Patent Grant
11328918
This application claims priority to DE 10 2019 107 327.8, filed Mar. 21, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purpose
The invention relates to an electron imaging apparatus and an electron transfer method for transferring electrons from a sample to an energy analyzer apparatus, in particular for momentum- and energy-resolved detection of electrons, such as e.g. photoelectrons. The invention further relates to an electron spectrometer apparatus that is provided with the electron imaging apparatus, and an electron spectrometry method. Applications of the invention lie in the electron spectroscopic analysis of samples.
In the present description, reference is made to the following prior art documents, which illustrate the technical background to the invention:
The use of transfer optics with electron-optical lenses is generally known for transferring and focusing electrons from a solid sample to an energy analyzer, in particular for the measurement of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Various types of energy analyzers and associated transfer optics are known. A group of methods, in which the electrons emitted from the sample are detected with angular resolution are known as ARPES methods (ARPES: angular-resolved photo-electron spectroscopy) (see e.g. [1]). In the ARPES methods, the emission angle relative to a reference axis, e.g. a surface normal of the sample surface, at which electrons are emitted from the sample, is of particular interest. Although high angle resolutions were achieved in the past, this was only within relatively limited angle ranges. For example, a high resolution of 0.1° in an angle range of approximately +/−7° and a reduced resolution of 0.5° in a range of approximately +/−15° has hitherto been achievable.
Hemispherical analyzers assembled from two concentric hemispherical electrodes are typically used as energy analyzers in conventional angular imaging using ARPES methods. Depending upon the voltage between the hemispherical electrodes, only particles in a specific energy band (e.g. energy interval with a width of 10% of the pass energy of the hemispherical analyzer) are allowed to pass through the hemispherical analyzer. Imaging of the angular distribution of the electrons on an entry plane of the energy analyzer is provided for an energy- and angular-resolved measurement. An angular distribution image of electrons from the sample is generated in the entry plane of the energy analyzer in real space (in polar coordinates). Since a slit diaphragm is arranged as an entrance slit in the entry plane of a hemispherical analyzer, said hemispherical analyzer is able to determine the angular distribution along a first angular coordinate (e.g. along the y-direction) along the extent of the entrance slit. In order to also determine the angular distribution along a second coordinate (e.g. x) perpendicular to the first angular coordinate, an arrangement of two deflectors [2] or one deflector [3] in the transfer lens sequentially scans (scanning movement) the angular distribution image perpendicular to the extent of the entrance slit and to the electron-optical axis.
Conventional transfer optics for angular-resolved measurement of electrons have a major disadvantage in that, at the outlet from the transfer optics and/or in the entry plane of the energy analyzer, the electron beam enters the energy analyzer with a marked divergence relative to the electron-optical axis, e.g. z-axis, of typically >10°. The divergence is illustrated in
The divergence is particularly disadvantageous in the acquisition of the angular distribution along the second angular coordinate, wherein the second angular coordinate is sequentially scanned with the aid of one or two deflectors 20A′, 20B′ in the transfer optics (see [1], [2], [3], [4] and [5]). With the scanning motion of the divergent beam perpendicular to the extent of the entrance slit, combination errors are created from the beam divergence in the entry plane in combination with aberrations induced by the deflection of the beam by the deflectors.
The beam divergence in the entry plane is also disadvantageous in spin-resolved electron spectroscopy, in which an imaging spin-filter with a spin-filter crystal is arranged at the outlet of the energy analyzer (see [6]). The beam divergence along the entrance slit in the entry plane causes a beam divergence in the exit plane in the form of a marked astigmatism, which makes a well-focused image of the exiting beam on the spin-filter crystal impossible.
In summary, the high angular divergence of the electron beam at the end of conventional transfer optics has considerable disadvantages for angular-resolved spectroscopy of electrons using energy analyzers, in particular using hemispherical analyzers. These disadvantages limit the potentially detectable angular intervals and the effect is even greater when the scanning motion is used to capture the second angular coordinate, and when an imaging spin-filter is used.
