Method of preparing indium phosphide heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract

InP heterojunction bipolar transistors having a base layer of InGaAs which are compositionally graded to engineer the bandgap of the base layer to be larger at the emitter/base junction than at the collector/base junction. The graded bandgap can increase DC current gain and speed of the device. A metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method of preparing InP heterojunction bipolar transistors having a base layer with a relatively high concentration of carbon dopant. The high carbon dopant concentration lowers the base sheet resistivity and turn-on voltage of the device.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) integrated circuits (ICs) have developed into an important technology for a variety of applications, particularly as power amplifiers for wireless handsets, microwave instrumentation, and high speed (>10 Gbit/s) circuits for fiber optic communication systems. Future needs are expected to require devices with lower voltage operation, higher frequency performance, higher power added efficiency, and lower cost production.

[0003] Unlike BJTs in which the emitter, base and collector are fabricated from one semiconductor material, HBTs are fabricated from two or three dissimilar semiconductor materials in which the emitter semiconductor material has a wider band gap than the semiconductor material from which the base is fabricated. This results a superior injection efficiency of carriers from the base to collector over BJTs because there is a built-in barrier impeding carrier injection from the base back to the emitter. Selecting a base with a smaller band gap decreases the turn-on voltage because an increase in the injection efficiency of carriers from the base into the collector increases the collector current density at a given base-emitter voltage. However, in order to further increase the speed of the devices and further increase the collector current density at a given base-emitter voltage it would be desirable to minimize the transit time of carriers across the base into the collector.

[0004] InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are being developed for 40 Gbps lightwave circuits and wireless applications. Compared to GaAs-based HBTs, InP/InGaAs HBTs have lower turn-on voltage and a higher frequency of operation. The dominant growth technology in InP production has been molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which typically employs either beryllium or carbon doping in the InGaAs base. Carbon-doped InP/InGaAs HBTs have demonstrated improved reliability in comparison with beryllium because carbon has a significantly lower diffusion rate in InGaAs. However, because MBE is not a multiwafer growth technique, it is impractical for large scale manufacture of wafers. Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) can be used for multiwafer growth and therefore, is more suitable for large scale manufacture of HBTs. However, carbon-dopant levels in the base layer of HBTs fabricated using MOCVD have been relatively low. Thus, a more economical method of preparing InP-based HBT having a relatively high carbon dopant level in the base layer is necessary in order for InP-based HBTs to become reliable, cost-effective commercial circuits.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention provides HBTs, and methods of fabricating HBTs, having a carbon-doped base layer composed of gallium, indium, and arsenic fabricated using MOCVD epitaxial growth system. The method involves growing a carbon-doped base layer represented by the formula InxGa1−xAs in which x is less than 1. In a preferred embodiment, x is about 0.4 to about 0.6. The base layer is grown from a gallium, indium, and arsenic source over an n-doped collector layer. Preferably, the collector is composed of InP or Inx′Ga1−x′ . As in which x′ is less than 1. An n-doped emitter layer is then grown over the base layer. Preferably, the emitter is composed of InP grown from an indium and a phosphorous source or InyAl1−yAs in which y is less than 1 grown from an indium, aluminum and arsenic source.

[0006] In one embodiment, the base layer is doped with carbon, preferably at a concentration of about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3. When the base layer is doped with carbon, the carbon is preferably incorporated in the base layer by growing the base layer in the presence of an external carbon source such as carbon tetrabromide or carbon tetrachloride.

[0007] In another embodiment, the composition of the base layer is graded so that the value of x is large at the surface of the base nearer to the collector than the surface of the base nearer the emitter. Preferably, the value of x is linearly graded across the base layer.

[0008] The method of the invention which utilizes MOCVD to fabricate InP-based HBTs is more cost effective than other methods of manufacturing InP-based HBTs. In addition, a base layer having a relatively high concentration of carbon dopant can be prepared using an external carbon source in the method of the invention. A high dopant concentration in the base layer is desirable because it decreases the base sheet resistivity (Rsb) of the base resulting in increased electron mobility across the base and increased collector current gain at a given emitter/base voltage. Thus, the development of carbon-doped InP/InGaAs HBTs grown by MOCVD will accelerate the insertion of nIP HBTs into reliable, commercial circuits in a cost-effective manner.

