Patent Application
20170294377
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of semiconductor devices and specifically to multi-tier three-dimensional memory devices including inter-tier access to vertical semiconductor channels and methods of making thereof.
Three-dimensional vertical NAND strings having one bit per cell are disclosed in an article by T. Endoh, et al., titled “Novel Ultra High Density Memory With A Stacked-Surrounding Gate Transistor (S-SGT) Structured Cell”, IEDM Proc. (2001) 33-36.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi-tier memory device includes a first tier structure overlying a substrate and containing a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first electrically conductive layers, and first memory stack structures each including a first memory film and a first vertical semiconductor channel, a source line overlying the first tier structure, and a second tier structure overlying the source line and containing a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second electrically conductive layers, and second memory stack structures each including a second memory film and a second vertical semiconductor channel.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the source line is a shared buried source line which is electrically shorted to top ends of the first vertical semiconductor channels in the first tier structure and to bottom ends of the second vertical semiconductor channels in the second tier structure. The device may further comprise a dielectric material layer overlying the substrate, first bit lines embedded within the dielectric material layer, first-tier drain regions that contact a lower end of a respective first vertical semiconductor channel and electrically shorted to a respective one of the first bit lines, second bit lines overlying the second tier structure, second-tier drain regions that contact an upper end of a respective second vertical semiconductor channel and electrically shorted to a respective one of the second bit lines, and first source regions contacting a respective one of the first semiconductor channels and a bottom surface of the source line.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, the device may further comprise first bit lines located between the first tier structure and the second tier structure, wherein the source line is a buried source line which is electrically shorted to bottom ends of the second vertical semiconductor channels in the second tier structure, a first source region located in the substrate, wherein each of the first semiconductor channels is connected to the first source region directly or through a horizontal channel in the substrate, first bit lines overlying the first tier structure, first-tier drain regions that contact an upper end of the respective first vertical semiconductor channel and electrically shorted to a respective one of the first bit lines, second bit lines overlying the second tier structure, and second-tier drain regions that contact an upper end of the respective second vertical semiconductor channel and electrically shorted respective one of the second bit lines. The device may also comprise a source contact via structure extending through the first alternating stack and in contact with the first source region; and at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer embedding the first bit lines and the source line, wherein the source line is located above the first bit lines.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a multi-tier memory device comprises forming a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first spacer material layers over a substrate, wherein the first spacer material layers are formed as, or are subsequently replaced with, first electrically conductive layers, forming first memory stack structures through the first alternating stack, wherein each first memory stack structure comprises a first memory film and a first semiconductor channel, forming a source line over the first tier structure, forming a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second spacer material layers over the source line, wherein the second spacer material layers are formed as, or are subsequently replaced with, second electrically conductive layers, and forming second memory stack structures through the second alternating stack, wherein each second memory stack structure comprises a second memory film and a second semiconductor channel.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi-tier memory device is provided, which comprises: a first tier overlying a substrate and comprising a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first electrically conductive layers, and first vertical transistors each including a first semiconductor channel and a first-tier top active region that contacts an upper end of the first semiconductor channel; bit lines overlying the first tier and electrically shorted to respective first-tier top active regions; and a second tier overlying the bit lines and comprising a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second electrically conductive layers, and second vertical transistors each including a second semiconductor channel and a second-tier bottom active region that contacts a lower end of the second semiconductor channel. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective second-tier bottom active regions.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a multi-tier memory device is provided. A first tier is formed over a substrate. The first tier comprises a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first electrically conductive layers, and first vertical transistors each including a first semiconductor channel and a first-tier top active region that contacts an upper end of the first semiconductor channel. Bit lines are formed over the first tier. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective first-tier top active regions. A second tier is formed over the bit lines. The second tier comprises a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second electrically conductive layers, and second vertical transistors each including a second semiconductor channel and a second-tier bottom active region that contacts a lower end of the second semiconductor channel. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective second-tier bottom active regions.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi-tier memory device is provided, which comprises a first tier overlying a substrate and comprising a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first electrically conductive layers, first memory stack structures extending through the first alternating stack and each including a first semiconductor channel, and first-tier drain regions contacting an upper end of each first semiconductor channel; bit lines overlying the first tier and electrically shorted to respective first-tier drain regions; and a second tier overlying the bit lines and comprising a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second electrically conductive layers, second memory stack structures extending through the second alternating stack and each including a second semiconductor channel, and second-tier drain regions contacting a lower end of each second semiconductor channel. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective second-tier drain regions.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a multi-tier memory device is provided. A first tier is formed over a substrate. The first tier comprises a first alternating stack of first insulating layers and first electrically conductive layers, first memory stack structures extending through the first alternating stack and each including a first semiconductor channel, and first-tier drain regions contacting an upper end of each first semiconductor channel. Bit lines are formed over the first tier. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective first-tier drain regions. A second tier is formed over the bit lines. The second tier comprises a second alternating stack of second insulating layers and second electrically conductive layers, second memory stack structures extending through the second alternating stack and each including a second semiconductor channel, and second-tier drain regions contacting a lower end of each second semiconductor channel. The bit lines are electrically shorted to respective second-tier drain regions.
As discussed above, the present disclosure is directed to three-dimensional memory structures, such as vertical NAND strings and other three-dimensional devices, and methods of making thereof, the various aspects of which are described below. The embodiments of the disclosure can be employed to form various structures including a multilevel memory structure, non-limiting examples of which include semiconductor devices such as three-dimensional monolithic memory array devices comprising a plurality of NAND memory strings. The drawings are not drawn to scale. Multiple instances of an element may be duplicated where a single instance of the element is illustrated, unless absence of duplication of elements is expressly described or clearly indicated otherwise. Ordinals such as “first,” “second,” and “third” are employed merely to identify similar elements, and different ordinals may be employed across the specification and the claims of the instant disclosure. As used herein, a first element located “on” a second element can be located on the exterior side of a surface of the second element or on the interior side of the second element. As used herein, a first element is located “directly on” a second element if there exist a physical contact between a surface of the first element and a surface of the second element.
As used herein, a “layer” refers to a material portion including a region having a substantially uniform thickness. A layer may extend over the entirety of an underlying or overlying structure, or may have an extent less than the extent of an underlying or overlying structure. Further, a layer may be a region of a homogeneous or inhomogeneous contiguous structure that has a thickness less than the thickness of the contiguous structure. For example, a layer may be located between any pair of horizontal planes between, or at, a top surface and a bottom surface of the contiguous structure. A layer may extend horizontally, vertically, and/or along a tapered surface. A substrate may be a layer, may include one or more layers therein, and/or may have one or more layer thereupon, thereabove, and/or therebelow.
As used herein, a “field effect transistor” refers to any semiconductor device having a semiconductor channel through which electrical current flows with a current density modulated by an external electrical field. As used herein, an “active region” refers to a source region of a field effect transistor or a drain region of a field effect transistor. A “top active region” refers to an active region of a field effect transistor that is located above another active region of the field effect transistor. A “bottom active region” refers to an active region of a field effect transistor that is located below another active region of the field effect transistor.
A monolithic three-dimensional memory array is one in which multiple memory levels are formed above a single substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer, with no intervening substrates. The term “monolithic” means that layers of each level of the array are directly deposited on the layers of each underlying level of the array. In contrast, two dimensional arrays may be formed separately and then packaged together to form a non-monolithic memory device. For example, non-monolithic stacked memories have been constructed by forming memory levels on separate substrates and vertically stacking the memory levels, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,167 titled “Three-dimensional Structure Memory.” The substrates may be thinned or removed from the memory levels before bonding, but as the memory levels are initially formed over separate substrates, such memories are not true monolithic three-dimensional memory arrays. The various three-dimensional memory devices of the present disclosure include a monolithic three-dimensional NAND string memory device, and can be fabricated employing the various embodiments described herein.
Referring to
As used herein, a “semiconductor material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity in the range from 1.0×10−6 S/cm to 1.0×105 S/cm, and is capable of producing a doped material having electrical conductivity in a range from 1.0 S/cm to 1.0×105 S/cm upon suitable doping with an electrical dopant. As used herein, an “electrical dopant” refers to a p-type dopant that adds a hole to a valence band within a band structure, or an n-type dopant that adds an electron to a conduction band within a band structure. As used herein, a “conductive material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity greater than 1.0×105 S/cm. As used herein, an “insulating material” or a “dielectric material” refers to a material having electrical conductivity less than 1.0×10−6 S/cm. All measurements for electrical conductivities are made at the standard condition. The substrate semiconductor layer 10 can include at least one doped well (not expressly shown) having a substantially uniform dopant concentration therein.
The first exemplary structure can have multiple regions for building different types of devices. Such areas can include, for example, a device region 100, a contact region 300, and a peripheral device region 200. In one embodiment, the substrate semiconductor layer 10 can include at least one a doped well in the device region 100. As used herein, a “doped well” refers to a portion of a semiconductor material having a doping of a same conductivity type (which can be p-type or n-type) and a substantially same level of dopant concentration throughout. The doped well can be the same as the substrate semiconductor layer 10 or can be a portion of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. The conductivity type of the doped well is herein referred to as a first conductivity type, which can be p-type or n-type. The dopant concentration level of the doped well is herein referred to as a first dopant concentration level. In one embodiment, the first dopant concentration level can be in a range from 1.0×1015/cm3 to 1.0×1018/cm3, although lesser and greater dopant concentration levels can also be employed. As used herein, a dopant concentration level refers to average dopant concentration for a given region.
Optionally, a gate dielectric layer 12 can be formed above the substrate semiconductor layer 10. The gate dielectric layer 12 can be employed as the gate dielectric for a first source select gate electrode. The gate dielectric layer 12 can include, for example, silicon oxide and/or a dielectric metal oxide (such as HfO2, ZrO2, LaO2, etc.). The thickness of the gate dielectric layer 12 can be in a range from 3 nm to 30 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
A first alternating stack of first material layers (which can be first insulating layers 132) and second material layers (which are referred to first spacer material layers 142) is formed over the top surface of the substrate, which can be, for example, on the top surface of the gate dielectric layer 12. As used herein, a “material layer” refers to a layer including a material throughout the entirety thereof. As used herein, a “spacer material layer” refers to a material layer that is located between two other material layers, i.e., between an overlying material layer and an underlying material layer.
As used herein, an alternating stack of first elements and second elements refers to a structure in which instances of the first elements and instances of the second elements alternate. Each instance of the first elements that is not an end element of the alternating plurality is adjoined by two instances of the second elements on both sides, and each instance of the second elements that is not an end element of the alternating plurality is adjoined by two instances of the first elements on both ends. The first elements may have the same thickness thereamongst, or may have different thicknesses. The second elements may have the same thickness thereamongst, or may have different thicknesses. The alternating plurality of first material layers and second material layers may begin with an instance of the first material layers or with an instance of the second material layers, and may end with an instance of the first material layers or with an instance of the second material layers. In one embodiment, an instance of the first elements and an instance of the second elements may form a unit that is repeated with periodicity within the alternating plurality. The first spacer material layers can be formed as electrically conductive layers, or can be replaced with electrically conductive layers in a subsequent processing step.
