The present invention is related to switching devices. More particularly, the present invention provides a resistive switching device and a fabrication method compatible with conventional CMOS processes. Embodiments of the present invention have been applied to a non-volatile memory device. But it should be recognized that the present invention can have a much broader range of applicability.
The inventors of the present invention have recognized the success of semiconductor devices has been mainly driven by an intensive transistor down-scaling process. However, as field effect transistors (FETs) approach sizes less than 100 nm, physical problems such as short channel effect begin to hinder proper device operation. For transistor based memories, such as those commonly known as Flash memories, other performance degradations or problems may occur as device sizes shrink. With Flash memories, a high voltage is usually required for programming of such memories, however, as device sizes shrink, the high programming voltage can result in dielectric breakdown and other problems. Similar problems can occur with other types of non-volatile memory devices other than Flash memories.
The inventors of the present invention recognizes that many other types of non-volatile random access memory (RAM) devices have been explored as next generation memory devices, such as: ferroelectric RAM (Fe RAM); magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM); organic RAM (ORAM); phase change RAM (PCRAM); and others.
A common drawback with these memory devices include that they often require new materials that are incompatible with typical CMOS manufacturing. As an example of this, Organic RAM or ORAM requires organic chemicals that are currently incompatible with large volume silicon-based fabrication techniques and foundries. As another example of this, Fe-RAM and MRAM devices typically require materials using a high temperature anneal step, and thus such devices cannot be normally be incorporated with large volume silicon-based fabrication techniques.
Additional drawbacks with these devices include that such memory cells often lack one or more key attributes required of non-volatile memories. As an example of this, Fe-RAM and MRAM devices typically have fast switching (e.g. “0” to “1”) characteristics and good programming endurance, however, such memory cells are difficult to scale to small sizes. In another example of this, for ORAM devices reliability of such memories is often poor. As yet another example of this, switching of PCRAM devices typically includes Joules heating and undesirably requires high power consumption.
From the above, improved semiconductor memory devices that can scale to smaller dimensions with reduced drawbacks are therefore desirable.
The present invention is related to switching devices. More particularly, the present invention provides a resistive switching device and a fabrication method compatible with conventional CMOS processes. Embodiments of the present invention have been applied to a resistive random access memory device, which is non-volatile. But it should be recognized that the present invention can have a much broader range of applicability.
In a specific embodiment, a method of forming a resistive switching device is provided. The method includes providing a substrate having a surface region. The substrate can comprises of a semiconductor material in a specific embodiment. A first dielectric material is formed overlying the surface region of the substrate and a first electrode structure is formed overlying the first dielectric material. In a specific embodiment, the first electrode structure comprises a first conductor material commonly used in a back end of process of CMOS fabrication. The method forms a polycrystalline silicon germanium material overlying the first electrode structure. In a specific embodiment, the polycrystalline silicon germanium material has a first p+ impurity characteristic. A polycrystalline silicon material is formed overlying the first electrode structure using the polycrystalline silicon germanium material as a seed layer. The polycrystalline silicon material is formed at a deposition temperature ranging from about 430 Degree Celsius to about 475 Degree Celsius. In a specific embodiment, the polycrystalline silicon material is characterized by a second p+ impurity characteristic. The method includes forming a switching material comprising an amorphous silicon material overlying the polycrystalline silicon material, and forming second electrode structure overlying the switching material The second electrode structure includes at least a portion comprising an active metal material in physical and electrical contact with the switching material. The resistive switching device is disposed in an N by M crossbar array in a specific embodiment, where N and M are integers (N≧1, M≧1), or other arrangements.
In a specific embodiment, a resistive switching device for a memory device is provided. The resistive switching device includes a first electrode, a second electrode. The second electrode includes a portion comprising an active conductive material. The resistive switching device includes a resistive switching material configured in an intersection region between the first electrode and the second electrode and configured to be in physical and electrical contact with the active conductive material. In a specific embodiment, the resistive switching device includes a buffer layer material comprising one or more silicon material having a p+ impurity characteristic disposed in between the first electrode and the resistive switching material. The buffer layer material is configured to provide a desirable switching behavior for the resistive switching device.
