Patent Application
20060109463
The present invention relates to the use of metrology for measuring alignment and overlay of substrates and more specifically, for its use in a lithographic apparatus.
A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a portion of a substrate. Lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs), flat panel displays and other devices involving fine structures. In a conventional lithographic apparatus, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC (or other device), and this pattern can be imaged onto a portion (e.g. comprising part of, one or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer or glass plate) that has a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Instead of a mask, the patterning device may comprise, among other things, an array of individually controllable elements which serve to generate the pattern.
In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent portions that are successively exposed. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through the projection beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction.
The portions will each be exposed several times in order to build up the complete pattern. These successive layers should be aligned to minimize errors in the complete pattern. In order to determine the extent of errors in the alignment, measurement of the overlay of one layer with respect to another is carried out using, for example, overlay metrology (i.e., overlay metrology of overlay targets). This may comprise a scatterometer that measures radiation that has scattered off a target and compares it with library data to determine if there is an overlay error.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous, for example, to create an improved apparatus and method of metrology.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lithographic apparatus, comprising:
an illumination system configured to condition a beam of radiation;
a support configured to hold a patterning device, the patterning device configured to impart the beam with a pattern in its cross-section;
a substrate table configured to hold a substrate;
a projection system configured to project the patterned beam onto a portion of the substrate; and
an exposure unit, including an additional patterning device, configured to print a target onto the substrate.
The target may be used for alignment and for overlay metrology applications. By using an exposure unit configured to print a target onto the substrate, targets no longer need to be present in the pattern and need not be printed on every portion exposed on the substrate, saving scribelane space and offering more flexibility. In an embodiment, a target exposed with a higher exposure dose than the normal exposure dose may make measuring the overlay of a latent image easier. The latent image may be created by using radiation and no chemical developers. A latent image may be hardly detectable in the resist layer but by using the high-exposure unit it may become better detectable.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of measuring latent overlay of a resist layer with respect to a process layer on a substrate, comprising:
measuring a position of a substrate with respect to a reference;
exposing a target in the resist layer with beam of radiation having a high exposure dose in accordance with the measured position of the substrate; and
measuring the overlay of the resist layer with respect to the process layer at the exposed target.
When aligning a resist layer on top of a previously exposed process layer (a process layer being a previously exposed and processed resist layer), a target may enable overlay metrology to be more easily carried out. Since a die is not exposed in the creation of the overlay target, large exposure energies may be possible, which could enhance the latent image of the overlay target. Further, use of a target in a scribe lane has an advantage of possibly avoiding taking measurements in areas outside of the substrate, creating a further possibility of error when extrapolating measurements from an external target to the substrate itself.
Overexposure of the overlay target may also provide a stronger latent contrast. For example, because of the chemical properties of the resist, the latent contrast of overlay targets created with a nominal exposure dose may sometimes be too weak to perform meaningful measurements with 193 nm resist. This is because the changes taking place inside the resist at a nominal exposure dose is too small to induce a measurable refractive index change, causing the contrast to be weak. Accordingly, the latent image of the overexposed target may be more efficient to use for latent overlay metrology.
Further, in an embodiment, process corrections may be applied in a feedforward system (i.e. before a product layer is exposed) so that there is little or no decrease in throughput. Thus, this may provide an advantage in that the results of measurements on a substrate at a measurement stage (position) may be used to correct for variations at an exposure stage (position), where the substrate is subsequently exposed. It may be much more useful to be able to correct substrate n based on measurements from substrate n, not substrate n−1.
Local exposure in a scribelane may allow fine alignment and capture targets to be printed at only a few fields, saving on scribelane space. It also may allow for programmable alignment targets, optimizing the process without needing to provide new product masks for new alignment targets (as would have been the case when product masks with alignment targets were used to align the substrates, since an entire mask would have had to be replaced just to replace an alignment target). Focus monitoring may be made possible by printing gratings with a phase-shift grating.
