Patent Application
20140246644
1. Field of the Invention
The majority of commercial programmable logic devices such as FPGAs use one-bit SRAM cells to store their configuration data. However SRAM cells consume significant static power, and lose their state when powered off. In addition, because SRAM cells need to be loaded at power-up, the configuration data is difficult to keep secure.
2. Description of Related Art
Using a non-volatile memory device to store the configuration data for programmable logic devices avoids these two problems. Many types of non-volatile memory devices are known. See for example Burr, et al., IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 52 No. 4/5, 2008, “A Novel Resistance Memory with High Scalability and Nanosecond Switching”, IEDM 2007. Various non-volatile memory devices are known, and some of them are more suitable than others for use as configuration memory for programmable logic devices.
Antifuses are two-terminal, one-time-programmable memory devices. A sufficiently high current in either direction will irreversibly change the device from a high resistance state to a low resistance state. In the initial high resistance state, antifuses can tolerate normal logic voltages across them in either direction without risk of being programmed and without undue leakage currents. In the low-resistance state, antifuses can tolerate logic signal currents flowing through them in either direction. Because of these properties, antifuses may be used directly in the signal paths of routing networks as a programmable switch. Antifuse have been employed in FPGA integrated circuits, such as the Act1, Act2, MX, SX, and AX families manufactured and marketed by Actel Corporation of Mountain View, Calif., and FPGA integrated circuits manufactured and marketed by QuickLogic of Sunnyvale, Calif.
In state-of-the-art, practical antifuse structures, the dielectric contains amorphous silicon and the state of the dielectric is altered by a phase change. There may also be a dielectric breakdown that occurs during programming. These are generally irreversible phenomena. Also, the critical dielectric is generally surrounded by inert barrier metal layers intended to keep contaminants out of the dielectric.
Floating gate transistors can be turned on and off by storing or removing charge from their floating gate. They are reprogrammable. Because flash devices have a high off resistance and a low on resistance, they can be used in the signal path as a programmable switch in programmable logic devices. One way to implement such a programmable switch is to employ a “switch-sense cell” as shown in
A general scheme for layout of an FPGA using a switch-sense cell is shown in
Flash devices can also be used indirectly, controlling the gate of an NMOS pass device that serves as the switch. One way to do this is the push-pull arrangement, shown in
Although flash devices can be used either directly or indirectly to make programmable routing switches for FPGAs and other programmable logic devices, they do have a number of limitations. The need to separate flash devices from logic is noted above. In addition, about 12 extra masks are required to manufacture flash devices as compared to ordinary CMOS devices. They also require high voltages (˜18V in current technology) to program and erase. They occupy space on the silicon substrate. Flash devices are radiation tolerant to some extent, but are not completely immune to the effects of radiation. Integrating flash technology into a CMOS process may alter the performance of the ordinary CMOS transistors, and requires re-optimizing the integrated process.
SONOS devices are similar to flash devices. They require fewer masks to manufacture, and have lower but still significant programming voltages (currently around 8V). SONOS devices are not suitable for use in the signal path of a programmable logic device due to their high on-state resistance and the fact that their state can be altered (or “disturbed”) if the current passing through them gets too high. However SONOS devices can be used to form a push-pull cell, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,580.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,511,532 describes ways to use phase change memory (PCM) for configuration memory. PCM has several drawbacks. PCM devices can tolerate only small voltages (similar to or less than normal logic levels) across them when they are in an off state, and cannot tolerate these voltages for very long. The on-resistance of PCM devices is three orders of magnitude smaller than their off resistance. If read continuously in a simple push-pull cell, PCM devices will consume excessive static power.
Magnetic RAM (MRAM) devices are two-terminal memory devices that may be programmed or erased by applying a magnetic field generated by passing current through an adjacent addressing line. Examples of MRAM devices are those manufactured by EverSpin Technologies, Inc. of Chandler, Ariz. MRAM devices have a very low off-to-on resistance ratio of about 1.3.
Resistive RAM (RRAM) is a general name for two-terminal reprogrammable devices that can be set to either a low or high resistance state. These devices are based on reversible physical phenomena.
RRAM generally consists of a dielectric layer disposed between two electrodes. Some types of RRAM conduct by forming a distinct filament in a limited area of the dielectric. Other types of RRAM conduct by changing the properties of the dielectric throughout its area. Although many types of RRAM devices have been proposed over the years, as yet none of them has been proven to be reliable and manufacturable in practice.
Bipolar resistive RAM devices are two-terminal reprogrammable devices that exhibit hysteresis. They enter a low-resistance “on” state when voltage (and current) exceeding a certain threshold is applied in one direction and enter a high-resistance “off” state when voltage exceeding a certain threshold is applied in the opposite direction.
One important category of bipolar RRAM are the “solid electrolyte” devices, also known as “conductive-bridging RAM” (CBRAM) and “programmable metallization cells” (PMC). In these devices the memory dielectric is a chalcogenide or glass material. Rather than isolating the dielectric between inert electrodes, one of the electrodes serves as a source of mobile ions that are intended to migrate into the dielectric material. The ions are typically Ag or Cu. The ions can form a conductive filament from one electrode to another through the intervening dielectric material. Such devices have been described in the literature. For example, see Qimonda, “Conductive Bridging Memory Development from Single Cells to 2 Mbit Memory Arrays”, 8th Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium, Nov. 10-13, 2007; “A Novel Resistance Memory with High Scalability and Nanosecond Switching”, IEDM 2007; “Improvement of CBRAM Resistance Window by Scaling Down Electrode Size in Pure-GeTe Film”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, VOL. 30, No. 2, February 2009; M. Kund, et al “Conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM): an emerging non-volatile memory technology scalable to sub 20 nm”, IEDM p. 754, 2005; T. Sakamoto et al, “A Ta2O5 solid-electrolyte switch with improved reliability, Symp. VLSI Tech., p. 38, 2007; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,348,365, 6,709,887, 6,864,500, and 6,955,940.
