Patent Grant
10025207
The present invention relates to a method of aligning a first article relative to a second article and to an apparatus for aligning a first article relative to a second article and has particular reference to a method and to an apparatus for the high precision alignment of two articles, e.g. to a positional accuracy better than ten nanometers and preferably better than one nanometer.
Currently alignment techniques are known, e.g. in the field of semiconductor manufacture, where an alignment with a positional accuracy of about 100 nm can be achieved with optical techniques. However, it is very difficult to achieve an alignment accuracy significantly better than 10 nm because of the diffraction limit which applies to the resolution of optical alignment techniques.
There are some semiconductor manufacturing processes involving nano-structures which would benefit from an alignment accuracy of better than 10 nm and preferably of around 1 nm which cannot currently be achieved, or can only be achieved with significant technical complexity. One such application is the manufacture of semiconductor circuits using templates and curable resins to define the circuit patterns which are to be realized. Such manufacturing processes are summarized below.
There are also other technical fields in which a high alignment accuracy is either currently desirable or which could benefit from such high alignment accuracies, if suitable methods and apparatus for achieving alignment accuracies of tens of nm or better were available in a production environment. For example, there is increasing interest in nano-electronics, molecular electronics, single electron devices, or microfluidic devices which could be made significantly smaller if higher alignment accuracies could be achieved.
Similarly applications for high precision alignment apparatus and methods are conceivable in the biological or chemical fields. For example one could conceive a holder for biological or chemical use having an array of regularly (or irregularly) positioned recesses on a nanometer scale, each containing a sample or a reagent which has to be brought together with high positional accuracy with a carrier having reagents or samples positioned on a complementary array of projections which have to engage in the aforementioned recesses.
In nanoimprint lithography in which a negative three dimensional pattern provided on a template, for example of fused silica, is transferred to a thin layer of silicon containing monomer on a semiconductor or insulating substrate which is subsequently polymerized by UV illumination to form a hard positive pattern of the cured polymer on the surface of the substrate. In this technique the cured polymer is subsequently etched to remove a residual layer of polymer between raised features of the pattern and to reach the substrate material at these positions. Thereafter, the substrate may be etched further to produce depressions in the substrate material, and increase the aspect ratio of the raised features relative to the depressions, i.e. the depth of the depressions relative to the raised features. Then the residual polymer can be stripped from the substrate and one or more layers of semiconducting or insulating or conducting material deposited on the substrate. Following this, and appropriate polishing of the surface of the substrate, an organic planarization layer is deposited on the substrate and the process is then repeated using a different template and a new layer of UV-curable imprint solution. This process is then repeated for further templates, for example frequently using twenty or thirty different templates to produce the finished semiconductor circuit. This process, known e.g. under the name S-FIL™, a registered trade mark of Molecular Imprints Inc., is discussed, together with other lithographic processes, in more detail in an appendix to the present application.
The templates used are for example available to order from firms such as DuPont Photomasks and Photronics, who currently take orders for S-FIL templates down to 100 nm feature sizes. Only the template fabrication process, typically accomplished with an e-beam writer, limits the resolution of the features. Features as small as 20 nm have been made to date that exceed the present requirements specified in the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductors (ITRS). With this background in mind it will be appreciated that, although there is generally no critical alignment problem with applying the first imprint to a substrate using a first template, any subsequent template requires critical alignment with the pattern determined by the first and succeeding templates if the semiconductor circuit is to have any chance of operating as desired. The present invention provides such a tool.
In known processes of manufacturing semiconductors surface relief markings are regularly applied to semiconductor wafers to enable alignment of a series of masks or imprint templates with the wafer. They are however recognized and used for alignment by optical systems which, as explained above, have a diffraction limited resolution limit of about 100 nm. The same surface relief markings can be used for the purposes of the present invention. However, it can be preferable to make them smaller and for to position them with a smaller pitch. The surface relief markings can also be made with special topographies which enable them and/or their position to be detected more accurately and for reliably.
One proposal for achieving high accuracies in the alignment of a patterned mold (a first article) with a substrate (a second article) suitable for the manufacture of a semiconductor structure by an imprint process is described in the published international patent application WO 02/077716. That document describes a lithographic method which comprises aligning a patterned mold with respect to an alignment mark disposed on the substrate. The detection process is based upon interaction of a scanning probe with the alignment mark. The alignment mark can be formed by the edges of relief features provided on the substrate outside of the area to be patterned.