The term “array of individually controllable elements” or “patterning device” as here employed should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, so that a desired pattern can be created in a portion of the substrate; the terms “light valve” and “spatial light modulator” (SLM) can also be used in this context. Examples of such patterning devices include:
A programmable mirror array. This may comprise a matrix-addressable surface having a viscoelastic control layer and a reflective surface. The basic principle behind such an apparatus is that (for example) addressed areas of the reflective surface reflect incident light as diffracted light, whereas unaddressed areas reflect incident light as undiffracted light. Using an appropriate spatial filter, the undiffracted light can be filtered out of the reflected beam, leaving only the diffracted light to reach the substrate; in this manner, the beam becomes patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable surface. It will be appreciated that, as an alternative, the filter may filter out the diffracted light, leaving the undiffracted light to reach the substrate. An array of diffractive optical MEMS devices can also be used in a corresponding manner. Each diffractive optical MEMS device is comprised of a plurality of reflective ribbons that can be deformed relative to one another to form a grating that reflects incident light as diffracted light. A further alternative embodiment of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of tiny mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted about an axis by applying a suitable localized electric field, or by employing a piezoelectric actuation device. Once again, the mirrors are matrix-addressable, such that addressed mirrors will reflect an incoming radiation beam in a different direction to unaddressed mirrors; in this manner, the reflected beam is patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable mirrors. The required matrix addressing can be performed using suitable electronic means. In the situations described hereabove, the array of individually controllable elements can comprise one or more programmable mirror arrays.
It should be appreciated that where pre-biasing of features, optical proximity correction features, phase variation techniques and multiple exposure techniques are used, for example, the pattern “displayed” on the array of individually controllable elements may differ substantially from the pattern eventually transferred to a layer of or on the substrate. Similarly, the complete pattern eventually generated on the substrate may not correspond to the pattern formed at any one instant on the array of individually controllable elements. This may be the case in an arrangement in which the eventual pattern formed on each part of the substrate is built up over a given period of time or a given number of exposures during which the pattern on the array of individually controllable elements and/or the relative position of the substrate changes.
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of lithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should be understood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may have other applications, such as the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, flat panel displays, thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “wafer” or “die” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general terms “substrate” or “portion”, respectively. The substrate referred to herein may be processed, before or after exposure, in for example a track (a tool that typically applies a layer of resist to a substrate and develops the exposed resist) or a metrology or inspection tool. Where applicable, the disclosure herein may be applied to such and other substrate processing tools. Further, the substrate may be processed more than once, for example in order to create a multi-layer IC, so that the term substrate used herein may also refer to a substrate that already contains multiple processed layers.
The terms “radiation” and “beam” used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of 408, 355, 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and extreme ultra-violet (EUV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength in the range of 5-20 nm), as well as particle beams, such as ion beams or electron beams.
The term “projection system” used herein should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optical systems, reflective optical systems, and catadioptric optical systems, as appropriate for example for the exposure radiation being used, or for other factors such as the use of an immersion fluid or the use of a vacuum. Any use of the term “projection lens” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general term “projection system”.
The illumination system may also encompass various types of optical components, including refractive, reflective, and catadioptric optical components for directing, shaping, or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a “lens”.
The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two (dual stage) or more substrate tables. In such “multiple stage” machines the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposure. For example, one substrate table may be at a measurement position where the topography of the substrate is detected while the other substrate table is at the exposure position where the substrate is being exposed.