Documents [7], [8], [9] and [10] describe additional transfer optics intended for momentum microscopy and containing telescopic beam paths, in which there are Gaussian images (real space images) and momentum distribution images (momentum space images). However, these transfer optics are not designed for the scanning motion of a momentum distribution image perpendicular to the extent of an entrance slit of an energy analyzer. Furthermore, all these techniques are based on the use of cathode lenses, wherein the electrons are accelerated into the transfer optics by means of a strong electrostatic extractor field. However, the strong extractor field is disturbing in the examination of non-planar surfaces (such as can occur e.g. after splitting of a sample in the UHV), microstructures (such as e.g. semiconductor components) or microcrystals with a three-dimensional structure (common test objects of new quantum materials).
The objective of the invention is to improve an electron imaging apparatus, an electron transfer method, an electron spectrometer apparatus and/or an electron spectrometry method in such a way as to avoid disadvantages of conventional techniques. The objective is particularly to minimize or even eliminate divergence-induced imaging errors, achieve a better angular resolution, achieve the detection of larger angular intervals and/or simplify spin-resolved electron spectroscopy.
These objectives are correspondingly achieved by an electron imaging apparatus, an electron transfer method, an electron spectrometer apparatus and an electron spectrometry method of the invention.
According to a first general aspect of the invention, the above objective is achieved by an electron imaging apparatus that is configured for an electron transfer along an electron-optical axis from an electron-emitting sample to an energy analyzer apparatus. The electron transfer comprises a transfer and imaging of the emitted electrons (also referred to as electron bundle or electron beam) from an entry plane to an exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus, wherein the entry plane is provided on the surface of the sample facing towards the electron imaging apparatus and the exit plane is provided on the rear side of the electron imaging apparatus facing towards the energy analyzer apparatus and are consequently also referred to as sample-side and analyzer-side entry plane and exit plane respectively. The electron-optical axis is preferably a continuous straight axis extending perpendicular to the entry and exit planes but can alternatively have an angled course that is straight in sections.
The electron imaging apparatus comprises a sample-side first lens group, an analyzer-side second lens group and a deflector device configured for electrical and/or magnetic deflection of the electrons in the exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus in a deflection direction perpendicular to the electron-optical axis. Each of the first and second lens group comprises at least two electron-optical lenses. The first and the second lens group and the deflector device are each connected to a control circuit to provide operating voltages, wherein the control circuits can be separate components or connected to a common control device.
According to the invention, the first lens group is configured to form a first reciprocal plane inside the first lens group and a first Gaussian plane between the first and the second lens group and to generate a first momentum distribution image of a momentum distribution of electrons from the sample in the first reciprocal plane and to generate a first Gaussian image of the sample, in particular of the illuminated sample source spot, in the first Gaussian plane. A reciprocal plane is an imaging plane in which there is a reciprocal image (also known as a momentum image or Fourier image). Accordingly, the first reciprocal image, referred to here as a momentum distribution image, is focused in the first reciprocal plane. The momentum distribution image is an image of the momentum distribution of the electrons, wherein the transverse momentum of the electrons increases with increasing distance of the partial beams of the momentum distribution image from the electron-optical axis. The control circuit of the first lens group is configured to apply suitably adapted control voltages to the first lens group for electron-optical imaging of the first reciprocal plane and the first Gaussian plane.
Moreover, according to the invention, the second lens group is configured to form a second reciprocal plane on the analyzer side of the second lens group and to generate a second momentum distribution image of the momentum distribution of the electrons from the sample in the second reciprocal plane. The control circuit of the second lens group is configured to apply suitably adapted control voltages to the second lens group for electron-optical providing of the second reciprocal plane.
Moreover, according to the invention, the first lens group is configured to generate the first Gaussian image with such a small dimension (extent of image perpendicular to the optical axis) that the second momentum distribution image generated by the second lens group is a parallel image.
The deflector device preferably acts in a Gaussian plane, e.g. in the first Gaussian plane or in another Gaussian plane (see below), of the electron imaging apparatus, so that the deflection of the electrons advantageously effects a parallel displacement of the partial beams, which form the parallel image in the second reciprocal plane, without changing the angle between the partial beams perpendicular to the optical axis.
The term “parallel image” (or: substantially parallel angular image or momentum distribution image with substantially parallel partial beams) hereinafter refers to a momentum distribution image, the partial beams of which run parallel to the electron-optical axis on passing through the second reciprocal plane and/or have such a minimal divergence that aberrations (in particular divergence-induced imaging errors) in the energy analyzer apparatus are negligibly small for the desired energy-resolved measurement of electrons, in particular do not cause any significant impairment of the spectroscopic properties (energy resolution, momentum resolution) of the energy analyzer apparatus. The parallel image is composed of partial beams that are aligned perpendicular or virtually perpendicular to the second reciprocal plane. The partial beams enter the energy analyzer apparatus as parallel bundle. The substantially perpendicular alignment of the partial beams extends over an angular range of the electrons emitted from the sample that is to be detected in the subsequent energy analysis in the energy analyzer apparatus.
