Patent Application
20200203379
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of semiconductor devices and specifically to ferroelectric memory devices employing conductivity modulation of a thin semiconductor material layer or a two-dimensional charge carrier gas, methods of operating the same, and methods of making the same.
A ferroelectric memory device is a memory device containing a ferroelectric material to store information. The ferroelectric material acts as the memory material of the memory device. The dipole moment of the ferroelectric material is programmed in two different orientations (e.g., “up” or “down” polarization positions based on atom positions, such as oxygen and/or metal atom positions, in the crystal lattice) depending on the polarity of the applied electric field to the ferroelectric material to store information in the ferroelectric material. The different orientations of the dipole moment of the ferroelectric material can be detected by the electric field generated by the dipole moment of the ferroelectric material. For example, the orientation of the dipole moment can be detected by measuring electrical current passing through a semiconductor channel provided adjacent to the ferroelectric material in a field effect transistor ferroelectric memory device.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a ferroelectric memory device contains a two-dimensional semiconductor material layer having a band gap of at least 1.1 eV and at least one of a thickness of 1 to 5 monolayers of atoms of the semiconductor material or includes a two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer; a source contact contacting a first portion of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer; a drain contact contacting a second portion of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer; a ferroelectric memory element located between the source and drain contacts and adjacent to a first surface of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer; and a conductive gate electrode located adjacent to the ferroelectric memory element.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of operating the ferroelectric memory device is provided. A polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element can be programmed by applying a positive bias voltage or a negative bias voltage to the conductive gate electrode with respective to the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer. The polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element can be sensed by measuring the magnitude of electrical current between the source contact and the drain contact under a read voltage between the source contact and the drain contact.
According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing the ferroelectric memory device comprises forming the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer; forming the ferroelectric memory element directly on a first surface of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer, forming the conductive gate electrode on the ferroelectric memory element, forming the source contact on the first end portion of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer, and forming the drain contact on the second end portion of the two-dimensional semiconductor material layer.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to ferroelectric memory devices employing conductivity modulation of a two-dimensional semiconductor material layer comprising a thickness of 1 to 5 monolayers of atoms of the semiconductor material and/or a two-dimensional charge carrier gas channel layer, such as a two-dimensional electron gas (“2DEG”) channel layer, methods of operating the same, and methods of making the same, the various aspects of which are described below. The ferroelectric state of the ferroelectric memory element induces changes in the conductance in the semiconductor material or in the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer by orders of magnitude.
The drawings are not drawn to scale. Multiple instances of an element may be duplicated where a single instance of the element is illustrated, unless absence of duplication of elements is expressly described or clearly indicated otherwise. Same reference numerals refer to the same element or to a similar element. Elements having the same reference numerals are presumed to have the same material composition unless expressly stated otherwise. Ordinals such as “first,” “second,” and “third” are employed merely to identify similar elements, and different ordinals may be employed across the specification and the claims of the instant disclosure. As used herein, a first element located “on” a second element can be located on the exterior side of a surface of the second element or on the interior side of the second element. As used herein, a first element is located “directly on” a second element if there exist a physical contact between a surface of the first element and a surface of the second element. As used herein, an “in-process” structure or a “transient” structure refers to a structure that is subsequently modified.
As used herein, a “layer” refers to a material portion including a region having a thickness. A layer may extend over the entirety of an underlying or overlying structure, or may have an extent less than the extent of an underlying or overlying structure. Further, a layer may be a region of a homogeneous or inhomogeneous continuous structure that has a thickness less than the thickness of the continuous structure. For example, a layer may be located between any pair of horizontal planes between, or at, a top surface and a bottom surface of the continuous structure. A layer may extend horizontally, vertically, and/or along a tapered surface. A substrate may be a layer, may include one or more layers therein, and/or may have one or more layer thereupon, thereabove, and/or therebelow.
As used herein, a “layer stack” refers to a stack of layers. As used herein, a “line” or a “line structure” refers to a layer that has a predominant direction of extension, i.e., having a direction along which the layer extends the most.
