Patent Application
20080117664
The present invention relates to a resistance memory element and a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device.
Recently, as a new memory device, a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device called RRAM (Resistance Random Access Memory) is noted. The RRAM uses a resistance memory element which can memorize a plurality of resistance states of different resistance values, which are changed by electric stimulations applied from the outside and whose high resistance state and low resistance state are corresponded to, e.g., information “0” and “1” to be used as a memory element. The RRAM highly potentially has high speed, large capacities, low electric power consumption, etc. and is considered prospective.
The resistance memory element has a resistance memory material whose resistance states are changed by the application of voltages sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. As the typical resistance memory material, oxide materials containing transition metals are known.
The nonvolatile semiconductor memory device using the resistance memory element is disclosed in, e.g., International Publication No. WO97/05665, U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,963, A. Beck et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 77, p. 139 (2001), W. W. Zhuang et al., Tech. Digest IEDM 2002, p. 193, and I. G. Baek et al., Tech. Digest IEDM 2004, p. 587.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a resistance memory element which memorizes a high resistance state and a low resistance state and switches between the high resistance state and the low resistance state by an application of a voltage, having: a pair of electrodes; and a resistance memory layer sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and including a first resistance memory material and a second resistance material different from the first resistance memory material.
The resistance memory element and the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9H.
First, the basic operation of the resistance memory element will be explained with reference to
The resistance memory element includes the resistance memory material sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. Many of the resistance memory material are oxide materials containing transition metals, and the resistance memory material is divided largely in two, depending on differences in the electric characteristics.
One of them uses voltages of different polarities so as to change the resistance states between the high resistance state and the low resistance state and includes SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 doped with a trace of an impurity, such as chrome (Cr) or others, and Pr1-xCaxMnO3 and La1-xCaxMnO3, etc., which exhibit CMR (Colossal Magneto-Resistance). Such resistance memory material which requires voltages of different polarities so as to rewrite the resistance state will be hereinafter called the bipolar resistance memory material.
The other of them is materials which require voltages of the same polarity so as to change the resistance states between the high resistance state and the low resistance state and includes oxides, etc., containing a single transition metal, such as NiOx and TiOx. Such resistance memory materials which require voltages of the same polarity for rewriting the resistance states will be hereinafter called the unipolar resistance memory material.
It is assumed that in the initial state, the resistance memory element is in the high resistance state.
As an applied voltage increases gradually from 0 V to negative voltages, the current flowing at this time changes along the curve “a” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually increases. When the applied negative voltage is further increased and exceed about −0.5 V, the resistance memory element switches from the high resistance state to the low resistance state. Accompanying this, the absolute value of the current abruptly increases, and the current-voltage characteristics transits from the point A to the point B. In the following explanation, the operation of changing the resistance memory element from the high resistance state to the low resistance state is called “set”.
As the negative voltage is gradually decreased from the state at the point B, the current changes along the curve “b” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually decreases. When the applied voltage returns to 0 V, the current also becomes 0 A.
As the applied voltage increases gradually from 0 V to positive voltages, the current value changes along the curve “c” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute values gradually increases. The applied positive voltage further increases and exceeds about 0.5 V, the resistance memory element switches from the low resistance state to the high resistance state. Accompanying this, the absolute value of the current abruptly decreases, and the current-voltage characteristics transit from the point C to the point D. In the following explanation, the operation of changing the resistance memory element from the low resistance state to the high resistance state is called “reset”.
As the positive voltage decreases from the state at the point D, the current changes along the curve “d” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually decreases. When the applied voltage returns to 0 V, the current also becomes 0 A.
The respective resistance states are stable in the range of about ±0.5 V and can be retained even when the electric power source is turned off. That is, in the high resistance state, when an applied voltage is lower than the absolute value of the voltage at the point A, the current-voltage characteristics changes linearly along the curves “a” and “d”, and the high resistance state is retained. Similarly, in the low resistance state, when an applied voltage is lower than the absolute value of the voltage at the point C, the current-voltage characteristics changes linearly along the curves “b” and “c”, and the low resistance state is retained.