The lithographic apparatus may also be of a type wherein the substrate is immersed in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate. Immersion liquid may also be applied to other spaces in the lithographic apparatus, for example, between the array of individually controllable elements and the first element of the projection system. Immersion techniques are well known in the art for increasing the numerical aperture of projection systems.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:
a-d depicts method steps according to an embodiment of the method of the invention;
an illumination system (illuminator) IL configured to condition a beam PB of radiation (e.g. UV radiation);
a support structure configured to hold a patterning device. In an embodiment, the patterning device comprises an array of individually controllable elements PPM (e.g. a programmable mirror array) configured to apply a pattern to the beam; in general the position of the array of individually controllable elements will be fixed relative to projection system PL; however it may instead be connected to a positioning device configured to accurately position it with respect to the projection system PL;
a substrate table (e.g. a wafer table) WT configured to hold a substrate (e.g. a resist-coated wafer) W, and connected to a positioning device PW configured to accurately position the substrate with respect to projection system PL; and
a projection system (“projection lens”) PL configured to image a pattern imparted to the beam PB by the array of individually controllable elements PPM onto a portion C (e.g. comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W; the projection system may image the array of individually controllable elements onto the substrate; alternatively, the projection system may image secondary sources for which the elements of the array of individually controllable elements act as shutters; the projection system may also comprise an array of focusing elements such as a micro lens array (known as an MLA) or a Fresnel lens array, e.g. to form the secondary sources and to image microspots onto the substrate.
As here depicted, the apparatus is of a reflective type (i.e. has a reflective array of individually controllable elements). However, in general, it may also be of a transmissive type, for example (i.e. with a transmissive array of individually controllable elements).
The illuminator IL receives a beam of radiation from a radiation source SO. The source and the lithographic apparatus may be separate entities, for example when the source is an excimer laser. In such cases, the source is not considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus and the radiation beam is passed from the source SO to the illuminator IL with the aid of a beam delivery system BD comprising for example suitable directing mirrors and/or a beam expander. In other cases the source may be integral part of the apparatus, for example when the source is a mercury lamp. The source SO and the illuminator IL, together with the beam delivery system BD if required, may be referred to as a radiation system.
The illuminator IL may comprise adjusting means AM for adjusting the angular intensity distribution of the beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL generally comprises various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. The illuminator provides a conditioned beam of radiation, referred to as the beam PB, having a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
The beam PB subsequently intercepts the array of individually controllable elements PPM. Having been reflected by the array of individually controllable elements PPM, the beam PB passes through the projection system PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the positioning device PW (and interferometric measuring device IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different portions C in the path of the beam PB. Where used, the positioning device for the array of individually controllable elements can be used to accurately correct the position of the array of individually controllable elements PPM with respect to the path of the beam PB, e.g. during a scan. The substrate W may be aligned using substrate alignment marks (targets) PI, P2. Although the substrate alignment marks as illustrated occupy dedicated portions, they may be located in spaces between portions (these are known as scribe-lane alignment marks). In general, movement of the substrate table WT is realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in
Although the lithography apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention is herein described as being for exposing a resist on a substrate, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this use and the apparatus may be used to project a patterned projection beam for use in resistless lithography.
The depicted apparatus can be used in four preferred modes:
1. Step mode: the array of individually controllable elements imparts an entire pattern to the projection beam, which is projected onto a portion C at one time (i.e. a single static exposure). The substrate table WT is then shifted in the X and/or Y direction so that a different portion C can be exposed. In step mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the size of the portion C imaged in a single static exposure.
2. Scan mode: the array of individually controllable elements is movable in a given direction (the so-called “scan direction”, e.g. the Y direction) with a speed v, so that the beam PB is caused to scan over the array of individually controllable elements; concurrently, the substrate table WT is simultaneously moved in the same or opposite direction at a speed V =Mv, in which M is the magnification of the projection system PL. In scan mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the width (in the non-scanning direction) of the portion in a single dynamic exposure, whereas the length of the scanning motion determines the height (in the scanning direction) of the portion.
3. Pulse mode: the array of individually controllable elements is kept essentially stationary and the entire pattern is projected onto a portion C of the substrate using a pulsed radiation source. The substrate table WT is moved with an essentially constant speed such that the beam PB is caused to scan a line across the substrate W. The pattern on the array of individually controllable elements is updated as required between pulses of the radiation system and the pulses are timed such that successive portions C are exposed at the required locations on the substrate. Consequently, the beam PB can scan across the substrate W to expose the complete pattern for a strip of the substrate. The process is repeated until the complete substrate has been exposed line by line.
4. Continuous scan mode: essentially the same as pulse mode except that a substantially constant radiation source is used and the pattern on the array of individually controllable elements is updated as the beam PB scans across the substrate and exposes it.