As used herein, a “field effect transistor” refers to any semiconductor device having a semiconductor channel through which electrical current flows with a current density modulated by an external electrical field. As used herein, an “active region” refers to a source region of a field effect transistor or a drain region of a field effect transistor. A “top active region” refers to an active region of a field effect transistor that is located above another active region of the field effect transistor. A “bottom active region” refers to an active region of a field effect transistor that is located below another active region of the field effect transistor.
As used herein, a “semiconducting material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity in the range from 1.0×10−6 S/m to 1.0×105 S/m. As used herein, a “semiconductor material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity in the range from 1.0×10−6 S/m to 1.0 S/m in the absence of electrical dopants therein, and is capable of producing a doped material having electrical conductivity in a range from 1.0 S/m to 1.0×105 S/m upon suitable doping with an electrical dopant. As used herein, an “electrical dopant” refers to a p-type dopant that adds a hole to a valence band within a band structure, or an n-type dopant that adds an electron to a conduction band within a band structure. As used herein, a “conductive material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity greater than 1.0×105 S/m. As used herein, an “insulator material” or a “dielectric material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity less than 1.0×10−6 S/m. As used herein, a “heavily doped semiconductor material” refers to a semiconductor material that is doped with electrical dopant at a sufficiently high atomic concentration to become a conductive material, i.e., to have electrical conductivity greater than 1.0×105 S/m. A “doped semiconductor material” may be a heavily doped semiconductor material, or may be a semiconductor material that includes electrical dopants (i.e., p-type dopants and/or n-type dopants) at a concentration that provides electrical conductivity in the range from 1.0×10−6 S/m to 1.0×105 S/m. An “intrinsic semiconductor material” refers to a semiconductor material that is not doped with electrical dopants. Thus, a semiconductor material may be semiconducting or conductive, and may be an intrinsic semiconductor material or a doped semiconductor material. A doped semiconductor material can be semiconducting or conductive depending on the atomic concentration of electrical dopants therein. As used herein, a “metallic material” refers to a conductive material including at least one metallic element therein. All measurements for electrical conductivities are made at the standard condition.
As used herein, a “ferroelectric material” refers to any material that exhibits spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field.
Referring to
Referring to
The screening potential at the interface between the ferroelectric material portion and the metal portion can be controlled by switching the polarization direction of the ferroelectric material portion. The electrostatic potential Vc(x) as a function of a distance x from the interface between the metal portion and the ferroelectric material portion decays with a characteristic decay distance, which is referred to as the Thomas-Fermi screening length. If the x-axis is selected such that the x-coordinate is positive within the ferroelectric material portion having a thickness of d and with the semiconductor material portion, the electrostatic potential Vc(x) within the metal portion and the semiconductor material portion is governed by the equation,
in which λ is the Thomas-Fermi screening length within the respective material portion.
In case the metal portion (such as the gate electrode 50) is much thicker than the screening length λl for the metal portion, and if the semiconductor material portion (such as the semiconductor channel 40) is thinner, the solution to the electrostatic potential Vc(x) for the semiconductor material portion (i.e., x>d) is given by:
in which d is the thickness of the ferroelectric material portion, P is the ferroelectric polarization of the ferroelectric material portion, ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum, ε is the relative permittivity of the ferroelectric material portion (i.e., the ratio of the permittivity of the ferroelectric material portion to the permittivity of vacuum), λl is the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the metal portion, λr is the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the semiconductor material portion, l is the thickness of the semiconductor material portion, and X′l is given by:
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the electrostatic potential in the interfacial region of the semiconductor material portion in proximity to the ferroelectric material portion can be controlled by reversing the ferroelectric polarization within the ferroelectric material portion. For the positive polarization direction illustrated in
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the semiconductor material portion includes a two-dimensional semiconductor material providing high conductivity within a two-dimensional plane that is parallel to the interface between the semiconductor material portion and the ferroelectric material portion. As used herein, a two-dimensional semiconductor material refers to a semiconductor material having a thickness of 1 to 5 monolayers, such as 2 to 3 monolayers of the atoms of the semiconductor material and/or which contains a two-dimensional charge carrier gas, such as a two-dimensional electron gas. In one embodiment, the two-dimensional semiconductor material has a lateral extent along one direction that induces quantum mechanical modification of the band structure. In one embodiment, a two-dimensional semiconductor material can have a lateral direction less than 10 nm along one direction, which is herein referred to as the thickness direction of the two-dimensional semiconductor material.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the semiconductor material portion includes a two-dimensional semiconductor material layer having a thickness of 1 to 5 monolayer and having a band gap of at least 1 eV, such as at least 1.15 eV, for example 1.15 eV to 5.65 eV. Alternatively, it may include a layer of a two-dimensional charge carrier gas (such as a two-dimensional electron gas) and a band gap of at least 1 eV, such as at least 1.15 eV, for example 1.15 eV to 5.65 eV. As used herein, a two-dimensional charge carrier gas refers to a collection of charge carriers in quantum confinement that provides enhanced conductivity along directions that are perpendicular to the direction of the quantum confinement. For example, a two-dimensional electron gas is a two-dimensional charge carrier gas. In one embodiment, the semiconductor material portion includes a two-dimensional semiconductor material selected from hexagonal boron nitride having a band gap of 5.62 eV, fluorinated graphene having a band gap of 2.93 eV, molybdenum disulfide having a band gap of 2.24 eV, and germanane having a band gap of 1.16 eV. The list of possible candidates of two-dimensional semiconductor materials is not limited with aforementioned materials.