The control circuit of the first lens group is configured to generate the control voltages of the first lens group such that the first Gaussian image is of the desired size. The geometry of the electron-optical lenses of the first lens group is preferably configured such as to produce the smallest possible Gaussian image of the source spot of the electrons on the sample, in the first Gaussian plane. Optimization of the geometry of the electron-optical lenses takes place e.g. by numerical simulations.
The parallel image (parallel momentum distribution image in the exit plane) preferably has angular deviations (divergences) of its partial beams that are smaller than 0.4°, particularly preferably smaller than 0.2°. In simulations, the angular deviations have shown themselves to be small enough (see below,
According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first lens group is configured to generate the first Gaussian image with an extent perpendicular to the electron-optical axis of less than 1 mm, in particular less than 0.5 mm. For these size ranges, the parallel momentum distribution image is advantageously achieved with sufficiently small angular deviations in the typical measurement tasks that occur in practice and in the typical configurations of electron optics.
The control circuit of the deflector device is configured for a scanning deflection of the momentum distribution image in the second reciprocal plane perpendicular to the electron-optical axis. Accordingly, the electrons in the exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus are subjected to a scanning motion in a direction that deviates from the extent of an entrance slit (also referred to as slit or slit diaphragm) of the energy analyzer apparatus, preferably perpendicular to the entrance slit. The configuration of the first and second lens groups and the deflector device or correspondingly related control circuits is adjusted on the basis of calculations using electron-optical imaging equations that are known per se and the geometric size of the electron imaging apparatus.
According to a second general aspect of the invention, the above objective is achieved by an electron spectrometer apparatus comprising a sample-holder to hold a sample, the electron imaging apparatus according to the first general aspect of the invention or an embodiment thereof and an energy analyzer apparatus. According to the invention, the electron imaging apparatus is configured for the transfer and imaging of electrons emitted from the sample along the electron-optical axis to the energy analyzer apparatus and for the scanning motion of the momentum distribution image perpendicular to the electron-optical axis and in a deflection direction, which deviates from the extent of an entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus, preferably in a deflection direction perpendicular to the extent of the entrance slit. The electron imaging apparatus is configured such that a momentum distribution image of the electrons emitted from the sample source spot is generated as a parallel image in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus.
The energy analyzer apparatus is generally an electron-optical imaging device configured for an angular- or momentum-resolved detection of the angular- or momentum distribution image along at least one direction perpendicular to the electron-optical axis. The energy analyzer apparatus preferably comprises a hemispherical analyzer (hemispherical electron energy analyzer). By using the hemispherical analyzer with entrance slit, it is possible to determine the angular distribution in a direction along the entrance slit and in a second, deviating direction by the scanning motion of the momentum distribution image by means of the deflector device. As an alternative to using a hemispherical analyzer, the energy analyzer apparatus can comprise other types of analyzers such as e.g. a cylinder analyzer or a 127° analyzer.
According to a third general aspect of the invention, the above objective is achieved by an electron transfer method, wherein electrons are transferred by an electron imaging apparatus from a sample along an electron-optical axis to an energy analyzer apparatus.
The sample preferably comprises a solid sample, the surface of which is exposed for an irradiation with excitation light and for the emission towards the electron imaging apparatus. The electrons emitted from the source spot (incident surface of the excitation light beam) are sequentially transferred through a sample-side first lens group, a deflector device and an analyzer-side second lens group, wherein the electrons are deflected by the deflector device in an exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus in a deflection direction running perpendicular to the electron-optical axis and deviating from the extent of the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus, preferably is aligned perpendicular to the extent of the entrance slit. According to the invention, the first lens group forms a first reciprocal plane within the first lens group and a first Gaussian plane between the first and the second lens groups, generating a first momentum distribution image of a momentum distribution of electrons from the sample in the first reciprocal plane and a first Gaussian image of the source spot in the first Gaussian plane. Moreover, the second lens group forms a second reciprocal plane on the analyzer side of the second lens group and a second momentum distribution image of the momentum distribution of the electrons from the sample in the second reciprocal plane. The first lens group generates the first Gaussian image with such a small dimension that the second momentum distribution image generated by the second lens group is a parallel image. The electron transfer method is preferably executed by the electron imaging apparatus according to the first general aspect of the invention or embodiments thereof.
