accttttccg tttcgagcat taaagtgaag 1458acattttaat aaactttttt gggagaatgt ttaaaagcca aa 1500 11 18 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 11cggatcaaac gtggctga 18 12 24 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 12cgcaggaaca tctttaaggt gatt 24 13 26 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 13acgtgtaact gtctagccgg gccctg 26 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 14ggcaaattca acggcacagt 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 15gggtctcgct cctggaagct 20 16 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 16aaggccgaga atgggaagct tgtcatc 27 17 192 DNA Homo sapiens unsure 182 unknown 17gttttgtttt gttttgtttt ttggtctttt tttggattat aaaaaataat ctatttctat 60gagaaaaaag gcgtctgtat attttgggaa tcttttccgt ttcaagcatt aagaacactt 120ttaataaact tttttttgag aatggttaca aagccttttg ggggcagtaa aaaaaaaaaa 180annnnaaaaa aa 192 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 18ctgctgccgc cgctgccggg 20 19 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 19agctgtcgcc gctgcgtcgc 20 20 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 20cggcccgcag gtgcgcggcc 20 21 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 21aggcgttgca tgaacgcggg 20 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 22gaagttggcc acttccatgg 20 23 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 23agtagaagtt ggccacttcc 20 24 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 24ctcgtagtag aagttggcca 20 25 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 25cagcagccaa gcagtccgcc 20 26 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 26gtacgcagca gccaagcagt 20 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 27tcgtggtcgc cgatgctgcc 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 28tcgtggtgct gcccggagga 20 29 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 29cggagaggaa gtcgtggtgc 20 30 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 30gaggtcggag aggaagtcgt 20 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 31tgcccccgta gtcgtcggag 20 32 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 32ggcttcttgc agttcttgcc 20 33 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 33cggcttcttg cagttcttgc 20 34 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 34cggccggctt cttgcagttc 20 35 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 35acgtagccgt actcggccgg 20 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 36ccccaggctc acgtagccgt 20 37 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 37gcgggcggcg gcggcggcgg 20 38 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 38ccgccttgag ctcggcgggc 20 39 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 39agcccggctc cgccttgagc 20 40 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 40tcgaagcccg gctccgcctt 20 41 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 41gccgccgccc ggcgccccgg 20 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 42gccatgcctg cgccgccgcc 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 43gggaagcccg ccgccatgcc 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 44cagcgcgtac gggaagcccg 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 45ggtaagcgcg cagcgcgtac 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 46gaggtaagcg cgcagcgcgt 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 47tggtagccga ggtaagcgcg 20 48 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 48cctggtagcc gaggtaagcg 20 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 49cgcctggtag ccgaggtaag 20 50 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 50ccgcctggta gccgaggtaa 20 51 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 51tgccgctcgg caccgcctgg 20 52 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 52ggacgtggag aggctcccgc 20 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 53gcgggctgga cgaggaggac 20 54 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 54ctgcgagggc gccggcccgg 20 55 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 55atgttgttgc gctcgcgccg 20 56 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 56aggttgcgca tcttggcctt 20 57 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 57tctccaggtt gcgcatcttg 20 58 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 58accttgtgct gcgtctccag 20 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 59ttctgcagcc gctcgttctc 20 60 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 60ccttcttctg cagccgctcg 20 61 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 61ctccaccttc ttctgcagcc 20 62 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 62agctgctcca ccttcttctg 20 63 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 63gcgacagctg ctccaccttc 20 64 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 64ctgagctcgc gcgacagctg 20 65 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 65ttccgcaggg tgctgagctc 20 66 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 66acaagttccg cagggtgctg 20 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 67cttgaacaag ttccgcaggg 20 68 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 68agctgcttga acaagttccg 20 69 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 69cgggcagctg cttgaacaag 20 70 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 70cgcgctagca gtggccggag 20 71 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 71gggccgcgct agcagtggcc 20 72 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 72ccggagtctc agccccggcc 20 73 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 73cccggagtct cagccccggc 20 74 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 74gggcgctccc cggagtctca 20 75 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 75ataaaatatt aaaattaccg 20 76 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 76ggttggcaaa atatagatat 20 77 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 77atgtacggtt ggttggcaaa 20 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 78ttcttcttta tacaccacgg 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 79tatcattcat ctgtacacat 20 80 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 80gaaaccggcc ccgcccgccg 20 81 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 81accgattgca tcaacttcga 20 82 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 82acgcgttcag ccatgtttaa 20 83 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 83ggttgcgtca gtcccgtgta 20 84 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 84cagggcccgg ctgacagtta 20 85 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 85tctttaagcg attactcagg 20 86 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 86aacagcaaca agccctagaa 20 87 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 87caaaacatca acagcaacaa 20 88 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 88tcttttctca tagaaataga 20 89 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 89acgcctcttt tctcatagaa 20 90 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 90gacgcctctt ttctcataga 20 91 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 91aaacggaaaa gattcccaaa 20 92 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 92gttcttaatt gcttgaaacg 20 93 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 93aaaaagttta ttaaaagtgt 20 94 