A first curve 310 corresponds to the case in which the ferroelectric polarization is 20 μC/cm2, the relative permittivity of the ferroelectric material portion is 90, the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the metal portion is 0.2 nm, and the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the semiconductor material portion is 0.2 nm. A second curve 320 corresponds to the case in which the ferroelectric polarization is 40 μC/cm2, the relative permittivity of the ferroelectric material portion is 90, the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the metal portion is 0.2 nm, and the Thomas-Fermi screening length for the semiconductor material portion is 0.2 nm. Electrostatic potential greater than 1.0 V, and/or greater than 1.5 V, and/or greater than 2.0 V can be generated at the interface between the ferroelectric material portion and the metal portion through ferroelectric polarization effect.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the functional dependence of the electrical conductivity on the Fermi level illustrated in
Table 1 below shows calculated values for the band gap and for conduction band on-site energy for the various materials that can be employed in the ferroelectric memory device of the present disclosure. The band gap values were obtained from first principles electronic structure calculations based on the hybrid functional and the tight binding onsite energies were fitted to reproduce calculated band structures.
A list of other suitable highly stable two-dimensional semiconductor materials and their band gaps calculated within DFT taken from the following database (https://cmrdblysik.dtu.dk/c2db/?x=29127&limit=200) is shown in Table 2. DFT is known to underestimates the band gap values, therefore the real band gaps are expected to be larger.
Pristine graphene (i.e., graphene without defects or dopants) is an electrical conductor which lacks a band gap, while a fluorinated graphene is a semiconductor having a band gap.
Referring to
The atomic percentage of fluorine in the fluorinated graphene can be in a range from 0.1% to 60%, such as from 0.5% to 50%, including from 0.1% to 0%. Thus, fluorinated graphene can include but is not limited to graphene fluoride having a roughly 1:1 ratio of carbon to fluorine atoms. The location and the width of the energy band at which the density of states is zero in fluorinated graphene changes with the atomic concentration of the fluorine atoms within fluorinated graphene. Thus, switching between an insulating state and a conducting state within the device of
A ferroelectric memory element 21 is located adjacent to, such as on a surface of, the semiconductor channel 40, i.e., on a surface of the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer. The ferroelectric memory element 21 functions as a gate dielectric 20 within the transistor 95 of the first ferroelectric memory device 180. The ferroelectric memory element 21 is in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor channel 40. The ferroelectric memory element 21 includes, and/or consists essentially of, at least one ferroelectric material such as barium titanate (such as BaTiO3; BT), colemanite (such as Ca2B6O11.5H2O), bismuth titanate (such as Bi12TiO20, Bi4Ti3O12 or Bi2Ti2O7), europium barium titanate, ferroelectric polymer, germanium telluride, langbeinite (such as M2M′2(SO4)3 in which M is a monovalent metal and M′ is a divalent metal), lead scandium tantalate (such as Pb(ScxTa1-x)O3), lead titanate (such as PbTiO3; PT), lead zirconate titanate (such as Pb (Zr,Ti) O3; PZT), lithium niobate (such as LiNbO3; LN), (LaAlO3)), polyvinylidene fluoride (CH2CF2)n, potassium niobate (such as KNbO3), potassium sodium tartrate (such as KNaC4H4O6.4H2O), potassium titanyl phosphate (such as KO5PTi), sodium bismuth titanate (such as Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 or Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3), lithium tantalate (such as LiTaO3 (LT)), lead lanthanum titanate (such as (Pb,La)TiO3 (PLT)), lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (such as (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT)), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (such as NH4H2PO4 (ADP)), or potassium dihydrogen phosphate (such as KH2PO4 (KDP)). In one embodiment, the ferroelectric memory element 21 comprises, and/or consists essentially of, a ferroelectric dielectric material.