In the system described in WO 02/077716 an optical alignment system is first used to approximately align the patterned mold with the substrate and the precise alignment of the patterned mold with the substrate is then effected by a scanning probe alignment system either realized as a scanning tunnel microscope scanning assembly, in which the positions of the probes and thus of the patterned mold are controlled based on tunneling current information, or implemented as an atomic force microscope scanning assembly, in which the positions of probes are controlled based upon a force (e.g. an atomic force, an electrostatic force or a magnetic force) that is generated between the probes and one or more alignment marks carried on the substrate.
More specifically the scanning system is configured to move a scanning head, which carries the patterned mold and the probes, precisely in a plane, the x-y plane, that is parallel to the support surface of a stationary block carrying the substrate. The scanning system is also configured to move the scanning head precisely in the z-direction which is orthogonal to the support surface of the stationary block. It is stated that in one embodiment the scanning head may be moved vertically by a z-axis scan actuator and horizontally by a separate x-y axis scan actuator.
The actuators can be implemented as planar electrostatic actuators and can both be carried on the scanning head. After scanning the alignment mark in the x-y plane using the x-y scan actuator the precise position of the alignment mark relative to the patterned mold can be determined and the x-y actuators used to move the patterned mold into the desired alignment with the alignment marks and thus the substrate for the patterning process. The z-actuator can then be used to move the patterned mold vertically to impress the pattern thereon into a moldable film provided on the substrate. It is also stated that the probes can be retracted after alignment prior to the movement in the z-direction. However, it is not explained how this can be done.
The problem with the scanning system described in WO 02/077716 is that the detection of the alignment marks through scanning movement of the probes takes a relatively long time. This means that the manufacturing process for the semiconductor structure, which can involve the use of many imprint steps, with processing steps following each imprint step thus requiring repeated realignment, takes a relatively long time, which is undesirable. It should be appreciated that this applies irrespective of whether the scanning system is realized as a scanning tunnel microscope or is based on an atomic force microscope scanning assembly in which the positions of the probes are controlled based upon a force, such as an atomic force, an electrostatic force or a magnetic force. As those skilled in the art of atomic force microscopes will know these are all time-consuming non-contact measurement techniques. U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,141 describes a similar system to WO 02/077716. The principal difference is that the US patent is concerned with the alignment of a mask for X-ray lithography with a wafer, for subsequent patterning of the wafer using x-ray beams directed through the X-ray mask. Again a scanning probe microscope is used, e.g. in the form of an atomic force microscope which functions by scanning a fine-tipped probe over the surface of an alignment mark on the wafer or substrate. More specifically, a voltage difference is applied between the probe and the alignment mark and the tunneling current which results when the probe is a small distance from the surface is detected. For this system the alignment mark must have a conductive surface.
This is again a non-contact measurement. The detection of the tunneling current during scanning of the probe over the alignment mark is effected by a piezoelectric block carrying the probe. Control voltages can be applied to electrodes on the piezoelectric block to first energize it to move the probe in the z-direction to detect a tunneling current as the probe approaches the surface of the alignment mark. Thereafter further control voltages can be applied to appropriately positioned electrodes on the piezoelectric block to produce scanning movement of the probe in the x- and y-directions. The variation in the tunneling current and thus the topology of the alignment mark can then be determined during the scanning movements. This allows the position of the sensing head relative to the alignment mark to be determined with high accuracy. Because of the restriction involving the need for the alignment mark to have a conductive surface the US patent also discloses a second system in which a contact arm touches the surface of the alignment mark and the sensing tip is carried by the piezoelectric block at a small distance above the arm. The arm is electrically conductive so that the tunneling current can be measured between the arm and the tip of the probe which is spaced from the arm. The distance between the arm and the tip of the probe varies as the probe and arm are scanned over the surface of the alignment mark. Again the scanning of the alignment mark is relatively slow.