Combinations and/or variations on the above described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.
A “dual stage” system comprises two separate stages, which contain two separate substrates simultaneously, increasing throughput. The first stage is a measurement stage, at which one or more properties (such as alignment) of the substrate and resist layer are measured so that when the substrate passes to the second stage, which is the exposure stage, the resist layer can be exposed based on the measurements at the first stage while a second substrate enters the measurement stage, and so on.
In order to verify the alignment of the resist layer with a process layer, a latent overexposed overlay target is printed in the scribelane. This is done by a high energy miniature exposure unit, at, for example, the measurement stage, which is associated with a scatterometer used to measure overlay and with an alignment measuring tool, as shown in
FIG 2. shows a high-numerical aperture lens of an angle-resolved scatterometer 10, which is used for measuring scattered radiation from a substrate 20 in order to determine a parameter, such as overlay, of the substrate surface. More information about a spectrometer suitable for an embodiment of the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 10/918,742, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Although
In order to determine where the miniature exposure unit should expose the overlay target, an alignment tool is used to compare one or more previous alignment targets on the substrate with a reference, and use the measurements of the one or more previous alignment targets to establish where to expose the overlay target so that it is aligned with the previous target. This alignment tool is described below.
In addition to the substrate 20 on the substrate table WT, the substrate table WT comprises one or more transmission image sensors TIS which can be used to determine the lateral position and best focus position (i.e. horizontal and vertical position) of the projected image (for example, an alignment target) under the projection system or in the miniature exposure unit. A transmission image sensor TIS is inset into a physical reference surface associated with the substrate table WT. In an embodiment, two sensors are mounted on fiducial plates mounted to the substrate-bearing surface of the substrate table WT, at diagonally opposite positions outside the area covered by the substrate 20. Each fiducial plate is made of a highly stable material with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, e.g. low-thermal expansion quartz, and has a flat reflective upper surface, which may carry one or more markers used with another fiducial in an alignment process.
The TIS is used to determine directly the vertical (and horizontal) position of an aerial image, e.g., of an alignment target, of the projection system or the miniature exposure unit. An advantage of a TIS alignment system includes robustness and speed because it is a direct measurement technique not involving exposure of a resist. In an embodiment, the TIS comprises a surface having one or more apertures, close behind the surface is a photodetector sensitive to the radiation used for the exposure process. To determine the position of the focal plane, the projection system projects into space an image of a pattern provided on a mask MA (or on a mask table fiducial plate) or an image provided by a SLM and having contrasting light and dark regions. The substrate table WT is then scanned horizontally (in one or two directions, e.g. the X and/or Y directions) and vertically so that the aperture of the TIS passes through the space where the aerial image is expected to be. As the TIS aperture passes through the beam and the dark portions of the image of the pattern, the output of the photodetector will fluctuate (known as a Moire effect). The vertical level at which the rate of change of amplitude of the photodetector output is highest indicates the level at which the image of the pattern has the greatest contrast and hence indicates the plane of optimum focus. The X,Y positions of the TIS aperture at which the rate of change of amplitude of the photodetector output during the horizontal scan is highest, are indicative of the aerial image's lateral position. The aerial image is then compared with subsequent resist layers in order to determine where to expose further alignment targets.
In an embodiment, the alignment sensor 32 is an off-axis alignment tool. It detects at least three sub-beams with different diffraction orders. The diffraction orders arise by the alignment mark (40a on the TIS, for instance) being a diffractive mark (such as a diffraction grating), which splits a beam into a number of sub-beams with different diffraction orders. Further alignment marks 40b are present on the substrate. The alignment sensor 32 measures the location of the substrate relative to the fiducial plate by aligning on targets 40a and 40b.
Turning to
i) aligning the substrate relative to the TIS fiducial;
ii) aligning the overlay aerial image relative to the TIS fiducial;
iii) overexposing the overlay aerial image in the resist layer to form the overexposed overlay target; and
iv) measuring the overlay between the overexposed overlay target and the underlying overlay target in the process layer.