Each first material layer includes a first material, and each second material layer includes a second material that is different from the first material. In one embodiment, each first material layer can be a first insulating layer 132, and each second material layer can be a first sacrificial material layer 142. In this case, the stack can include an alternating plurality of first insulating layers 132 and first sacrificial material layers 142, and constitutes a prototype stack of alternating layers comprising first insulating layers 132 and first sacrificial material layers 142. As used herein, a “prototype” structure or an “in-process” structure refers to a transient structure that is subsequently modified in the shape or composition of at least one component therein.
The stack of the alternating plurality is herein referred to as an alternating stack (132, 142). In one embodiment, the alternating stack (132, 142) can include first insulating layers 132 composed of the first material, and first sacrificial material layers 142 composed of a second material different from that of first insulating layers 132. The first material of the first insulating layers 132 can be at least one insulating material. As such, each first insulating layer 132 can be an insulating material layer. Insulating materials that can be employed for the first insulating layers 132 include, but are not limited to, silicon oxide (including doped or undoped silicate glass), silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, organosilicate glass (OSG), spin-on dielectric materials, dielectric metal oxides that are commonly known as high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric oxides (e.g., aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, etc.) and silicates thereof, dielectric metal oxynitrides and silicates thereof, and organic insulating materials. In one embodiment, the first material of the first insulating layers 132 can be silicon oxide.
The second material of the first sacrificial material layers 142 is a sacrificial material that can be removed selective to the first material of the first insulating layers 132. As used herein, a removal of a first material is “selective to” a second material if the removal process removes the first material at a rate that is at least twice the rate of removal of the second material. The ratio of the rate of removal of the first material to the rate of removal of the second material is herein referred to as a “selectivity” of the removal process for the first material with respect to the second material.
The first sacrificial material layers 142 may comprise an insulating material, a semiconductor material, or a conductive material. The second material of the first sacrificial material layers 142 can be subsequently replaced with electrically conductive electrodes which can function, for example, as control gate electrodes of a vertical NAND device. Non-limiting examples of the second material include silicon nitride, an amorphous semiconductor material (such as amorphous silicon), and a polycrystalline semiconductor material (such as polysilicon). In one embodiment, the first sacrificial material layers 142 can be first spacer material layers that comprise silicon nitride or a semiconductor material including at least one of silicon and germanium.
In one embodiment, the first insulating layers 132 can include silicon oxide, and first sacrificial material layers can include silicon nitride first sacrificial material layers. The first material of the first insulating layers 132 can be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For example, if silicon oxide is employed for the first insulating layers 132, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) can be employed as the precursor material for the CVD process. The second material of the first sacrificial material layers 142 can be formed, for example, CVD or atomic layer deposition (ALD).
The first sacrificial material layers 142 can be suitably patterned so that conductive material portions to be subsequently formed by replacement of the first sacrificial material layers 142 can function as electrically conductive electrodes, such as the control gate electrodes of the monolithic three-dimensional NAND string memory devices to be subsequently formed. One or more of the top and bottom gate electrodes in the stack may function as the select gate electrodes. The first sacrificial material layers 142 may comprise a portion having a strip shape extending substantially parallel to the major (e.g., top) surface of substrate semiconductor layer 10.
The thicknesses of the first insulating layers 132 and the first sacrificial material layers 142 can be in a range from 20 nm to 50 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can be employed for each first insulating layer 132 and for each first sacrificial material layer 142. The number of repetitions of the pairs of a first insulating layer 132 and a first sacrificial material layer 142 (or gate electrodes 146 after replacement of layers 142) can be in a range from 2 to 1,024, and typically from 8 to 256, although a greater number of repetitions can also be employed. In one embodiment, each first sacrificial material layer 142 in the alternating stack (132, 142) can have a uniform thickness that is substantially invariant within each respective first sacrificial material layer 142.
Optionally, an insulating cap layer 70 can be formed over the alternating stack (132, 142). The insulating cap layer 70 includes a dielectric material that is different from the material of the first sacrificial material layers 142. In one embodiment, the insulating cap layer 70 can include a dielectric material that can be employed for the first insulating layers 132 as described above. The insulating cap layer 70 can have a greater thickness than each of the first insulating layers 132. The insulating cap layer 70 can be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition. In one embodiment, the insulating cap layer 70 can be a silicon oxide layer.
Referring to
Epitaxial channel portions 11 can be optionally formed at the bottom of each first memory opening, for example, by selective epitaxy of a semiconductor material. First memory stack structures 155 can be formed in the first memory openings and on top of the epitaxial channel portions 11 (if present). Each first memory stack structure 155 can include a memory film 50 and a first semiconductor channel 60. Each memory film can include from outside to inside at least one blocking dielectric, a memory material layer, and a tunneling dielectric. The memory material layer 50 may comprise a plurality of charge storage elements, such as portions of a charge trapping dielectric layer (e.g., silicon nitride layer) or a plurality of floating gates. Each first semiconductor channel 60 includes at least one semiconductor material layer that is employed as a vertical portion of a semiconductor channel, and can include an outer semiconductor material layer 601 and an inner semiconductor material layer 602. A dielectric core 62 can be formed within a cavity in each first semiconductor channel 60, for example, by deposition and recessing of a dielectric material. A drain region 63 can be formed in an upper portion of each first memory opening such that the drain regions 63 contact upper portions of the first semiconductor channels 60. Each drain region 63 is a top active region, and is herein referred to as a first-tier top active region, i.e., a top active region located within a first tier.
An optional first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be formed over the substrate semiconductor layer 10. As an optional structure, the first contact level dielectric layer 71 may, or may not, be formed. In case the first contact level dielectric layer 71 is formed, the first contact level dielectric layer 71 includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, porous or non-porous organosilicate glass (OSG), or a combination thereof. If an organosilicate glass is employed, the organosilicate glass may, or may not, be doped with nitrogen. The first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be formed over a horizontal plane including the top surface of the insulating cap layer 70 and the top surfaces of the drain regions 63. The first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be deposited by chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), spin-coating, or a combination thereof. The thickness of the first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be in a range from 10 nm to 300 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
In one embodiment, the first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be formed as a dielectric material layer having a uniform thickness throughout. The first contact level dielectric layer 71 may be formed as a single dielectric material layer, or can be formed as a stack of a plurality of dielectric material layers. Alternatively, formation of the first contact level dielectric layer 71 may be merged with formation of at least one line level dielectric layer (not shown). While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the first contact level dielectric layer 71 is a structure separate from an optional second contact level dielectric layer or at least one line level dielectric layer to be subsequently deposited, embodiments in which the first contact level dielectric layer 71 and at least one line level dielectric layer are formed at a same processing step, and/or as a same material layer, are expressly contemplated herein.
Optionally, a portion (not shown) of the first alternating stack (132, 142) can be removed, for example, by applying and patterning a photoresist layer with an opening and by transferring the pattern of the opening through the first alternating stack (132, 142) employing an etch such as an anisotropic etch. An optional trench extending through the entire thickness of the first alternating stack (132, 142) can be formed within an area that includes a peripheral device region (not shown). Subsequently, the trench can be filled with an optional dielectric material such as silicon oxide. Excess portions of the dielectric material can be removed from above the top surface of the first contact level dielectric layer 71 by a planarization process such as chemical mechanical planarization and/or a recess etch. The top surfaces of the first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be employed as a stopping surface during the planarization. The remaining dielectric material in the trench constitutes a dielectric material portion (not shown).
In one embodiment, the first contact level dielectric layer 71, the insulating cap layer 70, and the first alternating stack (132, 142) can be removed from the peripheral device region 200, for example, by a masked etch process. In addition, a stepped cavity can be formed within the contact region 300 by patterning a portion of the first alternating stack (132, 142). As used herein, a “stepped cavity” refers to a cavity having stepped surfaces. As used herein, “stepped surfaces” refer to a set of surfaces that include at least two horizontal surfaces and at least two vertical surfaces such that each horizontal surface is adjoined to a first vertical surface that extends upward from a first edge of the horizontal surface, and is adjoined to a second vertical surface that extends downward from a second edge of the horizontal surface. A “step” refers to a vertical shift in the height of a set of adjoined surfaces.
The stepped cavity can have various stepped surfaces such that the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the stepped cavity changes in steps as a function of the vertical distance from the top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. In one embodiment, the stepped cavity can be formed by repetitively performing a set of processing steps. The set of processing steps can include, for example, an etch process of a first type that vertically increases the depth of a cavity by one or more levels, and an etch process of a second type that laterally expands the area to be vertically etched in a subsequent etch process of the first type. As used herein, a “level” of a structure including alternating stack is defined as the relative position of a pair of a first material layer and a second material layer within the structure. After formation of all stepped surfaces, mask material layers employed to form the stepped surfaces can be removed, for example, by ashing. Multiple photoresist layers and/or multiple etch processes can be employed to form the stepped surfaces.
A dielectric material such as silicon oxide is deposited in the stepped cavity and over the peripheral devices in the peripheral device region 200. Excess portions of the deposited dielectric material can be removed from above the top surface of the first contact level dielectric layer 71, for example, by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). The remaining portion of the deposited dielectric material filling the stepped cavity in the contact region 300 and overlying the substrate semiconductor layer 10 in the peripheral device region 200 constitutes a first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165. As used herein, a “retro-stepped” element refers to an element that has stepped surfaces and a horizontal cross-sectional area that increases monotonically as a function of a vertical distance from a top surface of a substrate on which the element is present. If silicon oxide is employed as the dielectric material, the silicon oxide of the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 may, or may not, be doped with dopants such as B, P, and/or F. The top surface of the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 can be coplanar with the top surface of the first contact level dielectric layer 71.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the first dielectric support pillars 7P can include silicon oxide and/or a dielectric metal oxide such as aluminum oxide. In one embodiment, the portion of the dielectric material that is deposited over the first contact level dielectric layer 71 concurrently with deposition of the first dielectric support pillars 7P can be present over the first contact level dielectric layer 71 as a second contact level dielectric layer 73. Each of the first dielectric support pillars 7P and the second contact level dielectric layer 73 is an optional structure. As such, the second contact level dielectric layer 73 may, or may not, be present over the insulating cap layer 70 and the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165. The first contact level dielectric layer 71 and the second contact level dielectric layer 73 are herein collectively referred to as at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73). In one embodiment, the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73) can include both the first and second contact level dielectric layers (71, 73), and optionally include any additional via level dielectric layer that can be subsequently formed. In another embodiment, the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73) can include only the first contact level dielectric layer 71 or the second contact level dielectric layer 73, and optionally include any additional via level dielectric layer that can be subsequently formed. Alternatively, formation of the first and second contact level dielectric layers (71, 73) may be omitted, and at least one via level dielectric layer may be subsequently formed, i.e., after formation of a first source contact via structure.