For the sake of completeness reference should also be made to two further documents which refer generally to atomic force microscopy. The first is DE-A-103 03 040 which describes a non-contact mode detector incorporated in a cantilever. This non-contact mode detector is also described, together with other non-contact detectors, in the paper: Micromachined atomic force microscopy sensor with integrated piezoresistive sensor and thermal bimorph actuator for high speed non-contact mode atomic force microscopy phase imaging in higher eigenmodes by R. Pedrak, Tzv. Ivanov, K. Ivanova, T Gotszalk, N. Abedinov, I. W. Rangelow, K. Edinger, E. Tomerov, T. Schenkel and P. Hudek in J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21(6) November/December 2003 pages 3102 to 3107. More specifically the above referenced article describes microprobes for non-contact scanning force microscopy, more specifically tapping mode atomic force microscopy. In this arrangement a cantilever carrying a tip is excited to oscillate close to its resonance. The topography information is collected from the phase lag between vibration excitation and response of the cantilever deflection sensor.
In one embodiment described in the above referenced article the cantilever is realized as a bimorph actuator involving an aluminium layer on a silicon dioxide cantilever. The aluminium layer can be heated with an oscillating current to produce oscillatory bending deflection of the cantilever due to differential thermal expansion. In one embodiment described in the paper the cantilever is configured to include a piezoresistive detector realized in the form of a Wheatstone bridge.
The production of probes for atomic force microscopy, including a probe which utilizes a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge is also described in the document SPIE Vol 2879/pages 56 to 64, being a paper presented at a conference in Texas on Oct. 14-15, 1996. A piezoresistive detector incorporated in a cantilever is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,244.
It is therefore a principle object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for accurately aligning a first article with a second article with a positional accuracy better than 100 nm, preferably better than 10 nm and in particular approaching 1 nm or better at a significantly higher speed than is possible in the prior art, thus speeding up production processes such as the manufacture of semiconductor substrates by imprint lithography.
In order to satisfy this object there is provided a method of aligning a first article with a second article comprising the steps of:
Also according to the present invention there is provided an apparatus for aligning a first article with a second article, said first article having at least one surface relief marking and said second article having at least one flexible structure, means for positioning one of said first and second articles adjacent to the other one with provision for at least restricted relative movement between said first and second articles, a detector for detecting deflection of said at least one flexible structure due to an interaction with said at least one surface relief marking and providing detecting signals relating to said interaction, a memory containing stored information related to a topology of said surface relief marking, means for comparing said detection signals with said stored information to generate position control signals relating to a desired alignment and steering means for steering movement of at least one of said first and second articles relative to the other to achieve said desired alignment the apparatus being characterised in that said detector is adapted to detect deflection of said flexible structure by a tip of the flexible structure, e.g. a cantilever tip, touching the surface, the detector preferably being selected from the group comprising: a reflecting surface provided on said flexible structure and an associated optical detection system for measuring said deflection at said reflecting surface, a piezoresistive structure incorporated at said flexible structure, a piezoelectric structure incorporated at said flexible structure, a capacitive detector for detecting deflection of said flexible structure, an inductive detector for detecting deflection of said flexible structure and a surface acoustic wave structure incorporated at said flexible structure.
A method and an apparatus of the above kind are very advantageous. Since the tip of the flexible structure actually touches the alignment mark, or at least prominent edges of it, scanning movement to detect the alignment mark can be carried out very fast, thus significantly reducing the processing time required to detect the position of the alignment mark and thus to align the first article with the second for the imprint process. There is no need to vary the distance between the second article carrying the flexible structure and the first article once the flexible structure has touched the surface of the first article, i.e. the alignment mark provided thereon. The alignment mark is preferably provided with sharp edges which enhance the detection signals resulting from deflection of the flexible structure as it is moved across the alignment mark, which can be done relatively rapidly.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method and the apparatus the flexible structure is provided as a bimorph structure enabling it to be heated electrically resulting in differential expansion of two layers of the flexible structure (which may be a cantilever) and thus bending deflection which allows the tip on the flexible structure to be retracted during the imprint patterning movement so that the neither the flexible structure nor the tip is damaged during the imprint process. This retraction movement can be realized almost instantaneously following the designed alignment having been achieved so that essentially no time is lost by this operation. In principle it is only necessary to provide a single surface relief marking on the first article or substrate, i.e. a surface relief marking at one position on the first article or substrate, providing this marking has sufficient differently aligned features that it can be recognized by interaction with the flexible structure and allow precise alignment to be achieved. Generally it is however simpler to provide a plurality of surface relief markings on the first article or substrate, i.e. surface relief markings at different locations on the first article or substrate because these can be made more simply and recognized more simply. The markings could, for example, then comprise a plurality of raised bars or bar-like depressions at one point on the margin of an article or wafer and a second, like, set of surface relief markings at a different angular orientation (e.g. at 90° to the first set) at a different position on the margin of the article or wafer (e.g. displaced around an axis of the article or substrate by 90° relative to the first set).
