Patent Application
20200161449
The present disclosure is directed to a method for making a heteroepitaxial structure and devices formed by the method.
The integrated circuit industry has a long history of “Moore's law” scaling of silicon transistors from dimensions of over 10 microns to today's 22 nm generation. In the current 22 nm generation the industry has moved to a FinFET or tri-gate structure in which the gate is wrapped around three sides of the silicon channel to provide improved electrostatic control of the carriers.
While further scaling is proceeding, the channel in the latest Intel tri-gate transistor is only about 20 atoms wide, so the end to scaling is clearly on the horizon. The industry has identified several directions for continuing the evolution of CMOS circuits. One direction that is being actively investigated is the use of higher mobility materials such as III-V semiconductors, III-N materials and Ge for the transistor channel. Another alternative is the use of vertical transistors with wrap-around (gate all around) geometries, again all of the same material classes are being investigated.
This evolution to heterostructure transistor structures requires new manufacturing approaches. Two principle directions are being investigated: wafer bonding; and heterostructure materials growth. In wafer bonding, the non-silicon materials are grown on their conventional substrates with the inclusion of a separation layer. Following the growth, the epitaxial material is bonded to a silicon wafer and selective etching is used to separate the original substrate. Films of only a few nm thickness have been transferred with this approach. Since the non-silicon material is grown using well established technologies, the issues of lattice mismatch and defects are largely controlled. However, this is a complex technology and is far from manufacturing worthy for the large area silicon substrates (today 300 nm diameter migrating to 450 nm diameter) used by the silicon integrated circuit industry. Thermal expansion mismatch issues (the expansion coefficients of the III-V materials and the Si substrate are different) remain.
Heteroepitaxial growth of different semiconductor and dielectric materials directly on Si(001) is another approach. The main issues are defects associated with the lattice and thermal expansion mismatches between the foreign material and the Si. For large area growths, these issues give rise to dislocations and can cause cracking of the foreign film. Traditionally a thick buffer layer is grown to mitigate these effects and reduce the defects between the substrate and the active layer. While there has been some success with this approach, it is not compatible with integration on the very small scales of today's silicon integrated circuits.
An embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for making a heteroepitaxial layer. The method comprises providing a semiconductor substrate. A seed area delineated with a selective growth mask is formed on the semiconductor substrate. The seed area comprises a first material and has a linear surface dimension of less than 100 nm. A heteroepitaxial layer is grown on the seed area, the heteroepitaxial layer comprising a second material that is different from the first material.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a device. The device comprises a semiconductor substrate and a seed area delineated with a selective growth mask on the semiconductor substrate. The seed area comprises a first material and a linear surface dimension of less than 100. A heteroepitaxial layer is grown on the seed area, the heteroepitaxial layer comprising a second material that is different from the first material.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for making a heteroepitaxial layer. The method comprises providing a semiconductor substrate. A nanostructured pedestal is formed on the semiconductor substrate, the pedestal having a top surface and a side surface. The top surface forms a seed area having a linear surface dimension that ranges from about 10 nm to about 100 nm. A selective growth mask layer is provided on the top surface and side surface of the pedestal. A portion of the selective growth mask layer is removed to expose the seed area of the pedestal. An epitaxial layer is grown on the seed area.
Still another embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a heteroepitaxial nanostructure. The heteroepitaxial nanostructure comprises a substrate. A pedestal is formed on the substrate, the pedestal having a top surface and a side surface. The top surface comprises a seed area. A heteroepitaxial layer is grown on the seed area of the pedestal, the seed area having a linear surface dimension that ranges from about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present teachings, as claimed.
The accompanying drawing, which is incorporated in and constitutes a part of this specification, illustrates an embodiment of the present teachings and together with the description, serves to explain the principles of the present teachings.
It should be noted that some details of the figure have been simplified and are drawn to facilitate understanding of the embodiments rather than to maintain strict structural accuracy, detail, and scale.
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing. In the drawings, like reference numerals have been used throughout to designate identical elements. In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawing that forms a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific exemplary embodiment in which the present teachings may be practiced. The following description is, therefore, merely exemplary.
The present application is directed to devices and methods for forming devices in which a seed area for heteroepitaxial growth is formed on a semiconductor substrate. The seed area comprises a two-dimensional area with at least one dimension less than about 100 nm. In an embodiment, the seed area comprises a linear surface dimension that ranges from about 10 nm to about 100 nm. In another embodiment, seed areas having heteroepitaxial structures with linear surface dimensions less than 20 or 25 nm can be employed. A heteroepitaxial layer comprising a second material that is different from the first material can be grown using the seed area to nucleate the epitaxial growth. In this application, the term “linear surface dimension” can refer to any linear dimension of the surface of the seed area, such as, for example, a width or diameter.