[0009] Grading the composition of the base layers as disclosed in the method of the invention results in a graded band gap across the base layer in which the band gap is larger at the base-emitter interface and becomes gradually smaller at the base-collector interface. This introduces a quasielectric field which accelerates electrons across the base and thereby improving the speed of the device. In addition, increased transit of electrons across the base reduces hole-electron annihilation in the base and thus increases the current gain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates InP/InGaAs SHBT and DHBT structures of a preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a Gummel plot which graphical illustrates the base and collector currents as a function of turn on voltage for an InP/InGaAs SHBT.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a gain versus collector current density plot for InP/InGaAs DHBT structures with and without a graded base.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a Gummel plot which illustrates the base and collector current for InP/InGaAs structures with and without a graded base.

[0014] FIG. 5 is a gain vs. collector current density plot for small area devices. The insert shows the common emitter characteristics for the same small area device.

[0015] FIG. 6 shows the frequency vs. collector current density for the small area device in FIG. 5. The insert shows the RF current gain vs. RF frequency.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0017] In one embodiment, the present invention is an HBT having an n-doped collector, a carbon-doped base formed over the collector and composed of a III-V material that includes gallium, indium and arsenic, and an n-doped emitter formed over the base. The III-V material of the base layer has a carbon dopant concentration of about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3.

[0018] In one embodiment, the transistor is a double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) having a base composed of a semiconductor material which is different from the semiconductor material from which the emitter and collector are fabricated. In a preferred embodiment of a DHBT, the base layer is InxGa1−xAs, and the collector is InP, Inx′,Ga1−x′,As, InyAl1−yAs, InzGatAl1−z−tAs or InwGa1−wAsuP1−u, and the emitter is selected from InP or InyAl1−yAs in which t, u, w, x′, y, and z are each, independently, less than one. To avoid encumbering the text, ternary or quaternary compounds such as InxGa1−xAs, InyAl1−yAs, InzGatAl1−z−tAs or InwGa1−wAsuP1−u will be referred to herein as InGaAs, InAlAs, InGaAlAs and InGaAsP, respectively.

[0019] In a preferred embodiment, the base can be compositionally graded to produce a graded band gap layer having a narrow band gap at the collector and a wider band gap at the emitter. For example, a InxGa1−xAs base layer of a DHBT can be graded such that x is equal to 0.55 at the collector and is equal to about 0.45 at the emitter. The base layer can also be dopant-graded such that the dopant concentration is higher near the collector and decrease gradually across the thickness of the base to the base/emitter heterojunction. Linearly grading the dopant across the base layer is accomplished by linearly decreasing the dopant source as the base layer is grown. Methods of forming graded base layers are known to those skilled in the art and can be found on pages 303-328 of Ferry, et al., Gallium Arsenide Technology (1985), Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc. Indianapolis, Ind.

[0020] The present invention also provides a method of fabricating SHBTs and DHBTs. The method involves growing a base layer composed of gallium, indium, and arsenic over an n-doped InP, InGaAs, InAlAs, InGaAlAs or InGaAsP collector. The base layer is grown using an internal and external carbon source to provide carbon doped base layer. An n-doped emitter layer is then grown over the base layer. The use of an internal and external carbon source to provide the carbon dopant for the base layer results in a material with a relatively high carbon dopant concentration. Prior art HBTs having a carbon-doped InGaAs base layer prepared by MOCVD have a relatively low carbon dopant concentration because the carbon dopant is derived from decomposition of the indium, gallium and/or arsenic sources (i.e., from internal carbon sources). The method of the invention, employing an external carbon dopant source results in carbon dopant levels of about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3. In a preferred embodiment, dopant levels of about 2.0×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3 are employed by the method of the invention. In addition, the incorporation of an in-situ annealing step within the growth process results in a higher effective base doping level. A higher dopant concentration in a material reduces the sheet resistivity and band gap of the material. Thus, the higher the dopant concentration in the base layer of an SHBT and a DHBT, the lower the turn on voltage of the device.