The second contact level dielectric layer 73 and the first dielectric support pillars 7P can be formed as a single contiguous structure of integral construction, i.e., without any material interface therebetween. In another embodiment, the portion of the dielectric material that is deposited over the first contact level dielectric layer 71 concurrently with deposition of the first dielectric support pillars 7P can be removed, for example, by chemical mechanical planarization or a recess etch. In this case, the second contact level dielectric layer 73 is not present, and the top surface of the first contact level dielectric layer 71 can be physically exposed.
A photoresist layer (not shown) can be applied over the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73), and can be lithographically patterned to form openings within areas between the memory blocks. In one embodiment, the memory blocks can be laterally spaced from one another along a first horizontal direction hd1, and the dimension of each opening in the photoresist layer along the first horizontal direction hd1 can be less than the spacing between neighboring clusters (i.e., sets) of the first memory stack structures 155 along the first horizontal direction hd1. Further, the dimension of each opening in the photoresist layer along a second horizontal direction hd2 (which is parallel to the lengthwise direction of each cluster of first memory stack structures 155) can be greater than the extent of each cluster of the first memory stack structures 155 along the second horizontal direction hd2.
First backside contact trenches 79 can be formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the first memory stack structures 155 by transferring the pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer through the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73), the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165, and the first alternating stack (132, 142). A top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer 10 can be physically exposed at the bottom of each first backside contact trench 79. In one embodiment, each first backside contact trench 79 can extend along the second horizontal direction hd2 so that clusters of the first memory stack structures 155 are laterally spaced along the first horizontal direction hd1. Each cluster of first memory stack structures 155 in conjunction with the portions of the first alternating stack (132, 142) that surround the cluster constitutes a memory block. Each memory block is laterally spaced from one another by the first backside contact trenches 79.
In one embodiment, first-tier source regions 61 can be formed in, or on, portions of the substrate semiconductor layer 10 underlying the first backside contact trenches 79 by implantation of dopants of a second conductivity type (which is the opposite of the first conductivity type) after formation of the first backside contact trenches 79. For example, if the first conductivity type is p-type, the second conductivity type is n-type, and vice versa. Each first-tier source region 61 is a first-tier bottom active region, i.e., a bottom active region located within a first tier.
Referring to
The etch process that removes the second material selective to the first material and the outermost layer of the first memory films 50 can be a wet etch process employing a wet etch solution, or can be a gas phase (dry) etch process in which the etchant is introduced in a vapor phase into the first backside contact trenches 79. For example, if the first sacrificial material layers 142 include silicon nitride, the etch process can be a wet etch process in which the first exemplary structure is immersed within a wet etch tank including phosphoric acid, which etches silicon nitride selective to silicon oxide, silicon, and various other materials employed in the art. The first dielectric support pillars 7P, the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165, and the first memory stack structures 155 provide structural support while the first backside recesses are present within volumes previously occupied by the first sacrificial material layers 142.
Each first backside recess can be a laterally extending cavity having a lateral dimension that is greater than the vertical extent of the cavity. In other words, the lateral dimension of each first backside recess can be greater than the height of the first backside recess 143. A plurality of first backside recesses can be formed in the volumes from which the second material of the first sacrificial material layers 142 is removed. The first memory openings in which the first memory stack structures 155 are formed are herein referred to as front side recesses or front side cavities in contrast with the first backside recesses 143. In one embodiment, the device region 100 comprises an array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings having a plurality of device levels disposed above the substrate semiconductor layer 10. In this case, each first backside recess can define a space for receiving a respective word line of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings.
Each of the plurality of first backside recesses can extend substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. A first backside recess can be vertically bounded by a top surface of an underlying first insulating layer 132 and a bottom surface of an overlying first insulating layer 132. In one embodiment, each first backside recess can have a uniform height throughout. Optionally, a backside blocking dielectric layer can be formed in the first backside recesses.
Subsequently, physically exposed surface portions of epitaxial channel portions 11 and the first-tier source regions 61 can be converted into dielectric material portions by thermal conversion and/or plasma conversion of the semiconductor materials into dielectric materials. For example, thermal conversion and/or plasma conversion can be employed to convert a surface portion of each epitaxial channel portion 11 into a dielectric spacer 116, and to convert a surface portion of each first-tier source region 61 into a sacrificial dielectric portion 616. In one embodiment, each dielectric spacer 116 can be topologically homeomorphic to a torus, i.e., generally ring-shaped. As used herein, an element is topologically homeomorphic to a torus if the shape of the element can be continuously stretched without destroying a hole or forming a new hole into the shape of a torus. The dielectric spacers 116 include a dielectric material that includes the same semiconductor element as the epitaxial channel portions 11 and additionally includes at least one non-metallic element such as oxygen and/or nitrogen such that the material of the dielectric spacers 116 is a dielectric material. In one embodiment, the dielectric spacers 116 can include a dielectric oxide, a dielectric nitride, or a dielectric oxynitride of the semiconductor material of the epitaxial channel portions 11. Likewise, each sacrificial dielectric portion 616 includes a dielectric material that includes the same semiconductor element as the first-tier source regions 61 and additionally includes at least one non-metallic element such as oxygen and/or nitrogen such that the material of the sacrificial dielectric portions 616 is a dielectric material. In one embodiment, the sacrificial dielectric portions 616 can include a dielectric oxide, a dielectric nitride, or a dielectric oxynitride of the semiconductor material of the first-tier source region 61.
A backside blocking dielectric layer (not shown) can be optionally formed. The backside blocking dielectric layer, if present, comprises a dielectric material that functions as a control gate dielectric for the control gates to be subsequently formed in the first backside recesses 143. In case at least one blocking dielectric is present within each first memory stack structure 155, the backside blocking dielectric layer is optional. In case a blocking dielectric is not present in the first memory stack structures 155, the backside blocking dielectric layer is present.
At least one metallic material can be deposited in the plurality of first backside recesses 143, on the sidewalls of the first backside contact trenches 79, and over the top surface of the second contact level dielectric layer 73. As used herein, a metallic material refers to an electrically conductive material that includes at least one metallic element.
The metallic material can be deposited by a conformal deposition method, which can be, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), electroless plating, electroplating, or a combination thereof. The metallic material can be an elemental metal, an intermetallic alloy of at least two elemental metals, a conductive nitride of at least one elemental metal, a conductive metal oxide, a conductive doped semiconductor material, a conductive metal-semiconductor alloy such as a metal silicide, alloys thereof, and combinations or stacks thereof. Non-limiting exemplary metallic materials that can be deposited in the plurality of first backside recesses include tungsten, tungsten nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, cobalt, and ruthenium. In one embodiment, the metallic material can comprise a metal such as tungsten and/or metal nitride. In one embodiment, the metallic material for filling the plurality of first backside recesses can be a combination of titanium nitride layer and a tungsten fill material.
In one embodiment, the metallic material can be deposited by chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition. In one embodiment, the metallic material can be employing at least one fluorine-containing precursor gas as a precursor gas during the deposition process. In one embodiment, the molecule of the at least one fluorine-containing precursor gas cam comprise a compound of at least one tungsten atom and at least one fluorine atom. For example, if the metallic material includes tungsten, WF6 and H2 can be employed during the deposition process.
A plurality of first electrically conductive layers 146 can be formed in the plurality of first backside recesses 143, and a contiguous metallic material layer (not shown) can be formed on the sidewalls of each first backside contact trench 79 and over the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73). Thus, each first sacrificial material layer 142 can be replaced with a first electrically conductive layer 146. A backside cavity is present in the portion of each first backside contact trench 79 that is not filled with the backside blocking dielectric layer and the contiguous metallic material layer.
The deposited metallic material of the contiguous metallic material layer is subsequently etched back from the sidewalls of each first backside contact trench 79 and from above the second contact level dielectric layer 73, for example, by an isotropic etch. Each remaining portion of the deposited metallic material in the first backside recesses constitutes a first electrically conductive layer 146. Each first electrically conductive layer 146 can be a conductive line structure.
A subset of the first electrically conductive layers 146 can function as a combination of a plurality of control gate electrodes located at a same level and a word line electrically interconnecting, i.e., electrically shorting, the plurality of control gate electrodes located at the same level. The plurality of control gate electrodes within the first electrically conductive layers 146 are the control gate electrodes for the vertical memory devices including the first memory stack structures 155. In other words, a subset of the first electrically conductive layers 146 can be a word line that functions as a common control gate electrode for the plurality of vertical memory devices. Optionally, the sacrificial dielectric portions 616 can be removed from above the first-tier source regions 61 during the last processing step of the anisotropic etch.
Referring to
Subsequently, an anisotropic etch is performed to remove horizontal portions of the insulating material layer and to optionally remove the horizontal portion of the backside blocking dielectric layer from above the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73). Each remaining portion of the insulating material layer inside a first backside contact trench 79 constitutes a vertically elongated annular structure with a vertical cavity therethrough, which is herein referred to as a first insulating spacer 74. In one embodiment, an annular bottom surface of the first insulating spacer 74 contacts a top surface of the first-tier source region 61.
Each first insulating spacer 74 can be formed over the sidewalls of a first backside contact trench 79, and can be formed directly on substantially vertical sidewalls of the first electrically conductive layers 146. The thickness of each first insulating spacer 74, as measured at a bottom portion thereof, can be in a range from 1.5 nm to 60 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
Photolithographic processes and anisotropic etch processes can be repeatedly employed to form various via cavities that extend from the top surface of the at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73) to various conductive elements within the first exemplary structure. For example, drain contact via cavities can be formed over each first memory stack structure 155 in the device region 100. Control gate via cavities can be formed over the stepped surfaces of the contact region 300.
At least one conductive material, which can include a metallic liner (such as TiN, TaN, or WN) and a conductive fill material (such as W, Cu, Al, Co, Ru, or a combination thereof), can be deposited in the various via cavities, and can be subsequently planarized, for example, by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). Remaining portions of the at least one conductive material filling the various via cavities constitute various contact via structures. The various contact via structures can include, for example, first source contact via structures 76 filling the first backside contact trenches, drain contact via structures 88 filling the drain contact via cavities and contacting the drains 63 over the first memory stack structures 155, and first control gate contact via structures 84 that contact the first electrically conductive layers 146 (which function as control gate electrodes, first source select gate electrodes, or first drain select gate electrodes).