Employing seed areas having relatively small dimensions in the manner disclosed herein can have one or more of the following benefits: the ability to form heteroepitaxial structures with reduced numbers of defects compared with larger area heteroepitaxial layers; the ability to form heteroepitaxial structures with zero or substantially zero defects; the ability to form heteroepitaxial pillar structures that are flexible and/or that can accommodate strain better than heteroepitaxial layers grown on a planar substrate surface; or the ability to form small area heteroepitaxial films that can accommodate strain better than heteroepitaxial layers grown on a large area of a substrate surface.
The nanoscale heteroepitaxial growth of the present disclosure can exploit the greatly improved materials quality that occurs when the substrate, such as, for example a silicon fin, is nanoscale in lateral size. Thus by using nanoscale heteroepitaxial growth onto, for example, a 10 nm wide silicon area, which is already only ˜20 atoms wide, the heteroepitaxial techniques and devices of the present disclosure can take advantage of the evolution of integrated circuits. When the dimensions of a growth area are reduced to below the average scale to nucleate a defect such as a threading dislocation, it is possible to grow heterogeneous materials without nucleating either threading dislocations or antisite defects (boundaries where two grains of the zinc-blende III-V crystal are misoriented by) 180°. The scale for this defect free growth is that at least one linear dimension of the growth area be much less than the mean distance between defects in a large area heteroepitaxial growth. In an embodiment, dimensions of about 100 nm or less can be employed, such as, for example, about 10 to about 20 nm. The table below gives some typical dislocation densities and the corresponding average distance between dislocations. Note that to be suitable for silicon electronics, the incidence of threading dislocations that impact the electrical properties of an individual channel can be exceedingly low. Today's microprocessors contain as many as 3,000,000,000 transistors, and perhaps as many as 30,000,000,000 channels. With continued Moore's law scaling, this number will continue to climb exponentially. The allowed number of defected channels can be a very small fraction of the total number of channels.
1 × 1010
The prospects for defect-free nanoscale growth are further improved by the migration of silicon integrated circuits to FinFET architectures. In contrast to the growth in a simple opening atop a bulk substrate, the FinFET pedestal is significantly more compliant, e.g. it can share the strain (lattice displacement) associated with the lattice mismatch stress with the growing film. Control of strain in MOSFET channels is an important aspect of modern integrated circuit manufacturing since the strain directly impacts the electronic properties of the material. Nanoscale growth provides additional approaches to controlling this strain in the FinFET channel by adjusting the dimensions of the “fin” and the thickness and layer structure of the grown material.
Nanostructured pedestals 12 are formed on the substrate. The Nanostructured pedestals 12 are comprised of any suitable material capable of acting as a seed layer for subsequent epitaxial growth. Examples of suitable materials include doped or undoped single crystal silicon. Other suitable materials include single crystal III-V materials, such as GaAs and GaSb, which are common substrate materials in photonics and high-speed electronics; and single crystal GaN, sapphire and SiC. Any other single crystal material that provides a suitable nucleation surface for the desired epitaxial growth can be employed. In an embodiment, the pedestals 12 can be formed from the same material as the substrate, where the substrate is a single crystal material. In other embodiments, the pedestals can be a different material form the substrate. Any desired technique for forming the single crystal pedestals can be used. Examples of such techniques include various methods for patterning and etching the substrate surface. Suitable techniques are well known in the art. For purposes of strain relief as discussed below, it is useful to have the pedestals roughly as high or higher as the smallest in-plane dimension of the seed area.
Referring to
Referring to
After exposing the top surface of the pedestals 12, the semiconductor material of pedestal 12 can optionally be selectively etched back, as shown in
Any suitable process for selectively etching back the pedestal 12 can be employed. Suitable etch back processes are well known in the art. In an embodiment, the remaining portion of pedestal 12 comprises a (001) facet of silicon material exposed at the pedestal top surface.
Following the selective etch back, an epitaxial layer is grown on the remaining portion of pedestal 12. The exposed top surface of pedestal 12 provides a seed area for the epitaxial growth. As described above, the seed area can have at least one dimension that is less than about 100 nm. Example configurations for the seed area include a rectangular area having with a width dimension ranging from about 10 nm to about 100 nm and a length dimension ranging from about 200 nm to about 2000 nm; or a circular area having a diameter ranging from, for example, about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
In an embodiment, the heteroepitaxial layer comprises a Group III-V semiconductor material. Examples of Group III-V semiconductor materials include nitrogen-based materials, such as gallium nitride or other Group III-N semiconductors, such as AlGaN, indium nitride (InN), and indium gallium nitride (InxGa1-xN). Other examples of Group III-V semiconductor materials include InAs and InAsSb, which have significantly higher electron mobilities and saturation velocities in comparison with Si. The techniques described also apply to semiconductor materials other than III-V materials, such as Ge.