[0021] SHBTs and DHBTs of the invention can be prepared using an MOCVD epitaxial growth system. Preferred MOCVD epitaxial growth systems are Aixtron 2400 and Aixtron 2600 platforms. In the SHBTs and the DHBTs prepared by the method of the invention, typical an un-doped InP buffer layer is grown after in-situ oxide desorption. A subcollector layer containing a high concentration of an n-dopant (e.g., dopant concentration about 1×1018 cm−3 to about 2×1019 cm−3) is grown at a temperature of about 700° C. A collector layer with a low concentration of a n-dopant (e.g., dopant concentration about 5×1015 cm−3 to about 5×1016 cm−3) is grown over the subcollector at a temperature of about 700° C. Preferably, the subcollector and the collector are InP. Typically, the indium source used to grow the subcollector is trimethylindium (TMIn) or triethylindium (TEIn) and the phosphorous source is tributylphosphine (TBP). The subcollector layer typically has a thickness of about 4000 Å to about 6000 Å, and the collector typically has a thickness of about 1500 Å to about 5000 Å. In one embodiment, the dopant in the subcollector and/or the collector is silicon. Typically, the silicon dopant is introduced by using Si2H6 as a silicon source. Optionally, a lattice-match InGaAs layer can be used as the collector under typical growth conditions. InxGa1−xAs layers, in which x is about 0.53, are lattice matched to InP.

[0022] A carbon doped InGaAs base layer is grown over the collector. The base layer is grown at a temperature below about 650° C. and is typically about 400 Å to about 1500 Å thick. In a preferred embodiment, the base layer is grown at a temperature of about 450° C. to about 600° C. The base layer is grown using a gallium source, such as trimethylgallium or triethylgallium, an arsenic source, such as arsine, tributylarsine or trimethylarsine, and an indium source, such as trimethylindium. A low molar ratio of the arsenic source to the sum of the indium source and gallium source is preferred. Typically, the molar ratio of the arsenic source to the sum of the indium source and the gallium source is less than about 3.5. More preferably, the ratio is about 2.0 to about 3.0. An InGaAs layer having a low concentration of carbon dopant (e.g., 5.0×1018 cm−3 or lower) can be achieved without the use of an external carbon source presumably because carbon is derived internally from the gallium, indium and/or arsenic source. In the present invention, an InGaAs layer having a high carbon dopant concentration of about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3 is achieved by using an external carbon source in addition to the gallium, indium and arsenic source. The external carbon source used was carbon tetrabromide. Carbon tetrachloride is also an effective external carbon source.

[0023] In one embodiment, the composition of the InxGa1−xAs base layer of an SHBT or DHBT is graded from a lower value of x at the emitter/base interface to a higher value of x at the collector/base interface. This produces a base having a higher band gap at the emitter/base interface than at the collector/base interface. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the base is linearly graded by varying the ratio of the indium and gallium sources entering the growth chamber. Typically, when growing the base layer over the collector, the ratio of the indium source to the gallium source is larger at the start of the growth process and is decreased linearly as the base layer is grown. In a preferred embodiment, x is about 0.4 at the emitter/base interface and is increased to about 0.6 at the collector/base interface. More preferably, x is 0.5 at the emitter/base interface and is increased to about 0.56 at the collector/base interface. With no grading of the base, minor carriers (electrons in an npn HBT) are transported by diffusion across the base into the collector. When the base is graded to produce a higher band gap at the emitter/base interface than at the collector/base interface, a quasielectric field is established in the npn HBT that accelerates electrons through the base into the collector. This quasielectric field reduces the electron transport time across the base, increasing the DC current gain (β) in the HBT and the speed of the device.