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 94cccaaaaggc tttgtaacca 20 95 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 95ctgcccccaa aaggctttgt 20 96 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 96tataaggcgg cgcctggcaa 20 97 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 97ggtttataag gcggcgcctg 20 98 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 98gagcgggagg tttataaggc 20 99 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 99cggccgagcg ggaggtttat 20 100 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 100ctcggactcg gcgcggcggc 20 101 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 101ggtcccgtgc gcggctcgga 20 102 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 102cgtcccggtc ccgtgcgcgg 20 103 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 103gctccgctgc gtcccggtcc 20 104 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 104aggcggtgca tgaacgcggg 20 105 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 105gccagcaggc ggtgcatgaa 20 106 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 106ccaggccagc aggcggtgca 20 107 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 107tgctgcgtcc caggccagca 20 108 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 108gggaggcatg ctgcgtccca 20 109 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 109aaaggcggcg ggcggcggcg 20 110 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 110tccatgggtc taaaggcggc 20 111 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 111ccacttccat gggtctaaag 20 112 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 112tagaagttgg ccacttccat 20 113 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 113cgtagtagaa gttggccact 20 114 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 114gtcgggctcg tagtagaagt 20 115 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 115aggccaggca gtcgggctcg 20 116 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 116gccgccttgg ccccgtaggc 20 117 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 117ggcgcggcgc gggccgcctt 20 118 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 118caatggccgg ctcggcggcg 20 119 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 119gctcgccaat ggccggctcg 20 120 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 120cgctcgtgct cgccaatggc 20 121 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 121atggcgcgct cgtgctcgcc 20 122 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 122ggcgcgagcg gctccaggta 20 123 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 123cgcgggcgcg gcgaagtccg 20 124 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 124gtcggagagg aagtcgtggt 20 125 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 125aagaggtcgg agaggaagtc 20 126 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 126gcgccgtagt cgtcggcgaa 20 127 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 127cttggcgccg tagtcgtcgg 20 128 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 128tcggcttggc gccgtagtcg 20 129 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 129tcttgctcgg cttggcgccg 20 130 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 130tagtcggccg gcttcttgct 20 131 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 131gtaaccgtag tcggccggct 20 132 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 132ctcacgtaac cgtagtcggc 20 133 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 133gccgaggctc acgtaaccgt 20 134 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 134cgcgcggccg aggctcacgt 20 135 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 135gcggcgcggc cttggcgccc 20 136 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 136ccgccttgag cgccgcggga 20 137 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 137gaagcccggc tccgccttga 20 138 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 138gcgggttcga agcccggctc 20 139 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 139gtccgcgggt tcgaagcccg 20 140 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 140gcagtccgcg ggttcgaagc 20 141 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 141cttgcagtcc gcgggttcga 20 142 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 142gcgcttgcag tccgcgggtt 20 143 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 143tcgtccgcgc gcttgcagtc 20 144 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 144gtcgtccgcg cgcttgcagt 20 145 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 145ccatggcggg cgcgtcgtcc 20 146 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 146aaaccggccg ccatggcggg 20 147 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 147aacgggaaac cggccgccat 20 148 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 148gtagcccagg taggcgcgca 20 149 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 149cgcctggtag cccaggtagg 20 150 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 150cgtcgcctgg tagcccaggt 20 151 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 151gccgctcggc gtcgcctggt 20 152 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 152gctgccgctg ctgccgctcg 20 153 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 153ggacaggctg ccgctgctgc 20 154 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 154gacgacgtgg acaggctgcc 20 155 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 155ggacgacgac gacgtggaca 20 156 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 156ctggacgacg acgacgtgga 20 157 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 157cggcgggcgc ggccttggcg 20 158 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 158gcggccccgc gaagcaggcg 20 159 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 159cggccggcgg ccccgcgaag 20 160 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 160ggcgggcgcg gccggcggcc 20 161 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 161ccttggcggg cgcggccggc 20 162 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 162cttggccttg gcgggcgcgg 20 163 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 163tccaccgtct tcttggcctt 20 164 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 164gtccaccgtc ttcttggcct 20 165 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 165ctcagcttgt ccaccgtctt 20 166 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 166tactcgtcgc tcagcttgtc 20 167 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 167tcttgtactc gtcgctcagc 20 168 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 168ctcgcgccgc atcttgtact 20 169 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 169cttgcgcacc gcgatgttgt 20 170 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 170tggccttgtc gcggctcttg 20 171 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 171tccaggttgc gcatcttggc 20 172 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 172cgtctccagg ttgcgcatct 20 173 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 173ctccagcacc ttgtgctgcg 20 174 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 174gccgtcagct ccagcacctt 20 175 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 175ttctccgccg tcagctccag 20 176 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 176agccgctcgt tctccgccgt 20 177 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 177tcttctgcag ccgctcgttc 20 178 