Other known types of bipolar RRAM devices include the “memristor” developed at Hewlett Packard Labs, described in Nature 453, 80-83 (1 May 2008); the “conductive metal oxide” (CMOx) memory cell developed at Unity Semiconductor, described in “Scalable Non-Volatile Cross-Point Memory based on Dual-Layer Oxide Memory Elements”, Rene Meyer, 9th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium, Nov. 11-14, 2008, Pacific Grove, Calif.; ZnCdS reprogrammable “anti-fuses” for FPGAs, described in United States Published Patent Publication 2008/0211540.
Important parameters of these devices include off-state resistance and on-state resistance. To make a programmable logic device such as an FPGA with acceptable static power, the off resistance must be high (preferably greater than 100 Gohm in current technology). If the device is used directly as a switch, devices that remain off may have the ordinary logic voltage (currently 1.0 to 1.2V) across them and must be reliably able to withstand that voltage. If the device is used in a push-pull cell, the off device will also have a DC voltage of this magnitude or greater across it. For use directly as a switch, the on-state resistance needs to be less than a few Kohm. The requirements for a push-pull cell are not as stringent.
There are several other important parameters for such devices. They include the direction and magnitude of the program and erase voltages or currents, and the number of program/erase cycles that can be executed, called the endurance. The endurance should be at least 1000 cycles, preferably 100K cycles or more. The magnitude and direction of voltage and current the device can tolerate without risk of disturbing its state is also an important characteristic. For use directly as a switch, the device must be able to tolerate typical logic voltage and swing currents. The length of time the device will reliably hold its state, called the retention time is also important. Retention time should be at least 10 years, across a stated range of temperature or other operating conditions.
Other forms of resistive RAM are known which are unipolar, i.e. the program and erase voltages are applied in the same direction but are of different magnitude. Examples include devices described in: “Erase Mechanism for Copper Oxide Resistive Switching Memory Cells with Nickel Electrode”, Int'l Electron Devices Meeting, 2006, pp. 1-4; “Highly Scalable Non-volatile Resistive Memory using Simple Binary Oxide Driven by Asymmetric Uni-polar Voltage Pulses”, IEDM 2004.
The above-described prior-art RRAM structures suffer from yield issues when critical layers comprising the memory cell are disposed above a via. Some of these are due to the “seam” that often occurs in the top and center of the metal filling the via.
Prior Art FPGA architectures include SRAM FPGA Architectures. The SRAM cell consists of two inverters in a ring and two addressing devices. One output of the SRAM cell, or both complementary outputs, may be used to drive the gates of pass devices serving as programmable routing switches. In some cases, the output of the SRAM cell may be buffered before driving the pass device gates. The supply voltage of the SRAMs may be above that used in the logic so that the NMOS pass device can pass a full rail signal and the level restoration pull-up device can be omitted.
Recent SRAM-based FPGA architectures have organized the programmable routing so that each routing track is driven by a single buffer and the buffer is driven by a multiplexer that selects one of the possible alternative input signals. See Lemieux, Int'l Conf. Field Programmable Tech., 2004, FIGS. 4 (right hand side) and 7.
An routing architecture suitable for use with antifuses is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,758,745 and 4,873,459 and others assigned to Actel Corporation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,537,056 shows two antifuses with a common terminal connected to an addressing device in
Certain manufacturers of SRAM FPGAs have tried to obtain some of the benefits of non-volatile configuration memory by providing a bulk non-volatile memory alongside a conventional SRAM FGPA. For instance, the Xilinx Spartan 3N FPGA includes a non-volatile memory chip in the same package as an SRAM FPGA chip. The XP2 FPGAs from Lattice Semiconductor provide non-volatile flash memory blocks adjacent to an SRAM FPGA on the same chip. In some cases the bulk NVM may be made available for read or read/write operations by the user's logic as well.
Flash FPGA Architecture is typified by the architecture of the flash-based FPGAs from Actel Corporation. In addition to using flash to configure the logic and routing of the FPGA fabric, certain flash FPGAs, such as Actel's Fusion products, also provide a large block of bulk NVM storage that may be accessed by the user's logic.
Unfortunately, flash technology requires a large amount of overhead circuitry, such as complex row and column drivers, programming control logic, and charge pumps to generate the high voltages required for programming and erase operations. For this reason, the NVM blocks are large in size and limited in number (typically only one). This limits the ways the NVM storage can be applied in user designs, e.g. by limiting the bandwidth or number of ports of the NVM storage.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,847 discloses examples of solid electrolyte RRAM devices and ways they can be used to make a crossbar interconnect suitable for FPGA routing. In particular, this reference discloses a back-to-back arrangement of two RRAM devices to form a programmable switch, as shown in
However the approach described has several drawbacks. First, an additional tristate driver (1106 or 1108) is needed for every routing track (204 or 206) carrying signals that are connected by the programmable switch (1102). This takes extra area. In typical FPGA architectures many if not most tracks are driven by the outputs of logic cells or routing buffers. If the tristate driver used for programming a track is turned on it might fight with the logic or routing buffer output that normally drives the same track. Of course, some means could be provided to override or disconnect the normal output, but this generally costs area and delay.