According to a fourth general aspect of the invention, the above objective is achieved by an electron spectrometry method (method for detecting the energy and momentum distribution of electrons that have been emitted from a sample) comprising an irradiation of a sample and emission of electrons from the sample, a transfer of the emitted electrons by an electron transfer method according to the third general aspect of the invention or an embodiment thereof to an energy analyzer apparatus and a momentum- and energy-resolved detection of the electrons by the energy analyzer apparatus. The electron spectrometry method is preferably executed by the electron imaging apparatus according to the second general aspect of the invention or an embodiment thereof.
The present invention advantageously provides apparatuses and methods for substantially improving the beam transfer for electrons emitted from a solid sample in preferably field-free environment and analyzed in the energy analyzer apparatus in terms of their energy- and momentum distribution. Imaging errors that occur in conventional electron imaging apparatuses with the generation of angular images in the real space are avoided by the generation of a momentum distribution image as a parallel image. Since a suitably small Gaussian image of the area illuminated by the excitation source (sample source spot) is positioned in a front focal plane of the second lens group, so that the momentum distribution image that is focused in the plane of the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus, is created from parallel partial beams in a rear reciprocal plane of this lens group, all electrons enter the energy analyzer apparatus substantially parallel to the electron-optical axis. As a result, the angular deviations at the entrance of the energy analyzer apparatus are reduced by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude relative to conventional methods. The first Gaussian image is generated by means of the first lens group, which is preferably aberration-minimized by means of suitable geometry.
An important advantage of the invention therefore lies in the possibility of capturing substantially larger angular ranges of the electrons emitted from the sample. Since the relationship between the transverse momentum k1 and image angle α scales with the root of the energy:
k1˜sin α✓Ekin, at lower kinetic energies (e.g. equal to or less than 5 electron volts, such as in laser excitation, for example), angular intervals of more than +/−30° are possible and this considerably enhances the efficiency of the energy analyzer. Particular advantages of the invention also result from scanning of the second momentum coordinate to measure a two-dimensional momentum distribution and from the use of an imaging spin-filter. By positioning the deflector device in the first Gaussian image and focus of the second lens group, it is possible to achieve a parallel displacement of the momentum distribution image in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus preferably with a single deflector unit, wherein the parallelism of the beam is preserved.
The aberrations of the combination of lens groups and deflector device can be advantageously reduced to the theoretically possible minimum, in that the image reciprocal to the desired momentum distribution image (i.e. the first Gaussian image of the source spot on the sample) is so small that the coding of the momentum distribution image is defined with extreme precision as a trajectory in this small Gaussian image. This characteristic distinguishes the present invention from all conventional beam transfer systems, in particular those according to [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5].
The inventors have found that, using the technique according to the invention, a concept realized in electron microscopy, in particular the creation of predetermined, very well focused real space images and reciprocal images in predetermined imaging planes using the optical image transition theorem, not only serves to reduce aberrations in the electron-optical system in electron spectroscopy but offers an additional substantial advantage: since the first Gaussian image can be displaced along the electron-optical axis by means of the first lens group, the tilt angle of the individual partial beams of the momentum distribution image can be minimized in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus, without losing the beam position. This allows the deflection technique to be used for scanning the second momentum direction, in particular perpendicular to the entrance slit, even for high retardation conditions (ratio of the initial kinetic energy of the electrons on exit from the sample to the kinetic energy on entry into the energy analyzer apparatus). The preferred embodiment of the second lens group in the form of a zoom lens (lens that is configured for adjustment of an image magnification and preferably comprises five or more lens elements) makes it possible, in particular, to vary the image size and electron energy of the momentum image at the outlet from the electron imaging apparatus within broad limits and so adapt the momentum image size and energy to the desired conditions for the energy analyzer (energy resolution, momentum resolution).
The creation of the parallel image in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus also advantageously simplifies a spin-resolved electron spectroscopy, since image errors on a spin-filter crystal at the outlet of the energy analyzer are reduced or avoided altogether.