Horizontal channels 13, which are horizontal portions of the substrate semiconductor layer 10, extend between a respective first-tier source region 61 and a respective subset of first semiconductor channels 60. The first exemplary structure of
Referring to
The at least one contact level dielectric layer (71, 73) and the at least one additional contact level dielectric layer are herein collectively referred to as first tier cap dielectric layer 90, or a first dielectric material layer. The first tier cap dielectric layer 90 can include a stack of multiple dielectric material layers or a single dielectric material layer depending on the integration scheme employed to form the first exemplary structure. The drain contact via structures 88 and any overlying interconnect structures 98 that are electrically shorted to the drain contact via structures and embedded within any portion of the first tier cap dielectric layer 90 are herein referred to as first drain-side interconnect structures. The first tier cap dielectric layer 90 and the first drain-side interconnect structures (88, 98) are incorporated into the first tier 1000.
Thus, the first tier 1000 is formed over a substrate, which includes a lower portion of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. The first tier 1000 comprises a first alternating stack (132, 146) of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146, first memory stack structures 155 extending through the first alternating stack (132, 146) and each including a first semiconductor channel 60, and first-tier drain regions 63 contacting an upper end of each first semiconductor channel 60. First drain-side interconnect structures (88, 98) are formed on the first-tier drain regions 63.
An inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010 can be formed over the first tier 1000. The inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010 includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, organosilicate glass, and/or silicon nitride. The inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010 can be formed, for example, by chemical vapor deposition. The thickness of the inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010 can be in a range from 100 nm to 1,000 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.
Inter-tier interconnect structures can be formed in the inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010. The inter-tier interconnect structures can include bit lines 198 that contact topmost surfaces of the first drain-side interconnect structures (88, 98) embedded in the first tier cap dielectric layer 90. Each bit line 198 can be electrically shorted to respective first-tier drain regions 63. In one embodiment, the bit lines 198 can extend parallel to the first horizontal direction hd1 (i.e., bit line direction), and perpendicular to the second horizontal direction hd2 (i.e., word line direction), where the first and second horizontal directions (hd1, hd2) are shown in
Referring to
Via cavities are formed through the at least one second tier base dielectric layer 190 by a combination of lithographic methods and at least one anisotropic etch. For example, a photoresist layer can be applied and patterned over the at least one second tier base dielectric layer 190 to form openings therein, and the pattern of the opening can be transferred through the at least one second tier base dielectric layer 190 by an anisotropic etch to physically expose top surfaces of the inter-tier interconnect structures. The photoresist layer can be subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.
The via cavities can be formed in areas of the device region 100 in which second memory stack structures 255 are subsequently formed, and in areas in which additional second tier base interconnect structures (not shown) are to be formed in the contact regions 300. In one embodiment, the via cavities formed in the device region 100 can have the same pattern as the pattern of the second memory stack structures 255 to be subsequently formed. In one embodiment, the via cavities formed in the device region 100 can have the same pattern as the pattern of the first memory stack structures 155 in the first tier.
At least one conductive material can be deposited in the via cavities to form second tier base contact via structures, which can include second drain-side interconnect structures 189. For example, the second drain-side interconnect structures 189 can include at least one vertically extending via structure that provides electrical connection to second-tier drain regions 163 to be subsequently formed. The second drain-side interconnect structures 189 can include at least one metallic material, which can be, for example, a combination of a metallic liner (such as a metal nitride layer or a metal carbide layer) and a metal fill portion (such as tungsten, cobalt, copper, or aluminum). In one embodiment, the second-drain side interconnect structures 189 can be vertically recessed such that the top surfaces of the second-drain side interconnect structures 189 are recessed below the topmost surface of the at least one second tier base dielectric layer 190. The second drain-side interconnect structures 189 are formed on the bit lines 198, and in lower portions of the via cavities.
A second-tier drain region 163 can be formed over each second drain-side interconnect structure 189. Each second-tier drain region 163 is a second-tier bottom active region, i.e., a bottom active region of a vertical field effect transistor located within the second tier. The second-tier drain regions 163 can be formed, for example, by depositing a doped semiconductor material (such as doped polysilicon) within each recess overlying the second drain-side interconnect structures 189. The semiconductor material is deposited on top surfaces of the second drain-side interconnect structures 189. In one embodiment, an optional metal-semiconductor alloy region 164 can be formed by reaction of the semiconductor material of a lower portion of a second-tier drain region 163 and an underlying second drain-side interconnect structure 189. In this case, after annealing the structure, lower portions of the semiconductor material react with upper portions of the second drain-side interconnect structures 189 to form the metal-semiconductor alloy regions 164 (e.g., metal silicide regions, such as tungsten or cobalt silicide). Each unreacted upper portion of the semiconductor material constitutes one of the second-tier drain regions 163. The bit lines 198 are electrically shorted to respective second-tier drain regions 163.
A second alternating stack of second insulating layers 232 and second spacer material layers can be formed. The second spacer material layers can include second electrically conductive layers 246, or can include second sacrificial material layers that are subsequently replaced with second electrically conductive layers 246. In one embodiment, the second insulating layers 232 can have the same composition and thicknesses as the first insulating layers 132. In one embodiment, the second spacer material layers can have the same composition and thicknesses as the first spacer material layers. In one embodiment, the same set of processing steps can be employed to form the second alternating stack of second insulating layers 232 and second spacer material layers as the first alternating stack of the first insulating layers 132 and the first spacer material layers.
Subsequently, at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 can be formed over the second alternating stack of the second insulating layers 232 and the second spacer material layers. The at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 includes at least one dielectric material such as silicon oxide, and can be formed, for example, by chemical vapor deposition and/or spin coating.
Second memory openings can be formed through the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 and the second alternating stack of the second insulating layers 232 and the second spacer material layers. The processing steps employed to form the second memory openings can be the same as the processing steps employed to form the first memory openings. The locations of the second memory openings can be selected such that the areas of the second memory openings overlaps with the areas of the second drain-side interconnect structures 189. A second-tier drain region 163 can be physically exposed at the bottom of each second memory opening.
Second memory stack structures 255 can be formed in the second memory openings. Each second memory stack structure 255 can include a memory film 250 and a second semiconductor channel 260. Each memory film 250 can include from outside to inside at least one blocking dielectric, a memory material layer, and a tunneling dielectric. Each second semiconductor channel 260 includes at least one semiconductor material layer that is employed as a vertical portion of a semiconductor channel, and can include an outer semiconductor material layer and an inner semiconductor material layer. The second semiconductor channels 260 are formed over the second drain-side interconnect structures 189. A dielectric core 262 can be formed within a cavity in each second semiconductor channel 260, for example, by deposition and recessing of a dielectric material. A second-tier source region 211 can be formed in an upper portion of each second memory opening such that the second tier source regions 211 contact upper portions of the second semiconductor channels 260. Each second-tier source region 211 can be formed directly on an upper end of a respective second semiconductor channel 260. Each second-tier source region 211 is a second-tier top active region, i.e., a top active region located within the second tier.
In one embodiment, the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 and the second alternating stack can be removed from the peripheral device region 200, for example, by a masked etch process. In addition, a stepped cavity can be formed within the contact region 300 by patterning a portion of the second alternating stack. The stepped cavity can have various stepped surfaces such that the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the stepped cavity changes in steps as a function of the vertical distance from the top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. In one embodiment, the stepped cavity can be formed by repetitively performing a set of processing steps. The set of processing steps can include, for example, an etch process of a first type that vertically increases the depth of a cavity by one or more levels, and an etch process of a second type that laterally expands the area to be vertically etched in a subsequent etch process of the first type. After formation of all stepped surfaces, mask material layers employed to form the stepped surfaces can be removed, for example, by ashing. Multiple photoresist layers and/or multiple etch processes can be employed to form the stepped surfaces.
A dielectric material such as silicon oxide is deposited in the stepped cavity and over the peripheral devices 210 in the peripheral device region 200. Excess portions of the deposited dielectric material can be removed from above the top surface of the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210, for example, by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). The remaining portion of the deposited dielectric material filling the stepped cavity in the contact region 300 and overlying the inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010 in the peripheral device region 200 constitutes a second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265. If silicon oxide is employed as the dielectric material, the silicon oxide of the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 may, or may not, be doped with dopants such as B, P, and/or F. The top surface of the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 can be coplanar with the top surface of the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210.
If the second spacer material layers are second sacrificial material layers, second dielectric support pillars 7Q may be optionally formed through the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 and/or through the second alternating stack of the second insulating layers 232 and the second spacer material layers. In one embodiment, the second dielectric support pillars 7Q can be formed in the contact region 300, which is located adjacent to the device region 100. The second dielectric support pillars 7Q can be formed, for example, by forming an opening extending through the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 and/or through the second alternating stack and to the at least one second tier base dielectric layer 190, and by filling the opening with a dielectric material that is resistant to the etch chemistry to be employed to remove the second sacrificial material layers.
In one embodiment, the second dielectric support pillars 7Q can include silicon oxide and/or a dielectric metal oxide such as aluminum oxide. In one embodiment, the portion of the dielectric material that is deposited over the at least one insulating cap layer 210 concurrently with deposition of the second dielectric support pillars 7Q can be present over the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 as an additional insulating cap layer.
A photoresist layer is applied and patterned to form openings in areas that overlie the first source contact via structures 76. Second backside contact trenches can be formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the second memory stack structures 255 by transferring the pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer through the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210, the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265, and the second alternating stack. Top surface of inter-tier interconnect structures can be physically exposed at the bottom of the second backside contact trenches. In one embodiment, each second backside contact trench can extend along the second horizontal direction hd2 so that clusters of the second memory stack structures 255 are laterally spaced along the first horizontal direction hd1. Each cluster of second memory stack structures 255 in conjunction with the portions of the second alternating stack laterally surround the cluster constitutes a memory block. Each memory block is laterally spaced from one another by the second backside contact trenches.
In case the second spacer material layers are second sacrificial material layers, an etchant that selectively etches the second material of the second sacrificial material layers with respect to the second material of the second insulating layers 232 can be introduced into the second backside contact trenches, for example, employing an etch process. Second backside recesses are formed in volumes from which the second sacrificial material layers are removed. The removal of the second sacrificial material layers can be selective to the material of the second insulating layers 232, the material of the second dielectric support pillars 7Q, the material of the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265, and the material of the outermost layer of the second memory films 250. In one embodiment, the second sacrificial material layers can include silicon nitride, and the materials of the second insulating layers 232, the second dielectric support pillars 7Q, and the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 can be selected from silicon oxide and dielectric metal oxides. In another embodiment, the second sacrificial material layers can include a semiconductor material such as polysilicon, and the materials of the second insulating layers 232, the second dielectric support pillars 7Q, and the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 can be selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and dielectric metal oxides.
