Patent Application
20110189856
The present disclosure relates to eddy current monitoring during chemical mechanical polishing of substrates.
An integrated circuit is typically formed on a substrate (e.g. a semiconductor wafer) by the sequential deposition of conductive, semiconductive or insulative layers on a silicon wafer, and by the subsequent processing of the layers.
One fabrication step involves depositing a filler layer over a non-planar surface, and planarizing the filler layer until the non-planar surface is exposed. For example, a conductive filler layer can be deposited on a patterned insulative layer to fill the trenches or holes in the insulative layer. The filler layer is then polished until the raised pattern of the insulative layer is exposed. After planarization, the portions of the conductive layer remaining between the raised pattern of the insulative layer form vias, plugs and lines that provide conductive paths between thin film circuits on the substrate. In addition, planarization may be used to planarize the substrate surface for lithography.
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one accepted method of planarization. This planarization method typically requires that the substrate be mounted on a carrier head. The exposed surface of the substrate is placed against a rotating polishing pad. The carrier head provides a controllable load on the substrate to push it against the polishing pad. A polishing liquid, such as slurry with abrasive particles, is supplied to the surface of the polishing pad.
During semiconductor processing, it may be important to determine one or more characteristics of the substrate or layers on the substrate. For example, it may be important to know the thickness of a conductive layer during a CMP process, so that the process may be terminated at the correct time. A number of methods may be used to determine substrate characteristics. For example, optical sensors may be used for in-situ monitoring of a substrate during chemical mechanical polishing. Alternately (or in addition), an eddy current sensing system may be used to induce eddy currents in a conductive region on the substrate to determine parameters such as the local thickness of the conductive region.
In one aspect, a method of chemical mechanical polishing a metal layer on a substrate includes polishing the metal layer on the substrate at a first polishing station, monitoring thickness of the metal layer during polishing at the first polishing station with a first eddy current monitoring system having a first resonant frequency, controlling pressures applied by a carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the first polishing station to improve uniformity based on thickness measurements from the first eddy current monitoring system, transferring the substrate to a second polishing station when the first eddy current monitoring system indicates that a predetermined thickness of the metal layer remains on the substrate, polishing the metal layer on the substrate at the second polishing station, monitoring thickness of the metal layer during polishing at the second polishing station with a second eddy current monitoring system having a second resonant frequency different from the first resonant frequency, and controlling pressures applied by a carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the second polishing station to improve uniformity based on thickness measurements from the second eddy current monitoring system.
Implementations can include one or more of the following features. Polishing of the metal layer may be monitored at the second polishing station with an optical monitoring system, and polishing may be halted when the optical monitoring system indicates that a first underlying layer is at least partially exposed. The first underlying layer may be a barrier layer.
The substrate may be transferred to a third polishing station and polishing the substrate with a third polishing surface. The metal may be copper, and the predetermined thickness may be about 2000 Angstroms. The second resonant frequency may be between about three and five times the first resonant frequency. The first resonant frequency may be between about 320 and 400 kHz and the second resonant frequency may be between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz. Controlling pressures applied by the carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the second polishing station may be performed while the metal layer has a thickness less than 1000 Angstroms, e.g., while the metal layer has a thickness less than 500 Angstroms. The metal layer may be polished at the first polishing station at a first polishing rate and the metal layer may be polished at the second polishing station at a second polishing rate that is lower than the first polishing rate. In another aspect, a method of chemical mechanical polishing a metal layer on a substrate includes polishing the metal layer on the substrate at a polishing station, monitoring thickness of the metal layer during polishing at the polishing station with an eddy current monitoring system, and controlling pressures applied by a carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the polishing station to improve uniformity based on thickness measurements from the eddy current monitoring system. Controlling pressures applied by the carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the polishing station is performed while the metal layer has a thickness less than 1000 Angstroms.