If a plurality of surface relief markings are provided then it is generally convenient if a like plurality of flexible structures is provided on the second article, which are placed in juxtaposition to the respective surface relief markings.
The surface markings are typically surface relief markings which are integrally formed with said first article. For example, in the case of a semiconductor wafer, the surface relief markings can be formed on the wafer by electron beam writing or by any suitable lithography process.
In principle the surface relief marking can be a natural feature of said first article, e.g. surface features such as corrugations or pyramids formed by self organization of the surface or natural structures or faults. Alternatively it can be an artificial feature formed on or bonded to the first article. In similar fashion the or each flexible structure can be integrally formed with said second article or can be distinct from said second article, but physically connected thereto.
The flexible structure can be selected from the group comprising: a cantilever, a flexible bridge supported at two points and a flexible membrane supported at a plurality of points. The most convenient design is a cantilever, for example a cantilever as is used in an atomic force microscope. The detector is typically adapted to detect a deflection of said flexible structure which arises as a result of the interaction.
As mentioned, the first article can be a semiconductor wafer or an insulating substrate, or a substrate with a partially completed semiconductor structure formed thereon. It can also be a glass, metal or plastic article, a biological sample carrier or a chemical sample carrier or can take some other form. It can, for example, also be a planar or contoured surface of a three dimensional body.
The second article can be a template for nanoimprint lithography as described above or a biological sample dispenser, a chemical sample dispenser, a biological sample readout device or a chemical sample readout device or some other article.
A means will generally be provided for steering movement of said second article relative to said first article in order to achieve the requisite alignment. Thus, either the first article can be held stationary and the second article moved relative to it, or vice versa. Alternatively, the first and second articles can both be moved simultaneously.
More specifically, said steering means can be selected, without limitation, from the group comprising piezoelectric actuators, thermal actuators, electromagnetic actuators, and oscillatory actuators. With an oscillatory actuator the second article would oscillate relative to the first and the second article could be moved into contact with the first at the correct position of alignment reached at some point during the oscillatory movement, thus arresting the oscillatory movement, at least temporarily; for example, for the duration of an S-FIL imprint step.
It is not essential to provide relative movement of the second article relative to the first in order to find the correct alignment, although a relative movement of this kind will generally be provided in order to enable the flexible structure to interact with the surface relief marking. It would for example be possible to realize the flexible structure as one moveable in two distinct planes, for example in two planes orthogonal to one another. In this case the flexibility in one plane could be used to sense the distance to the surface, i.e. to find whether a step or edge in the surface relief marking is present, whereas the movement in the second plane, which would be a steered movement, caused for example by bending of a cantilever when subjected to heating, is used to traverse the surface relief marking in a direction generally parallel to the surface of the first article. Thus a cantilever as described in the above referenced article could be provided with bimorph properties on two orthogonal surfaces of the cantilever.
The above described methods can be repeated using a third article or further articles provided with a flexible structure and cooperating with said surface relief marking provided on said first article. Further preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the claims and in the following description of preferred embodiments given with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring first to
In this embodiment the first article 10 has first and second surface relief markings 22 and 24. The surface relief marking 22 is illustrated as a row of triangular bars provided locally on the surface of the first article 10 and seen end on in this drawing. The second surface relief marking 24 is essentially identical to the surface relief marking 22 but is rotated through 90° relative to the marking 22 thus the bars are seen side on in the marking 24. It will be appreciated that the markings 22 and 24 have a fixed position relative to the imprint area 20 and any circuit pattern provided thereon. Accordingly, if appropriate reference marks on the second article 14, which have a fixed position relative to the template 16, are accurately aligned with the markings 22 and 24 then, assuming the template is correctly positioned with respect to the reference marks, the template is accurately aligned with the imprint area 20 and any circuit pattern provided thereon.
In the present embodiment the reference marks on the second article 14 take the form of first and second flexible structures 26, 28 which are each realized as a cantilever beam. The cantilever beam 26 forming the first flexible structure is seen side on in
The cantilever 28 shown at the right in
Moreover, since the heights of the bars of the markings 22 and 24 bear a known relationship to the height of the imprint area the amplitude of movement required to achieve the desired imprint can also be determined. This is, however, not essential since the imprint movement could also be force limited, i.e. carried out until a specific force is exerted on the first article 10 by the imprint stamp forming the second article 14.