Further, no scheme for addressing the routing track drivers or common terminals of the programmable switches (see
In a crossbar architecture, at least some of the programmable switches must drive fairly substantial capacitances. For example, at 65 nm technology, routing tracks may be on the order of 100 to 1000 um long, and have a capacitance of 0.2 fF per um. The on-resistance of a programmable switch can be on the order of 102 to 106 ohms. The RC time constant is thus 2 nsec to 0.2 msec. This is comparable to or much larger than a typical clock period at which it is desired to operate the circuit, say 2 nsec. As a result significant voltages may occur across a programmed switch, which may cause its resistance to increase (read disturb of on-switches).
As shown in FIG. 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,847, the common anode is on the upper layer of metal. This is inefficient for layout, since the common terminal of the two devices comprising the switch will need to be connected to an addressing transistor through a contact on the lowest layer of metal.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,511,532 describes a push-pull cell using solid-electrolyte RRAM devices in a back-to-back arrangement (see FIG. 23A). Because of the back-to-back arrangement and the particular polarity chosen, pullup devices that are turned off are subject to DC stress during operation that would tend to turn them on.
United States Patent Publication 2007/0165446 discloses a way to use phase change or solid electrolyte RRAM cells to make SEU hardened SRAM cells.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of the present invention is illustrative only and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons.
According to an aspect of the present invention, area-efficient solid electrolyte RRAM device structures are disclosed. The RRAM devices according to the present invention are more manufacturable and are more reliable than prior-art RRAM devices.
Referring now to
RRAM device 30 is formed over a tungsten via 32. Tungsten via 32 is surrounded by a barrier layer 34 and is formed in inter-metal dielectric layer 36. A CMP stop layer 38 is formed over the top of the inter-metal dielectric layer 36 and is used in the process employed to planarize the top of tungsten plug 32 as is known in the art. SiN or SiC are commonly employed as CMP stop layers.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the CMP stop layers described with reference to
According to the aspect of the present invention illustrated in
A dielectric layer 42 is formed above barrier metal layer 40. The dielectric layer 42 may be formed from GeS or other chalcogenides, glasses, etc., known to serve a similar function in a solid electrolyte RRAM device. A top electrode or ion source 44 is formed over the dielectric layer 42 and is formed from a material such as Ag, since Cu may be difficult to plasma etch.
The stack of layers 40, 42, and 44 is etched to form an aligned stack. A dielectric barrier layer 46 formed from a material such as SiN or SiC is formed over the defined stack. A via 50 is formed in the dielectric barrier layer 46 to expose the upper surface of ion source layer 44. A barrier metal layer 48 is then formed over the dielectric barrier layer and makes contact with ion source layer 44 in via 50. The top metal 52 may be formed from a material such as Al, Cu or other metal used for interconnect layers in integrated circuits.
Referring now to
RRAM device 60 is formed over a copper via 62. Copper via 62 is surrounded by a Cu barrier layer 64 and is formed in inter-metal dielectric layer 66. A CMP stop layer 68 is formed over the top of the inter-metal dielectric layer 36 and is used in the process employed to planarize the top of copper plug 62 as is known in the art. SiN or SiC are commonly employed as CMP stop layers. According to this aspect of the present invention, one or two layers 70 of a barrier metal are formed above the via 62 and extend beyond the edges of the via and over the CMP stop layer 68. The barrier metal layer(s) 70 may be formed from a material such as Ta, TaN, Ti or TiN, W or other suitable material.
A dielectric layer 72 is formed above barrier metal layer 70. The dielectric layer 72 may be formed from GeS or other chalcogenides, glasses, etc., known to serve a similar function in a solid electrolyte RRAM device. A top electrode or ion source 74 is formed over the dielectric layer 72 and is formed from a material such as Ag, since Cu may be difficult to plasma etch.
The stack of layers 70, 72, and 74 is etched to form an aligned stack. A dielectric barrier layer 76 formed from a material such as SiN or SiC is formed over the defined stack. Another inter-layer dielectric layer 78 is then formed over dielectric barrier layer 76. A via is formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 78 and dielectric barrier layer 76 to expose the upper surface of ion source layer 74. A top copper metallization layer including copper 80 surrounded by Cu barrier layer 82 is then formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 78 and makes contact with ion source layer 74 in the via. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that an additional barrier metal layer (not shown) may optionally be added above the ion source layer 74 to protect the ion source material from being etched during subsequent processing.
In a copper metallization process it becomes possible to use the copper wires or vias as the ion source in a solid electrolyte RRAM device. Referring now to
RRAM device 90 of
At least one barrier metal layer 106 is formed above dielectric layer 104. The barrier metal layer(s) 106 may be formed from a material such as Ta, TaN, Ti or TiN, W or other suitable material.
The stack of layers 104, and 106 is etched to form an aligned stack. A dielectric barrier layer 108 formed from a material such as SiN or SiC is formed over the defined stack. Another inter-layer dielectric layer 110 is formed over the dielectric barrier layer 108. A via is formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 110 and the dielectric barrier layer 108 to expose the upper surface of barrier metal layer 106. A top copper metallization layer including copper 112 surrounded by Cu barrier layer 114 is then formed in the via and makes contact with barrier metal layer 106 at the bottom of the via.
