Patent Grant
10796929
The present invention relates to a method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate, in particular a ceramic substrate metallized on both sides, with at least one electrically conductive.
Such metal-ceramic substrates are preferably used in the field of power semiconductor modules. In the process, a ceramic substrate, e.g. aluminum-oxide ceramics, is provided on its top and bottom sides with a metallization, wherein, generally, at least one metallized side later has a circuit structure that is generated by means of etching processes, for example. The known method for producing these ceramic substrates metallized on both sides is performed by means of eutectic bonding, and is generally referred to as the direct bonding process.
A basic description of a method for producing metallized ceramic substrates by bonding processes is available from EP 0 085 914 A2, for example. In the context of the direct copper bonding process (DCB process), for example, a copper sheet is first oxidized so as to result in a substantially uniform copper oxide layer. The resulting copper sheet is then positioned on a surface side of a ceramic substrate, and the composite of the ceramic substrate and the copper sheet is heated to a bonding temperature between about 1025° C. and 1083° C., which results in the formation of a metallized ceramic substrate. Finally, the metallized ceramic substrate is cooled off.
Further, EP 1 403 229 B1 describes a method for producing an aluminum-ceramic composite substrate in which, instead of copper, an aluminum plate is attached to at least one surface side of an aluminum oxide or aluminum nitride ceramic substrate.
The production of ceramic substrates metallized on both sides can either take place via a two-stage bonding process, in which, first, a first surface side of the ceramic substrate is metallized, and then a second surface side of the ceramic substrate opposite from the first surface side is metallized, or alternatively via a single-stage bonding process in which both surface sides of the ceramic substrate are metallized simultaneously.
For example, DE 10 2010 023 637 B4 describes a method for producing ceramic substrates, which are metallized on both sides, in a single process step, wherein a first metal layer, a ceramic layer and a second metal layer are successively positioned on a carrier or a bonding aid in the indicated order, and then the two metal layers are simultaneously bonded to the ceramics in a high-temperature step in accordance with the DCB method to form a metal-ceramic substrate metallized on both sides.
Furthermore, a method for applying a metallic layer onto a layer of a ceramic material is known from DE 10 2010 025 311 A1, in which a metallic sheet or a metallic plate is bonded to the layer of the ceramic material by melting an intermediate layer of a eutectic mixture. In order to form the intermediate layer, a mixture of the metallic material, an oxide of the metallic material and aluminum oxide as a ceramic filler is introduced between the metallic sheet or the metallic plate and the ceramic layer. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the intermediate layer is adjusted by the content of the ceramic material in the mixture, so that fewer mechanical stresses arise during thermal cycles.
Vias, which establish electrically conductive connections between, for example, conductor paths, contact surfaces etc. from two different sides of a substrate, are frequently required in electronic circuit engineering.
A method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate, which consists of a ceramic substrate and two metal layers each provided on one surface side of the ceramic layer, and which has at least one via at which the metal layers are electrically connected to each other in the area of an opening in the ceramic layer through a bridge of metal, is described in EP 0 627 875 A1, for example. Into the opening in the ceramic layer delimiting the via, a metal body filling the opening completely or almost completely is inserted after the ceramic layer has already been bonded, on one surface side, to a metal layer in accordance with the DCB method. After the insertion of the metal body into the opening, the second metal layer is then attached, in a further process step, to the as yet unoccupied surface side of the ceramic layer in accordance with the DCB method, with the electrically conductive via being simultaneously produced by the metal bridge. Circular-blank-shaped, cuboid or spherical configurations are proposed for the shape of the metal body. In order to produce a reliable via, the proposed method requires the metal body to have exactly the thickness of the ceramic layer, so that after insertion into the opening, it ends flush with the surface side onto which the second metal layer is applied, or to have a size that is slightly larger than the thickness of the ceramic layer, wherein the metal body in that case must be pressed flat with a punch prior to the application of the second metal layer.
Furthermore, DE 41 03 294 A1 discloses a method for producing electrically conductive vias in ceramic substrates to whose surfaces layers of metal are attached by means of the DCB method, wherein the hole in the ceramic layer delimiting the via is completely filled with a powder containing the metal. The assembly of the ceramic layer, the powder-filled hole and the metal layers disposed at the surfaces of the ceramic layer is subjected to a single high-temperature step according to the DCB method, in which the capillary action of the metal powder draws the metal situated above the hole into it, so that the metal, in the case of very small hole diameters, fills the hole and, in the case of lager hole diameters, covers the hole walls in a firmly adhering manner.
Yet another method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate, in which a first metallization is applied to a first surface side of a ceramic layer in the form of a copper sheet using the DCB method, and a second metallization is applied to the other surface side of the ceramic layer using a paste containing the metal of this second metallization by thick-film or thin-film technology, wherein the ceramic layer has at least one opening and, during the application of the paste, it is also applied in the opening and to a surface of the first metallization exposed in the opening, is described in EP 0 862 209 A2. The paste applied to the second surface side of the ceramic layer is fired under a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature that is very much lower in comparison to the temperature of the DCB method, in order to form the second metallization.