As described above, for the resistance memory element using the bipolar resistance memory material, to change the resistance state between the high resistance state and the low resistance state, voltages of different polarities are applied.
It is assumed that in the initial state, the resistance memory element is in the high resistance state.
As an applied voltage is increased gradually from 0 V, the current increases along the curve “a” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually increases. When the applied voltage gradually increases and exceeds about 1.3 V, the resistance memory element is switched from the high resistance state to the low resistance state (set). Accompanying this, the absolute value of the current abruptly increases, and the current-voltage characteristics transit from the point A to the point B. In
As the voltage decreases gradually from the state at the point B, the current changes along the curve “b” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually decreases. When the applied voltage returns to 0 V, the current also becomes 0 A.
As the applied voltage again increases gradually from 0 V, the current changes along the curve “c” in the arrowed direction, and its absolute value gradually increases. When the applied positive voltage further increases and exceeds about 1.2 V, the resistance memory element is switched from the low resistance state to the high resistance state (reset). Accompanying this, the absolute value of the current abruptly decreases, and the current-voltage characteristics transits from the point C to the point D.
As the voltage is decreased gradually from the point D, the current changes in the arrowed direction along the curve “d”, and the absolute value is gradually decreased. When the applied voltage returns to 0 V, the current also becomes 0 A.
The respective resistance states are stable not more than about 1.0 V and are retained when the electric power is turned off. That is, in
As described above, in the resistance memory element using the unipolar resistance memory material, to change the resistance state between the high resistance state and the low resistance state, voltages of the same polarity are applied.
The resistance memory element formed of the above-described material cannot have the characteristics shown in
In the initial state immediately after the element has been formed, as shown in
When a voltage higher than the breakdown voltage is applied in the initial state, as shown in
The resistance memory element in the initial state before subjected to the forming has a high resistance value, and this high resistance state might be misunderstood to be the high resistance state after the forming. Then, in the specification of the present application, the high resistance state means the high resistance state of the resistance memory element after subjected to the forming, the low resistance state means the low resistance state of the resistance memory element after subjected to the forming, and the initial state is the state of the resistance memory element before subjected to the forming.
In the writing operation of the resistance memory element, it is necessary to flow large current in the resistance memory element. Especially, the resetting current tends to be larger for the resistance memory element using the unipolar resistance memory material than the resistance memory element using the bipolar resistance memory material.
Large current value for the writing operation means large electric power consumption. To drive large current, the peripheral elements must have large sizes. To form a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device of high integration and low electric power consumption using the resistance memory element, it is necessary to decrease the current value in the writing operation of the resistance memory element.
From such viewpoint, the inventors have made earnest studies and for the first time have made it evident that a resistance memory element including two or more layers of a resistance memory material stacked on each other can decrease the current value in the writing operation.
As shown in
That is, the resistance memory element using the layer film of TiOx and NiOx can reduce both the peak current in the resetting and the current in the setting.
Of the samples used in the measurement of
When it is assumed that the current flowing in the resistance memory element of the low resistance state is inversely proportional to the film thickness as is that of the usual resistor, the resistance value of the resistance memory element using TiOx doubles with the film thickness of the resistance memory element using TiOx doubled to 120 nm is doubled, and the current, which is proportional to its inverse number is ½ time. That is, the peak current value to flow in the resetting is estimated to be 64 mA/2=32 mA. Similarly, with the film thickness of the resistance memory element using NiOx doubled to 120 nm, the peak current value to flow in the resetting is estimated to be 27 mA/2=13.5 mA. These peak current values are both large than the peak current (about 12 mA) of the resistance memory element using the layer film of TiOx and NiOx in the resetting. That is, the effect of the writing current decrease of the resistance memory element using the resistance memory layer of the layer structure is a characteristic effect which cannot be given by the resistance memory element including the resistance memory layer of the single layer structure.