Referring now to
RRAM device 120 of
A barrier metal layer 132 is formed above dielectric layer 130. The barrier metal layer 132 may be formed from a material such as Ta, TaN, Ti or TiN, W or other suitable material.
The stack of layers 130 and 132 is etched to form an aligned stack. A dielectric barrier layer 134 formed from a material such as SiN or SiC is formed over the defined stack. Another inter-layer dielectric layer 136 is formed over the dielectric barrier layer 134. A via is formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 136 and the dielectric barrier layer 134 to expose the upper surface of the barrier metal layer 132. A top copper metallization layer including copper 138 surrounded by Cu barrier layer 140 is then formed in the via and makes contact with the top of barrier metal layer 132 at the bottom of the via.
The present invention has several advantageous features. First, several embodiments of the invention use copper wires or vias that are already present for interconnect metallization as the ion source in a solid electrolyte cell. The ion source is at the bottom of the device rather than the top as in some of the prior-art implementations. This may be advantageous for layout of certain switch cells, where it may be desirable for the common electrode to be at the bottom of the structure. By themselves, the structures disclosed in
Referring now to
RRAM device 150 of
According to this aspect of the present invention, a dielectric layer 160 is formed above the raised copper via 152 and extends past its edges over CMP stop layer 158. The dielectric layer 160 may be formed from GeS or other chalcogenides, glasses, etc., known to serve a similar function in a solid electrolyte RRAM device.
A barrier metal layer 162 is formed above dielectric layer 160. The barrier metal layer 162 may be formed from a material such as Ta, TaN, Ti or TiN, W or other suitable material.
Another inter-layer dielectric layer 164 is formed over the dielectric barrier metal layer 162. A via is formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 164 to expose the upper surface of the raised copper via 152. A top copper metallization layer including copper 166 surrounded by Cu barrier layer 168 is then formed in the via and makes contact with the top of barrier metal layer 162 at the bottom of the via.
In contrast to prior art structures such as the one shown in
The structure shown in
The raised plug may be used in combination with the other structures described previously. For instance, even if there is a barrier metal layer between the raised plug and the dielectric, the raised plug will still shift the thinnest point of the dielectric to the circumference of the plug, as shown in
According to another aspect of the present invention, a raised copper via plug structure for an RRAM Device is shown where the via is not used as the ion source. Referring now to
According to this aspect of the present invention, a barrier metal layer 190 is formed above the raised copper via 152 and extend past its edges over CMP stop layer 158. The barrier metal layer 160 may be formed from a material such as Ta, TaN, Ti or TiN, W or other suitable material.
A dielectric layer 192 is formed above barrier metal layer 190. The dielectric layer 192 may be formed from GeS or other chalcogenides, glasses, etc., known to serve a similar function in a solid electrolyte RRAM device. An ion source layer 194 is formed over the dielectric layer 192 and is formed from a material such as Ag.
Another inter-layer dielectric layer 196 is formed over the ion source layer 194. A via is formed in the inter-layer dielectric layer 196 to expose the upper surface of the ion source layer 194. A top copper metallization layer including copper 198 surrounded by Cu barrier layer 200 is then formed in the via and makes contact with the top of barrier metal layer 196 at the bottom of the via. It is to be understood that layers 190-194 may be extended as shown in
As in the embodiment of
Referring now to
As shown in
In all of the embodiments disclosed above, it is presently preferred to deposit the dielectric using CVD techniques for repeatability, but persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that PVD techniques may be acceptable as well. The critical dielectric and adjacent layers are preferably not deposited in a via hole, as was the case in some prior art RRAM structures such as FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,865,117. Depositing the materials in a via hole results in irregularities at the corners of the hole, as well as other problems. Instead the critical layers are formed by CVD (or PVD) deposition and etching.
Also, as shown in the various drawing figures illustrating the invention, the critical layers extend horizontally past the edges of the metal conductor (tungsten or copper via or wire) below. This is preferred to provide a higher yield structure with less chance of contamination or defects.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the RRAM devices disclosed herein may be particularly suitable for incorporating into switch cells for use as configuration memory or in other circuits such as multiplexers in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some of the switch cells may also be useful with other types of NVM devices.
In order to create a programmable logic device such as an FPGA using an RRAM device structure, it is necessary to find a suitable way to use the structure to make a programmable switch. The configuration of a RRAM switch cell will depend somewhat on the characteristics of the RRAM device employed, as described below.
For RRAM devices that have high off resistance, have on resistance on the order of 10KΩ or below, are not disturbed by logic signal currents in the on state, and have a sufficiently high threshold voltage to avoid disturb of the off state, two RRAM devices can be employed in a back-to-back configuration similar to the configuration disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,847. However this requires that the limitations (mentioned above) of the prior art scheme are overcome as disclosed herein.
According to one aspect of the present invention, an architecture for multiplexer cells may be implemented using back-to-back RRAM devices in accordance with the present invention. Referring now to
Multiplexer 210 has its inputs connected to routing tracks driven by buffers 212, 214, and 216. The output of multiplexer 210 drives buffer 218. Buffer 218 in turn drives another routing track. The routing track T1 driven by buffer 212 is coupled to a first back-to-back RRAM configuration including RRAM devices 220 and 222. The input of buffer 218 is coupled to the first back-to-back RRAM configuration. The drain of an address transistor 224 is coupled between the common terminals of the RRAM devices 220 and 222. Address transistor 224 is located in column x and row y. The gate of address transistor 224 is coupled to a row y address line RAy. The source of address transistor 224 is connected to a column x address line CAx indicated at reference numeral 226.