The alignment sensor 32 is used to measure the substrate position via its alignment target with respect to the TIS position so that the miniature exposure unit may print an overlay target 42 at the correct position on the resist so that the scatterometer 30 will be able to measure the overlay (of one overlay target 42 with respect to an earlier overlay target 40b) most effectively. Targets can be imaged at the center of the image field of the objective where the imaging is virtually insensitive to drift in lateral magnification.
Knowing the alignment of the TIS with respect to the substrate 20 means that, by extrapolating the alignment of the TIS with respect to the resist layer 22, the alignment of the substrate and resist layers 20 and 22 with respect to each other can be determined in order to position the alignment target 42 on the correct place on the resist layer 22. Scribelanes are features of the substrate which will not have a pattern printed on them, but are intended for alignment purposes. They may contain the alignment marks 40.
As mentioned above,
b shows the measurement of a distance c, which is a distance between the center of the aerial image 50 and the “0-position” (i.e. the center of the reference grating) of the alignment sensor 32. The aerial image is used to measure the distance vector associated with the resist layer 22 in order that the miniature exposure unit may print a latent overlay target in the scribelane on the resist layer without exposing adjacent structures. This step mimics the mask alignment at the exposure position and eliminates drift in the scatterometer exposure branch. In order to monitor drift, the alignment marks 40b are, in an embodiment, phase-shift gratings.
c shows a step in which the scatterometer exposure branch (i.e. the miniature exposure unit) is used to over-expose (e.g. by a factor of 10 with respect to normal exposure levels) an overlay target 42 in the scribelane. The miniature exposure unit may be at a measurement position above the substrate. An illumination source and mask may be used to produce the overlay target, in which case a separate stage at an exposure position of a dual stage system enables overlay targets to be created without decreasing the throughput. In other words, the miniature exposure unit may be provided at a measurement position of a dual stage of a multiple substrate stage lithographic apparatus so that the miniature exposure unit, including the additional patterning device, can expose the overlay targets on a substrate at the same time as the projection system is projecting a patterned beam on another substrate at an exposure position of the multiple substrate stage lithographic apparatus. In an embodiment, however, the miniature exposure unit and the projection system may be provided at a substantially same position, in which case it may be advantageous to provide a separate source for the miniature exposure unit to facilitate throughput.
The miniature exposure unit with its additional patterning device need not have a moveable mask as its patterning device. An illumination source and a spatial light modulator (SLM) may be used to produce the overlay target. A SLM offers a programmable target and thus improves flexibility in the features of the target. The bit rate does not need to be high for a SLM to be usable by the miniature exposure unit. In this case, alignment targets no longer need to be printed in every field on the substrate, saving scribelane space. An advantage of using a SLM is that programmable targets may be printed. The targets therefore may be more similar to the features to be printed on the dies in the resist to better simulate the real resist behavior. The SLM may be used to print the target at a normal exposure dose instead of a higher exposure dose. The target should then be developed during a post exposure bake before being detectable with a scatterometer.
The target is printed in a position that is calculated from the measurements carried out by the alignment sensor 32 in the first two steps. The target 42 can be a programmable target in order to optimize the process without having to use new product masks in the case of new alignment targets. This may reduce costs since fewer masks may be needed, particularly in high-end applications where mask costs are high.
d shows the measurement of the latent overlay between the substrate layer 22 containing target 42 and the substrate layer 20 containing the target 40 using the scatterometer 30. There is a stronger latent contrast due to the over-exposure in the third step, which makes the measurement quicker and more efficient. Latent overlay metrology detects process errors that occur in the substrate alignment.
Additionally or alternatively, the change in refractive index (n) can be used to measure the overlay.
For the post exposure bake, a local post exposure bake station can be used in the lithographic projection apparatus as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/875,605, incorporated herein in is entirety by reference. The local post exposure bake station is configured to locally heat the substrate at the location of the target. Alternatively, a regular post exposure bake station can be used in the track or in the lithographic apparatus.
The resist in
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. The description is not intended to limit the invention.