Many benefits can be achieved by ways of the present invention. Embodiment according to the present invention provide a method to form a polycrystalline silicon material having a desirable electrical properties at a deposition temperature of no greater than 450 Degree Celsius, well within a thermal budget to be formed ay in a backend of a CMOS processes. The dopant species (for example, boron species for a p doped) in the polycrystalline silicon material are activated during deposition and does not need an anneal process further simplify the fabrication process and enhance device yield. Additionally, the non-memory device can be fabricated using conventional semiconductor process without modification to the process equipment. Depending on the embodiment, one or more of these benefits can be realized. One skilled in the art would recognize other modifications, variations, and alternatives.
In order to more fully understand the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings are not to be considered limitations in the scope of the invention, the presently described embodiments and the presently understood best mode of the invention are described with additional detail through use of the accompanying drawings in which:
Embodiments according to the present invention are related to switching devices. More particularly, the present invention provides a structure for resistive switching device and a fabrication method compatible with conventional CMOS processes. Embodiments of the present invention have been applied to a resistive random access memory device, which is non-volatile. But it should be recognized that embodiments according to the present invention can have a much broader range of applicability.
The terms “Top” or Bottom” are for the purpose of illustration only and should not be construed to be limiting.
Resistive switching devices usually comprise of a bottom electrode, a top electrode, and a resistive switching material sandwiched between the top electrode and the bottom electrode. Resistive switching devices using amorphous silicon or certain metal oxide, for example, zinc oxide as the resistive switching material require a buffer layer between the resistive switching material and the bottom electrode material. It is believed that switching phenomena in these devices are based on a filament structure derived from an active metal material from the top electrode formed in a portion of the resistive switching material to cause changes in a resistance characteristic of the material. The filament structure can determine the performance attributes of the resistive switching device, namely, data retention, endurance, and desirable switching characteristic, and others. The buffer layer is provided to ensure proper switching of the device under a predetermined range of switching voltage and current. Polycrystalline silicon material provides desired characteristics for the buffer layer such as desirable electric conductivity and inhibition of direct contact between the filament structure and the bottom electrode. The formation of the polycrystalline silicon material with dopant activation usually occurs at temperature greater than about 600 Degree Celsius for desirable electrical conductivity, as well known in the art.
The resistive switching device can be vertical integrated and fabricated in a backend of process for a CMOS device and should be fabricated at temperatures compatible with the underlying CMOS. Embodiments according to the present invention provide a device structure and a method to fabricate a resistive switching device at temperatures well within the thermal budget of the underlying CMOS devices.
In various embodiments, a processor, or the like, may include resistive memory memories as described herein. Because the resistive memories are relatively non-volatile, devices such as processors, or the like using such memories may maintain state while power is not supplied to the processors. To a user, such capability would greatly enhance the power-on power-off performance of devices including such processors. Additionally, such capability would greatly reduce the power consumption of devices. In particular, because such memories are non-volatile, the processor need not draw power to refresh the memory states, as is common with CMOS type memories. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are directed towards processors or other logic incorporating these memory devices, devices (e.g. smart phones, network devices) incorporating such memory devices, and the like.
As illustrate in
Referring to
As shown in
In a specific embodiment, the method includes forming a polycrystalline silicon germanium material 602 overlying first wiring structure 402. Polycrystalline silicon germanium material 602 can be doped using a p+ impurity species in a specific embodiment. The p+ impurity species can be a boron bearing species, an aluminum bearing species, a gallium bearing species or an indium bearing species depending on the application. In a specific embodiment, the p+ impurity specie is provided using a boron bearing species. Depending on the embodiment, the polycrystalline silicon germanium material can be deposited overlying a nucleation material (not shown). The nucleation material can be a first silicon material deposited by a first chemical vapor deposition process using a silicon precursor such as silane, disilane, a suitable chlorosilane and a reducing species at a first deposition temperature. The first deposition temperature can range from about 420 Degree Celsius to about 475 Degree Celsius depending on the embodiment. The first silicon material can be doped or undoped, depending on the embodiment. Depending on the embodiment, the silicon germanium material can be deposited using silane, disilane, or a chlorosilane as a silicon precursor, germane (GeH4) as the germanium precursor by a second chemical vapor deposition process. The second chemical vapor deposition process can include low pressure chemical vapor deposition process, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process, and others at a second deposition temperature. The p+ impurity species can be provided using a boron bearing species borane, diborane, or a boron halide, for example, boron chloride depending on the application. Second deposition temperature can range from about 420 Degree Celsius to about 475 Degree Celsius. In some embodiments, polycrystalline silicon germanium material 602 is on the order of approximately 75 nm.