Implementations can include one or more of the following features. Controlling pressures applied by the carrier head to the substrate during polishing at the polishing station may be performed while the metal layer has a thickness less than 500 Angstroms. The metal may be copper. The metal may be aluminum. The polishing rate at the first polishing station may be reduced when the eddy current monitoring system indicates that a predetermined thickness of the metal layer remains on the substrate. The metal layer on the substrate may be polished at an other polishing station, thickness of the metal layer may be monitored during polishing at the other polishing station with another eddy current monitoring system, and the substrate may be transferred from the other polishing station to the polishing station when the other eddy current monitoring system indicates that a predetermined thickness of the metal layer remains on the substrate. The metal layer may be polished at the other polishing station at a first polishing rate and the metal layer is polished at the polishing station at a second polishing rate that is lower than the first polishing rate. Pressures applied by a carrier head to the substrate during polishing may be controlled at the other polishing station to improve uniformity based on thickness measurements from the other eddy current monitoring system. The metal may be copper, the predetermined thickness may be about 2000 Angstroms, and the other eddy current monitoring system may have a first resonant frequency and the eddy current monitoring system has a second resonant frequency different from the first resonant frequency. The metal may be aluminum, the predetermined thickness may be about 1000 Angstroms, and the eddy current monitoring system and the other eddy current monitoring system may have the same resonant frequency. Polishing of the metal layer may be monitored at the polishing station with an optical monitoring system, and polishing may be halted when the optical monitoring system indicates that an underlying layer is at least partially exposed. The underlying layer may be a barrier layer.
Potential advantages of some implementations can include the following. Eddy current monitoring may be performed with the sensor positioned farther from the substrate, e.g., with the sensor that does not project into a recess in the polishing layer. By removing the recess from the polishing layer, polishing uniformity and pad lifetime may be improved. Accuracy of thickness measurements may be improved for thin layers, which may improve real time profile control for thinner layers, and thus improve within-wafer and wafer-to-wafer uniformity. In addition, accuracy of thickness measurement may be improved for polishing metals of lower conductivity than copper, e.g., for polishing of aluminum and tungsten. This may improve real time profile control and thus improve within-wafer and wafer-to-wafer uniformity for such low conductivity metals.
The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
CMP systems can use eddy current monitoring systems to detect thickness of a top metal layer on a substrate. During polishing of the top metal layer, the eddy current monitoring system can determine the thickness of different regions of the metal layer on the substrate. The thickness measurements can be used to adjust processing parameters of the polishing process in real time. For example, a substrate carrier head can adjust the pressure on the backside of the substrate to increase or decrease the polishing rate of the regions of the metal layer. The polishing rate can be adjusted so that the regions of the metal layer are substantially the same thickness after polishing. The CMP system can adjust the polishing rate so that polishing of the regions of the metal layer completes at about the same time. Such profile control can be referred to as real time profile control (RTPC).
One problem with eddy current monitoring is an insufficient signal for accurate thickness determination, which can result in lack of accuracy in endpoint determination and profile control. Without being limited to any particular theory, factors that contribute to an insufficient signal can include (a) placement of the sensor farther from the substrate, such that the magnetic field reaching the substrate is weaker, (b) polishing of thinner layers, e.g., copper less than 2000 Angstroms, which have a higher resistance, and (c) polishing of lower conductivity metals, e.g., aluminum or tungsten.
Signal strength can be dramatically improved by proper configuration of the sensor. In particular, for a core with three prongs, signal strength can be improved by spacing the prongs slightly farther apart, and by concentrating the windings of the coil around the outer portion of the center prong. In addition, the resonant frequency of the eddy current sensor can be tuned for the layer that will be polished. Overall, signal strength can be increased sufficiently for reliable profile control even if the sensor is farther from the substrate, a thinner layer is being polished, and/or a lower conductivity metal is being polished. For example, profile control can be performed reliably even for copper layers less than 1000 Angstroms thick, and for aluminum layers.
Another technique is to use different eddy current monitoring systems at different polishing stations. For example, a first polishing station can include an eddy current monitoring system with a resonant frequency selected for an initial thickness range of the metal layer, e.g., down to about 1000 Angstroms, and a second polishing station can include an eddy current monitoring system with a resonant frequency selected for a subsequent thickness range that is lower than the initial thickness range, e.g., down to about 200 Angstroms.
Each polishing station includes a rotatable platen 24 having a top surface 25 on which is placed a polishing pad 30. The first and second stations 22a and 22b can include a two-layer polishing pad with a hard durable outer surface or a fixed-abrasive pad with embedded abrasive particles. The final polishing station 22c can include a relatively soft pad or a two-layer pad. Each polishing station can also include a pad conditioner apparatus 28 to maintain the condition of the polishing pad so that it will effectively polish substrates.