Against this background, the present invention is based on the object of presenting a method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate with at least one electrically conductive via, which is improved with respect to the quality of the electrically conductive via, and thus of the entire metal-ceramic substrate. In the process, the method is supposed to ensure the formation of the electrical conductivity of the via and enable mass-producible vias for ceramic substrates.
It must be noted that the features cited individually in the following description can be combined with each other in any technologically meaningful manner and represent other embodiments of the invention. The description, in particular in connection with the figures, additionally characterizes and specifies the invention.
According to the invention, in a method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate with at least one electrically conductive via, one metal layer, respectively, is attached in a planar manner to a ceramic plate or a ceramic layer to each of two opposing surface sides of the ceramic layer, wherein a metal-containing, powdery and/or liquid substance is introduced into a hole in the ceramic layer delimiting the via prior to the attachment of both metal layers, or subsequent to the attachment of one of the two metal layers and prior to the attachment of the other one of the two metal layers, and this assembly is then subjected to a high-temperature step above 500° C. in which the metal-containing substance wets the ceramic layer at least partially with a wetting angle of less than 90°.
In a manner known per se, wetting or contact angle refers to the angle that a drop of liquid (in this case the metal-containing substance in the high-temperature step) forms on the surface of a solid (in this case the ceramic layer) with respect to this surface. Partial wetting generally refers to the wetting angle being less than 90°, i.e., the drop of liquid forms a round dome on the surface of the ceramic layer and does not roll off. “At least partially” includes a complete wetting in which the liquid spreads on the surface of the ceramic layer in the form of a flat disk and a macroscopic contact angle is no longer provided.
In other words, in the ceramic substrate, which is metallized on both sides in the finished state, the metal-containing substance is introduced into the hole delimiting the at least one via prior to attaching at least one of the two or both metal layers to the opposing substrate surfaces, and is then formed into a via electrically connecting the two substrate surfaces with each other, wherein the property of the metal-containing substance of at least partially wetting the ceramic layer contributes to the metal contained in the substance forming a bond with the ceramic layer.
Since at most one of the two metal layers is attached to one of the two substrate surfaces in said high-temperature step, a gas released from the metal-containing substance during the high-temperature step can escape unimpededly from the hole of the via. Thus, the formation of voids between two metal layers already applied to the substrate surfaces in the via, which affect the electrical conductivity, are reliably avoided. According to the invention, the two metal layers, or the one metal layer that is not yet attached, are/is attached to the corresponding substrate surfaces or the corresponding substrate surface of the ceramic substrate only after the via has been produced in the high-temperature step, e.g. by means of a conventional DCB method. Mass-producible vias in the ceramic substrate finally metallized on both sides can be ensured by the method according to the invention.
The hole delimiting the via may have a diameter between approximately 50 μm and approximately 2000 μm. The hole can be introduced into the ceramic layer or ceramic plate both by lasering after sintering the ceramics, or by punching the green compact prior to sintering.
According to a preferred advantageous embodiment of the invention, the one of the two metal layers is attached to one of the two surface sides of the ceramic layer, for example by the DCB method known per se, prior to the introduction of the metal-containing substance into the hole delimiting the via. Thus, the hole is already closed on one side by the first metal layer prior to the metal-containing substance being introduced into the hole, so that the metal-containing substance can be retained in the hole more easily after the introduction and a higher degree of filling of the hole with the metal-containing substance can be achieved. Preferably, the degree of filling of the hole is at least approximately 30% of the volume of the hole. A higher degree of filling improves the formation of the electrical conduction within the hole and thus between the two surface sides of the ceramic layer connected to each other through the hole.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the metal-containing substance is a powder mixture composed of copper (Cu) and additionally at least one element from the group consisting of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(II) hydroxide (Cu(OH)2), wherein the content of copper in the powder mixture is between 0% and approximately 95% and the at least one element from the aforementioned group forms the rest up to 100%.
Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the grain sizes of the powder mixture are at most 90% of the diameter of the hole delimiting the via. This ensures a sufficient fillability of the hole.
For example, the powder mixture can be introduced into the hole or holes delimiting the via by shaking. This process can be carried out in a planar manner on the entire ceramic layer or plate, so that a large number of electrically conductive vias can be prepared simultaneously.
Alternatively, the powder mixture, prior to the introduction into the hole delimiting the via, can also be mixed with a carrier material to form a viscous paste, particularly preferably with a liquid that evaporates in a residue-free manner up to a temperature of approximately 400° C., such as water or an alcohol. Then, the paste can be introduced into the hole or holes in the ceramic layer by means of, for example, stencil printing, screen printing or dispenser. This process can be carried out in a planar manner on the entire ceramic layer or plate, so that a large number of electrically conductive vias can be prepared simultaneously.
The carrier material or carrier liquid can evaporate already at room temperature. In order to shorten the production times of the metal-ceramic substrate, another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the carrier liquid is evaporated in an additional temperature step up to a maximum of 400° C. after the introduction of the paste and prior to carrying out the high-temperature step.