A further particularly important advantage of the invention is that deflection of the momentum distribution image is simplified. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the deflector device only acts in a single plane perpendicular to the electron-optical axis. On transfer of the electrons along the electron-optical axis, the deflector device acts one single time, when the electrons pass through the space between the first lens group and the second lens group. This advantageously avoids conventional, complex double deflectors, e.g. according to [2], without having to accept imaging errors. Particularly preferably, the deflection plane of the deflector device and the first Gaussian plane (or another Gaussian plane, see below) coincide, so that an exact parallel displacement of the momentum distribution image in the second reciprocal plane is facilitated by actuating the deflector device. This completely avoids any additional beam tilting, such as is described in [3] and [5] for example.
Deflection in one single plane has the further advantage that the deflector device can be of particularly simple construction, e.g. with one single pair of electrically and/or magnetically acting deflector elements, a quadrupole arrangement or an octupole arrangement of deflector elements. In the case of electrical deflection, the deflector elements comprise deflecting electrodes and, in the case of magnetic deflection, the deflector elements comprise deflecting coils. The octupole arrangement advantageously allows a rotation of the deflection direction around the electron-optical axis, so that the deflector device can additionally rotate the direction of displacement of the momentum distribution image relative to the alignment of the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus and, in this way, compensate for any undesirable image rotations due to magnetic stray fields, for example.
According to a further advantageous embodiment of the electron imaging apparatus (hereinafter also referred to as the first embodiment), the second reciprocal plane is at the same time the exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus, wherein a slit diaphragm, which forms the entry slit of the energy analyzer apparatus, is arranged in the second reciprocal plane. This embodiment offers the advantages of an adjustment of the parallel image directly on entry into the energy analyzer apparatus and a relatively compact construction.
According to alternative embodiments of the electron imaging apparatus, it has at least one third lens group, which is arranged on the analyzer side of the second lens group, i.e. in the overall arrangement of the electron spectrometer apparatus, between the second lens group and the energy analyzer apparatus. The at least one third lens group forms the second Gaussian plane within the at least one third lens group and a third reciprocal plane on the analyzer side of the at least one third lens group, so that a second Gaussian image of the sample in the second Gaussian plane is created by the at least one third lens group and a third momentum distribution image of the momentum distribution of the electrons from the sample is created in the third reciprocal plane. The third reciprocal plane is the exit plane of the electron imaging apparatus and the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus and the third momentum distribution image generated by the at least one third lens group is a parallel image. Even in the case of these alternative embodiments of the invention, the scanning motion of the momentum distribution image, which effects a corresponding deflection of the momentum distribution image in the third reciprocal plane, is provided. The at least one third lens group is provided with a control circuit configured to apply suitably adapted control voltages to the at least one third lens group for electron-optical forming of the third reciprocal plane and the second Gaussian plane. The provision of the at least one third lens group has the particular advantage that the beam energy in the parallel momentum distribution image can be varied in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus within a range of e.g. two orders of magnitude, so allowing optimum resolution and transmission settings of the energy analyzer apparatus.
A slit diaphragm can be arranged in the second reciprocal plane in front of the third lens group to form the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the second embodiment). In this case, the slit diaphragm is not positioned directly in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus but in the second reciprocal plane, which is conjugated to the entry plane, in front of the third lens group, where the parallel momentum distribution image is generated, so that a real image of the slit diaphragm overlaid by the parallel momentum distribution image is generated in the entry plane of the analyzer. In this arrangement, the electrons can advantageously pass through the entrance slit with much greater energy, which improves subsequent imaging in the energy analyzer apparatus. Since the slit diaphragm is arranged in the second reciprocal plane, the slit diaphragm can be imaged as a real image in the entry plane of the energy analyzer apparatus, so that the effective slit diaphragm width and energy of the electrons in the entry plane can be electron-optically varied, while the physical slit diaphragm width being fixed.
Alternatively, the slit diaphragm forming the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus can be arranged in the third reciprocal plane and forms the entrance slit of the energy analyzer apparatus, wherein, in this case, no slit diaphragm is arranged in the second reciprocal plane (hereinafter also referred to as the third embodiment). The third embodiment offers the particular advantage that an energy analyzer of conventional design, i.e. with integrated entrance slit, can be used.
According to further modified embodiments of the invention, a fourth lens group or additional lens groups, which are each constructed like the third lens group and provide additional Gaussian planes and reciprocal planes, can be provided.