Referring to
During a polishing step, a slurry 38 can be supplied to the surface of polishing pad 30 by a slurry supply port or combined slurry/rinse arm 39. If polishing pad 30 is a standard pad, slurry 38 can also include abrasive particles (e.g., silicon dioxide for oxide polishing).
Returning to
Each carrier head 70 is connected by a carrier drive shaft 74 to a carrier head rotation motor 76 (shown by the removal of one quarter of cover 68) so that each carrier head can independently rotate about it own axis. In addition, each carrier head 70 independently laterally oscillates in a radial slot 72 formed in carousel support plate 66. A description of a suitable carrier head 70 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,654,888, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. In operation, the platen is rotated about its central axis 25, and the carrier head is rotated about its central axis 71 and translated laterally across the surface of the polishing pad.
Returning to
In some implementations, the backing layer 32 includes an aperture above the recess 26. The aperture can have the same width and depth as the recess 26. Alternatively, the aperture can be smaller than the recess 26. A portion 36 of the covering layer 34 can be above the aperture in the backing layer. The portion 36 of the covering layer 34 can prevent the slurry 38 from entering the recess 26. Part of the core 42 can be located in the aperture. For example, the core 42 can include prongs that extent into the aperture. In some implementations, the top of the core 42 does not extend past the bottom surface of the covering layer 34.
In operation the oscillator 50 drives drive coil 49 to generate an oscillating magnetic field that extends through the body of core 42 and into the gap between the prongs of the core. At least a portion of magnetic field extends through thin portion 36 of polishing pad 30 and into substrate 10. If a metal layer is present on substrate 10, oscillating magnetic field generates eddy currents in the metal layer. The eddy currents cause the metal layer to act as an impedance source in parallel with sense coil 46 and capacitor 52. As the thickness of the metal layer changes, the impedance changes, resulting in a change in the Q-factor of sensing mechanism. By detecting the change in the Q-factor of the sensing mechanism, the eddy current sensor can sense the change in the strength of the eddy currents, and thus the change in thickness of metal layer.
An optical monitoring system 140, which can function as a reflectometer or interferometer, can be secured to platen 24 in recess 26, e.g., adjacent the eddy current monitoring system 40. Thus, the optical monitoring system 140 can measure the reflectivity of substantially the same location on the substrate as is being monitored by the eddy current monitoring system 40. Specifically, the optical monitoring system 140 can be positioned to measure a portion of the substrate at the same radial distance from the axis of rotation of the platen 24 as the eddy current monitoring system 40. Thus, the optical monitoring system 140 can sweep across the substrate in the same path as the eddy current monitoring system 40.
The optical monitoring system 140 includes a light source 144 and a detector 146. The light source generates a light beam 142 which propagates through transparent window section 36 and slurry to impinge upon the exposed surface of the substrate 10. For example, the light source 144 may be a laser and the light beam 142 may be a collimated laser beam. The light laser beam 142 can be projected from the laser 144 at an angle α from an axis normal to the surface of the substrate 10. In addition, if the recess 26 and the window 36 are elongated, a beam expander (not illustrated) may be positioned in the path of the light beam to expand the light beam along the elongated axis of the window. In general, the optical monitoring system functions as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,159,073, and 6,280,289, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by references.
The CMP apparatus 20 can also include a position sensor 80, such as an optical interrupter, to sense when core 42 and light source 44 are beneath substrate 10. For example, the optical interrupter could be mounted at a fixed point opposite carrier head 70. A flag 82 is attached to the periphery of the platen. The point of attachment and length of flag 82 is selected so that it interrupts the optical signal of sensor 80 while transparent section 36 sweeps beneath substrate 10. Alternately, the CMP apparatus can include an encoder to determine the angular position of platen.
A general purpose programmable digital computer 90 receives the intensity signals from the eddy current sensing system, and the intensity signals from the optical monitoring system. Since the monitoring systems sweep beneath the substrate with each rotation of the platen, information on the metal layer thickness and exposure of the underlying layer is accumulated in-situ and on a continuous real-time basis (once per platen rotation). The computer 90 can be programmed to sample measurements from the monitoring system when the substrate generally overlies the transparent section 36 (as determined by the position sensor). As polishing progresses, the reflectivity or thickness of the metal layer changes, and the sampled signals vary with time. The time varying sampled signals may be referred to as traces. The measurements from the monitoring systems can be displayed on an output device 92 during polishing to permit the operator of the device to visually monitor the progress of the polishing operation.