Similarly, the routing track T2 driven by buffer 214 is coupled to a second back-to-back RRAM configuration including RRAM devices 228 and 230. The input of buffer 218 is also coupled to the second back-to-back RRAM configuration. The drain of an address transistor 232 is coupled between the common terminals of the RRAM devices 228 and 230. The gate of address transistor 232 is coupled to another row address line. The source of address transistor 232 is coupled to the column x address line CAx at reference numeral 226. The routing track T3 driven by buffer 216 is coupled to a third back-to-back RRAM configuration including RRAM devices 234 and 236. The input of buffer 218 is also coupled to the third back-to-back RRAM configuration. The drain of an address transistor 238 is coupled between the common terminals of the RRAM devices 234 and 236. The gate of address transistor 238 is coupled to another row address line. The source of address transistor 238 is coupled to the column x address line CAx at reference numeral 226.
The input of each buffer 212, 214, 216, and 218 is provided with a single programming transistor, indicated at reference numerals 240, 242, 244, and 246, respectively. The gate of each programming transistor is tied to a program-enable signal PE and the source of each programming transistor is tied to a programming level signal PL. PE and PL may be global signals; it is not necessary to have separate signals to address individual buffers or even subsets of buffers, which results in a further area savings. Each of the buffers 212, 214, 216, and 218 themselves can be used to force their output to the same state as PL, so the programming transistors are only needed on half rather than all of the nets in contact with the programmable switches, saving area and complexity.
The common terminal of the two memory devices (220 and 222, 228 and 230, and 234 and 236) comprising each switch is preferentially (and in contrast to the prior art) the terminal connected to the lower layer of metal, as shown in
Referring now to
In order to avoid read disturb of the RRAM devices that are in the on state, the parasitic capacitance of the multiplexer output (Mout) must be kept as small as possible. Immediately buffering this signal before it drives other routing tracks helps achieve this goal. But this is not sufficient. The switches comprising the multiplexer and the buffer must be laid out very close together. With a good layout in 65 nm technology, the capacitance of Mout would probably be dominated by the input (gate) capacitance of the buffer, which typically is only a few fF. Each routing buffer can then fan out through a routing track to various switches in other multiplexers.
It is not required that all routing tracks (i.e. electrical nodes driven by a buffer or logic cell output) be linear in a horizontal or vertical direction. In fact, it is preferable that some of them be diagonal or tree-like to improve routability while minimizing parasitic capacitance.
The programmable switches shown in
In a multiplexer such as the one depicted in
Of course programmable logic devices such as FPGAs contain logic cells such as look-up-tables or flip-flops as well as routing buffers. Additional circuitry analogous to the programming devices must be provided to ensure that logic cell inputs and outputs in contact with programmable switches are also driven to PL during programming. Persons skilled in the art will understand how to configure such additional circuitry according to the needs of any particular integrated circuit architecture.
A few variations are possible for controlling the voltage at the buffer inputs and outputs. In the above discussion, it has been assumed that PE can be raised high enough to pass logic 1 from PL to Mout. If this is a problem, a CMOS pass gate composed of a parallel p and n device may be used, instead of the single NMOS transistor as shown in
If a routing track is driven by an inverting routing buffer other ways are needed to force it to the desired state PL. For example, the routing buffers can be equipped with power switches or the buffers can be powered from a common switched supply. If the power supply (VDD) of the buffer is switched, and it is desired to force the buffer outputs to ground for programming, a small pulldown device gated by PE can be added to pull the buffer output to ground. To enter programming mode, the power supply is turned off by lowering it to ground, then the pulldowns are activated to force the buffer outputs to 0. This technique is also applicable to logic cell outputs as well as all routing buffer outputs.
A few variations are possible for controlling the common terminals of the programmable switches. Although a single addressing transistor has been employed to drive the common terminals of the programmable switches, it may be necessary to use two transistors depending on the voltages required. For instance, a complementary pair of NMOS and PMOS transistors forming a CMOS pass gate may be used. In addition, a two-transistor capacitive boosting scheme, similar to the addressing devices in Actel antifuse FPGAs, may also be employed. The RA/CA and PE/PL addressing schemes may also be used to observe and/or control the circuitry in the FPGA for testing or debugging purposes.
If used with a synchronous FPGA, the back-to-back pairs of devices that are in an off state are subject to static stress since there may be logic 0 and logic 1 on opposite ends of the switch for an unlimited period during operation. Using asynchronous FPGA logic may be advantageous in that signals transition for short periods of time then return to a common resting state. This tends to reduce the static stress, at the cost of additional transitions.
As mentioned above, it is important to minimize the parasitic capacitance on Mout. This requires careful consideration of the layout of the RRAMs, addressing devices, and buffers. Referring now to
As is most easily seen from an examination of
Referring now to
The back-to-back RRAM cell of the present invention provides several advantages over the prior art. It reduces or eliminates read disturb of on switches by limiting maximum capacitance driven through any RRAM device. It replaces the separate tristate driver on each routing track required in the prior art with a single programming transistor, saving area. It avoids fighting between logic or routing buffer outputs and the tristate drivers used for programming in the prior art.