[0024] In another embodiment, the base layer is annealed in-situ by stopping the flow of the growth gases and dopant gas when an external dopant source is used (e.g., the indium source, the gallium source, the arsenic source and the carbon source) while maintaining the flow of the carrier gas and holding the base layer at a temperature for a period of time. Preferably, the temperature for the in-situ annealing process is about 450° C. to about 650° C. and the base layer is annealed for about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes. It is believed that in-situ annealing activates p-type carriers in the base layer by driving off hydrogen. During the growth process, the organometal compounds decompose to produce atomic hydrogen atoms which can bind to p-type dopants such as carbon and prevent them from acting as acceptors. Thus, passivation of p-dopants in the base increases the sheet resistivity resulting in an HBT having a higher turn-on voltage. However, during in-situ annealing of the base layer, the bond between hydrogen and p-dopants are broken and hydrogen is released. Thus, the number of dopant atoms which can act as acceptors is increased, causing the base sheet resistivity and turn-on voltage to decrease.

[0025] The emitter layer of either InP or InAlAs is grown over the base. In a preferred embodiment, the emitter layer is InP. The emitter layer is n-doped at a concentration of about 1.0×1017 cm−3 to about 9.0×1017 cm−3 and, typically, has a thickness of about 400 Å to about 1500 Å. When the emitter is InP, the layer is grown using an indium source such as TMIn or TEIn and a phosphorous source such as tributylphosphine (TBP). When the emitter layer is InAlAs, the layer was grown using an indium source such as TMIn or TEIn, a gallium source such as trimethylgallium or triethylgallium, and an aluminum source such as trimethylaluminum. An emitter contact layer composed of InP containing a high concentration of an n-dopant (e.g., about 1.0×1018 cm−3 to about 2 ×l0l9 cm−3) is grown over the emitter. Typically, the emitter contact layer is about 500 Å to about 2000 Å thick. A InGaAs layer with a high concentration of an n-dopant (e.g., about 5×1018 cm−3 to about 5×1019 cm−3) is grown over the emitter contact layer. This layer is about 400 Å to about 1000 Å thick.

EXAMPLES

[0026] A. Preparation of SHBTs and DHBTs

[0027] All of the InP devices used in the following discussion have MOCVD-grown, carbon-doped base layers in which the dopant concentration varied from about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3 and a thickness varied from about 300 Å to about 1500 Å, resulting in a base sheet resistivity (Rsb) of between 500 Ω/square and 1500 χ/square. Large area devices (L=75 μm×75 μm) were fabricated using a simple wet-etching process and tested in the common base configuration. The InP/InGaAs SHBT and DHBT structure used in this discussion are illustrated in FIG. 1. The base layer (40) in the SHBTs and DHBTs prepared by the following method was composed of InGaAs and the emitter layer (50) was composed of InP. The SHBTs had a collector layer (30) of InGaAs, whereas DHBTs had a collector layer (30) of InP.

[0028] All growth occur with a reactor pressure of 200 mbar. Oxide was removed by maintaining the growth chamber for approximately 5 minutes at 650° C. with a phosphorous source (either PH3 or TBP) flowing into the reactor. An rip buffer layer was grown at a rate of 2 Å/sec using TMIn and tributylphosphine as source gases and a growth temperature of 600° C. Typical buffer thickness was 500 Å. An lnP subcollector was grown at a rate of 2 Å/sec using TMIn and tributylphosphine as source gases and a growth temperature of 600° C. The subcollector had a thickness of 4000 Å-7000 Å (preferably 5000 Å) and a silicon doping level of 1×1019 cm−3 which was introduced using a Si2H6 as a silicon source. An InGaAs etch stop/contact layer was prepared using TMIn, TMGa, and AsH3 as source gases with a growth rate of 3 Å/sec. The In and Ga ratio was such that the layer was lattice matched to InP and the layer had a thickness of 500 Å. The growth temperature was 600° C.

[0029] The SHBT used to obtain the data of FIG. 2 had a InGaAs collector layer which was prepared using TMIn, TMGa, and AsH3 as source gases with a growth rate of 3 Å/sec. The growth temperature was 600° C. The collector layer had a thickness of 2000 Å to about 5000 Å.