The etch process that removes the second material selective to the second material and the outermost layer of the second memory films 250 can be a wet etch process employing a wet etch solution, or can be a gas phase (dry) etch process in which the etchant is introduced in a vapor phase into the second backside contact trenches. For example, if the second sacrificial material layers include silicon nitride, the etch process can be a wet etch process in which the first exemplary structure is immersed within a wet etch tank including phosphoric acid, which etches silicon nitride selective to silicon oxide, silicon, and various other materials employed in the art. The second dielectric support pillars 7Q, the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265, and the second memory stack structures 255 provide structural support while the second backside recesses are present within volumes previously occupied by the second sacrificial material layers.
Each second backside recess can be a laterally extending cavity having a lateral dimension that is greater than the vertical extent of the cavity. In other words, the lateral dimension of each second backside recess can be greater than the height of the second backside recess. A plurality of second backside recesses can be formed in the volumes from which the second material of the second sacrificial material layers is removed. The second memory openings in which the second memory stack structures 255 are formed are herein referred to as front side recesses or front side cavities in contrast with the second backside recesses. In one embodiment, the device region 100 comprises an array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings having a plurality of device levels disposed above the inter-tier dielectric material layer 1010. In this case, each second backside recess can define a space for receiving a respective word line of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings.
Each of the plurality of second backside recesses can extend substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer 10. A second backside recess can be vertically bounded by a top surface of an underlying second insulating layer 232 and a bottom surface of an overlying second insulating layer 232. In one embodiment, each second backside recess can have a uniform height throughout. Optionally, a backside blocking dielectric layer can be formed in the second backside recesses.
A backside blocking dielectric layer (not shown) can be optionally formed. The backside blocking dielectric layer, if present, comprises a dielectric material that functions as a control gate dielectric for the control gates to be subsequently formed in the second backside recesses. In case at least one blocking dielectric is present within each second memory stack structure 255, the backside blocking dielectric layer is optional. In case a blocking dielectric is not present in the second memory stack structures 255, the backside blocking dielectric layer is present.
At least one metallic material can be deposited in the plurality of second backside recesses, on the sidewalls of the second backside contact trenches, and over the top surface of the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210. The processing steps employed to deposit the at least one metallic material in the second backside recesses can be the same as the processing steps employed to form the first electrically conductive layers 146.
A plurality of second electrically conductive layers 246 can be formed in the plurality of second backside recesses, and a contiguous metallic material layer (not shown) can be formed on the sidewalls of each second backside contact trench and over the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210. Thus, each second sacrificial material layer can be replaced with a second electrically conductive layer 246. A backside cavity is present in the portion of each second backside contact trench that is not filled with the backside blocking dielectric layer and the contiguous metallic material layer.
The deposited metallic material of the contiguous metallic material layer is subsequently etched back from the sidewalls of each second backside contact trench and from above the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210, for example, by an isotropic etch. Each remaining portion of the deposited metallic material in the second backside recesses constitutes a second electrically conductive layer 246. Each second electrically conductive layer 246 can be a conductive line structure.
A subset of the second electrically conductive layers 246 can function as a combination of a plurality of control gate electrodes located at a same level and a word line electrically interconnecting, i.e., electrically shorting, the plurality of control gate electrodes located at the same level. The plurality of control gate electrodes within the second electrically conductive layers 246 are the control gate electrodes and select gate electrodes for the vertical memory devices including the second memory stack structures 255.
Second insulating spacers 274 can be formed over the sidewalls of the second backside contact trenches, for example, by deposition and an anisotropic etch of a conformal dielectric material layer. Photolithographic processes and anisotropic etch processes can be repeatedly employed to form various via cavities that extend from the top surface of the at least one second tier insulating cap layer 210 to various conductive elements within the second tier 2000. For example, control gate via cavities can be formed over the stepped surfaces underlying the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265.
At least one conductive material, which can include a metallic liner (such as TiN, TaN, or WN) and a conductive fill material (such as W, Cu, Al, Co, Ru, or a combination thereof), can be deposited in the various via cavities, and can be subsequently planarized, for example, by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). Remaining portions of the at least one conductive material filling the various via cavities constitute various contact via structures. The various contact via structures can include, for example, second backside contact via structures 276 filling the second backside contact trenches, and second control gate contact via structures 284 that contact the second electrically conductive layers 246 (e.g., the top three select gate electrodes). The second source contact via structures 276 are formed through the second alternating stack (232, 246) and the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265.
Source lines 230 can be formed over, and optionally on, the second-tier source regions 211. Each source line 230 can be electrically shorted to a subset of the second-tier source regions 211, and can be electrically shorted to one or more of the first-tier source regions 61 through the first and second source contact via structures (76, 276) and a common shunt line (not shown for clarity). In one embodiment, each source line 230 may include a metallic barrier liner 230S (e.g., tungsten silicide or titanium nitride) and a metallic fill portion 230M (e.g., tungsten).
A second tier cap dielectric layer 220 can be formed at the level of, and/or above, the source lines 230. The second tier cap dielectric layer 230 includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide. Additional interconnect structures can be formed in the second tier cap dielectric layer 220 as needed. In one embodiment, second control gate interconnect lines 294 can be formed in the second tier cap dielectric layer 220. The second control gate interconnect lines 294 can be electrically shorted to the second control gate contact via structures 284 and to the second electrically conductive layers 246. The second control gate interconnect lines 294 can be parallel among one another. In one embodiment, the second control gate interconnect lines 294 can be parallel to the second horizontal direction hd2, and perpendicular to the first horizontal direction hd1, where the first and second horizontal directions (hd1, hd2) are illustrated in
Referring to
Referring to
A second set of bit line 398 can be provided between the third tier 3000 and the fourth tier 4000 with the same type of electrical connections to respective electrical components in the third tier 3000 and the fourth tier 4000 as the electrical connections between the bit lines 198 and the respective electrical components in the first tier 1000 and the second tier 2000. A second set of source lines 430 can be provided in the fourth inter-tier dielectric material layer 4010 (which can be replaced with a topmost dielectric material layer if only up to four tiers are constructed) with the same type of electrical connections to the respective electrical components in the third tier 3000 and the fourth tier 4000 as the electrical connections for the source lines 230 to the respective electrical components in the first and second tiers (1000, 2000). Third control gate interconnect lines 394 and fourth control gate interconnect lines 494 can be employed to provide electrical connections to the various word lines in the third tier 3000 and the fourth tier 4000, respectively.
In one embodiment, the epitaxial pedestal 210 can vertically extend between the substrate semiconductor layer 10 and a topmost tier within the multi-tier memory device. In one embodiment, semiconductor devices 201 of the driver circuit can be formed at the level of the topmost tier.
The first exemplary structures of the present disclosure can include a multi-tier memory device comprising: a first tier 1000 overlying a substrate (e.g., overlying the substrate semiconductor layer 10) and comprising a first alternating stack of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146, and first vertical transistors (61, 13, 11, 60, 63, 50, 146) each including a first semiconductor channel 60 and a first-tier top active region 63 that contacts an upper end of the first semiconductor channel 60; bit lines 198 overlying the first tier 1000 and electrically shorted to respective first-tier top active regions 63; and a second tier 2000 overlying the bit lines 198 and comprising a second alternating stack of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246, and second vertical transistors (163, 260, 211, 250, 246) each including a second semiconductor channel 260 and a second-tier bottom active region 263 that contacts a lower end of the second semiconductor channel 260. The bit lines 198 are electrically shorted to respective second-tier bottom active regions 263.
The first exemplary structures of the present disclosure can include a multi-tier memory device comprising: a first tier 1000 overlying a substrate (a lower portion of the substrate semiconductor layer 10) and comprising a first alternating stack of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146, first memory stack structures 155 extending through the first alternating stack (132, 146) and each including a first semiconductor channel 60, and first-tier drain regions 63 contacting an upper end of each first semiconductor channel 60; bit lines 198 overlying the first tier 1000 and electrically shorted to respective first-tier drain regions 63; and a second tier 2000 overlying the bit lines 198 and comprising a second alternating stack of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246, second memory stack structures 255 extending through the second alternating stack (232, 246) and each including a second semiconductor channel 260, and second-tier drain regions 163 contacting a lower end of each second semiconductor channel 260. The bit lines 198 are electrically shorted to respective second-tier drain regions 163.
In one embodiment, each bit line 198 can be electrically shorted to respective first-tier drain regions 63 through at least one first drain-side interconnect structure (88, 89) extending through a dielectric material layer 90 in the first tier 1000; and is electrically shorted to respective second-tier drain regions 163 through at least one second drain-side interconnect structure 189 extending through another dielectric material layer 190 overlying the bit lines 198. In one embodiment, sidewalls of the second-tier drain regions 163 can contact a dielectric material layer 190. In one embodiment, each of the second-tier drain regions 163 can comprise a doped semiconductor region that contacts an underlying metal-semiconductor alloy region.
In one embodiment, the substrate can comprise a semiconductor substrate including a substrate semiconductor layer 10, and the semiconductor substrate can comprise first-tier source regions 61 and horizontal channels 13 extending between a respective first-tier source region 61 and a respective subset of first semiconductor channels 60, as shown in
In one embodiment, each of first and second memory stack structures can comprise, from outside to inside: at least one blocking dielectric, a memory material layer, a tunneling dielectric, and one of a first semiconductor channel and a second semiconductor channel. The multi-tier memory device can further comprise a first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 overlying first stepped surfaces of the first alternating stack (132, 146), and a second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 overlying second stepped surfaces of the second alternating stack (232, 246). In one embodiment, the first stepped surfaces and the second stepped surfaces can be located within a same area, and overlie or underlie each other.
In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device comprises a vertical NAND device located over the substrate. The first and second electrically conductive layers can comprise, or are electrically connected to, a respective word line of the vertical NAND device. The substrate can comprise a silicon substrate. The vertical NAND device can comprises an array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings over the silicon substrate. At least one memory cell in a first device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings can be located over another memory cell in a second device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings. The array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings can comprise a plurality of semiconductor channels including the first and second semiconductor channels. At least one end portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor channels can extend substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the substrate. The array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings can further comprise a plurality of charge storage elements. Each charge storage element can be located adjacent to a respective one of the plurality of semiconductor channels. In one embodiment, each charge element can be a portion of a memory material layer that is adjacent to a control gate electrode. The array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings can further comprise a plurality of control gate electrodes having a strip shape extending substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate. The plurality of control gate electrodes can comprise at least a first control gate electrode located in the first device level and a second control gate electrode located in the second device level.