The mechanism for the current value in the setting and resetting being decreased by the resistance memory layer of the layer structure is not clear, but the inventors of the present invention guess that at least one layer of the resistance memory layers acts to accelerate the switching operation. One of the models of accelerating the switching operation will be acceleration of the oxidation reaction in the resetting operation.
The resistance memory element is formed and is subjected to the forming processing to cause the dielectric breakdown, and a cylindrical deteriorated region is formed in the resistance memory layer. The current path is formed in this deteriorated region. This state is the low resistance state of the resistance memory element.
When a voltage is applied to the resistance memory element in the low resistance state, current flows via the above-described current path. When the value of the current becomes large, an oxidation reaction similar to the anodic oxidation in the current path acts to return the deteriorated region to the original state. Then, the deteriorated region is decreased, whereby the current path is narrowed, or the oxidation advances with the vicinity of the electrode interface of the path as the center, whereby the current path is blocked, and high resistance is produced. This state is the high resistance state of the resistance memory element.
When a voltage of not less than a prescribed value is applied to the resistance memory element in the high resistance state, the dielectric breakdown takes place in the oxidized region blocking the current path, and the current path is formed again. Thus, the resistance memory element returns to the low resistance state.
In the above-described writing operation of the resistance memory element, the resistance memory layer of the layer structure will accelerate mainly the oxidation reaction in the resetting operation. The effect of accelerating the oxidation reaction is due to that at least one layer of the resistance memory layer acts as a layer which supplies oxygen to the other layer to accelerate the oxidation reaction (oxygen supply layer). The presence of the oxygen supply layer in the resistance memory layer accelerates the oxidation reaction in the current path in the resistance memory layer to thereby make the resetting operation with less current.
In the above-described resistance memory element including the layer film of TiOx and NiOx, the TiOx layer will mainly play the role of the oxygen supply layer, which accelerates the oxidation reaction in the NiOx layer.
The inventors of the present invention investigated the layer film of ZrOx and NiOx in addition to the layer film of TiOx and NiOx, and in this case as well, the writing current decreasing effect could be also produced. In the layer film of ZrOx and NiOx, the ZrOx layer will mainly play the role of the oxygen supply layer, which accelerates the oxidation reaction in the NiOx layer. ZrOx is an ionic conductive material, and due to this property, the supply of oxygen ions to the NiOx layer will be accelerated.
The resistance memory material can be TiOx, NiOx, YOx, CeOx, MgOx, ZnOx, WOx, NbOx, TaOx, CrOx, MnOx, AlOx, VOx, CuOx, SiOx, etc. When the resistance memory layer of the layer structure is formed, these materials are suitably combined in consideration of their properties so that at least one layer acts as the oxygen supply layer. The resistance memory layer can be a layer structure of not only two layers but also three or more layers.
Then, the structure of the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment will be explained with reference to FIGS. 5 to 8.
As shown in
As shown in
Over the silicon substrate 20 with the cell select transistors formed on, an inter-layer insulating film 30 with contact plugs 32 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26, and contact plugs 34 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 28 buried in is formed.
Over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the contact plugs 32, 34 buried in, source lines 36 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26 via the contact plugs 32, and resistance memory elements 54 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 28 via the contact plugs 34 are formed.
As shown in
Over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the source lines 46 and the resistance memory elements 54 formed on, inter-layer insulating films 40, 56 with contact plugs 58 electrically connected to the resistance memory element 54 are formed.
Over the inter-layer insulating film 56 with the contact plugs 58 buried in, bit lines 60 electrically connected to the upper electrodes 52 of the resistance memory elements 54 via the contact plugs 58 are formed.
As described above, the nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to the present embodiment is characterized mainly in that the resistance memory elements 54 have the layer structure of the resistance memory layer 48 of TiOx and the resistance memory layer 50 of NiOx. The resistance memory layer is formed of the layer structure of TiOx and NiOx, whereby the current value in the writing operation can be much decreased. Thus, the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device of high integration and low electric power consumption can be formed.