Referring again to
Again depending in the application, the buffer layer comprising of nucleation material (for example, the first silicon material), the p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material, and the p+ polycrystalline silicon material can be formed in a same process chamber without breaking vacuum by merely changing various gas flows (silicon precursor, germanium precursor, dopant species, and others) in a specific embodiment. In various embodiments polycrystalline silicon material 604 may be on the order of 75 nm, or the like. In some embodiments, the thicknesses of silicon material 602 and silicon material 604 may be similar, or different. In some embodiments, the thicknesses of these layers may be changed depending upon engineering requirements.
In a specific embodiment, the method includes forming a resistive switching material 702 overlying the p+ polycrystalline silicon material of the buffer material as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the switching material is characterized by a state, for example, a resistance state dependent on an electric field in the switching material. In a specific embodiment, the switching material is an amorphous silicon material. The amorphous silicon material has essentially intrinsic semiconductor characteristic and is not intentionally doped in a specific embodiment. In various embodiments, the amorphous silicon is also referred to as non-crystalline silicon (nc-Si). nc-Si non-volatile resistive switching devices may be fabricated using existing CMOS technologies. In an exemplary process, a mixture of silane (SiH4)(45 sccm) and Helium (He) (500 sccm) is used to form an a-Si layer with a deposition rate of 80 nm per minute (T=260° C., P=600 mTorr) during PECVD. In another exemplary process, a mixture of silane (SiH4)(190 sccm) and Helium (He) (100 sccm) is used to form an a-Si layer with a deposition rate of 2.8 A per second (T=380° C., P=2.2 Torr) during PECVD. In another exemplary process, silane (SiH4 80 sccm) or disilane is used to form an a-Si layer with a deposition rate of 2.8 nm per minute (T=585° C., P=100 mTorr) during LPCVD. Portions of poly-silicon grains may form during the LPCVD process and result in an amorphous-poly silicon film. In various embodiments, no p-type, n-type, or metallic impurities are intentionally added to the deposition chamber while forming the amorphous silicon material. Accordingly, when deposited, the amorphous silicon material is substantially free of any p-type, n-type or metallic dopants, i.e. the amorphous silicon material is undoped.
Referring to
In some embodiments, the active conductive silver material is in direct contact with the amorphous silicon used as the resistive switching material in a specific embodiment. In other embodiments, a thin layer of material, e.g. oxide, nitride, is formed prior to the deposition of the silver material on top of the amorphous silicon used as the resistive switching material. This interposing thin layer of material may be naturally or specifically grown or formed. In some embodiments, one or more etch operations (e.g. HF etch, Argon etch) may help control the thickness of this layer. In some embodiments, the thickness of the material (e.g. oxide) prior to deposition of the silver material may range from about 20 angstroms to about 50 angstroms; in other embodiments, the thickness may range from about 30 angstroms to about 40 angstroms; or the like. In some embodiments, an additional layer of amorphous silicon may be disposed upon the top of the thin layer of (oxide, nitride, barrier) material, prior to deposition of the silver material. This additional layer of amorphous silicon (not intentionally doped) may be used to help bind the silver material to the thin layer of material (e.g. oxide, nitride, barrier). In some examples, the thickness may be on the order of 20-50 angstroms. In one example, the order of layers may be: undoped amorphous silicon used as the resistive switching material, a thin layer of material (e.g. oxide, nitride, barrier), a thin layer of amorphous silicon, and the silver material.
Taking again the amorphous silicon as the resistive switching material as an example. The silver material forms a silver region in a portion of the amorphous silicon material upon application of the electric filed. The silver region comprises a plurality of silver particles, including silver ions, silver clusters, silver atoms and a combination. The plurality of silver particles is formed in defect sites of the amorphous silicon material in a specific embodiment. The silver region further comprises a silver filament structure extending towards the first wiring structure. The filament structure is characterized by a length, a distance between the silver particles, and a distance between the filament structure and the first electrode structure, or the p+ polycrystalline silicon material of the buffer layer. In a specific embodiment, the resistive switching material (for example, the amorphous silicon material) is characterized by a resistance depending at least on a length, a distance between the silver particles, and a distance between the filament structure and the first electrode structure. Due to material mismatch, defect density is high at an interface region formed from the amorphous silicon material and the first wiring material, and may cause a short. The buffer layer (for example, the p+ polycrystalline silicon material formed overlying the p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material) controls an interfacial defect density and a band gap mismatch between the amorphous silicon material and the first wiring structure for proper switching behavior of the resistive switching device in a specific embodiment.