In addition, it halves number of programming devices required, by reusing routing buffers to bias half of the signals in contact with the switches. It eliminates the need to address subsets of routing tracks for programming rather than all of them at once. This can reduce programming time. The layout is optimized for density and to keep capacitance on Mout small. The common terminal of the two devices comprising a switch is connected to the lower rather than the upper layer of metal for improved layout density. Prior-art RRAM memories usually run the word lines in metal for good write speed. According to the present invention, the word (row-address) lines run continuously in poly for improved layout density.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a push-pull RRAM cell is disclosed. For RRAM devices that have a high off resistance but would be disturbed by logic signal voltages or currents, a push-pull cell can be used where the RRAM devices control an NMOS pass device. A basic push-pull RRAM cell, and some variations on it are described, as well as an additional push-pull cell specific to bipolar RRAM. The variations disclosed can be used independently or in combination.
Referring now to
One RRAM device 302 is coupled to ground and, when turned on, pushes the gates of the pass devices to ground to shut them off. The RRAM device 304 is coupled to a positive configuration memory voltage Vcm and, when turned on, pulls the gates of the pass devices up to the configuration memory voltage Vcm to turn them on. Whichever RRAM device is turned is off must not be disturbed by a DC stress from Vcm disposed across it. Whichever of RRAM devices 302 or 304 is turned on must not be disturbed by the currents due to the parasitic coupling capacitance (shown at reference numeral 310) as the logic signals on the sources and drains of the NMOS devices rise and fall. Techniques to adhere to these requirements are disclosed below.
As has been the practice with SRAM cells controlling pass devices in FPGAs, several alternatives are available to ensure that logic 1 signals are properly passed through the pass devices. The potential Vcm can be set somewhat higher than the VDD of the logic; this ensues the pass devices can pass the full level of VDD. Or Vcm can be the same as VDD, and a level restoring device can be provided on the output side of the pass devices. Alternately, a complementary PMOS pass device can be placed in parallel with the NMOS pass device to form a pass gate. The gate of the PMOS device must be produced by inverting the signal on the gate of the NMOS device, or by another push-pull pair programmed into the complementary state of the first pair.
In some cases, it may be preferable to have multiple pass devices controlled by the same push-pull pair of NVM devices, reducing the area required for the NVM devices. This is especially effective for controlling the pass transistors in all but the last level of a multi-level multiplexer structure. This is illustrated in
For RRAM devices whose off state would be disturbed by a DC voltage of Vcm, one or more NMOS or PMOS series transistors can be added to the path to limit the voltage across the RRAM devices. An appropriate bias level must be provided on the gate of the series transistors during normal operation and during programming and erasing. This idea is described more fully in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 12/828,606, filed on the same day as the present application and incorporated herein by reference, which also discusses its application to other forms of NVM such as SONOS.
In seeking to reduce leakage in a push-pull cell, it may also be worth considering that in certain FPGA architectures, the majority (perhaps 90%) of the configuration cells will be programmed so that the pass devices are turned off. This is true, for example, of architectures based on multiplexers. In this case, it is more important to minimize leakage through the pullup RRAM device than through a pulldown RRAM device.
This can be taken advantage of when choosing polarity for a back-to-back push-pull cell, i.e. whether the back-to-back pull up and pull down devices should be connected with a common anode or common cathode. Prior art RRAM push-pull schemes connected the cathodes, which tends to promote leakage through the pullup device. Connecting the anodes (the terminal which must be positive to program the device to a low resistance state) reduces the total leakage when most cells are programmed to turn the pass devices off, and the common terminal is at a low voltage.
Push-pull cell 330 includes RRAM devices 332 and 334 coupled between potentials VP and VN at reference numerals 336 and 338 respectively. Programming transistor 340 is coupled between potential VS and the common terminal G of RRAM deices 332 and 334. The gate of programming transistor 340 is coupled to a word line W. Push-pull cell 330 is shown driving the gates of two switch transistors 342 and 344, although persons skilled in the art will appreciate that different numbers of switch transistors could be employed depending on circuit needs.
During normal operation: W=0, VP=Vcm, VN=0V. To turn on the switch, the pullup device 332 is programmed and the pulldown device 334 is erased so that the gates of switch transistors 342 and 344 are high. To turn off the switch, the pulldown device 334 is programmed and the pullup device is erased so that the gates of switch transistors 342 and 344 are low. During normal operation, whichever of devices 332 and 334 is off sees voltage stress only in the reverse direction. This avoids disturbing the state of the off device.
Referring now to
Contact 364 connects the drain of the programming transistor to a segment 366 of a metal-1 line. Contact 368 connects the gate 362 of the switch transistor to metal-1 line segment 366. Contact 370 connects metal-1 line segment 366 to the anode of RRAM device 372. Contact 374 connects the cathode of RRAM device 372 to metal-2 line segment 376.
Via 378 connects metal-1 line segment 366 to the anode of RRAM device 380. Via 382 connects the cathode of RRAM device 380 to metal-2 line segment 384.
In the push-pull cell 390 of the
Contact 404 connects the drain of the programming transistor to segment 406 of metal-1 line 406. Contact 408 connects the gate 402 of the switch transistor to metal-1 line segment 406. Contact 410 connects metal-1 line segment 406 to the anode of RRAM device 412. Contact 414 connects the cathode of RRAM device 412 to metal-2 line segment 416, which is coupled to VP.
