This invention relates to atomic layer deposition methods.
Semiconductor processing in the fabrication of integrated circuitry typically includes the deposition of layers on semiconductor substrates. One such method is atomic layer deposition (ALD), which involves the deposition of successive monolayers over a substrate within a deposition chamber, typically maintained at subatmospheric pressure. With typical ALD, successive mono-atomic layers are adsorbed to a substrate and/or reacted with the outer layer on the substrate, typically by the successive feeding of one or more deposition precursors to the substrate surface.
By way of example only, an exemplary ALD method includes feeding a single vaporized precursor to a deposition chamber effective to form a first monolayer over a substrate received therein. Thereafter, the flow of the first deposition precursor is ceased and an inert purge gas is flowed through the chamber effective to remove any remaining first precursor that is not adhering to the substrate from the chamber. Alternately, perhaps no purge gas is utilized. Subsequently, a second vapor deposition precursor, the same or different from the first precursor, is flowed to the chamber effective to form a second monolayer on or with the first monolayer. The second monolayer might react with the first monolayer. Additional precursor flows can form successive monolayers, or the above process can be repeated until a desired thickness and composition layer has been formed over the substrate.
Exemplary types of materials deposited by ALD include metals and metal compounds. Common precursors used in depositing metal and metal compounds by ALD include metal halides, for example TiCI4. A typical intent in ALD involving such a metal halide is to flow TiCI4 to the substrate, preferably causing TiClx to chemisorb to available bonding sites on a substrate, with one or more chlorine atoms being a by-product either as chlorine atoms or chlorine gas (Cl2) as an effluent. The remaining TiClx will be positively charged, and provide an available bonding site for subsequent monolayer formation thereon or therewith. If elemental titanium is the desired layer to be deposited, subsequent flowing of TiCl4 can desirably replace the Clx with TiClx thereby creating Ti-TiClx bonds. Subsequent TiCl4 precursor flows can desirably result in an increasing thickness/growing elemental Ti layer. Alternately by way of example only, alternating TiCI4 and NH3 flows can be utilized to form TiN.
Regardless, a perfectly saturated monolayer of the TiClx moiety is typically not the result. Further and accordingly, otherwise available TiClx bonding sites might be occupied by chlorine atoms. Further and regardless, not all of the chlorine atoms of the TiClx monolayers will necessarily be removed from the layer, thereby undesirably resulting in some chlorine incorporation in the layer being formed. Accordingly, it would be desirable to reduce the incorporation of chlorine or other halogens in deposited layers utilizing metal halides as deposition precursors.
While the invention was motivated in addressing the above identified issues, it is in no way so limited. The invention is only limited by the accompanying claims as literally worded, without interpretative or other limiting reference to the specification, and in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
The invention includes atomic layer deposition methods. In one implementation, an atomic layer deposition method includes providing a semiconductor substrate within a deposition chamber. A first metal halide-comprising precursor gas is flowed to the substrate within the chamber effective to form a first monolayer on the substrate. The first monolayer comprises metal and halogen of the metal halide of the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas. While flowing the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas to the substrate within the chamber, H2 is flowed to the substrate within the chamber. A second precursor gas is flowed to the first monolayer effective to react with the first monolayer and form a second monolayer on the substrate. The second monolayer comprises the metal. At least some of the flowing of the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas, at least some of the flowing of the H2, and at least some of the flowing of the second precursor gas are repeated effective to form a layer of material comprising the metal on the substrate.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).
The invention encompasses atomic layer deposition. Atomic layer depositing (ALD) typically involves formation of successive atomic layers on a substrate. Described in summary, ALD includes exposing an initial substrate to a first chemical species to accomplish chemisorbtion of the species onto the substrate. Theoretically, the chemisorbtion forms a monolayer that is uniformly one atom or molecule thick on the entire exposed initial substrate. In other words, a saturated monolayer is preferably formed. Practically, chemisorbtion might not occur on all portions or completely over the desired substrate surfaces. Nevertheless, such an imperfect monolayer is still considered a monolayer in the context of this document. In many applications, merely a substantially saturated monolayer may be suitable. A substantially saturated monolayer is one that will still yield a deposited layer exhibiting the quality and/or properties desired for such layer.
The first species is purged from over the substrate and a second chemical species is provided to chemisorb onto/with the first monolayer of the first species. The second species is then purged and the steps are repeated with exposure of the second species monolayer to the first species. In some cases, the two monolayers may be of the same species. Also, a third species or more may be successively chemisorbed and purged just as described for the first and second species. Further, one or more of the first, second and third species can be mixed with inert gas to speed up pressure saturation within a reaction chamber.