Advantageously, there are various options for positioning the deflector device. Particularly in the first, second and third embodiment of the invention, the deflector device can be disposed between the first and the second lens group and in the first Gaussian plane. Alternatively, in the second and third embodiment of the invention, the deflector device can be disposed at the third lens group and in the second Gaussian plane. According to further alternatives, the deflector device can be disposed in a further Gaussian plane in the fourth lens group or an additional lens group.
A further important difference relative to electron-optical concepts of electron momentum microscopy is achieved by an advantageous embodiment of the invention, wherein the sample-side foremost electron-optical lens element of the first lens group is configured to have the same potential like the sample. Advantageously, this keeps the area around the sample field-free so that it is also possible to examine samples with highly three-dimensional structures or microcrystals without any significant field distortion due to the three-dimensional shape, which would compromise momentum resolution.
For displacement of the momentum distribution image in the second reciprocal plane the deflector device particularly preferably acts in the first Gaussian plane. Arrangement in the first Gaussian plane means that the deflector device generates varying deflector fields, which act in a narrow range symmetrically around the first Gaussian plane. This embodiment has the advantages of a particularly effective deflection of the entire electron beam, wherein the parallelism of the momentum image at the outlet of the imaging device is preserved. Alternatively, when providing the third lens group, the single deflector device can be arranged in the second Gaussian plane and act on the electrons in the second Gaussian image, wherein the parallelism of the momentum image is likewise preserved at the outlet of the imaging device on deflection.
According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the analyzer-side rearmost electron-optical lens of the second lens group forms a field-free space in the region of the second reciprocal plane. Alternatively or additionally, it is provided in the second or third embodiment that the third lens group has boundary elements at its ends, said boundary elements being configured to form field-free spaces adjacent to both sides of the third lens group. This embodiment prevents any electrostatic feed-over of fields leading to a deflection of the electron pathways and hence to a distortion of the momentum image.
Further details and advantages of the invention are described below with reference to the attached drawings. The drawings show in:
The invention is described below with exemplary reference to an electron imaging apparatus in combination with a hemispherical analyzer. The invention is not limited to the use of the hemispherical analyzer but is also executable with other types of energy analyzer apparatuses. Details of the excitation of a sample and recording of energy distributions of the electrons emitted from a sample with the hemispherical analyzer are not described, since these are known per se from conventional techniques. The illustrations of the electron-optical components in the drawings are schematic illustrations. Details such as e.g. the arrangement of the electron-optical components in an evacuated space or the formation of electron-optical lenses from spaced lens elements, are not shown. In general, e.g. electron-optical lenses and the associated control circuits can be the same as those essentially known from conventional transfer optics.
The Figures are described with reference to the relevant spatial directions shown in
Specifically, the first lens group 10 according to
An e.g. cylindrical element is provided to form the field-three drift path 22 between the first lens group 10 and the second lens group 30, the length of said cylindrical element being such that any feed-over of the adjacent lens groups is reduced and there is no longer any significant electrical field, which could deflect the electron trajectories in the region of the Gaussian image, at the site of the deflector device when it is switched off.
The deflector device 20 comprises e.g. an octupole arrangement of deflecting electrodes 21 or alternatively another electrode arrangement (see
When the sample 1 is excited by light (see also
The angle θ designates the emission angle of the electrons from the sample relative to the electron-optical axis OA and the angle α the (half) opening angle of a beam bundle, which corresponds to a specific emission angle, of the momentum distribution image in the second reciprocal plane RP2. The amount of this opening angle α of the partial beams (virtually invisible in the detail in
Realistic calculations were carried out for a practical embodiment of the electron imaging apparatus 100 according to the invention using a trajectory simulation program (SIMION 8.0), three of these being shown as examples in
The simulations for an angular acceptance range of 0=15° deliver the following parameters: in all three cases, the momentum distribution image in the second reciprocal plane RP2 has a radius R of 4.3 mm. The tilts of the central rays of the beam (=deviation from the parallel beam) are all <0.09° and, as would be expected, are not dependent upon the size of the source area.
For excitation with synchrotron radiation or laser sources (
Focused vacuum UV light sources (
For unfocused vacuum UV laboratory sources (
The features of the invention disclosed in the above description, the drawings and the claims are important for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments both individually or in combination or sub-combination.
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