The memory cell 10 of the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment shown in
A plurality of word lines WL1, /WL1, WL2, /WL2, . . . are arranged column-wise, forming common signals for the memory cells 10 arranged column-wise. The source lines SL1, SL2, . . . are arranged column wise, forming common signal lines for the memory cells 10 arranged column-wise. The source lines SL are arranged one for two word lines WL.
A plurality of the bit lines BL1, BL2, BL3, BL4, . . . are arranged row-wise (transversely in the drawing), forming common signal lines for the memory cells 10 arranged row-wise.
Then, the method of writing into the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment will be explained with reference to
First, the rewriting operation from the high resistance state to the low resistance state, i.e., the setting operation will be explained. The memory cell 10 to be rewritten is a memory cell 10 connected to the word line WL1 and the bit line BL1.
First, a prescribed voltage is applied to the word line WL1 to turn on the cell select transistor 14. The source line SL1 is connected to a reference potential, e.g., 0 V, which is the ground potential.
Next, to the bit line BL1, a bias voltage which is the same as or a little larger than a voltage necessary to set the resistance memory element 12 is applied. For the resistance memory element having the characteristics indicated by, e.g., the solid line in
Thus, a current path to the source line SL1 via the bit line BL1, the resistance memory element 12 and the cell select transistor 14 is formed, and the applied bias voltage is divided into the resistance memory element 12 and to the cell select transistor 12 corresponding to a resistance value RH of the resistance memory element 12 and a channel resistance RCS of the cell select transistor 14.
At this time, because of the resistance value RH Of the resistance memory element 12 which is sufficiently large in comparison with the channel resistance RCS of the cell select transistor, most of the bias voltage is applied to the resistance memory element 12. Thus, the resistance memory element 12 changes from the high resistance state to the low resistance state.
Then, after the bias voltage to be applied to the bit line BL1 is returned to zero, the voltage to be applied to the word line WL1 is turned off, and the setting operation is completed.
Next, the rewriting operation from the low resistance state to the high resistance state, i.e., the resetting operation will be explained. The memory cell 10 to be rewritten is a memory cell 10 connected to the word line WL1 and the bit line BL1.
First, a prescribed a voltage is applied to the word line WL1 to turn on the cell select transistor 14. The source line SL1 is connected to a reference potential, e.g., 0 V, which is the ground potential.
Then, a voltage which is the same as or a little larger than a voltage necessary to reset the resistance memory element 12 is applied to the bit line BL1. For the resistance memory element having the characteristics indicated by, e.g., the solid line in
Thus, a current path to the source line SL1 via the bit line BL1, the resistance memory element 12 and the cell select transistor 14 is formed, and the applied bias voltage is divided into the resistance memory element 12 and to the cell select transistor 12 corresponding to a resistance value RL of the resistance memory element 12 and a channel resistance RCS of the cell select transistor 14.
At this time, because of the channel resistance RCS of the cell select transistor 14 which is sufficiently smaller than the resistance value RL of the resistance memory element 12, most of the applied bias voltage is applied to the resistance memory element 12. Thus, the resistance memory element 12 changes from the low resistance state to the high resistance state.
In the resetting process, at the instant the resistance memory element 12 has switched to the high resistance state, substantially all the bias voltage is divided into the resistance memory element 12, and accordingly it is necessary to prevent the resistance memory element 12 from being set again by this bias voltage. To this end, the bias voltage to be applied to the bit line BL must be smaller than a voltage necessary for the setting.
That is, in the resetting process, the gate voltage of the cell select transistor 14 is adjusted so that the channel resistance RCS of the cell select transistor 14 is sufficiently smaller than the resistance value RL of the resistance memory element 12 while the bias voltage to be applied to the bit line BL is set to be not less than the voltage necessary for the resetting and less than the voltage necessary for the setting.
Next, after the bias voltage to be applied to the bit line BL1 has been returned to zero, the voltage to be applied to the word line WL is turned off, and the resetting operation is completed.
In the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment, as shown in
Next, the method of reading the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment shown in
First, a prescribed voltage is applied to the word line WL1 to turn on the cell select transistor 14. The source line SL1 is connected to a reference potential, e.g., 0 V, which is the ground potential.