Referring to
A first resistive memory material layer 560 can be formed on each sidewall of the first word line stacks (506, 132, 146, 570) by deposition of a conformal resistive memory material layer and an anisotropic etch. The first resistive memory material layers 560 includes a resistive memory material, which is a material that can change the resistivity by formation of removal of conductive filaments based on electrical bias applied thereto. Any of the first resistive memory materials known in the art can be employed for the resistive memory material layer 560. For example, layer 560 may comprise a chalcogenide material or a metal oxide (e.g., nickel oxide or copper oxide) material as the memory storage element material. A small region of the memory material layer between an intersecting local bit line 562 and word line 146 is controllably alternated between more conductive (set) and less conductive (reset) states by appropriate voltages applied to the intersecting lines.
First vertical local bit lines (e.g., local bit line pillar structures) 562 can be formed, for example, by deposition of at least one conductive material within the trenches between the stacks lined by the resistive memory material layers 560, and subsequent patterning of the at least one conductive material such that remaining portions of the at least one conductive material form a two-dimensional array of vertically extending pillars. The first local bit line pillar structures 562 are laterally spaced apart along the second horizontal direction hd2 by cavities, and are laterally spaced apart along the first horizontal direction hd1 by the first word line stacks (506, 132, 146, 570). A dielectric material can be deposited within the cavities between the first local bit line pillar structures 562 to provide electrical isolation among the first local bit line pillar structures 562.
First access transistors are subsequently formed on each first local bit line pillar structure 562. Each first access transistor can be a vertical field effect transistor, and can include a first bottom active region 516 (which can be a first-tier source region within a first tier 1000′), a first semiconductor channel 514, a first top active region 512 (which can be a first-tier drain region), a portion of a first gate dielectric layer 520 (i.e., a gate dielectric layer located within the first tier 1000′), and a portion of a first gate electrode layer 522. The first semiconductor channels 514 are configured to conduct electrical current along the vertical direction. The first gate electrode layers 522 can laterally extend along the lengthwise direction of the first word line stacks (506, 132, 146, 570), which can be along the second horizontal direction hd2 (i.e., word line directions). A first dielectric fill material layer (not illustrated) can be provided around the first access transistors to complete a first tier 1000′.
An inter-stack dielectric material layer 1040 can be formed over the first tier 1000′. Trenches can be formed in the inter-stack dielectric material layer 1040 to form bit lines 198, which can extend along a horizontal direction that is different from the second horizontal direction hd2 (which is the word line direction which extends lengthwise along the first word line stacks (506, 132, 146, 570)). Each bit line 198 is electrically shorted to a respective subset of the first top active regions 512 of the first access transistors. Additional interconnect structures (not shown) can be formed within the inter-stack dielectric material layer 1040, which can be employed to provide electrical connection between additional devices in the first tier 1000′ and in the second tier 2000′.
Second access transistors are subsequently formed on bit line 198. Each second access transistor can be a vertical field effect transistor, and can include a second bottom active region 612 (which can be a second-tier source region within a second tier 2000′), a second semiconductor channel 614, a second top active region 615 (which can be a second-tier drain region), a portion of a second gate dielectric layer 620 (i.e., a gate dielectric layer located within the second tier 2000′), and a portion of a second gate electrode layer 622. The second semiconductor channels 614 are configured to conduct electrical current along the vertical direction. The second gate electrode layers 622 can laterally extend along the lengthwise direction of second word line stacks (670, 232, 246, 606) to be subsequently formed, which can be along the second horizontal direction hd2. A second dielectric fill material layer (not illustrated) can be provided around the second access transistors.
A second tier base insulating layer 606, a second alternating stack (232, 246) of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246, and a second tier cap insulating layer 670 can be sequentially formed as blanket (unpatterned) layers, and can be subsequently patterned to form second word line stacks (606, 232, 246, 670). Each second word line stack includes an alternating plurality of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246 (i.e., second word lines). In one embodiment, the second word line stacks (606, 232, 246, 670) extend along the second horizontal direction hd2, and are laterally spaced from one another along the first horizontal direction hd1 that can be perpendicular to the first horizontal direction hd1.
A second resist memory material layer 660 can be formed on each sidewall of the second word line stacks (606, 232, 246, 670) by deposition of a conformal resistive memory material layer and an anisotropic etch. The second resistive memory material layers 660 includes a resistive memory material, which is a material that can change the resistivity by formation of removal of conductive filaments based on electrical bias applied thereto. Any of the resistive memory materials known in the art can be employed for the second resistive memory material layer 660.
Second local bit line pillar structures 662 (e.g., second vertical local bit lines) can be formed, for example, by deposition of at least one conductive material within the trenches lined by the resistive memory material layers 660, and subsequent patterning of the at least one conductive material such that remaining portions of the at least one conductive material form a two-dimensional array of vertically extending pillars. The second local bit line pillar structures 662 are laterally spaced apart along the second horizontal direction hd2 by cavities, and are laterally spaced apart along the first horizontal direction hd1 by the second word line stacks (606, 232, 246, 670). A dielectric material can be deposited within the cavities between the second local bit line pillar structures 662 to provide electrical isolation among the second local bit line pillar structures 662. Thus, the first and second access transistors in the first and second tiers are electrically connected to a shared bit line 198 located between the tiers.
The first exemplary structure comprises a multi-tier memory device, which includes a first tier 1000′ overlying a substrate 510 and comprising a first alternating stack of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146, and first vertical transistors (512, 514, 516, 520, 522) each including a first semiconductor channel 514 and a first-tier top active region 512 that contacts an upper end of the first semiconductor channel 514, bit lines 198 overlying the first tier 1000′ and electrically shorted to respective first-tier top active regions 512; and a second tier 2000′ overlying the bit lines 198 and comprising a second alternating stack of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246, and second vertical transistors (612, 614, 616, 620, 622) each including a second semiconductor channel 614 and a second-tier bottom active region 612 that contacts a lower end of the second semiconductor channel 614. The bit lines 198 are electrically shorted to respective second-tier bottom active regions 612.
In one embodiment, each first semiconductor channel 514 is located above a respective first local bit line pillar structure 562 that extends parallel to the stacking direction of the first alternating stack (132, 146), and each second semiconductor channel 614 is located below a respective second local bit line pillar structure 662 that extends parallel to the stacking direction of the second alternating stack (232, 246). A first resistive memory material layer 560 is located on a sidewall of the first alternating stack (132, 146), and a second resistive memory material layer 660 is located on a sidewall of the second alternating stack (232, 246).
In one embodiment, each first vertical transistor (512, 514, 516, 520, 522) can include a first-tier bottom active region 516 that is electrically shorted to a respective first local bit line pillar structure 562, and each second vertical transistor (612, 614, 616, 620, 622) can include a second-tier top active region 616 that is electrically shorted to a respective second local bit line pillar structure 662. In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device can be a resistive random access memory device in which the first and second electrically conductive layers (146, 246) are word lines for accessing a resistive memory element within a three-dimensional array of resistive memory elements (which are portions of the first and second resistive memory material layers (560, 660)).
In the embodiments of the present disclosure, adjacent tiers of the memory device (e.g., three dimensional NAND or ReRAM) share a common bit line or source line. The shared line configuration provides a device with an increased number of word lines and increased device density (e.g., double density for two tiers) without significantly limiting channel mobility in NAND devices. In other words, as the number of word lines increases significantly, the channel length also increases (i.e., since the memory hole height increases through the word line stack). When the channel length increases significantly, the channel material may become a limiting factor with limited mobility due to the increased channel length. Thus, as the number of word lines increases, NAND string current may decrease until reaching a limit. Thus, a three dimensional 3D NAND device may not be able to keep scaling by increasing the number of word lines. In this case, the shared line configuration permits the channel length to be shortened by splitting a single long channel into two shorter channels located above and below the common line. This permits the three dimensional 3D NAND device to keep scaling by increasing the number of word lines. Furthermore, increases scaling increases cell leakage in the ReRAM device. The shared line configuration permits scaling of the ReRAM device (i.e., increase in number of stacked word lines) while controlling cell leakage.
In the second embodiment, a shared source line 460 is located between two tiers (e.g., two tier structures). Referring to
At least one first dielectric material layer 310 is formed over the substrate 308. The at least one first dielectric material layer 310 may be a stack of dielectric material layers that are sequentially formed to embed various elements therein. For example, the at least one first dielectric material layer 310 may include a lower first dielectric material layer in which first bit lines 398 are embedded, and an upper first dielectric material layer in which first-tier drain regions 363 are embedded. Alternatively, the drain regions 363 may be formed in memory openings in the subsequent step.
Each layer within the at least one first dielectric material layer 310 includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, organosilicate glass, silicon nitride, or a dielectric metal oxide. The first bit lines 398 can be a set of parallel lines that laterally extend along a common horizontal direction, and arranged to access each of the first semiconductor channels to be subsequently formed thereabove. The first-tier drain regions 363 can be formed as doped semiconductor contact via structures having a respective circular or elliptical horizontal cross-sectional shape and contacting a respective one of the first bit lines 398. In one embodiment, the first-tier drain regions 363 may be elongated along the lengthwise direction of the first bit lines 393. Each first-tier drain region 363 can directly contact a top surface of a respective one of the first bit lines 398, and thus, can be electrically shorted to the respective one of the first bit lines 398.
A first alternating stack of first insulating layers 132 and first spacer material layers is formed. For example, a first alternating stack (132, 142) of first insulating layers 132 and first sacrificial material layers 142 can be formed over the at least one first dielectric material layer 310 and over the first-tier drain regions 363. For example, the methods employed to form the first insulating layers 132 and the first sacrificial material layers 142 of
Referring to
Specifically, a first terrace region is formed, in which each first spacer material layer (e.g., each first sacrificial material layer 142) other than a topmost first spacer material layer laterally extends farther than overlying first spacer material layers. The first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 is formed over the first terrace region.
First memory openings are formed through each layer in the first alternating stack (132, 146). First support openings are formed through the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 and through a subset of layers of the first alternating stack (132, 146). Formation of epitaxial channel portions 11 may be omitted. A memory film 50 and a vertical semiconductor channel 60 are formed in each of the first memory openings and in each of the first support openings. The memory films 50 are herein referred to as first memory films 50. The vertical semiconductor channels are herein referred to as first semiconductor channels 60. Because the epitaxial channel portions 11 are not formed, the first semiconductor channels 60 can be formed directly on the first-tier drain regions 363.
Dielectric cores 62 can be formed to fill any remaining cavities in the first memory openings and in the first support openings. Each of the first memory opening fill structures (50, 60, 62) include a first memory film 50 and a first semiconductor channel 60 that contacts a respective one of the first-tier drain regions 363. Each adjoining pair of a first memory film 50 and a first semiconductor channel 60 constitutes a first memory stack structure 155. The first support pillar structures 120 do not contact any first-tier drain region 363, and are electrically floating. The first support pillar structures 120 provide structural support during subsequent replacement of the first sacrificial material layers 142 with first electrically conductive layers.