In operation, the CMP apparatus 20 uses eddy current monitoring system 40 and optical monitoring system 140 to determine when the bulk of the filler layer has been removed and to determine when the underlying stop layer has been substantially exposed. The computer 90 applies process control and endpoint detection logic to the sampled signals to determine when to change process parameter and to detect the polishing endpoint. Possible process control and endpoint criteria for the detector logic include local minima or maxima, changes in slope, threshold values in amplitude or slope, or combinations thereof.
In addition, the computer 90 can be programmed to divide the measurements from both the eddy current monitoring system 40 and the optical monitoring system 140 from each sweep beneath the substrate into a plurality of sampling zones, to calculate the radial position of each sampling zone, to sort the amplitude measurements into radial ranges, to determine minimum, maximum and average measurements for each sampling zone, and to use multiple radial ranges to determine the polishing endpoint, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,501, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Computer 90 may also be connected to the pressure mechanisms that control the pressure applied by carrier head 70, to carrier head rotation motor 76 to control the carrier head rotation rate, to the platen rotation motor (not shown) to control the platen rotation rate, or to slurry distribution system 39 to control the slurry composition supplied to the polishing pad. Specifically, after sorting the measurements into radial ranges, information on the metal film thickness can be fed in real-time into a closed-loop controller to periodically or continuously modify the polishing pressure profile applied by a carrier head, as discussed further below.
The back portion 410 of the core 408 can be a generally plate-shape or rectangular box-shaped body, and can have a top face parallel to the top surface of the platen, e.g., parallel to the substrate and the polishing pad during the polishing operation. In some implementations, the long axis of the back portion 410 is perpendicular to a radius of the platen that extends from the axis of rotation of the platen. The long axis of the back portion 410 can be normal to the front face of the back portion 410. The back portion 410 can have a height that is measured normal to the top surface of the platen.
The prongs 412a-c extend from the back portion 410 in a direction normal to a top surface of the back portion 410 and are substantially linear and extend in parallel with each other. Each of the prongs 412a-c can have a long axis along a direction parallel to the top surface of the platen, e.g., parallel to the faces of the substrate and polishing pad during the polishing operation, and are substantially linear and extend in parallel to each other. The long axes of the prongs 412a-c can be normal to the front face of the prongs 412a-c. The long axis of the back portion 410 can extend in the same direction as the long axes of the prongs 412a-c. In some implementations, the long axes of the prongs 412a-c are perpendicular to a radius of the polishing pad that extends from the axis of rotation of the polishing pad. The two outer prongs 412a, 412c are on opposite sides of the middle prong 412a. The space between the each of the outer prongs (e.g., 412a and 412c) and the center prong (e.g., 412b) can be the same, i.e., the outer prongs 412a, 412c can be equidistant from the middle prong 412a.
The eddy current sensing system 400 includes a coil 422 and a capacitor 424 in parallel. The coil 422 can be coupled with the core 408 (e.g., the coil 422 can be wrapped around the center coil 412b). Together the coil 422 and the capacitor 424 can form an LC resonant tank. In operation, a current generator 426 (e.g., a current generator based on a marginal oscillator circuit) drives the system at the resonant frequency of the LC tank circuit formed by the coil 422 (with inductance L) and the capacitor 424 (with capacitance C). The current generator 426 can be designed to maintain the peak to peak amplitude of the sinusoidal oscillation at a constant value. A time-dependent voltage with amplitude V0 is rectified using a rectifier 428 and provided to a feedback circuit 430. The feedback circuit 430 determines a drive current for current generator 426 to keep the amplitude of the voltage V0 constant. For such a system, the magnitude of the drive current can be proportional to the conducting film thickness. Marginal oscillator circuits and feedback circuits are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,000,458, and 7,112,960 which are incorporated by reference.
The current generator 426 can feed current to the LC resonant tank in order for the frequency to remain the same. The coil 422 can generate an oscillating magnetic field 432, which may couple with a conductive region 406 of the substrate (e.g., the substrate 10). When the conductive region 406 is present, the energy dissipated as eddy currents in the substrate can bring down the amplitude of the oscillation. The current generator 426 can feed more current to the LC resonant tank to keep the amplitude constant. The amount of additional current fed by the current generator 426 can be sensed and can be translated into a thickness measurement of the conductive region 406.
