Patent Application
20130210245
The invention relates to interposers for electrically connecting the terminals of a CPU chip and a circuit board, and further relates to methods used in a critical manufacturing step of interposers.
A CPU chip, as a processor core, typically has several hundred contact points on its bottom surface, which are closely spaced to one another and distributed over a relatively small area. Due to this close spacing, these contact points cannot be mounted directly to a circuit board, the so called motherboard. Therefore, an intermediate part is employed which permits to enlarge the connection base. As an intermediate part, often, a glass fiber mat encased in epoxy material is employed, which is provided with a number of holes. Conductive paths running on one surface of the glass fiber mat extend into respective holes to fill them and to lead to the terminals of the processor core at the other surface of the glass fiber mat. For this purpose, an underfill is applied both around the processor core and between the processor core and the glass fiber mat, which protects the wires and mechanically joins the processor core and the glass fiber mat. However, the processor core and the glass fiber mat exhibit different thermal expansions. For example, the glass fiber mat has an expansion coefficient from 15 to 17×10−6/K, while the silicon-based core processor has a thermal expansion factor from 3.2 to 3.3×10−6/K. Therefore, in case of heating there are differential expansions between the core processor and the glass fiber mat and hence mechanical stresses arise between these two components. This can be detrimental to the contact connections, especially when the two components are not completely joined face to face. In this case the contact points may break easily.
Another drawback of using a glass fiber mat is related to the mechanical drilling of holes into the glass fiber mat. The hole diameter is limited to 250 to 450 μm.
Another possibility of designing and manufacturing connecting structures which could be used as a type of interposer is described in WO 02/058135 A2. Wafer technology is employed, including the generation of holes and trenches in dielectric material, such as silicon dioxide, and filling of the holes and trenches with conductive layers. However, this method of producing contact connections is very expensive.
A similar technology is taught in DE 103 01 291 B3. Recesses are etched into substrates and filled with metal conductive paths, and contacts extending through holes are also provided. This technique is complex and expensive.
U.S. 2002/0180015 A1 discloses a multi-chip module which includes semiconductor devices and a wiring substrate for mounting the semiconductor devices. The wiring substrate comprises a glass substrate having holes which were formed by a sand blasting treatment. A wiring layer is formed on the surface of the glass substrate. Furthermore, the glass substrate has wirings and an insulation layer. It is aimed at selecting the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass substrate close to the coefficient of silicon.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,207 discloses ceramic multilayer circuit boards including silver conductors. The layers are fired at low temperatures. The circuit boards have a coefficient of thermal expansion close to that of silicon.
U.S. 2009/0321114 A1 discloses an electrical testing substrate unit including a multilayer ceramic substrate. Although the materials used have a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the value of the invention, they are not pure glasses.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,321 B1 discloses a substrate having a coefficient of thermal expansion with a gradient in the thickness direction.
The paper “Femtosecond laser-assisted three-dimensional microfabrication in silica” in Optics Letters, Vol. 26, No. 5, Mar. 1, 2001, pages 277-279 describes direct three-dimensional microfabrication in a silicate glass. The fabrication process is accomplished in two steps. First, the intended patterns are mapped out in the glass using focused femtosecond laser pulses. Then these patterns are etched.
An object of the invention is to provide an interposer for electrical connection between a CPU chip and a circuit board, which is economical to produce and enables to produce microholes with a hole diameter in the order of 20 μm and 200 μm, and wherein the interposer body exhibits a thermal expansion similar to that of the CPU chip material. The novel interposer should be able to meet the following requirements:
Multiple small holes (10 to 10,000) are to be accommodated in each interposer, with close tolerances of the holes to each other. It has to be possible to ensure a hole spacing down to 30 μm. Hole diameters down to a size of 20 μm should be possible. A ratio of the thickness of the interposer to the hole diameter, the so-called aspect ratio, from 1 to 10 should be possible. A center-to-center distance of the holes in a range from 120 μm and 400 μm should be possible.
The hole should have a conical or crater-shaped inlet and outlet to the hole, but the inner walls of the hole in the center should be of cylindrical shape. The hole should have smooth walls (fire-polished). Optionally, a bead may be produced around the edge of the hole, having a height of not more than 5 mm.
The interposer according to the invention is characterized in that its board-shaped base substrate is made of glass having a coefficient of thermal expansion ranging from 3.1×10−6/K to 3.4×10−6/K. Silicon-based chip boards exhibit an expansion coefficient between 3.2×10−6/K and 3.3×10−6/K. Therefore, large mechanical stresses between the interposer and the CPU chip due to different thermal expansion behavior are not to be expected.
The number of holes in the interposer is selected according to the particular requirements and may amount up to 10,000 holes per cm2. A usual number of holes ranges from 1000 to 3000. The center-to-center spacing of the holes ranges from 50 μm to 700 μm. To meet the requirements of miniaturization of components, holes are provided which have a diameter ranging from 20 682 m to 200 μm. To establish an electrical connection between the CPU chip and its circuit board, conductive paths extend on one of the surfaces of the interposer board to and into the holes and therethrough to form connection points for the CPU chip.
The glass of the base substrate should have an alkali content of less than 700 ppm. Such a glass has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, as required, and exhibits very good signal-insulating properties, due to the high dielectric value. Furthermore, the risk of contamination of silicon processors with alkalis is largely avoided.
For reasons of environmental protection, an arsenic or antimony content of the glass composition is less than 50 ppm.