Next, a prescribed bias voltage is applied to the bit line BL1. This bias voltage is set so that the applied voltage causes neither the setting nor resetting even when the resistance memory element 12 is in either resistance state.
When such bias voltage is applied to the bit line BL1, current corresponding to a resistance value of the resistance memory element 12 flows in the bit line BL1. The value of the current flowing in the bit line BL1 is detected, whereby what resistance state the resistance memory element 12 has can be read.
Next, the method of manufacturing the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment will be explained with reference to
First, in the silicon substrate 20, the device isolation film 22 for defining the device regions is formed by, e.g., STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) method.
Next, in the device region of the silicon substrate 20, the cell select transistors each including the gate electrode 24 and the source/drain regions 26, 28 are formed in the same way as in the method of manufacturing the usual MOS transistor (
Then, over the silicon substrate 20 with the cell select transistors formed on, a silicon oxide film is deposited by, e.g., CVD method to form the inter-layer insulating film 30 of the silicon oxide film.
Next, by photolithography and dry etching, contact holes down to the source/drain regions 26, 28 are formed in the inter-layer insulating film 30.
Then, a barrier metal and a tungsten film are deposited by, e.g., CVD method, and then these conductive films are etched back to form in the contact holes of inter-layer insulating film 30 the contact plugs 32, 34 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26, 28 (
Next, over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the contact plugs 32, 34 buried in, a platinum (Pt) film is deposited by, e.g., CVD method.
Next, the platinum film is patterned by photolithography and dry etching to form the source lines 36 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26 via the contact plugs 32 and the lower electrodes 38 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 28 via the contact plugs 32 (
Next, over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the source lines 36 and the lower electrodes 38 formed in, a silicon oxide film is deposited by, e.g., CVD method.
Next, the silicon oxide film is polished by, e.g., CMP method until the surfaces of the source lines 36 and the lower electrodes 38 are exposed and planarized to form the inter-layer insulating film 40 of the silicon oxide film (
Next, over the entire surface, by laser ablation method, sol-gel method, sputtering method, MOCVD method or others, a 60 nm-thickness TiOx film 42, for example, a 60 nm-thickness NiOx film 44, for example, are deposited.
Next, on the NiOx film 44, a platinum film 46 is deposited by, e.g., CVD method (
Next, by photolithography and dry etching, the platinum film 46, the NiOx film 44 and the TiOx film 42 are patterned to form the resistance memory layer 48 of the TiOx film 42, the resistance memory layer 50 of the NiOx film 44 and the upper electrodes 52 of the platinum film 46. Thus, the resistance memory elements 54 each including the lower electrode 38, the resistance memory layers 48, 50 and the upper electrode 52 are formed (
Then, a silicon oxide film is deposited by, e.g., CVD method, and then the surface of the silicon oxide film is planarized by, e.g., CMP method to form the inter-layer insulating film 56 of the silicon oxide film.
Next, by photolithography and dry etching, contact holes down to the upper electrodes 52 of the resistance memory elements 54 are formed in the inter-layer insulating film 56.
Next, a barrier metal and a tungsten film are deposited by, e.g., CVD method, and then these conductive films are etched back to form in the inter-layer insulating film 56 the contact plugs 50 electrically connected to the upper electrodes 52 of the resistance memory elements 54 (
Next, a conductive film is deposited over the inter-layer insulating film 56 with the contact plugs 58 buried in, and then the conductive film is patterned by photolithography and dry etching to form the bit lines 60 electrically connected to the resistance memory elements 54 via the contact plugs 58 (
Then, upper level interconnection layers are formed as required, and the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device is completed.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, the resistance memory element which memorizes a high resistance state and a low resistance state and switches between the high resistance state and the low resistance state by an application of voltage has the resistance memory layer formed of the layer structure of materials different from each other, whereby the current value in the writing operation can be drastically decreased. Thus, a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device of high integration and low electric power consumption can be formed.
The resistance memory element and the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to
The same members of the present embodiment as those of the resistance memory element and the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 9H are represented by the same reference numbers not to repeat or to simplify their explanation.