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 178ccaccttctt ctgcagccgc 20 179 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 179tgctccacct tcttctgcag 20 180 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 180acagctgctc caccttcttc 20 182 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 182agctctcgcg acagctgctc 20 183 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 183ggtgctgagc tctcgcgaca 20 184 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 184agttccgcag ggtgctgagc 20 185 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 185gaacaagttc cgcagggtgc 20 186 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 186tgcttgaaca agttccgcag 20 187 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 187ggcagctgct tgaacaagtt 20 188 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 188gctcgggcag ctgcttgaac 20 189 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 189gcagcggctc gggcagctgc 20 190 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 190gaggccagca gcggctcggg 20 191 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 191gccgaggcca gcagcggctc 20 192 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 192tggcccgccg aggccagcag 20 193 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 193agcagtggcc cgccgaggcc 20 194 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 194gctagcagtg gcccgccgag 20 195 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 195cgcgccgcgc tagcagtggc 20 196 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 196cgccaccgcg ccgcgctagc 20 197 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 197gcacggtggc cgcggcgccc 20 198 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 198agggcacgca cggtggtccg 20 199 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 199ggtgcgcgca gggcacgcac 20 200 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 200gtgcaggtgc gcgcagggca 20 201 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 201gcaggtgcag gtgcgcgcag 20 202 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 202cctcggtgca ggtgcaggtg 20 203 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 203gtcccctcgg tgcaggtgca 20 204 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 204cgcggtgtcc cctcggtgca 20 205 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 205gcggtgtgcc cgcggtgtcc 20 206 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 206gcgtgcccgc ggtgtgcccg 20 207 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 207tgcgtgcgcc gcgcgtgccc 20 208 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 208gctgtgcagg tgcgtgcgcc 20 209 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 209acccggtgcg ctgtgcaggt 20 210 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 210ccgaaacccg gtgcgctgtg 20 211 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 211aagtcccgaa acccggtgcg 20 212 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 212tgcatcaagt cccgaaaccc 20 213 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 213atccggattg catcaagtcc 20 214 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 214cgtttgatcc ggattgcatc 20 215 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 215gccacgtttg atccggattg 20 216 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 216gctcagccac gtttgatccg 20 217 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 217cacgcgctca gccacgtttg 20 218 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 218cgtagtcccg tgtccacacg 20 219 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 219tgttgcgtag tcccgtgtcc 20 220 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 220ttacacgtgt gttgcgtagt 20 221 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 221ctagacagtt acacgtgtgt 20 222 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 222cggctagaca gttacacgtg 20 223 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 223gattactcag ggcccggcta 20 224 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 224ttaaggtgat tactcagggc 20 225 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 225aacatcttta aggtgattac 20 226 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 226ccgcaggaac atctttaagg 20 227 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 227aaacatcaac aaccccgcag 20 228 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 228aacaaaaaca aaaccaaaaa 20 229 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 229cttttttata taatacaaaa 20 230 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 230aatagaactt ttttatataa 20 231 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 231tctcatagaa atagaacttt 20 232 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 232gcctcttttc tcatagaaat 20 234 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 234aaatatacat acgcctcttt 20 235 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 235gaaaaggttc tcaaatatac 20 236 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 236ctcgaaacgg aaaaggttct 20 237 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 237aatgctcgaa acggaaaagg 20 238 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 238ctttaatgct cgaaacggaa 20 239 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 239tcactttaat gctcgaaacg 20 240 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 240tgtcttcact ttaatgctcg 20 241 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 241ttaaaatgtc ttcactttaa 20 242 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 242aaaaagttta ttaaaatgtc 20 243 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 243tctcccaaaa aagtttatta 20 244 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 244cttttaaaca ttctcccaaa 20

Claims

1. An antisense compound up to 30 nucleobases in length comprising at least an 8-nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 18, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 102, 105, 106, 114, 120, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 150, 153, 154, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 176, 179, 182, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239 or 240 which inhibits the expression of human or mouse C/EBP beta.

2. The antisense compound of claim 1 which is an antisense oligonucleotide.

3. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

4. The antisense compound of claim 3 wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.

5. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.

6. The antisense compound of claim 5 wherein the modified sugar moiety is a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.

7. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.

8. The antisense compound of claim 7 wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.

9. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide.

10. A composition comprising the antisense compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

11. The composition of claim 10 further comprising a colloidal dispersion system.

12. The composition of claim 10 wherein the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.

13. A method of inhibiting the expression of human or mouse C/EBP beta in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues in vitro with the antisense compound of claim 1 so that expression of human or mouse C/EBP beta is inhibited.