It will be appreciated that the accuracy of the alignment is now dependent on four things:
A) The alignment of the surface relief markings on the first article with the imprint area or the pattern provided thereon. This alignment accuracy can be achieved to a high level by patterning the surface relief markings at the same time the imprint area is generated on the semiconductor wafer. Indeed it is not essential for the surface relief markings to have an exactly predetermined position providing their position relative to the imprint area can be accurately determined, which is also possible using atomic force microscopy or a similar process. This also means that the surface relief markings could be manufactured separately and subsequently bonded to the first article.
B) The alignment of the flexible structures 26, 28 on the second article 14 relative to the template 16. Precisely the same considerations apply here as given above in relation to the alignment of the surface relief markings 22, 24 with respect to the first article 10.
C) The accuracy with which the surface relief markings 22, 24 can be measured by way of their interaction with the flexible structures 26, 28. It is well established in the art of atomic force detectors that measurement accuracies of 1 nm or better can be achieved in a variety of ways.
D) The accuracy with which the second article 14 can be moved relative to the first 10. There are a variety of actuators which are known in the scientific community enabling movements with accuracies in the nanometer range. Such actuators include piezoelectric actuators, thermal actuators which operate by linear or differential thermal expansion, electromagnetic actuators, and oscillatory actuators.
In a practical embodiment the amplitudes of movement which can be achieved with actuators having accuracies in the nanometer range are restricted and therefore the apparatus of the present invention will generally have a first means for approximate, coarse positioning of one of said first and second articles 10, 14 adjacent to the other one as well as provision for at least restricted, fine, relative movement between said first and second articles. The actuators for movement in the range of several micrometers to one nanometer will be conveniently provided between the positioning means and the moved article, for example the second article 14.
In the present embodiment the second article is shown supported by two rods 34, 36 in two guides 38 and 40 respectively. The guides are connected to the table 12 as indicated by arms schematically indicated by the lines 42, 44 and are thus fixed relative to the first article 10. They could also be connected to the first article 10. Only two positioning/support means 34, 38 and 36, 40 are shown. In reality there have to be as many positioning means as are required to allow basic (coarse) positioning of the second article relative to the first (generally in at least one plane parallel to the corresponding confronting plane of the relevant oppositely disposed surface of the first article), which basic position may be checked using known optical alignment techniques. That is to say the positioning means has to permit positioning of the second article relative to the first in x- and y-directions, i.e. in the x-y plane. In addition either both coarse and fine positioning, or just fine positioning in the z-direction is necessary for the imprint process depending on how the apparatus is designed.
E.g., if the second article, i.e. the patterned mold is placed only a small distance above the first article, fine movement alone may be necessary to allow the imprint process to be carried out. However such close positioning may be difficult in practice, since the space for introducing the substrate is restricted, unless it is itself moved towards the patterned mold against a stop provided in the apparatus before alignment takes place. On the other hand if both coarse and fine positioning of the second article relative to the first may be appropriate to facilitate introduction of the substrate or wafer forming the first article beneath the patterned mold.
The positioning means must also allow adequate space for the handling of the second article relative to the first.
In practice one stamp may be used to process a plurality of imprint areas 20 on one semiconductor wafer 10, see for example the plurality of imprint areas 20 provided on the semiconductor wafer of
In accordance with the present teaching actuators such as 46, 48 forming fine positioning means with accuracies in the nanometer range are incorporated between the coarse positioning means and the second article so that once coarse positioning has been achieved the actuators can be energized to carry out scanning movements of the second article 14 with the flexible structures 26 and 28 relative to the surface relief markings 22, 24. Once the precise position of the alignment marks has been determined the actuators 46, 48 can then be used, i.e. controlled to accurately position the second article relative to the first with reference to the alignment marks. Alternatively the actuators can be used solely for fine alignment and the scanning movements of the flexible structures can be effected by separate actuators disposed on the flexible structures or between the flexible structures and the second article to generate the required scanning movement.