A front side conductive gate electrode 51 is located directly on the ferroelectric memory element 21 on the opposite side of the semiconductor channel 40. The front side conductive gate electrode 51 functions as the gate electrode 50 of the transistor 95 of the first ferroelectric memory device 180. The conductive gate electrode 51 is in contact with the ferroelectric memory element 21. The conductive gate electrode 51 can include, and/or consist essentially of, a metallic material such as an elemental metal (Ti, Ta, or W), an intermetallic alloy of at least two elemental metals, a metal-semiconductor compound (such as a metal silicide), or a conductive metallic alloy of at least one elemental metal (such as Ti, Ta, W) and a nonmetallic element (such as nitrogen and/or oxygen, such as TiN or WN).
A source contact 42 contacts a first portion of the semiconductor channel 40 and a drain contact 44 contacts a second portion of the semiconductor channel. The ferroelectric memory element 21 is located between the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44. The source contact 42 and the drain contact 44 can comprise, and/or consist essentially of, a respective metallic contact material. The metallic contact material may be a metal-semiconductor compound, a conductive metallic nitride, an elemental metal, or an intermetallic alloy material. In one embodiment, a metallic material that can be used for the conductive gate electrode 51 can also be used for the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44.
In one embodiment, the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer is located within 10 nm from a two-dimensional Euclidian plane that includes an interface between the semiconductor channel 40 and the ferroelectric memory element 21.
The transistor 95 of the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 can be formed, for example, by forming the semiconductor channel 40 over a substrate 10, by forming the ferroelectric memory element 21 directly on the first surface of the semiconductor channel 40, by forming the conductive gate electrode 51 on the ferroelectric memory element 21, by forming the source contact 42 on the first portion of the semiconductor channel 40, and by forming the drain contact 44 on the second portion of the semiconductor channel 40. The substrate 10 has a planar top surface 11 that contacts a bottom surface of the semiconductor channel 40. In the embodiment shown in
During programming, a variable gate bias voltage Vg can be applied to the conductive gate electrode 51 relative to the semiconductor channel 40 to program the polarization of the ferroelectric memory element 21. During sensing, a source-drain bias voltage is applied between (e.g., across) the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44 and by applying a gate sensing bias voltage to the conductive gate electrode 51. A sense circuitry 580 can measure the source-drain current while applying the source-drain bias voltage between (e.g., across) the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44.
Referring to
A conductive backside gate electrode 52 is provided on the backside ferroelectric memory element 22. The conductive backside gate electrode 52 can be in contact with the backside ferroelectric memory element 22. The conductive backside gate electrode 52 can include any material that can be employed for the conductive gate electrode 51. An electrically conductive path connecting the conductive backside gate electrode and the conductive gate electrode, thereby electrically shorting the conductive backside gate electrode 52 to the conductive gate electrode 51.