Interposer boards have a thickness of less than 1 mm, but not below 30 μm. The number of holes of an interposer is chosen according to the needs, and is in the order from 1000 to 3000 holes per cm2. The invention targets to offer interposers on the market having microholes smaller than 100 p.m. Hence, the holes are closely packed, with a center-to-center distance of the holes that may range from 150 μm to 400 μm. However, the edge-to-edge distance of the holes should not be less than 30 μm. The holes need not all have the same diameter, it is possible that holes of different diameters are provided in the board-shaped base substrate. The ratio of the thickness of the glass board to the hole diameter, the so-called aspect ratio, may be selected in a wide range from 0.1 to 25, an aspect ratio from 1 to 10 being preferred. The holes generally have a thin cylindrical shape, but may have rounded-broken edges at the inlet and outlet of the hole.
In order to accurately position the holes, which may have a diameter ranging from 20 μm to 200 μm, focused laser pulses are used in a wavelength range of transparency of the glass, so that the laser beams penetrate into the glass and are not already absorbed in the surface layers of the glass. The laser radiation used has a very high radiation intensity, so as to result in local non-thermal destruction of the glass along filamentary channels. These filamentary channels are subsequently widened to the desired diameter of the holes, for which purpose dielectric breakdowns may be employed which cause electro-thermal heating and evaporation of the material of the hole edges, and/or the filamentary channels are widened by supplying reactive gases.
It is also possible to precisely mark the intended perforation points using RF coupling material which is printed onto the base substrate in form of dots. Such marked points are heated by RF energy to lower the breakdown strength to electrical high voltage in the region of the intended holes, and to finally cause dielectric breakdowns at these points. The perforations may be widened by supplied etching gas.
The manufacturing of the conductive paths on the board-shaped glass substrate and through the holes is accomplished by known method patterns and need not be further described here.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings, wherein:
In a first method step, perforation points 10 on a board-shaped glass substrate 1 are marked by focused laser pulses 41 emanating from an array 4 of lasers 40. The radiation intensity of these lasers is so strong that it causes local non-thermal destruction in the glass along a filamentary channel 11.
In a second method step, filamentary channels 11 are widened into holes 12. For this purpose, opposing electrodes 6 and 7 may be employed, to which high voltage energy is applied, resulting in dielectric breakdowns across the glass substrate along filamentary channels 11. These breakthroughs are widened by electro-thermal heating and evaporation of the perforation material until the process is stopped by switching off the power supply when the desired hole diameter is achieved.
Alternatively or additionally, the filamentary channels 11 may be widened using reactive gases, as illustrated by nozzles 20, 30, which direct the gas to the perforation points 10.
In the next method step, conductive paths 13 to the perforation points 10 are applied on the upper surface of glass board 1, and the holes 12 are filled with conductive material 14 to complete the connections to the contact points of a CPU chip or the like at the bottom surface of the board. (For mounting on the motherboard, glass board 1 is turned around.)
However, it is also possible, for widening the narrow channels 11 resulting from dielectric breakdowns, to use reactive gas which is supplied through nozzles 20, 30.
Finally, conductive paths 13 to the holes 12 are applied on the upper surface of the glass substrate, and the holes are filled with conductive material 14 in order to establish the connections for the CPU chip, with the glass board 1 turned around.
It should be noted that interposers need not to be produced separately, rather glass substrate boards for a plurality of interposers may be processed, and the large-sized glass substrate boards may be cut to obtain the individual interposers. Glass substrate boards of a size with edge lengths of 0.2 m by 3 m (or less) can be processed. Round board formats may have dimensions of up to 1 m.
Glasses were melted at 1620° C. in Pt/Ir crucibles from conventional, essentially alkali-free raw materials, apart from unavoidable impurities. The melt was refined for one and a half hour at this temperature, then poured into inductively heated platinum crucibles and stirred for 30 minutes at 1550° C. for homogenization.
The table shows fifteen examples of suitable glasses and their compositions (in wt. % based on oxide) and their main features. The refining agents SnO2 (Examples 1-8, 11, 12, 14, 15) and As2O3 (Examples 9, 10, 13) with a proportion of 0.3 wt. % is not listed. The following properties are specified:
Compositions (in wt. % based on oxide), and essential properties of glasses according to the invention
α20/300 (10−6/K)
As the exemplary embodiments illustrate, the glasses have the following advantageous properties:
The glasses exhibit high thermal shock resistance and good devitrification stability. The glasses can be produced as flat glasses by various drawing methods, e.g. microsheet down-draw, up-draw, or overflow fusion methods, and, in a preferred embodiment, if they are free of As2O3 and Sb2O3, also by the float process.
With these properties, the glasses are highly suitable for use as substrate glass for producing interposers.
By using the base substrate of low-alkali glass and with a coefficient of thermal expansion very close to that of the chip of silicon material, difficulties resulting from different thermal expansions of the interposer and the CPU chip are largely avoided. If adjacent joint material layers or boards have an only slightly different heating behavior and a slightly different coefficient of thermal expansion, there will be fewer mechanical stresses between these joint layers or boards, and there will be no warpage or cracking between the layers or boards.
Interposers which are occupied more densely with holes as compared to previous interposers, take smaller substrate sizes, thereby still further reducing the amount of different expansions and contractions of the involved layers or boards and thus the risk of warpage and hence cracking between the involved layers or boards.
Finally, cost savings can also be expected because (with reduced interposer size and hole size) less glass material and less conductive material for filling the holes has to be used.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2010 025 966.7 | Jul 2010 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP11/03300 | 7/4/2011 | WO | 00 | 4/8/2013 |