Returning now to
Once basic positioning has been achieved the basic positioning means is locked and actuators such as 46 and 48 are actuated to produce scanning movement of the flexible structures 26, 32 to determine the precise relative position of the second article relative to the first. The readout signals from the detectors associated with the flexible structures are amplified by a preamplifier 54 and fed to the microprocessor 50. The microprocessor 50 analyses the signals from the actuators and compares them with reference information stored in the memory 52 relating to the topology of the surface relief markings 22 and 24 and their positions relative to the imprint area 20.
Since the microprocessor 50 also has information concerning the relative positions of the flexible structures relative to the template 16 it is able, from the result of the comparison, to issue positioning commands to the actuators 46, 48 to accurately align the flexible structures with the surface relief markings, for example to align the tips 30 and 32 with the centers 60 and 62 of the markings 22, 24 of
Thus the microprocessor 50 generates, via the template stage position control 58 for the actuators, in this example piezomotors 46 and 48, steering signals for steering at least one of said first and second articles relative to the other to achieve said desired alignment. Thus the template stage position control 58 forms steering means in the sense of the present invention. It could naturally also be integrated into the microprocessor 50. The reference numeral 57 relates to a keyboard which can be used to input information into the system and the reference numeral 59 indicates a screen which can provide user guidance menus and display other information useful to the user. The items 50, 52, 54, 57, 58 and 59 can all form part of a computer workstation or PC associated with the apparatus.
The signals obtained from the flexible members are described later with reference to
It is not essential to recheck the alignment for each imprint area, although this can be done and will frequently be done. It is also considered sufficient if the alignment is only checked for some of the imprint areas on the first object 10. For this possibility to be realized it is necessary to use a positioning/support system with high inherent accuracy. For example, such systems are known from the fields of metrology and precision engineering which use interferometry to achieve a high positioning accuracy which can approach the levels required here. Thus, once the correct alignment has been found for one imprint area it can be retained for one or more further imprint operations. I.e. a type of step and repeat method can be used.
It should be noted that despite the existence of such highly precise positioning systems they cannot be used to find the correct initial alignment, since the data for this, i.e. the correct initial position for the second object 14 relative to the first 10 has first to be found using the flexible structure approach of the present invention.
If adequately high precision positioning systems with a suitable amplitude of movement can be found, then they could be used both for basic positioning and for the nano-range positioning. I.e. they could be used instead of the nano-range actuators such as 46, 48 for scanning movement of the second object 14 and flexible structures 26, 28 relative to the first object.
Turning now to
Next, the flexible structures in the form of cantilevers 26, 28 are formed in the wafer 70 using known fabrication procedures, for example the fabrication procedure for cantilever beams outlined in the paper L W. Rangelow et al, Proc. SPIE 2879, 56 (1996), This results in a structure such as is shown in
In one example the silicon wafer used is a silicon-on-insulator wafer of 3″ diameter comprising a 40 μm thick Si-layer 74 (12 Ohmcm n-type silicon <100> orientation) bonded to a 70 nm thick thermal oxide layer grown on <100> base silicon wafer. The oxide layer 72 is used as an etching stop layer. If the silicon tip has to be integrated on the cantilever, a thermal oxide needs to be grown and patterned to form an 8000 Å thick mask which is subsequently used for wet etching of the Si tip. After a standard RCA clean, an 8000 Å thick oxide is grown. This film is patterned and the resist mask over the oxide is employed as a mask for the boron contact implantation at 1.1×1015 cm2, 30 keV. This resist mask is then removed using m-wave plasma stripping and this is followed by growth of passivating thermal oxide during a 1 h anneal at 900° C. Using a resist mask again, the piezoresistors incorporated in the sensor system associated with the cantilevers are configured in a Wheatstone bridge configuration defined in the oxide layer and boron implanted at 4×1014 cm2 20 keV, followed by growth of passivating thermal oxide during annealing at 1050° C. for 30 minutes. The cantilevers are then patterned and plasma-etched to open contact holes to the highly doped areas. Aluminium for the contacts to the piezoresistors in the metal layer forming the micro-heater and bimorph actuators is then deposited and annealed in a forming gas at 410° C. for 50 minutes. The oxide layer on the back of the wafer is patterned and a gas chopping reacted ion etching process (GChRIE) combined with KOH wet step is used to release the cantilever membranes and partially dice the wafer. The buried oxide used to stop the silicon etch is then removed with a buffered oxide etch solution, using a mechanical wafer chuck to protect the topside of the cantilevers. To form the cantilever beam and to cut up the single sensor chip employing GChRIE step, a thick resist mask is used. Finally, the resist mask is removed in oxygen plasma.