In one embodiment, the polarization of the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the polarization of the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 can point in opposite directions. Thus, the polarization of the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the polarization of the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 can point toward the semiconductor channel 40 in a first ferroelectric memory state, and the polarization of the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the polarization of the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 can point away from the semiconductor channel 40 in a second ferroelectric memory state. Thus, positive ferroelectric charges are present in the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 near the interfaces with the semiconductor channel 40 in the first ferroelectric memory state, which induces negative screening charges (mobile electrons) in the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer near the interfaces with the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the backside ferroelectric memory element 22. Alternatively, if a semiconducting layer is used instead of a two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer, the induced charges will act to shift the Fermi energy and change the conductive state of the semiconducting layer. Likewise, negative ferroelectric charges are present in the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 near the interfaces with the semiconductor channel 40 in the second ferroelectric memory state, which induces positive screening charges (holes, i.e., absence of elections) in the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer near the interfaces with the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the backside ferroelectric memory element 22. The second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 can be operated by applying the same voltage (e.g., the same polarity voltage pulses) to the conductive backside gate electrode 52 as the voltage applied to the front side conductive gate electrode 51.
The thickness of the semiconductor channel 40 in the second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 can be the same as the thickness of the semiconductor channel in the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180. Alternatively, the thickness of the semiconductor channel 40 in the second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 can be in a range from 1.0 times the thickness of the semiconductor channel 40 in the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 to 2.0 times the thickness of the semiconductor channel in the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180. The increased thickness window for the semiconductor channel 40 in the second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 is due to the dual gate configuration in which the screening charges are induced from two different ferroelectric polarizations in an additive manner.
The transistor 95 of the second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 can be formed by modifying the method for forming the transistor 95 of the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180. In addition to the processing steps employed to form the various components of the first exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180, the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 can be formed on the second surface of the semiconductor channel 40, and the conductive backside gate electrode 52 can be formed on the backside ferroelectric memory element 22.
In one embodiment, the transistor 95 of the second exemplary ferroelectric memory device 180 may be supported by the substrate 10 having the planar top surface 11 that is perpendicular to the plane of the interface between the semiconductor channel 40 and the ferroelectric memory element 21 and is parallel to the direction of the electrical current in the semiconductor channel 40 during a sensing operation, i.e., the direction between the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44.
Alternatively, the transistor 95 shown in
Referring to
Referring to
In this embodiment, the semiconductor channel 40 may be a vertical pillar or a vertical shell which surrounds a vertical pillar which extends lengthwise perpendicular to the planar top surface 11 of the substrate 10, as shown in
Generally, the various ferroelectric memory devices 180 of the embodiments of the present disclosure can be operated by programming a polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element 21 by applying a positive bias voltage or a negative bias voltage to the conductive gate electrode 51 with respective to the semiconductor channel 40, and by sensing the polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element 21 by measuring a magnitude of electrical current between the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44 while applying a read voltage (i.e., a measurement bias voltage) between the source contact 42 and the drain contact 44. If a backside ferroelectric memory element 22 is included, then the ferroelectric polarization direction of the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 is opposite of the ferroelectric polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element 21. The thickness and/or the material composition of the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 may be the same as, or may be different from, the thickness and/or the material composition of the ferroelectric memory element 21. In other words, the polarization of the ferroelectric memory element 21 and the backside ferroelectric memory element 22 are antiparallel to each other, and are flipped simultaneously during programming.
If a conductive backside gate electrode 52 is included, then the voltage applied to the conductive backside gate electrode 52 can be the same as the voltage applied to the front side conductive gate electrode 51. A read voltage can be applied to the conductive gate electrode 51 while sensing the polarization direction of the ferroelectric memory element 21 and optionally sensing the polarization direction of the ferroelectric backside memory element 22.
The device of the embodiments of the present disclosure provides advantages over ferroelectric—pristine graphene memory elements based on tunneling electroresistance (TER) which have poor polarization retention and which require thick ferroelectric barriers to stabilize polarization. However the thick barriers lead to low tunneling currents and therefore strongly reduce the signal (e.g., reading current) in TER-based devices. In contrast, reading current does not flow through the ferroelectric material in devices of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Thus, a much thicker ferroelectric layer can be used in the device of the embodiments of the present disclosure compared to prior art TER-based devices without reducing the reading current, and the problem of polarization retention is reduced or overcome in the devices of the embodiments of the present disclosure.
Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory and in order to demonstrate advantages of the device of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the inventors calculated a ferroelectric polarization controlled on-off ratio on the semiconductor's band gap in finite size nanostructures at room temperature. The inventors developed quantum mechanical calculations of electrical conductivity based on the ballistic electron transport through finite size semiconductor attached to ferroelectric material and two metallic contacts. The inventors' calculations are based on the Green Function formalism within a two-band tight binding Hamiltonian model. In contrast, first principles electronic structure calculations were used to obtain the density of states and band gaps of two-dimensional semiconductor materials.