The structure of the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment will be explained with reference to
Over a silicon substrate 20, a device isolation film 22 for defining device regions is formed. In the device regions of the silicon substrate 20, cell select transistors each including a gate electrode 24 and source/drain regions 26, 28 are formed.
Over the silicon substrate 20 with the cell select transistors formed on, an inter-layer insulating film 30 with contact plugs 32 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26 and contact plugs 34 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 28 buried in is formed.
Over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the contact plugs 32, 34 buried in, source lines 36 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 26 via the contact plugs 32, and resistance memory elements 54 electrically connected to the source/drain regions 28 via the contact plugs 34 are formed. The resistance memory elements 54 each includes, as shown in
Over the inter-layer insulating film 30 with the source lines 46 and the resistance memory elements 54 formed on, inter-layer insulating films 40, 56 with contact plugs 58 electrically connected to the resistance memory elements 54 buried in are formed.
Over the inter-layer insulating film 56 with the contact plugs 58 buried in, bit lines 60 electrically connected to the upper electrodes 52 of the resistance memory elements 54 via the contact plugs 58 are formed.
As described above, the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device according to the present embodiment is characterized mainly in that the resistance memory layer 62 of the resistance memory elements 54 is formed of the mixed layer of TiOx and NiOx.
For the effect of accelerating the switching operation in the first embodiment, it is important that the resistance memory layer contains the resistance memory material which accelerates the switching operation, but the resistance memory layer may not essentially have the layer structure, as in the first embodiment. That is, when the resistance memory layer 62 is formed of the mixed layer of TiOx and NiOx, as in, e.g., the present embodiment, one of the resistance memory materials (, which will be TiOx in the structure of the present embodiment) acts to accelerate the switching operation. Accordingly, even when the resistance memory layer 62 is formed of the mixed layer of the TiOx and NiOx, the current value in the setting and the resetting can be decreased.
The resistance memory layer 62 of the mixed layer of TiOx and NiOx can be formed by, e.g., cosputtering method or others.
As described above, according to the present embodiment, the resistance memory element which memorizes a high resistance state and a low resistance state and switches between the high resistance state and the low resistance state by an application of voltage has the resistance memory layer formed of the mixed layer of resistance memory materials different from each other, whereby the current value in the writing operation can be drastically decreased. Thus, a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device of high integration and low electric power consumption can be formed.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and can cover other various modifications.
For example, in the above-described embodiments, the resistance memory element 54 is formed of the layer structure of the TiOx and NiOx and the mixed layer of TiOx and NiOx, but the resistance memory layer of the resistance memory element is not limited to these structures. As long as the resistance memory layer includes a resistance memory material which plays the role of an oxygen supply source for feeding oxygen for the acceleration of the switching operation, the resistance memory element 54 does not essentially have the structure of the above-described embodiments. For example, the layer film of ZrOx and NiOx and the mixed layer of ZrOx and NiOx can produced the same effect as in the above-described embodiments.
The resistance memory materials applicable to the invention of the present application are TiOx, NiOx, YOx, CeOx, MgOx, ZnOx, WOx, NbOx, TaOx, CrOx, MnOx, AlOx, VOx, SiOx, etc. In forming the resistance memory layer of the layer structure, in consideration of the properties of these materials, they are suitably combined so that at least one of the combination functions as the oxygen supply source. The resistance memory layer may have the layer structure of three or more layers, or the mixed layer of three or more resistance memory materials.
The resistance memory element of the present invention is applicable widely to nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices using the resistance memory element and is not limited to the structure of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 to 8 and 10.
In the above-described embodiment, the lower electrode 38 and the upper electrode 52 of the resistance memory element are formed of platinum film but may be formed of iridium (Ir) or other electrode materials.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the present invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and applications shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be regarded as falling within the scope of the invention in the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2005/013970, with an international filing date of Jul. 29, 2005, which designating the United States of America, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2005/013970 | Jul 2005 | US |
| Child | 12021318 | Jan 2008 | US |