Thus, in
Another possibility which builds on the construction of
One possibility for detecting the contact of the flexible structure, i.e. the tip thereof, with the edges of the alignment mark is shown in
As can be seen from
The design of the bimorph actuator 128 and the piezoresistors can be seen in more detail from
As described in the above referenced article (J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21(6) November/December 2003, pages 3102 to 3107) the three layers 74, 132 and 134 form a bimetallic (Si 74/Al 134) structure which can be deflected by applying power from a suitable power supply via the contacts 120 and 126 to the aluminium layer 134. More specifically the cantilever with the integrated bimorph actuator is normally bent to or beyond the advanced position shown in
DC heating power applied to the aluminium layer can be used to cause differential expansion of the bimetallic structure so that the cantilever can be retracted into the position shown in
The sensing operation, by which the tip 32 of the cantilever is used in an advanced position in which it projects beyond the front face of the template 16 (the lower side of the template in
The Al layer 134, the Siθ2 layer 132 and the Si layer 75 can be patterned not just for the formation of the via-holes such as 136, which are lined by the SiO2 layer 132 and the Al layer 134 but also to define four piezoresistors such as 138 (only one shown) and the Al leads connecting them together in the Wheatstone bridge configuration and the contacts 122 and 124 via the respective leads such as 125 passing through respective via holes such as 136.
Each piezoresistor comprises a p+ boron doped portion of the Si layer extending between two p++ boron doped electrodes 144 and 146 contacted by Al contacts 140 and 142 formed by regions of the Al layer 134. The precise patterning is selected so that the piezoresistors are electrically separated from the bimorph actuator and the associated leads and contacts.
Turning now to
Finally,
In this specification the same reference numerals have been used in several of the drawings and the description given in connection with one drawing will be understood to apply to the items marked with the same reference numeral in other drawings unless something is stated to the contrary.
Turning now to
In
The arrangement of
The arrangement of
In
In
A discussion of various known methods for forming semiconductor circuits using printing techniques and of various other concepts useful for an understanding of the invention will now be given in the following appendix. It will be appreciated that the present invention can be used in conjunction with all these methods to achieve high alignment accuracy.
The technology is typically referred to as Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL). For the further development of nanoimprint lithography the related overlay problems must be solved if this type of technology is to be applied to high-density silicon integrated circuitry. Nanoimprint lithography is generally understood to cover a class of new methods for the replication of nanometer-scale patterns down to 10 nm on solid materials.
Three different varieties of nanoimprint lithography will now be discussed. Soft lithography generally refers to the process of transferring a self-assembled monolayer using a flexible template as described in the paper by Whitesides et al. Y. Xia and G. M. Whitesides, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 37, 550 (1998). These authors formed a template by applying a liquid precursor to polydimethylsiloxane over a master mask produced using either electron beam or optical lithography.
A second process known as first nanoimprint lithography (NIL), developed by Chou et al is described in the paper by S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14, 4129 (1996). These authors use a solid mold, such as silicon or nickel. The imprint process is accomplished by heating a resist above its glass transition temperature and imparting a relatively large force to transfer the image into the heated resist.
A derivative of NIL, ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (or UV-NIL) addresses the issue of alignment by using a transparent template, thereby facilitating conventional optically aligned overlay techniques. The use of a quartz template enables the photocuring process to occur and also opened up the potential for optical alignment of the wafer and the template. In addition, the imprint process is performed at low pressures and at room temperature, which minimizes magnification and distortion errors. In this connection reference is made to the papers by M. Otto, M. Bender, B. Hadam, B. Spangenberg, and H. Kurz, Microelectron. Eng. 57, 361 (2001) and M. Colburn, S. Johnson, M. Stewart, S. Damle, T. Bailey, B. Choi, M. Wedlake, T. Michaelson, S. V. Sreenivasan, J. Ekerdt, and C. G. Willson, Proc. SPIE 379 (1999).
It is important to note that nanoimprint lithography is still at the start of its development, there are several companies that are now offering cosmetic imprint tools. In addition to Molecular Imprints Inc. (USA), Electronic Visions Group (Austria), Nanonex (U.S.), Obducat (Sweden), and Suss Microtec (Germany) have systems ready for purchase.
The Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL™) technology referred to above was developed at the University of Texas at Austin. The technique is based on the ancient craft of embossing, with an adaptation to modern semiconductor needs. The technique uses a fused silica template with a circuit pattern etched into it. A commercialized version of an S-FIL tool is now available from Molecular Imprints Inc.
The fused silica surface, covered with a release layer, is gently pressed into a thin layer of low viscosity, silicon-containing monomer. When illuminated by a UV lamp, the surface is polymerized into a hard material. Upon separation of the fused silica template, the circuit pattern is left on the surface. A residual layer of polymer between features is eliminated by an etch process, and a perfect replica of the pattern is ready to be used in semiconductor processing for etch or deposition. Only the template fabrication process, typically accomplished with an e-beam writer, limits the resolution of the features. Features as small as 20 nm have been made to date that exceed the present requirements of the ITRS (International Technology Roadmap Semiconductors).
S-FIL has several important advantages over conventional optical lithography and EUV lithography. The parameters in the classic photolithography resolution formula (kl, NA, and lambda) are not relevant to S-FIL because the technology does not use reduction lenses. Investigations, by Molecular Imprints Inc. and others, in the sub-100 nm regime indicate that the resolution is only limited by the pattern resolution on the template. The resolution of S-FIL is a direct function of the resolution of the template fabricating process. Therefore, the S-FIL tools are multi-generational and should have a longer life as compared to optical lithography tools that have to be replaced when the exposure wavelength is decreased (decreasing the wavelength increases the optical resolution, i.e. reduces the size of features which can be realised). S-FIL templates are typically fabricated using conventional optical phase-shift mask technology. Electron beam writers that provide high resolution (below 10 nm), but lack the throughput required for mass production, are used. S-FIL lithography therefore takes advantage of resolution offered by e-beam technology without compromising throughput and tool life.
S-FIL™ is a bi-layer approach using a low viscosity, UV-curable imprint solution deposited on an underlying organic planarization layer. The template is rigid and transparent, allowing for UV curing of the imprint solution.
With S-FIL, an organic planarization layer is spin-coated on a silicon substrate. Then a low viscosity, photopolymerizable imprint solution is dispensed in droplets on the wafer to form an etch barrier in the imprint area. The template is then lowered into liquid-contact with the substrate, displacing the solution, filling the imprint field, and trapping the photopolymerizable imprint solution in the template relief. Irradiation with UV light through the back side of the template cures the solution. The template separates from the substrate, leaving an organo-silicon relief image that is an exact replica of the template pattern. A short halogen etch is used to clear undisplaced, cured imprint solution. A subsequent oxygen reactive ion etch into the planarization layer amplifies the aspect ratio of the imprinted image.
The S-FIL™ template and substrate, which are typically less than 250 nanometers apart, are in liquid contact due to the low viscosity imprint solution, which also behaves as a lubricant. This facilitates fine adjustment of the wafer and template. Although workers in this field are confident that they can demonstrate alignment capabilities that rival conventional state of the art lithography systems what this means is optical alignment within about 100 nm.
Molecular Imprints Inc. describes imprint lithography as a 1×-pattern transfer process. The design and production of a high-quality template is therefore a key factor for its success. Currently, templates are prepared following standard phase-shift mask manufacturing techniques: A resist-on-chromium-coated quartz mask blank is patterned with an electron beam, and the exposed resist is developed away (i.e., a positive tone process). Then, the exposed chromium is removed with a dry etch process and the quartz is etched using a standard phase-shift etch process, creating topography in mask quartz.
The S-FIL™ technique from Molecular Imprints Inc. uses a standard 6-inch×6-inch×0.250-inch fused silica blank. During photomask processing the chrome is removed leaving only the circuit pattern etched into it. The photomask is divided into four quadrants and the pattern is generated (can be one or more layers). The scheme enables die to die inspection, improving ease of manufacturing. The final template is typically sized to a 65×65 mm size. This process is described in the following papers and articles:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 04016571 | Jul 2004 | EP | regional |
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/572,046 filed Mar. 7, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,946,029, which is the U.S. national phase of PCT/EP2005/007677 filed Jul. 14, 2005, which claims priority of European Patent Application No. 04016571.4 filed Jul. 14, 2004.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20110219635 A1 | Sep 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 11572046 | US | |
| Child | 13102469 | US |