Specifically, the structure of
The results of the inventors' simulations are illustrated in
Referring to
Referring to
σ(P)=σ0eaP, and
ON/OFF=e2aP
in which where σ0=σ(P=0) is the conductivity of a semiconductor channel for the paraelectric case.
Table 3 tabulates best fit values for the fitting parameters for σ(P) and ON/OFF.
While defect states may limit the value for the ON/OFF ratio in practice, the various two-dimensional semiconductor materials provide generally high ON/OFF ratio. The simulations show that higher ON/OFF ratios are possible with wider band gaps two-dimensional semiconductor materials and a thicker ferroelectric material can be used in conjunction with such two-dimensional semiconductor materials. A higher operating voltage is expected with an increase in the thickness of the ferroelectric material in the ferroelectric memory device 180 of the embodiments of the resent disclosure.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a ferroelectric memory array can include an array of memory cells (e.g., transistors) 95 of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to
The random access memory device 500 of the present disclosure includes a memory array region 550 containing an array of the respective ferroelectric memory cells 180 located at the intersection of the respective word lines (which may be comprise first electrically conductive lines 30 as illustrated or as second electrically conductive lines 90 in an alternate configuration) and bit lines (which may comprise second electrically conductive lines 90 as illustrated or as first electrically conductive lines 30 in an alternate configuration). For example, the word lines 30 may be electrically connected to and/or may comprise the gate electrodes 50 of the transistors 95 in the array, while the bit lines 90 may be electrically connected to and/or may comprise the source or drain contacts (42, 44) of the transistors 95 in the array.
The random access memory device 500 may also contain a row decoder 560 connected to the word lines, a sense circuitry 570 (e.g., a sense amplifier and other bit line control circuitry) connected to the bit lines, a column decoder 580 connected to the bit lines, and a data buffer 590 connected to the sense circuitry. Multiple instances of the ferroelectric memory cells (e.g., ferroelectric memory transistors) 95 are provided in an array configuration that forms the random access memory device 500. As such, each of the ferroelectric memory cells 95 can be a two-terminal device including a respective first electrode and a respective second electrode. It should be noted that the location and interconnection of elements are schematic and the elements may be arranged in a different configuration. Further, a ferroelectric memory cell 95 may be manufactured as a discrete device, i.e., a single isolated device.
The embodiments of the present disclosure provide a nonvolatile memory element based on ferroelectric-controlled electrical conductivity of a two-dimensional semiconductor material, or a two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer, such as a 2DEG layer 40G. Information can be written and stored by applying electric pulses that reverse the ferroelectric polarization and thereby induce surface charges in the semiconductor or in the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer. Information can be read by measuring the resistance of a semiconductor channel including the two-dimensional charge carrier gas layer.
The device of the embodiments of the present disclosure provides significant increase in the difference in electrical resistance of two-dimensional semiconductor material layer compared to previously known three-terminal ferroelectric-graphene structures by replacing gapless pristine graphene (i.e., a band gap of zero) with two-dimensional semiconductor material layer, which can have a band gap of at least 1.1 eV. The device of the embodiments of the present disclosure can strongly improve the stability of ferroelectric polarization compared to previously known two-terminal perpendicular tunnel junction devices because the thickness of a ferroelectric material portion can be increased without signal loss. The device of the embodiments present disclosure is a non-volatile memory device enabling non-volatile storage of information, which is not provided by high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) or heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) known in the art. The device of the embodiments of the present disclosure enables low power sensing because the in-plane geometry allows low-current operation during the sensing step.
Although the foregoing refers to particular preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the disclosure is not so limited. It will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments and that such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. Where an embodiment employing a particular structure and/or configuration is illustrated in the present disclosure, it is understood that the present disclosure may be practiced with any other compatible structures and/or configurations that are functionally equivalent provided that such substitutions are not explicitly forbidden or otherwise known to be impossible to one of ordinary skill in the art. All of the publications, patent applications and patents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