Referring to
First backside contact trenches 379 are formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the first memory stack structures 155. For example, a photoresist layer can be applied over the first contact level dielectric layer 380, and can be lithographically patterned to form linear openings therein. The pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer can be transferred through the first contact level dielectric layer 380, the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165, and the first alternating stack (132, 142). Each cluster of first memory stack structures 155 can be laterally spaced from one another by the first backside contact trenches 379.
Referring to
Subsequently, the first backside contact trenches 379 can be filled with a dielectric material (such as silicon oxide) to form first insulating wall structures 375. The first insulating wall structures 375 provide electrical isolation between neighboring strips of the first electrically conductive layers 146.
Referring to
In an alternative configuration, source regions (not shown) may be formed by recessing top portions of the dielectric cores 62 at the processing steps of
First control gate contact via structures 84 are formed through the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion on a top surface of a respective one of the first electrically conductive layers 146 that function as word lines for the memory cells in the first memory stack structures 155. At least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 is formed over the first source contact via structures 361 and the first control gate contact via structures 84. First metal lines are formed in the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390. A subset of the first metal lines can include first control gate interconnect lines 394, which are formed directly on a respective one of the first control gate contact via structures 84.
A region of the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 overlying the first source contact via structures 361 can be recessed to physically expose top surfaces of the first source contact via structures 361. A conductive material (such as doped semiconductor material, such as doped polysilicon, having a doping of the same conductivity type as the first source contact via structures 361 or another electrically conductive material) can be deposited and planarized to form a source line 460. In this embodiment, the source line 460 can be a buried shared source line which is shared between the underlying and overlying tier structure.
The set of components located between the top surfaces of the first bit lines 398 and the top surfaces of the first source contact via structures 361 collectively constitute a first tier structure 1001. The source line 460 is formed over the first tier structure 1001. The source line 460 is electrically shorted to a top end of each of the first semiconductor channels 60 via the first source contact via structures 361.
In some embodiments, the electrical contact (provision of electrically conductive paths) between the first semiconductor channels 60 and the source line 460 can be provided by via-type contact structures (such as the first source contact via structures 361). Alternatively, a sheet-type contact structure such as a single continuous conductive sheet may be employed instead of the via-type contact structures. In some embodiments, the single continuous conductive sheet may include a heavily doped semiconductor material, such as heavily doped polysilicon. Yet alternatively, if the source line 460 includes a heavily doped semiconductor material, the source line 460 may directly contact the first semiconductor channels 60.
Referring to
The processing steps of
Specifically, a second terrace region is formed, in which each second spacer material layer (e.g., each second sacrificial material layer 242) other than a topmost second spacer material layer laterally extends farther than overlying second spacer material layers. The second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 is formed over the second terrace region. In one embodiment, a predominant portion of an entire area (i.e., more of 50% of the entire area) of the second terrace region overlaps with the area of the first terrace region.
Second memory openings are formed through each layer in the second alternating stack (232, 242). Second support openings are formed through the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 and through a subset of layers of the second alternating stack (232, 242). Formation of epitaxial channel portions 11 may be omitted. A memory film 50 and a vertical semiconductor channel 60 are formed in each of the second memory openings and in each of the second support openings. The memory films 50 in the second alternating stack (232, 242) are herein referred to as second memory films 50. The vertical semiconductor channels in the second alternating stack (232, 242) are herein referred to as second semiconductor channels 60. The second semiconductor channels 60 can be formed directly on the source line 460.
Dielectric cores 62 can be formed to fill any remaining cavities in the second memory openings and in the second support openings. A top portion of each dielectric core 62 can be vertically recessed and filled with a doped semiconductor material having a same conductivity type as the source line 460 to form second-tier drain regions 463. The bottom surface of each second-tier drain regions 463 can be formed above a horizontal plane including the top surface of the topmost second sacrificial material layer 242. Each of the second memory opening fill structures (50, 60, 62, 463) include a second memory film 50 and a second semiconductor channel 60 that contacts the source line 460 at a bottom end, an optional dielectric core 62, and a second-tier drain region 463 that contacts a top end of the second semiconductor channel 60. Each adjoining pair of a second memory film 50 and a second semiconductor channel 60 constitutes a second memory stack structure 255. In one embodiment the second support pillar structures 220 do not contact the source line 460, and are electrically floating. The second support pillar structures 220 provide structural support during subsequent replacement of the second sacrificial material layers 242 with second electrically conductive layers.
Referring to
Second backside contact trenches 479 are formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the second memory stack structures 255. For example, a photoresist layer can be applied over the second contact level dielectric layer 480, and can be lithographically patterned to form linear openings therein. The pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer can be transferred through the second contact level dielectric layer 480, the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265, and the second alternating stack (232, 242). Each cluster of second memory stack structures 255 can be laterally spaced from one another by the second backside contact trenches 479. In one embodiment, a predominant portion (i.e., more than 50%) of the entire area of the second backside contact trenches 479 can overlap with the areas of the first backside contact trenches within the first tier structure 1001.
Referring to
Optionally, source contact regions 481 can be formed underneath the second backside contact trenches, for example, by introduction of additional dopants of the same conductivity type as the doping of the source line 460. An insulating spacer 474 can be formed by conformal deposition and an anisotropic etch of a dielectric material layer. A source contact via structure 474 can be formed by filling remaining volumes of the second backside contact trenches with a conductive material.
Referring to
Inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) be formed in the at least one second inter-tier dielectric material layer 490. The inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) can include second control gate interconnect lines 494 which are electrically shorted to the second control gate contact via structures 484 and to the second electrically conductive layers 246. Further, the inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) include second bit lines 498 that are formed directly on top surfaces of the second drain contact via structures 488. Each of the second bit lines 498 is electrically shorted to each upper end of a respective subset of the second semiconductor channels 60 through the drain regions 463. The set of elements formed after formation of the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 below the second bit lines 498 constitutes a second tier structure 2001.
Referring to
The third tier structure 3001 can include a third alternating stack (332, 346) of third insulating layers 332 (which can be the same as the first insulating layers 132) and third electrically conductive layers 346 (which can be the same as the first electrically conductive layers 146). A third retro-stepped dielectric material portion 365 can be formed in the third tier structure 3001 in the same manner as the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165. The second bit lines 498 can be employed as the bit lines for the third tier structure 3001, and thus, can be electrically shorted to bottom ends of third semiconductor channels provided within third memory stack structures 555. The third memory stack structures 555 can have the same structural components as the first memory stack structures 155. A third contact dielectric material layer 580 and a third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590 can be formed over the third alternating stack (332, 346). Inter-tier interconnect structures such as third control gate interconnect lines 494 contacting a respective third control gate contact via structures (not shown) can be formed in the third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590. Another source line 610 can be formed in the upper portion of the third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590.
The fourth tier structure 4001 can include a fourth alternating stack (432, 446) of fourth insulating layers 432 (which can be the same as the second insulating layers 232) and fourth electrically conductive layers 446 (which can be the same as the second electrically conductive layers 246). A fourth retro-stepped dielectric material portion 465 can be formed in the fourth tier structure 4001 in the same manner as the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265. Fourth memory stack structures 655 including fourth semiconductor channels and fourth memory films is formed through the fourth alternating stack (432, 446). The bottom end of each fourth semiconductor channel is electrically shorted to the source line 610. The fourth memory stack structures 655 can have the same structural components as the second memory stack structures 255. A fourth contact dielectric material layer 680 and a fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690 can be formed over the fourth alternating stack (432, 446). Inter-tier interconnect structures such as fourth control gate interconnect lines 694 contacting a respective fourth control gate contact via structures (not shown) can be formed in the fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690. Third bit lines 698 can be formed in the fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690. The third bit lines 698 can be electrically shorted to a top end of each fourth semiconductor channel.
The stacking of a pair of tier structures, e.g., the pair of the first tier structure 1001 and the second tier structure 2001 and the pair of the third tier structure 3001 and the fourth tier structure 4001 can be repeated multiple timed to provide a multi-tier three-dimensional memory device in which the memory array regions overlap across multiple tiers, and terrace regions overlap across multiple tiers, thereby providing effective use of the chip area.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi-tier memory device is provided, which comprises: a dielectric material layer 310 overlying a substrate 308; first bit lines 398 embedded within the dielectric material layer 310; a first tier structure 1001 comprising a first alternating stack (132, 146) of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146 that overlies the first bit lines 398, first memory stack structures 155 each including a first semiconductor channel 60, and first-tier drain regions 363 that contact an lower end of a respective first semiconductor channel 60 and electrically shorted to a respective one of the first bit lines 398; a source line 460 overlying the first tier structure 1001 and electrically shorted to a top end of each of the first semiconductor channels 60; a second tier structure 2001 overlying the source line 460 and comprising a second alternating stack (232, 246) of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246 that overlies the source line 460, second memory stack structures 255 each including a second semiconductor channel 60, and a second-tier drain region 463 that contacts an upper end of a respective second semiconductor channel 60; and second bit lines 498 overlying the second tier structure 2001 and electrically shorted to each upper end of a respective subset of second semiconductor channels 60.
In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises first source contact via structures (i.e., source regions) 361 contacting a respective one of the first semiconductor channels 60 and a bottom surface of the source line 460. In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises first drain regions 363 embedded in the dielectric material layer 310, contacting a top surface of a respective one of the first bit lines 398, and contacting a bottom surface of a respective one of the first semiconductor channels 60.
In one embodiment, each of the second semiconductor channels 60 contacts the source line 460. In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises: a first terrace region in which each first electrically conductive layer 146 other than a topmost first electrically conductive layer 146 laterally extends farther than an overlying first electrically conductive layer 146; a first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 overlying the first terrace region; first control gate contact via structures 384 extending through the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165; and first control gate interconnect lines 394 located below the second alternating stack (232, 246) and contacting a respective one of the first control gate contact via structures 384.
In a third embodiment, a source line (e.g., buried source line) is located between two tier structures, but is not shared between two tier structures. In this embodiment, both a source line and bit lines for respective overlying and underlying tier structures are located between the two tier structures. Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
First backside contact trenches 379 are formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the first memory stack structures 155. For example, a photoresist layer can be applied over the first contact level dielectric layer 380, and can be lithographically patterned to form linear openings therein. The pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer can be transferred through the first contact level dielectric layer 380, the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165, and the first alternating stack (132, 142). Each cluster of first memory stack structures 155 can be laterally spaced from one another by the first backside contact trenches 379.