[0030] The DHBTs used to obtain the data of FIGS. 3-6 had an Inp collector layer. The lnP collector was grown at a rate of 2 Å/sec using TMIn and tributylphosphine as source gases and a growth temperature of 600° C. The collector had a thickness of about 2000 Å to about 5000 Å and a silicon doping level of 1×1016 cm−3 to 5×1016 cm−3.

[0031] The DHBTs used to obtain the data presented in FIGS. 3 and 4 has a graded InxGa1−xAs base layer. An InGaAs base layer was grown at a temperature of 550° C. using TMIn, TMGa, and TMAs as source gases and CBr4 as an external dopant. The flow ratio of the TMIn to CBr4 was approximately 1 to obtain a dopant level of 3×1019 cm−3. The flow ratio of TMAs to the sum of the TMGa plus TMIn was 2. In order to produce a base layer which was linearly graded from a composition in which x is 0.55 at the collector to a composition in which x is 0.45 at the emitter, the flow ratio of TMIn to TMGa was 16 to 1 at the beginning of growth (i.e., at the collector) and was linearly varied to a ratio of 14 to 1 at the end of growth. The growth rate was 1.5 Å/sec and the thickness of the base was 400 to 1000 Å.

[0032] The DHBTs used to obtain the data presented in FIGS. 5 and 6 and the SHBT used to obtain the data of FIG. 2 had a base layer with a composition of IN0.55Ga0.45As. An InGaAs base layer was grown at a temperature of 550° C. using TMIn, TMGa, and TMAs as source gases and CBr4 as an external dopant. The flow ratio of the TMIn to CBr4 was approximately 1 to obtain a dopant level of 3×1019 cm−3. The flow ratio of TMAs to the sum of the TMGa plus TMIn was 2. The flow ratio of TMIn to TMGa of 16 to 1 gave a base layer having a composition of In0.55Ga0.45As. The growth rate was 1.5 Å/sec and the thickness of the base was 400 to 1000 Å.

[0033] An InP emitter was grown at a rate of 2 Å/sec using TMIn and tributylphosphine as source gases and a growth temperature of 600° C. Emitter had a thickness of 400 Å-800 Å (preferably 500 Å) and a silicon doping level of 3×1017 cm−3 to about 6×1017 cm−3 which was introduced using a Si2H6 as a silicon source.

[0034] An InP emitter cap was grown at a rate of 2 Å/sec using TMIn and tributylphosphine as source gases and a growth temperature of 600° C. Emitter cap had a thickness of 500 Å-1500 Å (preferably 1000 Å) and a silicon doping level of 5×1018 cm−3 to about 1×1019 cm−3 which was introduced using a Si2H6 as a silicon source. An InGaAs contact layer having a thickness of 500 Å to 1500 Å (preferably 1000 Å) and a tellurium doping level of 1×1019 cm−3 to 2×1019 cm−3 was grown over the emitter cap layer. Diisopropyl tellurium was used as the dopant source.

[0035] B. Results and Discussion

[0036] FIG. 2 shows the Gummel plots and common emitter characteristics of a typical SHBT small area device (2×4 μm2) with a 3000 Å collector and a 600 Å base having a sheet resistivity Rsb=1930 ohms/sq (Na≈2×1019 cm−3). The Gummel plots of the collector current and base current are nearly ideal with no observed base leakage. The SHBT structure begins to breakdown under modest bias conditions, as expected. The RF properties of a similar SHBT structure with a 2000 Å collector were measured on a 1×10 μm2 device. The current gain cutoff frequency, ft, and the power gain cutoff frequency, fmax, were measured at greater than 150 GHz and 110 GHz, respectively, at a current density of 2×105 Å/cm2.