The growth of the epitaxial layer is directed by the seed area of the nanostructured pedestal surface. Epitaxial growth copies the underlying crystal structure of the substrate, e.g., atoms line up as if they are a continuation of the starting crystal structure. In the case of heteroepitaxial growth, the grown film might have the same symmetry as the seed area, but a different natural distance between atoms (this is the lattice mismatch mentioned above).
Using the etch mask 22, the silicon substrate can be patterned by etching to form the pedestal 12, as illustrated in
Following etching, the etch mask 22 can be removed. In an embodiment, thermal oxidation can then be carried out to form a selective growth mask layer 14 of silicon dioxide to a desired thickness. The thermal oxidation process consumes the substrate material, so that the thicker the silicon dioxide layer, the smaller the resulting width dimension of the final pedestal 12. Thus, the thickness of the silicon dioxide can be varied so that the diameter or width of the silicon pedestal 12 is reduced to any desired size dimension. Example width dimensions can be the same as those discussed above for
Referring to
The non-conformal layer can be etched back until the selective growth mask layer 14 at the top of the pedestal 12 is exposed, as illustrated in
Once exposed, the pedestal top surface can be used without further processing as a seed area for heteroepitaxial growth, if desired. During epitaxy, a single crystal semiconductor grows on the seed area 26 that is shown exposed in
Alternatively, a further selective etch back of the seed material of pedestal 12 can be carried out to form the sidewall barriers 18 prior to epitaxial growth, as illustrated in
The epitaxy conditions, such as temperature and the ratio of precursor gases, can be controlled to allow for formation of a planar epitaxial layer surface. For example, a planar GaN(001) facet at the top of GaN epi-layer can be grown using appropriate growth conditions. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine the desired conditions without undue experimentation.
The pedestal structures of the present disclosure can provide one or more of the following benefits: formation of heteroepitaxial materials with reduced defects; the selective growth mask layer 14 can prevent or reduce nucleation at the pedestal sidewalls, thereby isolating the nucleation during epitaxy to the top facet of the pedestal; pedestals can provide increased flexibility and/or the silicon pedestal structure can help relieve strain resulting from the lattice mismatch between the pedestal and the epitaxial material grown thereon.
Still other embodiments are contemplated.
In an embodiment, heteroepitaxial growth proceeds from the exposed semiconductor surface, or seed area, of pedestal 12. The seed area surface can comprise any suitable material, including any seed area materials discussed herein. In an embodiment, the seed area surface is a Si(001) surface. An isolation layer 72 can be grown on the seed area. Isolation layer 72 can be, for example, a large bandgap material, to prevent leakage of carriers from the channel into the silicon. As noted above, isolation layer 72 can also be a layer, such as an Al0.98Ga0.02As layer, that is easily oxidized following the growth to provide additional isolation. An alternative strategy is to dope the silicon so that it forms a p-n junction with the channel material, also reducing leakage of carriers into the silicon. Depending on the details of the bandgap alignment between the channel material and the silicon, isolation layer 72 may or may not be necessary.
In an embodiment, it is possible to grow a layer, such as but not restricted to, a high Al concentration AlGaAs layer, which can be selectively oxidized during the device processing subsequent to growth of the heteroepitaxial layer. This allows epitaxial growth while at the same time providing the advantages of a semiconductor-on-oxide structure where the carriers are strongly confined to the channel. Additionally, the aluminum oxide layer can be selectively removed to provide access for a gate-all-around configuration. Examples of this technique are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/752,741, entitled Gate-All-Around Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors with Gate Oxides, filed Jan. 15, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Following the growth of the optional isolation layer, a channel layer 74 is grown. Channel layer 74 is a heteroepitaxial layer and can comprise any suitable materials discussed herein for heteroepitaxial growth. In an embodiment, the bandgap engineering that is common in III-V devices can be used in devices of the present disclosure to, for example, grow higher bandgap cladding layers below and above the active channel layer. This can shield the carriers in the channel from surface defects and reduces scattering and improves carrier mobilities, saturation velocities, and lifetimes.