In various embodiments, the p+ polycrystalline silicon and the p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material further provide a suitable work function and a barrier height for the silver material to be driven towards the first electrode under a forward bias voltage. The distance between the silver particles and the first electrode can also be maintained for a suitable on-state current and provide endurance for the device. For example, the work function of p+ polysilicon material is about 5.15 eV for a barrier height of about 1.2 eV resulting in a programming voltage of less than about 5.0 eV and an endurance of greater than about 104 on-off cycles. A low on state current ranging from about 100 nA to about 1 mA can be achieved depending on the deposition conditions for the amorphous silicon, resulting in a low leakage cell. However, as described, a metal material though having a similar work function as the p+ polycrystalline silicon would result in high on state current (greater than about 100 uA absent of a current compliance) or even shorts due to high defect density at the interface. Buffer material having a low work function would cause, for example, a polycrystalline or crystalline silicon material having an n type impurity characteristic (work function of about 4.05 eV) would cause the energy level of the amorphous silicon switching material to bend upwards and towards the direction that repel the metal particles from the interface region. This results in a high threshold voltage (greater than about 10 volts) for filament formation or programming. Of course one skilled in the art would recognize other modifications, variations, and alternatives.
Depending on the application, various device structures can be formed. For example, as shown in
As shown in
Alternatively, the resistive switching material can be a metal oxide material. In a specific embodiment, the metal oxide material can be a zinc oxide material formed overlying the buffer layer material. As described, the buffer layer material comprises the polycrystalline silicon material having the p+ type impurity characteristic formed overlying a polycrystalline silicon germanium material having the p+ type impurity characteristic in a specific embodiment. For zinc oxide as the resistive switching material, the active conductive material can be an aluminum doped zinc oxide material in a specific embodiment.
Accordingly, embodiments according to the present invention provide a method and device structure to form a resistive switching device for a non-volatile memory device. The method provides a buffer layer between the active metal filament structure in the resistive switching material and an electrode (for example, a metal electrode) for proper operation of the resistive switching device. The buffer layer material is characterized by a suitable bandgap, electrical conductivity, work function, and a material matching between the electrode material and the resistive switching material. The buffer layer material is further characterized by a deposition temperature no greater than about 450 Degree Celsius well suitable to be formed in a back end of CMOS process. The dopant species (for example, the boron species) are activated during deposition without an anneal process in a specific embodiment. Depending on the application, the resistive switching device can be configured in a 1 TnR approach, or n resistive switching devices controlled by one transistor device or a crossbar configuration. One skilled in the art would recognize the variations, modifications, and alternatives.
The performance (for example, endurance, retention, leakage, and switching speed, among others) of the resistive switching device can be further enhanced by providing means for controlling the filament structure. For example, the active conductive material can be configured in a via structure overlying the resistive switching material. The via structure can be formed in a portion of a suitable dielectric material overlying at least the resistive switching material. The active conductive material is in physical and electrical contact with the resistive switching material in a specific embodiment.
P+ polycrystalline silicon germanium deposition:
P+ polycrystalline silicon deposition:
The above process parameters are merely an example, other modifications, variations and alternatives exist and would be recognized by one skilled in the art. As shown, the buffer material comprised of p+ polycrystalline silicon material 1208 overlying p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material 1206 and was deposited overlying a silicon oxide material. Both p+ polycrystalline silicon material 1208 and p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material 1206 are substantially crystalline and provide a desirable electric conductivity characteristic. The p+ polycrystalline silicon germanium material has a measured sheet resistance of about 0.004 Ohm-cm. Depending on a thickness deposited, the p+ polycrystalline silicon material can have an amorphous silicon material formed on top. It is therefore desirable to control the p+ polycrystalline silicon material to have a thickness of no greater than about 30˜50 nanometers.
In a specific embodiment, a resistive switching device 1400 for a memory device is provided as shown in
Referring to
Referring to
As illustrated in
Though the present invention has been exemplified in various embodiments, it is to be understood that the examples and embodiment described herein are for illustrative purpose only and that various modifications or alternatives in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.
The instant application claims priority to and is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/452,657 filed Apr. 20, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 13452657 | Apr 2012 | US |
Child | 14188622 | US |