The processing steps of
Dopant ions can be implanted into the first semiconductor material layer 10′ to form first source regions 361 at the bottom of the first backside contact trenches 379. A conformal dielectric material layer can be deposited in the first backside contact trenches 379 and can be anisotropically etched to form first insulating spacers 374. A source contact via structure 376 can be formed by depositing a conductive material in the first backside contact trenches 379. Surface portions of the first semiconductor material layer 10′ include horizontal semiconductor channels 59 that extend between the first source regions 361 and the vertical semiconductor channels (as embodied as the first semiconductor channels 60). Alternatively, a source region may be provided as a continuous doped semiconductor material portion in an upper portion of the first semiconductor material layer 10′.
Referring to
First Inter-tier interconnect structures (398, 394) can include metal lines. The first inter-tier interconnect structures (398, 394) can be formed in the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390. The first inter-tier interconnect structures (398, 394) can include first control gate interconnect lines 394 which are electrically shorted to the first control gate contact via structures 384 and to the first electrically conductive layers 146. Further, the first inter-tier interconnect structures (398, 394) include first bit lines 398 that are formed directly on top surfaces of the first drain contact via structures 388. Each of the first bit lines 398 is electrically shorted to each upper end of a respective subset of the first semiconductor channels 60. The first bit lines 398 can be formed in the at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 390. The first bit lines 398 and the first control gate interconnect lines 394 can be concurrently formed at a same level by a same set of processing steps. The set of elements formed on the top surface of the semiconductor material layer below the plane including the bottom surface of the first bit lines 398 constitutes a first tier structure 1002.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the source line 410 can be embedded within the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 and located over the first bit lines 398. The source line 410 can be vertically spaced from the first bit lines 398 by a layer within the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390. Thus, the first bit lines 398 function as bit lines only for the first tier structure 1002 and the source line 410 functions as a source line only for the second tier structure 2002 to be formed over the source line 410.
Alternatively, the source line 410 can also function as a horizontal channel layer for memory stack structures of the second tier structure 2002 to be subsequently formed thereabove.
Referring to
Referring to
Second memory openings are formed through each layer in the second alternating stack (232, 242). Second support openings are formed through the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 and through a subset of layers of the second alternating stack (232, 242). Formation of epitaxial channel portions 11 may be omitted. A memory film 50 and a vertical semiconductor channel 60 are formed in each of the second memory openings and in each of the second support openings. The memory films 50 in the second alternating stack (232, 242) are herein referred to as second memory films 50. The vertical semiconductor channels in the second alternating stack (232, 242) are herein referred to as second semiconductor channels 60. The second semiconductor channels 60 can be formed directly on the source line 410.
Dielectric cores 62 can be formed to fill any remaining cavities in the second memory openings and in the second support openings. A top portion of each dielectric core 62 can be vertically recessed and filled with a doped semiconductor material to form second-tier drain regions 463. The bottom surface of each second-tier drain regions 463 can be formed above a horizontal plane including the top surface of the topmost second sacrificial material layer 242. Each of the second memory opening fill structures (50, 60, 62, 463) include a second memory film 50 and a second semiconductor channel 60 that contacts the source line 410 at a bottom end, an optional dielectric core 62, and a second-tier drain region 463 that contacts a top end of the second semiconductor channel 60. Each adjoining pair of a second memory film 50 and a second semiconductor channel 60 constitutes a second memory stack structure 255. In one embodiment the second support pillar structures 220 do not contact the source line 410, and are electrically floating. The second support pillar structures 220 provide structural support during subsequent replacement of the second sacrificial material layers 242 with second electrically conductive layers.
Referring to
Second backside contact trenches 479 are formed between each neighboring pair of clusters of the second memory stack structures 255. For example, a photoresist layer can be applied over the second contact level dielectric layer 480, and can be lithographically patterned to form linear openings therein. The pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer can be transferred through the second contact level dielectric layer 480, the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265, and the second alternating stack (232, 242). Each cluster of second memory stack structures 255 can be laterally spaced from one another by the second backside contact trenches 479. In one embodiment, a predominant portion (i.e., more than 50%) of the entire area of the second backside contact trenches 479 can overlap with the areas of the first backside contact trenches within the first tier structure 1002.
Referring to
Optionally, second source regions 461 can be formed underneath the second backside contact trenches, for example, by introduction of additional dopants of the same conductivity type as the doping of the second-tier drain regions 463 into the source line 410. An insulating spacer 474 can be formed by conformal deposition and an anisotropic etch of a dielectric material layer. A source contact via structure 476 can be formed by filling remaining volumes of the second backside contact trenches with a conductive material.
Referring to
Inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) be formed in the at least one second inter-tier dielectric material layer 490. The inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) can include second control gate interconnect lines 494 which are electrically shorted to the second control gate contact via structures 484 and to the second electrically conductive layers 246. Further, the inter-tier interconnect structures (498, 494) include second bit lines 498 that are formed directly on top surfaces of the second drain contact via structures 488. Each of the second bit lines 498 is electrically shorted to each upper end of a respective subset of the second semiconductor channels 60. The set of elements formed after formation of the at least one first inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 below the second bit lines 498 constitutes a second tier structure 2002.
Referring to
Referring to
The third tier structure 3002 can include a third alternating stack (332, 346) of third insulating layers 332 (which can be the same as the first insulating layers 132) and third electrically conductive layers 346 (which can be the same as the first electrically conductive layers 146). A third retro-stepped dielectric material portion 365 can be formed in the third tier structure 3002 in the same manner as the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165. Third memory stack structures 555 are formed through the third alternating stack (332, 346), and can have the same structural components as the first memory stack structures 155. The third memory stack structures 555 are formed directly on the second source line 510. A third contact dielectric material layer 580 and a third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590 can be formed over the third alternating stack (332, 346). Inter-tier interconnect structures such as third bit lines 598 and third control gate interconnect lines 594 contacting a respective third control gate contact via structures (not shown) can be formed in the third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590. A third source line can be formed in the upper portion of the third at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 590 in the same manner as the first source line 410.
The fourth tier structure 4002 can include a fourth alternating stack (432, 446) of fourth insulating layers 432 (which can be the same as the second insulating layers 232) and fourth electrically conductive layers 446 (which can be the same as the second electrically conductive layers 246). A fourth retro-stepped dielectric material portion 465 can be formed in the fourth tier structure 4002 in the same manner as the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265. Fourth memory stack structures 655 including fourth semiconductor channels and fourth memory films is formed through the fourth alternating stack (432, 446). The bottom end of each fourth semiconductor channel is electrically shorted to the third source line 610. The fourth memory stack structures 655 can have the same structural components as the second memory stack structures 255. A fourth contact dielectric material layer 680 and a fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690 can be formed over the fourth alternating stack (432, 446). Inter-tier interconnect structures such as fourth control gate interconnect lines 694 contacting a respective fourth control gate contact via structures (not shown) can be formed in the fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690. Third fourth lines 698 can be formed in the fourth at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 690. The fourth bit lines 698 can be electrically shorted to a top end of each fourth semiconductor channel.
The stacking of tier structures can be repeated multiple timed to provide a multi-tier three-dimensional memory device in which the memory array regions overlap across multiple tiers, and terrace regions overlap across multiple tiers, thereby providing effective use of the chip area.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi-tier memory device is provided, which comprises: a first source region 361 located in a substrate (which includes the first semiconductor material layer 10′); a first tier structure 1002 comprising a first alternating stack (132, 146) of first insulating layers 132 and first electrically conductive layers 146 that overlies the substrate, first memory stack structures 155 each including a first semiconductor channel 60, and first-tier drain regions 363 that contact an upper end of a respective first semiconductor channel 60, wherein each of the first semiconductor channels 60 is connected to the first source region 361 directly or through a horizontal channel 59 in the substrate; first bit lines 398 overlying the first tier structure 1002 and electrically shorted to a respective subset of the first-tier drain regions 363; a buried source line 410 overlying the first bit lines 398; a second tier structure 2002 comprising a second alternating stack (232, 246) of second insulating layers 232 and second electrically conductive layers 246 that overlies the source line 410, second memory stack structures 255 each including a second semiconductor channel 60, and second-tier drain region 463 that contacts an upper end of a respective second semiconductor channel 60, wherein each of the second semiconductor channels 60 is connected to the bit line 410; and second bit lines 498 overlying the second tier structure 2002 and electrically shorted to a top end of each of a respective subset of the second semiconductor channels 60.
In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises at least one inter-tier dielectric material layer 390 embedding the first bit lines 398 and the source line 410 located above the first bit lines 398. The source line 410 is a source line for only the second tier structure 2002, and the source contact via structure 376 functions as a vertical source line for the first tier structure 1002.
In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises: a first terrace region in which each first electrically conductive layer 146 other than a topmost first electrically conductive layer 146 laterally extends farther than an overlying first electrically conductive layer 146; a first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165 overlying the first terrace region; first control gate contact via structures 384 extending through the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion 165; and first control gate interconnect lines 394 located below the second alternating stack (232, 246) and contacting a respective one of the first control gate contact via structures 384.
In one embodiment, the multi-tier memory device further comprises: a second terrace region in which each second electrically conductive layer 246 other than a topmost second electrically conductive layer 246 laterally extends farther than an overlying second electrically conductive layer 246; a second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265 overlying the second terrace region; second control gate contact via structures 484 extending through the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion 265; and second control gate interconnect lines 494 located above the second alternating stack (232, 246) and contacting a respective one of the second control gate contact via structures 484. A predominant portion of an entire area of the second terrace region can overlap with an area of the first terrace region, and the first bit lines 398 and the first control gate interconnect lines 394 are located at a same level, e.g., between a horizontal plane including top surfaces of the first bit lines 398 and the first control gate interconnect lines 394 and a horizontal plane including bottom surfaces of the first bit lines 398 and the first control gate interconnect lines 394.
The various exemplary structures of the present provide an increased cell current in tall memory devices by providing a buried source line and optionally buried bit lines between vertically separated tier structures. Further, some embodiments permit sharing of source lines and/or bit lines embedded in an inter-tier dielectric material layer, thereby reducing process complexity and/or the number of processing steps. The various methods of the present disclosure can be advantageously employed to enhance device density and/or to lower production costs and/or to reduce processing time.
Although the foregoing refers to particular preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the disclosure is not so limited. It will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments and that such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. Where an embodiment employing a particular structure and/or configuration is illustrated in the present disclosure, it is understood that the present disclosure may be practiced with any other compatible structures and/or configurations that are functionally equivalent provided that such substitutions are not explicitly forbidden or otherwise known to be impossible to one of ordinary skill in the art. All of the publications, patent applications and patents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present application is a continuation-in-part application of PCT Application No. US2016/036724 filed on Dec. 7, 2016, which claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 14/834,943 filed on Aug. 25, 2015 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,502,471 on Nov. 22, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14834943 | Aug 2015 | US |
| Child | PCT/US2016/036724 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2016/036724 | Dec 2016 | US |
| Child | 15634423 | US |