In some implementations, a change in Q-factor may be determined by measuring an amplitude of current in the sense coil as a function of time, for a fixed drive frequency and drive amplitude. An eddy current signal may be rectified using a rectifier 418, and the amplitude monitored via an output 420. Alternately, a change in Q-factor may be determined by measuring an phase difference between the drive signal and the sense signal as a function of time.
The eddy current monitoring system 400 can be used to measure the thickness of a conductive layer on a substrate. In some implementations, an eddy current monitoring system with a higher signal strength, a higher signal to noise ratio and/or improved spatial resolution and linearity may be desired. For example, in RTPC applications, obtaining desired cross-wafer uniformity may require an improved eddy current sensing system.
The eddy current monitoring system 400 can provide enhanced signal strength, signal to noise ratio, enhanced linearity, and enhanced stability. Additional benefits may be obtained by providing an eddy current sensing system with improved signal strength. Improved signal strength may be particularly beneficial for RTPC. Obtaining high resolution wafer profile information allows for more accurate adjustment of processing parameters, and thus may enable fabrication of devices with smaller critical dimensions (CDs).
In general, the in-situ eddy current monitoring system 400 is constructed with a resonant frequency of about 50 kHz to 10 MHz, e.g., between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz. For example, the sense coil 414 can have an inductance of about 0.3 to 30 microH and the capacitor 416 can have a capacitance of about 470 pF to about 0.022 uF, e.g., 1000 pF. The driving coil can be designed to match the driving signal from an oscillator. For example, if the oscillator has a low voltage and a low impedance, the drive coil can include fewer turns to provide a small inductance. On the other hand, if the oscillator has a high voltage and a high impedance, the drive coil can include more turns to provide a large inductance. In one implementation, the sense coil 414 includes twelve turns around the center prong 412b, and the drive coil 402 includes four turns around the base portion 410, and the oscillator drives the drive coil 402 with an amplitude of about 0.1 V to 5.0 V
The first prong 504b has a width W1, the second prong 504a has a width W2, and the third prong 504c has a width W3. Each of the widths W1, W2, and W3 can be the same. For example, each of the prongs 504a-c can have a width of 1 mm. The first prong 504b and the second prong 504a are a separated by a distance S1, and the first prong 504b and the third prong 504c are a distance S2 apart. In some implementations, the distances S1 and S2 are the same and the second prong 504a and the third prong 504c are the same distance from the center prong 504b. For example, both the distances S1 and S2 can be about 2 mm.
Each of the prongs 504a-c have a height Hp, which is the distance that the prongs 504a-c extend from the back portion 502 of the core 500. The height Hp can be greater than the widths W1, W2, and W3. In some implementations, the higher Hp is longer than the distances S1 and S2 separating the prongs 504a-c. In particular, the height Hp can be 4 mm. The back portion 502 has a height Hb. The height Hb can be the same as the distance S1 or the distance S2, e.g., 2 mm.
A coil 506 can be wound around the center prong 504b. The coil can be coupled with a capacitor, such as the capacitor 416. In implementations of eddy current monitoring systems such as the system 400, separate sense and drive coils can be used. In some implementations, a coil such as the coil 506 may be litz wire (woven wire constructed of individual film insulated wires bunched or braided together in a uniform pattern of twists and length of lay), which may be less lossy than solid wire for the frequencies commonly used in eddy current sensing.
In some implementations, the coil 506 can be wrapped around a portion of the center prong 504b and not the entire prong 504b. For example, the coil 506 can be wrapped around an outer portion of the center prong 504b. The outer portion can have a height Ho. The coil 506 may not touch an inner portion of the center prong 504b that has a height Hi. The inner portion can be closer to the back portion 502 than the outer portion. In some implementations, the heights Ho and Hi are about half the height Hp of the center prong 504b. Alternatively, the height Hi of the inner portion can be greater than the height Ho of the outer portion. The height Ho of the outer portion can be greater than the height Hi of the inner portion.
In some implementations, a spacer 508 can support the coil 506 and prevent the coil 506 from contacting the inner portion of the center prong 504b. The spacer 508 can be made from an insulator. The spacer 508 can be soft in order to prevent damage to the core 500. For example, the spacer 508 can be plastic, rubber, or wood. The spacer 508 can be attached to the core 500 to prevent the spacer 508 from moving during CMP processes.