Purging may involve a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, contacting the substrate and/or monolayer with a carrier gas and/or lowering pressure to below the deposition pressure to reduce the concentration of a species contacting the substrate and/or a chemisorbed species. Examples of carrier gases include nitrogen, Ar, He, Ne, Kr, Xe, etc. Purging may instead include contacting the substrate and/or monolayer with any substance that allows chemisorption byproducts to desorb and reduces the concentration of a species preparatory to introducing another species. A suitable amount of purging can be determined experimentally as known to those skilled in the art. Purging time may be successively reduced to a purge time that yields an increase in film growth rate. The increase in film growth rate might be an indication of a change to a non-ALD process regime and may be used to establish a purge time limit.
ALD is often described as a self-limiting process in that a finite number of sites exist on a substrate to which the first species may form chemical bonds. The second species might only bond to the first species and thus may also be self-limiting. Once all of the finite number of sites on a substrate are bonded with a first species, the first species will often not bond to other of the first species already bonded with the substrate. However, process conditions can be varied in ALD to promote such bonding and render ALD not self-limiting. Accordingly, ALD may also encompass a species forming other than one monolayer at a time by stacking of a species, forming a layer more than one atom or molecule thick. Further, local chemical reactions can occur during ALD (for instance, an incoming reactant molecule can displace a molecule from an existing surface rather than forming a monolayer over the surface). To the extent that such chemical reactions occur, they are generally confined within the uppermost monolayer of a surface.
Traditional ALD can occur within frequently-used ranges of temperature and pressure and according to established purging criteria to achieve the desired formation of an overall ALD layer one monolayer at a time. Even so, ALD conditions can vary greatly depending on the particular precursors, layer composition, deposition equipment, and other factors according to criteria known by those skilled in the art. Maintaining the traditional conditions of temperature, pressure, and purging minimizes unwanted reactions that may impact monolayer formation and quality of the resulting overall ALD layer. Accordingly, operating outside the traditional temperature and pressure ranges may risk formation of defective monolayers.
Referring to
For a six liter single wafer deposition chamber, an exemplary preferred flow rate for the MQ4 is from 100 sccm to 2,000 sccm, while that for the H2 is from 500 sccm to 5,000 sccm. Q might comprise any one or combination of the halogens, with exemplary preferred metals M including Ti, Ta, and W. Of course, multiple wafer processors could be used. Further and regardless, the H2 might comprise one or a combination of deuterium and/or tritium. An exemplary preferred substrate temperature range is from 200° C. to 500° C., with an exemplary preferred internal chamber pressure being from 10 mTorr to 20 Torr. In one preferred embodiment, hydrogen of the H2 reacts with halogen Q displaced from the MQ4 in the formation of monolayer 22, preferably precluding or at least reducing occupation of parasitic atomic Q to available bonding sites on substrate 20. Further and regardless, the hydrogen of the H2 might also scavenge halogen from other sources, such as from the precursor gas or halogen release the result of showerhead, wall, or other internal chamber component interaction.
H2 might be emitted into the chamber from a port separate from that which the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas is emitted into the chamber. Alternately by way of example only, such might be emitted into the chamber from common ports. For example,
Referring to
At least some of the flowing of the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas, at least some of the flowing of the H2, and at least some of the flowing of the second precursor gas are repeated effective to form a layer of material comprising the metal on the substrate (i.e., either in elemental, compound, and/or alloy form). The repeating might be of identical processing (meaning identical parameters such as temperature, pressure, precursor gas composition, flow rates, etc.) or repeated with modified parameters.
Plasma conditions within chamber 10 might be utilized during any one or all of the flowing of the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas, the flowing of the H2, and the flowing of the second precursor gas. Alternately of course, no plasma might be utilized within chamber 10 during any or all of the stated gas flowings. Further alternately or in addition thereto, remote plasma might be generated with any one or all of the H2, first metal halide-comprising precursor gas, and second precursor gas prior to flowing such to the chamber. Where plasma conditions are utilized within the chamber during the flowing of the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas, such are preferably at a power level below which the exemplary depicted first monolayer 22 would form to be essentially charge neutral, for example not at a high enough power level where all halogen is removed such that the same is not present in the first monolayer. Further, an exemplary preferred maximum plasma power where plasma is utilized within chamber 10 is no greater than 0.003 Watt/mm2, with a power of 200 Watts or less per 300 mm diameter wafer being a specific preferred example. Activated first metal halide-comprising precursor gas and/or H2 by plasma is preferred, thereby facilitating halogen removal in the formation of at least first monolayer 22.
Further preferably, and as shown in
The first metal halide-comprising precursor gas and the H2 might be flowed to the chamber from a common starting time, or from different starting times. Further and regardless, the first metal halide-comprising precursor gas and the H2 might be flowed to the chamber to a common ending time or to different ending times. By way of example only, exemplary time lines for the first metal halide-comprising precursor flow and the H2 flow are initially described with reference to
Further by way of example only,
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11244859 | Oct 2005 | US |
Child | 12507475 | US |