[0037] Grading the InGaAs base composition afforded an additional means of controlling the electron velocity in an InP DHBT base. In the DHBTs used to produce the results shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the emitter and collector were composed of InP and the InxGa1−xAs base layer was compositionally graded from a low value of x≈0.5 (i.e., high bandgap) at the emitter to a higher x value of x≈0.56 (i.e., low bandgap) at the collector. This bandgap engineering established a quasielectric field in the npn DHBTs which caused electrons to accelerate in the base. This field reduced electron transport time across the base, thereby reducing electron/hole recombination in the base and increasing the DC current gain (β) in DHBTs. FIG. 3 compares the gain of a DHBT having a graded base layer to the gain of a DHBT having a non-graded base layer. The devices were otherwise identical in structure with similar base sheet resistance (Rsb) values of approximately 1000 Ω/square in 75×75 μm2 devices. The gain of the DHBT having a graded base layer was approximately 1.6 times that of the DHBT having a non-graded base layer. The Gummel plots for these two devices (FIG. 4) showed that the increased gain of the graded base DHBT was caused by a reduction in n=1 (neutral base recombination) base current. The reduced n=1 base current is due to the field-induced increase in the electron velocity in the base.

[0038] The RF characteristics of small area DHBTs having a collector and emitter of InP and a base layer of InxGa1−xAs were analyzed in FIGS. 5 and 6. Baseline small-area InP DHBTs showed no gain compression at high current density (Jc) and the common—emitter characteristics displayed minimal conduction band spiking at the base-collector interface, as seen by the low knee and offset voltage and low output conductance (FIG. 5). Low knee voltage indicates that the barrier to carriers at the base/collector junction is low reducing the minimum saturation voltage needed to produce an operating current for the device. The RF characteristics (FIG. 6) showed no frequency reduction out to a 2×105 Å/cm2 collector current density.

[0039] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of fabricating a heterojunction bipolar transistor comprising the steps of: a) growing an carbon-doped base layer comprising gallium, indium, and arsenic from a gallium, an indium, and an arsenic source using a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and an external carbon source over an n-doped collector layer; and b) growing an n-doped emitter layer over the base layer.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the arsenic source to the sum of the indium and gallium source is about 2.0 to about 3.5.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the carbon dopant in the base layer is about 1.5×1019 cm3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the external carbon source is carbon tetrabromide or carbon tetrachloride.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the base layer can be represented by the formula InxGa1−xAs, wherein x is about 0.4 to about 0.6.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the base layer is grown at a temperature below about 650° C.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the base layer is grown at a temperature between about 450° C. to about 600° C.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the base layer is annealed in-situ.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein: a) the collector is selected from InP, Inx,Ga1−x, As, InyAl1−yAs, InzGatAl1−z−t As or InwGa1−wAsuP1−u, wherein t, u, w, x′, y, and z are each, independently, less than 1; and b) the emitter is selected from InP or InyAl1−yAs, wherein y is less than 1.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the collector and the emitter are InP.

11. The method of claim 6, wherein the composition of the base layer is linearly graded from a value for x that is larger at a surface of the base nearer the collector than a surface of the base nearer the emitter.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein x is linearly graded from about 0.56 to about 0.5.

13. The method of claim 3, wherein the base thickness is about 400 Å to about 1500 Å.

14. A heterojunction bipolar transistor, comprising: a) an n-doped emitter composed of a material selected from InP or InyAl1−yAs, wherein y is less than 1; b) an n-doped collector composed of a material selected from InP,Inx,Ga1−xAs, InyAl1−yAs, InzGatAl1−z−tAs or InwGa1−wAsuP1−u, wherein t, u, w, x′, and z are each, independently, less than 1; and c) a compositionally graded p-doped base layer having a first surface in contact with the emitter and a second surface in contact with the collector and composed of a material represented by the formula InxGa1−xAs, wherein x is less than 1 and wherein x is larger at the second surface than at the first surface.

15. The transistor of claim 14, wherein the compositional grade of the base is linear.

16. The transistor of claim 15, wherein x is graded from about 0.56 to about 0.5.

17. The transistor of claim 16, wherein the emitter and the collector are InP.

18. The transistor of claim 15, wherein the base is doped with carbon at a concentration of about 1.5×1019 cm−3 to about 5.0×1019 cm−3.