Although the configuration of
As explained above, the length L of the core 602 is greater than its width W. That is, the aspect ration L/W is greater than one. Different values for L, W, and L/W may be used for different implementations. For example, W may range from a fraction of a millimeter to more than a centimeter, while L may range from about a millimeter (for smaller values of W) to ten centimeters or greater.
In a particular implementation, W is between about a millimeter and about ten millimeters, while L is between about one centimeter to about five centimeters. More particularly, the core 602 may be about seven millimeters wide, with each protrusion being about a millimeter in width and with each space between adjacent protrusions being about two millimeters. The length may be about twenty millimeters. The height may be about six millimeters and may be increased if desired to allow for more coil turns. Of course, the values given here are exemplary; many other configurations are possible.
In some implementations, the long axis of a core may not be exactly perpendicular to a radius of a substrate. However, a core may still provide improved resolution over available core geometries, particularly near the wafer edge.
Initially, referring to
As shown in
Referring to
Referring to
As polishing progresses at the first polishing station 22a, the radial thickness information from the eddy current monitoring system 40 can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system to control the pressure of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate. The pressure of the retaining ring on the polishing pad may also be adjusted to adjust the polishing rate. This permits the carrier head to compensate for the non-uniformity in the polishing rate or for non-uniformity in the thickness of the metal layer of the incoming substrate. As a result, after polishing at the first polishing station, a significant amount of the metal layer has been removed and the surface of the metal layer remaining on the substrate is substantially planarized.
The carrier head 70 transfers the substrate to a second platen at the second polishing station 22b (1004). The substrate can be briefly polished at a high pressure when polishing begins at the second platen (1006). This initial polishing, which can be termed an “initiation” step, may be needed to remove native oxides formed on the metal layer or to compensate for ramp-up of the platen rotation rate and carrier head pressure so as to maintain the expected throughput.
Optionally, at the second polishing station 22b, the substrate is polished at a lower polishing rate than at the first polishing station and a second eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer (1008). For example, the polishing rate is reduced by about a factor of 2 to 4, e.g., by about 50% to 75%, from the polishing rate at the first polishing station 22a. To reduce the polishing rate, the carrier head pressure can be reduced, the carrier head rotation rate can be reduced, the composition of the slurry can be changed to introduce a slower polishing slurry, and/or the platen rotation rate could be reduced. For example, the pressure on the substrate from the carrier head may be reduced by about 33% to 50%, and the platen rotation rate and carrier head rotation rate may both be reduced by about 50%.
The second eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer during polishing. The measurements can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system in order to control the pressure of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate in order to polish the metal layer evenly. In some implementations, e.g., for polishing of a copper layer, the second eddy current monitoring system can be different from the first eddy current monitoring system, e.g., have a different resonant frequency. For example, the first eddy current monitoring system can have a resonant frequency tuned to detect the thickness of a thicker metal layer than the second eddy current monitoring system. For example, first eddy current monitoring system can have a resonant frequency of about 320 kHz to 400 kHz, e.g., 400 kHz and the second eddy current monitoring system have a resonant frequency between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz. For polishing of some metal layers, e.g., copper, this can permit accurate measurement of the layer thickness above 2000 Angstroms the first polishing station, and can permit accurate measurement of the layer thickness below 2000 Angstroms, e.g., down to about 200 Angstroms, at the second polishing station. Thus, feedback control of the pressure can be performed down until the metal layer has a thickness of 200 to 300 Angstroms, at which point the feedback control can be deactivated.
In some implementations, e.g., for polishing of an aluminum layer, the first eddy current monitoring system and the second eddy current monitoring system are the same type, e.g., both eddy current monitoring systems use the same resonant frequency, e.g., a resonant frequency between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz.
With the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability at thinner metal layer (e.g., copper) thicknesses, e.g., at thicknesses below 1000 Angstroms, e.g., below 500 Angstroms, e.g., down to about 200 or 300 Angstroms. In addition, with the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability for metal layers of lower conductivity (compared to copper), e.g., aluminum layers. With the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability with the sensor spaced farther from the substrate, e.g., with a system in which the core does not project above the top of the backing layer.