Contacts 418 and 420 connect metal-1 line segment 406 to the cathode of RRAM device 422 through metal-2 line segment 424. Contact 426 connects the anode of RRAM device 422 to metal-1 line segment 428, which is coupled to VN.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
The above discussion has assumed that disturbing the off device is the greater danger. However it is possible that for some RRAM technologies disturbing the on device is a greater danger. In this case the polarities of both devices may be reversed to avoid disturbing whichever device is on, instead of whichever device is off.
If it is assumed that the threshold to program or erase an RRAM is about 2V, then to globally erase all pullup devices without disturbing the pulldowns, W is set high, VS is set to 0V, VP is set to 2V, and VN is set to 0V. To globally erase all pulldown devices without disturbing the pullups, W is set high, VS is set to 2V, VP is set to 2V, and VN is set to 0V
In all cases, W is a word line controlling a row of switch cells. However there are two possibilities for how to connect VP, VN and VS. According to a first alternative, VS is global and VP and VN are dual bit lines controlling a column of switch cells. To program a pullup device and erase (or maintain the erased state of) the corresponding pulldown device, W is set high (selected) or low (unselected), VS is set to 2V, VP is set to 0V (selected) or 2V (unselected), and VN is set to 0V (selected) or 2V (unselected). If the selected pulldown is already erased, the selected VN might be raised above 0V as long as it does not become so high as to disturb erased devices in the selected column.
To program a pulldown device and erase (or maintain the erased state of) the corresponding pullup device, W is set high (selected) or low (unselected), VS is set to 0V, VP is set to 2V (selected) or 0V (unselected), and VN is set to 2V (selected) or 0V (unselected). If the selected pullup is already erased, the selected VP might be lowered below 2V as long as it does not become so low as to disturb erased devices in the selected column.
This alternative has the disadvantage of requiring two bit lines per column, which complicates the layout. According to a second alternative, VS is the bit line and VP and VN are global signals. To program a pullup device and erase (or maintain the erased state of) the corresponding pulldown device, W is set high (selected) or low (unselected), VS is set to 2V (selected) or 0V (unselected), VP is set to 0V, and VN is set to 0V. If the selected pulldown is already erased, VN might be raised above 0V as long as it does not become so high as to disturb erased devices.
To program a pulldown device and erase (or maintain the erased state of) the corresponding pullup device, W is set high (selected) or low (unselected), VS is set to 0V (selected) or 2V (unselected), VP is set to 2V, and VN is set to 2V. If the selected pullup is already erased, VP might be lowered below 2V as long as it does not become so high as to disturb erased devices.
Table 1 summarizes the programming/erasing tasks and the applied voltages under both alternative connection schemes. Note that selective erasing may be done without programming. However in the second alternative this requires some care to avoid inadvertently disturbing unselected programmed devices (see starred entries), such as precharging the bit lines to 1V or some other suitable voltage between 0 and 2V. Each entry in the table has three symbols specifying the state of VP, G (the gate of the relevant switches), and VN, respectively.
The front-to-back cell of the present invention has several advantages. It allows front-to-back arrangement of bipolar RRAM devices to take advantage of their asymmetrical nature to avoid disturb. It permits applying voltages as shown in Table 1, especially for the programming task. It allows for two particular schemes for assigning VS, VP and VN to global or bit lines. A pair of RRAM devices may control multiple switches (pass devices). RRAM memories usually run the word lines in metal for good write speed. Here, the word (W) lines may be run continuously in poly for improved layout density.
Referring now to
The push-pull cell 440 of
Contact 454 connects the drain of the programming transistor to a segment 456 of a metal-1 line. Contact 458 connects the gate 452 of the switch transistor to metal-1 line segment 456. Contact 460 connects metal-1 line segment 456 to the anode of RRAM device 462. Contact 464 connects the cathode of RRAM device 462 to metal-2 line segment 466.
Contact 468 connects metal-1 line segment 456 to the cathode of RRAM device 470. Contact 472 connects the anode of RRAM device 470 to metal-2 line segment 474.
In the push-pull cell 480 of the
Via 494 connects the drain of the programming transistor to a segment 496 of a metal-1 line. Via 498 connects the gate 492 of the switch transistor to metal-1 line segment 496. Via 500 connects metal-1 line segment 496 to a segment 502 of a metal-2 line. A contact 504 connects segment 502 of the metal-2 line to the anode of RRAM device 506. Via 508 connects the cathode of RRAM device 506 to a segment 510 of a metal-3 line.
Via 514 connects metal-2 line segment 504 to the cathode of RRAM device 516. Via 518 connects the anode of RRAM device 516 to metal-1 line segment 520.
Referring now to
More specifically, LUT 520 includes pairs of series connected pass gates. A first pair of pass gates includes pass gates 522 and 524. A second pair of pass gates includes pass gates 526 and 528. A third pair of pass gates includes pass gates 530 and 532. A fourth pair of pass gates includes pass gates 534 and 536. The pass gates are all coupled to the input of output buffer 538. The connections of the LUT terms A, A!, B, and B! terms to the gates of the n-channel and p-channel devices in the pass gates is shown in
The input to the first pair of pass gates 522 and 524 is connected to a first RRAM device 540 coupled to VP line 542 and to a second RRAM device 544 coupled to VOP line 546. The common node of the RRAM devices 540 and 544 are oriented front-to-back.