According to another advantageous embodiment, a liquid is introduced into the hole delimiting the via as a metal-containing substance as an alternative or in addition to the previously described powdery substance, by the ceramic layer being sprayed with the liquid or immersed in the liquid, wherein a subsequent, additional thermal conversion step for converting the liquid into copper oxide, e.g. copper(I) oxide and/or copper(II) oxide, is carried out in a temperature range of approximately 100° C. to approximately 200° C. prior to the high-temperature step. The liquid is advantageous in that it is able to penetrate even holes with a very small diameter and adheres to the ceramic layer in the ceramic holes due to the surface tension. In the case in which one of the two metal layers is already attached to one of the two surface sides of the ceramic layer and the via hole is thus closed on one side, a liquid column filling the hole can advantageously form in the hole.
Particularly preferably, a copper(II) hydroxide brine or copper(II) acetate brine is used as the metal-containing liquid.
The two metal layers can be attached to the ceramic layer by means of the DCB method (direct copper bonding) known per se, wherein the powdery or liquid metal-containing substance can be composed as described above.
Alternatively, the two metal layers can also be attached to the ceramic layer by means of the AMB method (active metal brazing), which is also known. In this case, the AMB solder can advantageously also be used directly as the metal-containing substance.
Another embodiment of the invention, which is particularly advantageous with respect to process efficiency, provides that one of the two metal layers is attached to the ceramic layer simultaneously with the high-temperature step for wetting the ceramic layer with the metal-containing substance.
After attaching the two metal layers to the ceramic layer, the metal-ceramic substrate can be subjected to hot isostatic pressing. An internal porosity of the at least one via can thus be eliminated subsequently, and the electrical conductivity of the via can be improved or ensured.
In order to eliminate uneven portions on the external surfaces of the two metal layers, particularly on the hole delimiting the via, the ceramic substrate metallized on both sides can be ground on its external metal surfaces.
According to yet another advantageous embodiment of the invention, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is admixed as a ceramic filler to the metal-containing substance. The coefficient of thermal expansion of a eutectic intermediate layer between the metal of the substance and the ceramic layer is adjusted by the content of the ceramic material in the metal-containing substance, so that fewer mechanical stresses arise during thermal cycles. This results in a higher reliability or longer life of the material composite produced, and thus of the electrical conductivity of the via.
Other advantages and features of the invention become apparent from the following description as well of exemplary embodiments of the invention, which shall be understood not to be limiting and which will be explained below with reference to the drawing. In this drawing, the Figures schematically show:
In the different figures, parts that are equivalent with respect to their function are always provided with the same reference numerals, so that they are also only described once, as a rule.
As is apparent from
In the process step b) shown in
Then, this assembly consisting of the ceramic layer 3, the metal layer 4 attached to a surface side of the ceramic layer 3 and the powder mixture 6 is subjected to a high-temperature step above 500° C., e.g. to a conventional DCB high-temperature step, in which the metal-containing substance 6 wets the inner wall of the hole 5 at least partially with a wetting angle of less than 90°, so that a material bond is formed between the ceramic layer 3 and the metal of the powder mixture 6. Process step c) in
In a further high-temperature step, e.g. a DCB high-temperature step, a second metal layer 8 is then attached in a conventional manner to a surface side of the ceramic layer 3 opposing the first metal layer 4. In the process, the copper body 7 produces an electrically conductive connection between the two metal layers 4 and 8, as is shown in process step d) of
As is apparent from
As is also apparent from process step a) of
The main difference between the method shown in
Then, as shown in process step c) of
In a further high-temperature step, e.g. a DCB high-temperature step, a second metal layer 8 is finally attached in a conventional manner to a surface side of the ceramic layer 3 opposing the first metal layer 4. In the process, the copper body 7 produces an electrically conductive connection between the two metal layers 4 and 8, as is shown in process step d) of
As is apparent from view (a) of
The above-described inventive method for producing a metal-ceramic substrate with at least one electrically conductive via is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but also includes embodiments having the same effects. For example, it is conceivable directly to use, instead of the liquid sole shown in
Furthermore, the above-described invention can in principle be applied to any type of ceramic substrate, for example AlN (aluminum nitride), Si3N4 (silicon nitride), Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and the like, which can be coated with a metal layer, e.g. Cu (copper) or Al (aluminum) or an alloy thereof. In the process, the metallization can be applied to two opposing surface sides of the substrate by means of different methods, e.g. by AMB (active metal brazing), DCB (direct copper bonding), DAB (direct aluminum bonding), thick-film methods and the like. DCB and AMB ceramic substrates are particularly preferred. Here, the term “substrate” is used as a synonym for all of the above-mentioned types of substrate.
In a preferred embodiment, the metal-ceramic substrate produced by means of the method according to the invention is used for the fabrication of electric circuits, particularly of power circuits.
With the above range of variations and applications in mind, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing description, nor is it limited by the accompanying drawings. Instead, the present invention is limited only by the following claims and their legal equivalents.
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