The polishing process can be monitored at the second polishing station 22b by an optical monitoring system. Polishing proceeds at the second polishing station 22b until the metal layer is removed and the underlying barrier layer is exposed (1010). Of course, small portions of the metal layer can remain on the substrate, but the metal layer is substantially entirely removed. The optical monitoring system is useful for determining this endpoint, since it can detect the change in reflectivity as the barrier layer is exposed. Specifically, the endpoint for the second polishing station 22b can be triggered when the amplitude or slope of the optical monitoring signal falls below an experimentally determined threshold value across all the radial ranges monitored by the computer. This indicates that the barrier metal layer has been removed across substantially all of the substrate. Of course, as polishing progresses at the second polishing station 22b, the reflectivity information from the optical monitoring system 40 can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system to control the pressure applied by the different chambers of the of the carrier head 70 on the substrate to prevent the regions of the barrier layer that are exposed earliest from becoming overpolished.
By reducing the polishing rate before the barrier layer is exposed, dishing and erosion effects can be reduced. In addition, the relative reaction time of the polishing machine is improved, enabling the polishing machine to halt polishing and transfer to the third polishing station with less material removed after the final endpoint criterion is detected. Moreover, more intensity measurements can be collected near the expected polishing end time, thereby potentially improving the accuracy of the polishing endpoint calculation. However, by maintaining a high polishing rate throughout most of the polishing operation at the first polishing station, high throughput is achieved.
Once the metal layer has been removed at the second polishing station 22b, the substrate is transferred to the third polishing station 22c (1012). Optionally, the substrate may be briefly polished with an initiation step, e.g., for about 5 seconds, at a somewhat higher pressure. The polishing process is monitored at the third polishing station 22c by an optical monitoring system, and proceeds until the exposed layers on the substrate are buffed (1014). In some implementations, the barrier layer is substantially removed and the underlying dielectric layer is substantially exposed at the third polishing station 22c. The same slurry solution may be used at the first and second polishing stations, whereas another slurry solution may be used at the third polishing station.
An alternative method 1100 of polishing a metal layer, such as a copper layer or an aluminum layer, is shown in flowchart form in
While the substrate is polished at the first polishing station 22a, the first eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer, and the measurements can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system in order to control the pressure and/or loading area of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate in order to polish the metal layer evenly (1102, 1105). Feedback control of the pressure can be performed until the metal layer has a thickness of 200 to 300 Angstroms, at which point the feedback control can be deactivated.
Optionally, when the eddy current monitoring system indicates that a predetermined thickness of a metal layer remains on the substrate, less than 1000 Angstroms for an aluminum layer, e.g., the substrate is polished at a reduced polishing speed, e.g., by reducing the pressure on the backside of the substrate (1104). After the polishing rate is reduced, the polishing system can continue to use eddy current monitoring system to measure the thickness of the metal layer adjust the pressure in the carrier head 70 on the backside of the substrate in order to uniformly polish the different regions of the metal layer (1105).
The optical monitoring system determines that an underlying layer is at least partially exposed and polishing is stopped (1106). For example, the optical monitoring system can determine that the underlying barrier layer 16 is partially exposed. The carrier head 70 transfers the substrate to a second platen (1108). The substrate is buffed at the second platen (1110).
The eddy current and optical monitoring systems can be used in a variety of polishing systems. Either the polishing pad, or the carrier head, or both can move to provide relative motion between the polishing surface and the substrate. The polishing pad can be a circular (or some other shape) pad secured to the platen, a tape extending between supply and take-up rollers, or a continuous belt. The polishing pad can be affixed on a platen, incrementally advanced over a platen between polishing operations, or driven continuously over the platen during polishing. The pad can be secured to the platen during polishing, or there can be a fluid bearing between the platen and polishing pad during polishing. The polishing pad can be a standard (e.g., polyurethane with or without fillers) rough pad, a soft pad, or a fixed-abrasive pad. Rather than tuning when the substrate is absent, the drive frequency of the oscillator can be tuned to a resonant frequency with a polished or unpolished substrate present (with or without the carrier head), or to some other reference.
Although illustrated as positioned in the same hole, the optical monitoring system 140 can be positioned at a different location on the platen than the eddy current monitoring system 40. For example, the optical monitoring system 140 and eddy current monitoring system 40 could be positioned on opposite sides of the platen, so that they alternately scan the substrate surface.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/299,905, filed on Jan. 29, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61299905 | Jan 2010 | US |