In an embodiment, channel layer 74 can comprise several layers. For example, channel layer 74 can comprise a GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs structure in which the high mobility InGaAs material is clad with upper and lower high bandgap materials to shield the carriers from the higher point defect densities at the interface with the pedestal 12 or isolation layer and at the top surface of the growth.
Following the heteroepitaxial growth step of channel layer 74, doping of the source and drain regions can be carried out. This can include a masked ion implantation followed by an annealing step to activate the impurities. This will modify the growth layers by impurity induced diffusion to lower the resistance of the source-gate-drain transitions. A gate dielectric 76 and source “S”, drain “D” and gate “G” electrodes, as illustrated in
Another geometry of interest is a vertical channel. This embodiment lends itself to a gate all around configuration and has the significant advantage that the gate is self-aligned to the nanowires. The gate length can be set by deposition processes which are much more controllable than lithography at nm dimensions. Examples of vertical MOSFETS are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,344,361, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The '361 patent does not explicitly discuss heterostructure growth from a silicon substrate, and is primarily about forming two and three terminal devices.
As shown, the heteroepitaxial growth starts from Si(001) pedestals 12 that can have any desired shape, such as square or round cross-sections, or extended into walls (e.g., a length dimension that is many times larger than the width dimension, such as 5, 10 or 100 times or more). An optional isolation layer 72 is first grown to isolate the source from the Si material. Since the source region 82 is adjacent to the silicon in a source down embodiment, and a good contact can be provided, leakage into the silicon is not as important to the device performance as it was for the horizontal devices where the gate region was in direct contact with the silicon substrate material. Doping can be varied during the epitaxial growth to provide heavy doping in the source and drain regions 82, 84 and reduced doping in the gate region 86.
The de-lineation of the source/gate/drain regions of the nanowires refers to doping levels during the growth. The vertical devices are shown in parallel, e.g. all source, gate and drain contacts are connected to the same metallization. In an actual circuit, only some of the devices will be connected in parallel to provide current carrying capability; other devices would form the channels of different transistors in accordance with the circuit design.
Following the growth of the nanowire 88, a dielectric layer 90 is provided to isolate the silicon followed by formation of the source contact layer 92. Appropriate annealing processes can be employed to assure good contact to the source regions of the nanowires. While all of the sources are shown connected in parallel; in practice, one or more of the nanowires will be in parallel to provide current carrying capability and others will be incorporated into different transistors as dictated by the circuit design.
Following formation of the source contact 92, a field dielectric layer 94 can be deposited to isolate the gate contact 96 from the source contact 92. Initially, the field dielectric layer 94 can stop just short of the gate region to allow for oxidation of the nanowire to provide the gate dielectric 98. The field dielectric 94 can then be continued to the middle of the gate region and gate contact 96 is provided.
Following formation of gate contact 96, additional field dielectric 100 can be deposited on top of the gate contact to completely cover the nanowires 88. Then an etch back step can be carried out to expose the top of the drain regions and a drain contact 102 is provided. Additional processing can be used to define the various transistors and interconnections, as is the case in traditional integrated circuit manufacturing. There can be many variants on this basic process. For example, the gate oxide layer can be removed from the sidewall of the drain region and contact made using this sidewall in place of the top contact shown.
Using methods of the present disclosure, growth of the channels and the source and drain regions of transistor structures can be carried out simultaneously. An advantage is that the transitions between the source, channel and drain regions are single crystal material thereby providing high-quality, low-resistance transitions. Threading dislocations in the source/drain regions are relatively benign since these are less critical heavily doped regions, where the electrical impact of the dislocation is reduced by screen associate with the high concentration of carriers. This is true for both horizontal and vertical geometries.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
While the present teachings have been illustrated with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications can be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of the present teachings may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular function. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including,” “includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” Further, in the discussion and claims herein, the term “about” indicates that the value listed may be somewhat altered, as long as the alteration does not result in nonconformance of the process or structure to the illustrated embodiment. Finally, “exemplary” indicates the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is an ideal.
Other embodiments of the present teachings will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the present teachings disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the present teachings being indicated by the following claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/162,787, filed Oct. 17, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/830,241, filed Aug. 19, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,141,418, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/944,808, filed Jul. 17, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,142,400, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to provisional application No. 61/672,713 filed Jul. 17, 2012, all of which applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. EEC-0812056 awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and/or contract No. HDTRA1-11-1-0021 awarded by DTRA. The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61672713 | Jul 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13944808 | Jul 2013 | US |
| Child | 14830241 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16162787 | Oct 2018 | US |
| Child | 16748361 | US | |
| Parent | 14830241 | Aug 2015 | US |
| Child | 16162787 | US |