Similarly, the input to the second pair of pass gates 526 and 528 is connected to a first RRAM device 548 coupled to VP line 542 and to a second RRAM device 550 coupled to VP line 546. The common node of the RRAM devices 548 and 550 are oriented front-to-back. The input to the third pair of pass gates 530 and 532 is connected to a first RRAM device 552 coupled to VP line 542 and to a second RRAM device 554 coupled to VP line 546. The common node of the RRAM devices 552 and 554 are oriented front-to-back. The input to the fourth pair of pass gates 534 and 536 is connected to a first RRAM device 556 coupled to VP line 542 and to a second RRAM device 558 coupled to VP line 546. The common node of the RRAM devices 556 and 558 are oriented front-to-back.
A programming transistor 560 has its drain connected to the common connection of the pass gates at the input of the output buffer 536. The source of the programming transistor 536 is connected to the potential VS. Its gate is connected to a PGM signal. The RRAM devices in
According to another aspect of the present invention, a flexible programming method may be advantageously employed. Certain types of RRAM cells, such as solid electrolyte, have a tradeoff between endurance and retention. If programmed strongly (with a larger voltage or current to achieve a lower on resistance or higher off resistance), they will have long retention times. However they cannot be programmed strongly very many times. Conversely, if programmed weakly, they will have shorter retention times, but still be able to be programmed many more times.
When RRAM is used in FPGAs, this tradeoff can be advantageously employed as follows. During development of a design, the user may need to program many prototype designs, yet retention is not a concern. So weak programming is best. Then once the design is finalized and ready for production, the FPGA can be programmed strongly to achieve longer retention time.
Weak and strong programming levels can vary depending on the materials used. In this case with a Silver electrode and GeS dielectric weak programming is typically less than 10 uA with a pulse in the microsecond or longer range of tine. The filament will be more robust with a programming pulse of greater than 100 uA in the microsecond or longer range of time.
The availability of RRAM enables the addition of useful new features to an RRAM FPGA. FPGA users can benefit from incorporating non-volatile memory (NVM) blocks into the FPGA as a supplement to the customary SRAM memory blocks. The bit cell of the NVM blocks will be substantially smaller than an SRAM bit cell, so that the NVM blocks may offer more area-efficient storage, e.g. for coefficients for a DSP engine or program storage for embedded soft or hard processors. A simple implementation would allow the NVM blocks to be written only when the FPGA is programmed. A more complex implementation would allow the NVM blocks to be written by the user's design during normal operation, enabling the NVM blocks to be used in addition for purposes such as storing adapted coefficients, error logging or storing state prior to power-down.
Non-volatile memory blocks are generally single-ported. However for use in an FPGA fabric it may be beneficial to make them able to support two independent read ports (e.g. for program storage) or an independent read and write port.
Another use of RRAM within an FPGA contemplated by the present invention is to provide one bit of RRAM storage in association with each flip-flop or other state-holding element in the FPGA fabric. If it is necessary to power down the FPGA (e.g. to enter a low-power standby mode) the state may be saved into the RRAM bits and then read back to reinitialize the flip-flop upon power-up. The transfer of data from the flip-flops to and from the RRAM bits may take place either fully or partly (e.g., by rows) in parallel to save time.
Because RRAM can be programmed with low voltage and relatively simple row and column drivers, it is better suited to these purposes than other NVM technologies with larger overhead, such as flash. Because the NVM blocks will be relatively small in bit capacity compared to prior art NVM blocks (perhaps comparable in capacity to the SRAM blocks commonly embedded in FPGA fabrics), it may be beneficial to take steps to further reduce the area of overhead circuitry such as charge pumps, row/column drivers and sense amps even at the expense of slightly increasing the RRAM bit cell area. For instance, using two devices per bit may allow a larger programming window and thus simpler overhead circuitry.
Small blocks of RRAM memory bits which can be associated with SRAMs, Latches, and Registers where in the volatile logic state will be lost if the part is powered down. Normally these might be whole conventional memory blocks in which the part takes many micro to milliseconds to save the state of the logic due to the need for complicated series of addresses/writes/verifys for each logic bit or group of logic bits.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a micro RAM cell can be fabricated using the RRAM cell of the present invention. Referring now to
The first sense node is connected to a first bit line 580 through a transistor 582. The gate of the transistor 582 is connected to a word line 584. The second sense node is connected to a second complementary bit line 586 through a transistor 588. The gate of the transistor 588 is connected to the word line 584.
A RRAM cell according to the present invention is formed from a pair of RRAM devices 590 and 592 and is coupled to the cross-coupled structure just described. The common node of the RRAM devices 590 and 592 is coupled to a potential such as VDD/2. The RRAM device 590 is coupled to the first sense node through a transistor 594. The gate of the transistor 594 is connected to a SAVE/WRITEBACK line 596. The RRAM device 592 is coupled to the second sense node through a transistor 598. The gate of the transistor 598 is connected to the SAVE/WRITEBACK line 596. The programming voltage is about ½ volt and in save condition the common node of RRAM devices 590 and 592 is raised to ½ VDD causing opposite states to be written into RRAM devices 590 and 592.
Referring now to
As shown in
While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/840,815, filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,723,151, issued May 13, 2014, which application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/829,311, filed Jul. 1, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,415,650, issued Apr. 9, 2013, which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/222,708, filed on Jul. 2, 2009, the entirety of which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61222708 | Jul 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13840815 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Child | 14274417 | US | |
| Parent | 12829311 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | 13840815 | US |
