Patent Application
20080026505
In some applications in semiconductor integrated circuit packaging, it is desirable to have a substrate that has regions which are both wetting and non-wetting. It would be even more desirable that the substrate have regions that are super wettable and super unwettable. In other words, the same substrates may have surface regions that are super-hydrophobic and hemi-wicking and hydrophilic. As a result, underfill and other fluxes may be closely controlled to spread out in limited regions on the substrate.
In some embodiments of the present invention, fine particle coatings may be applied across a substrate surface. The coatings may, for example, be silicon nanorods which are grown on the substrate and extend to a height of up to 500 nanometers. If the substrate upper surface is relatively hydrophilic, then the presence of the surface roughening nanoparticles serves to greatly increase the hydrophilic nature of the surface in what may be called hemi-wicking. Conversely, if the same surface is hydrophobic, it can result in super-hydrophobic or extreme non-wetting surface.
Generally, a high energy (for example hydrophilic) surface has a surface energy greater than or equal to 70 mN/m. A low energy (hydrophobic) surface has a surface energy less than or equal to 20 mN/m.
Referring to
The upper surface of the substrate 12 may have peripheral regions 22 (e.g. 22a and 22b) which may be highly non-wetting and hydrophobic. Conversely, the regions 24 underneath the die and to a slight degree up from under the die may be very hydrophilic and hemi-wicking. Thus, the underfill material 20, once injected in the direction A, for example using capillary forces, moves away from the hydrophobic surfaces 22a and 22b and spreads on the hydrophilic surfaces 24. Because the surfaces 22 and 24 are hemi-wicking, the normal wetting and non-wetting effects are enhanced. As a result, the tendency of the underfill 20 to form a tongue by extending outwardly in a direction opposite to the arrow A is reduced. This may achieve a smaller package footprint, in some cases, since substrate surface is not consumed by an underfill tongue.
Referring to
The die 32a may be coupled by a wire bond 56 to a pad 46 on the substrate 36. The pad 46 may be coupled by the horizontal metallization 41 to the vertical via 38 and, ultimately, down to a pad 43 that is coupled to an interconnect 44. In this way, communications may be had between external components and the die 32a. Likewise, the wire bond 48 may connect to the die 32b via contact 50. Connections to the die 32c may be provided in a variety of different ways. The die 32c may be coupled to the die 32b by a die attach adhesive layer 34. Likewise, the die 32b may be coupled by a die attach adhesive layer 34 to the die 32a. However, other techniques for securing the dice together may also be utilized.
In this case, it may be desirable to prevent the adhesive used for the die attach 34 from bleeding out. If the die attach bleeds out, it may foul the regions intended for wire bond contacts. Thus, the surfaces 54 may be treated to be highly non-wetting or super-hydrophobic. These surfaces may be provided on both the die 32b upper surface and the die 32c upper surface.
Referring back to
When it is desired to form both hydrophilic and hydrophobic structures on the same surface, the same fine elements may be formed. That is, particles 40 of comparable composition and size may be formed across the surfaces that are supposed to be ultimately super-hydrophobic or hemi-wicking and hydrophilic. Then, the surfaces that are to be hydrophobic may be exposed to treatments such as, but not limited to, fluorination or alkylation and hydrofluoric acid treatment. The surfaces that will remain hydrophilic may be masked with a suitable, removable mask 42.
Other hydrophobic treatments may also be used. For example, fluorinated silanes are hydrophobic. They can easily be functionalized to surfaces via alcohol groups or with plasma treatment prior to functionalization. For example, a constituent R3—Si—OH, together with HO-substrate solder resist yields R3—Si—O-substrate solder resist. The constituent R may be, but need not be limited to, an alkane, vinyl, or fluorine. Alternatively, different treatments may be used to create a hydrophilic surface. For example, amine terminated silanes are hydrophilic. In addition, alkane silanes are hydrophobic. Moreover, long chain alkanes self-assemble into monolayers, rendering very high density silanes on the surface. Such monolayers may be deposited by a solvent route or by vapor deposition. In addition, hydroxyl groups on a solder resist surface can link silanols with appropriate moieties to render them non-wetting to underfills. Specific regions of a surface may be patterned with a silane treatment to obtain regions that are non-wetting to underfill.
A silane coating may include, but is not limited to, dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiethylsilane, bisdimethylamino dimethylsilane, dimethylamino trimethylsilane, hexamethyldisilazane.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the structure may be dipped to apply the hydrofluoric acid. The hydrofluoric acid may be 48 to 51 percent and the exposure may be for one minute in some embodiments of the present invention.
The growth of the particles 40 in the form of nanorods may be done using glancing angle deposition techniques. Glancing angle deposition involves physical vapor deposition on a substrate that is rotated in two different directions. A glancing angle is formed between the input vapor source and the surface on which the nanorods are intended to be grown. In some cases, the angle may be from 70 to 90 degrees. A deposition rate of 0.2 nMs−1 and a rotation speed of 0.05 revs−1 may be used. An electron beam evaporator with a quartz crystal thickness monitor may be used to detect the film thickness.
Thus, surfaces can be selectively made highly hydrophilic or highly hydrophobic. Hydrophobic regions may be effective keep out zones to prevent incursion of fluxes, underfills, or encapsulants, to mention a few examples. Conversely, the spreading of underfills and molding compounds through narrow channels over ever-shrinking packages may be improved by creating a hemi-wicking surface.
Nanoparticles generally have at least one of their dimensions less than 100 nanometers. However, as used herein, a fine particle is a particle with a size up to 500 nanometers. Suitable shapes include, but are not limited, spheres, tetrapods, rods, tubes, and platelets, to mention a few examples. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, and carbon.
Instead of growing the particles, deposited particles may be utilized. In one embodiment, particles, such as microspheres, of at least two different sizes are mixed and then deposited. The particles may be secured by an adhesive coating, but other techniques may be used as well.
In other embodiments, the desired degree of surface roughness may be achieved by damaging or denting the surface to create protrusions on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. This may be achieved by sputtering or ion bombardment, as two examples.
References throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one implementation encompassed within the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrase “one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be instituted in other suitable forms other than the particular embodiment illustrated and all such forms may be encompassed within the claims of the present application.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
