Patent Application
20200251593
The present invention generally relates to fabrication methods and resulting structures for semiconductor devices, and more specifically, to nanosheet transistors with strained channel regions.
The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is a type of field effect transistor (FET) that can be used for switching electronic signals. The MOSFET has a source, a drain, and a metal oxide gate electrode. A channel region communicatively couples the source to the drain. The metal gate is electrically insulated from the channel region by a thin layer of insulating material, for example, silicon dioxide or high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectrics, which makes the input resistance of the MOSFET relatively high. The gate voltage controls whether or not the channel region conducts, thereby determining whether or not the path from the source through the channel region to drain is an open circuit (“off”) or a resistive path (“on”).
FETs can be n-type (NFET) or p-type (PFET). NFETs use negatively charged particles (electrons) as the majority carriers and are created by doping the source and drain regions with so-called n-type dopants that create negatively charged majority carriers in the source and drain regions. PFETs use positively charged particles (holes) as the majority carriers and are created by doping the source and drain regions with so-called p-type dopants that create positively charged majority carriers in the source and drain regions. In contemporary semiconductor device fabrication processes, a large number of NFETs and PFETs are fabricated on a single wafer. Non-planar transistor device architectures, such as nanosheet (or nanowire) transistors, can provide increased device density and increased performance over planar FETs. Nanosheet transistors, in contrast to conventional planar FETs, include a gate stack that wraps around the full perimeter of multiple nanosheet channel regions for improved control of channel current flow.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, such as, nanosheet MOSFETs with strained channel. The method includes forming a nanosheet stack on a substrate, wherein the nanosheet stack includes nanosheet channel layers, forming a gate around the nanosheet channel layers of the nanosheet stack, and forming a strained material along a sidewall surface of the gate, wherein the strained material is configured to create strain in the channel nanosheet layers of the nanosheet stack.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method of fabricating a semiconductor device. The method includes forming a pFET portion and a nFET portion on a substrate, forming a gate around the pFET portion and the nFET portion, forming a first trench by removing a portion of the gate material from the pFET portion, forming a second trench by removing a portion of the gate material from the nFET portion, forming a strained material in the first and the second trenches.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a semiconductor device, such as, nanosheet MOSFETs with strained channel. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, a nanosheet stack including nanosheet channels, source and drain regions formed on the substrate; a gate around the nanosheet stack; and a trench formed through a portion of the gate, spacer, and inter-level dielectric extending into the substrate, wherein the trench is filled with a strained material.
Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings.
The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification.
In the accompanying figures and following detailed description of the described embodiments, the various elements illustrated in the figures are provided with two or three digit reference numbers. With minor exceptions, the leftmost digit(s) of each reference number correspond to the figure in which its element is first illustrated.
For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to semiconductor device and integrated circuit (IC) fabrication may or may not be described in detail herein. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. In particular, various steps in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and semiconductor-based ICs are well known and so, in the interest of brevity, many conventional steps will only be mentioned briefly herein or will be omitted entirely without providing the well-known process details.
It is understood in advance that although this description includes a detailed description of an exemplary n-type and p-type gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet FET architecture having silicon channel nanosheets and silicon germanium sacrificial nanosheets, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to the particular FET architecture described herein. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of FET device now known or later developed, including, for example, GAA nanosheet FET architectures having silicon germanium channel nanosheets and silicon sacrificial nanosheets or having channel nanosheets and sacrificial nanosheets formed from different III-V compound semiconductors.
Turning now to a description of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the present invention, transistors are semiconductor devices commonly found in a wide variety of ICs. A transistor is essentially a switch. When a voltage is applied to a gate of the transistor that is greater than a threshold voltage, the switch is turned on, and current flows through the transistor. When the voltage at the gate is less than the threshold voltage, the switch is off, and current does not flow through the transistor.
Typical semiconductor devices are formed using active regions of a wafer. The active regions are defined by isolation regions used to separate and electrically isolate adjacent semiconductor devices. For example, in an integrated circuit having a plurality of MOSFETs, each MOSFET has a source and a drain that are formed in an active region of a semiconductor layer by implanting n-type or p-type impurities in the layer of semiconductor material. Disposed between the source and the drain is a channel (or body) region. Disposed above the body region is a gate electrode. The gate electrode and the body are spaced apart by a gate dielectric layer. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs to implement logic functions. The channel region connects the source and the drain, and, under appropriate conditions, electrical current flows through the channel region from the source to the drain. The electrical current flow is induced in the channel region by a voltage applied at the gate electrode.
The wafer footprint of an FET is related to the electrical conductivity of the channel material. If the channel has a relatively high conductivity, either by having a channel material with higher mobility or by having more conducting surfaces per footprint, the FET can be made with a correspondingly smaller wafer footprint. The previously described GAA nanosheet FET is a known architecture for providing a relatively small FET footprint by forming the channel region as a series of nanosheets. In a known GAA configuration, a nanosheet-based FET includes a source region, a drain region and stacked nanosheet channels between the source and drain regions. A gate surrounds the stacked nanosheet channels and regulates electron flow through the nanosheet channels between the source and drain regions. GAA nanosheet FETs are fabricated by forming alternating layers of channel nanosheets and sacrificial nanosheets. The sacrificial nanosheets are released from the channel nanosheets before the FET device is finalized.
For n-type FETs, the channel nanosheets are typically silicon (Si) and the sacrificial nanosheets are typically silicon germanium (SiGe). For p-type FETs, the channel nanosheets are typically SiGe and the sacrificial nanosheets are typically Si. In some implementations, the channel nanosheet of a p-FET can be SiGe or Si, and the sacrificial nanosheets can be Si or SiGe. Forming the GAA nanosheets from alternating layers of channel nanosheets formed from a first type of semiconductor material (e.g., Si for n-type FETs, and SiGe for p-type FETs) and sacrificial nanosheets formed from a second type of semiconductor material (e.g., SiGe for n-type FETs, and Si for p-type FETs) provides superior channel electrostatics control, which is necessary for continuously scaling gate lengths down to seven (7) nanometer CMOS technology and below. The use of multiple layered SiGe/Si sacrificial/channel nanosheets (or Si/SiGe sacrificial/channel nanosheets) to form the channel regions in GAA FET semiconductor devices provides desirable device characteristics, including the introduction of strain at the interface between SiGe and Si.
Forming the channels of an FET from strained semiconductor material increases the mobility of charge carriers (i.e., electrons or holes) passing through channel's semiconductor lattice. Incorporating strain into the FET channel stretches the crystal lattice, thereby increasing charge carrier mobility in the channel so that the FET device becomes a more responsive switch. Introducing a compressive strain into a PFET transistor tends to increase hole mobility in the channel, resulting in a faster switching response to changes in voltage applied to the transistor gate. Similarly, introducing a tensile strain into an NFET transistor tends to increase electron mobility in the channel, also resulting in a faster switching response.
As GAA FET semiconductor devices are scaled down particularly for sub-7 nanometer CMOS technology, obtaining high channel mobility by introducing strain at the nanosheet channel becomes challenging for a variety of reasons, including, for example, the small and poly-crystalline epitaxially grown source/drain regions (from multiple growth seeds in source/drain), which result in little longitudinal strain obtained from the epitaxially grown source/drain regions.
Turning now to an overview of the aspects of the invention, one or more embodiments of the invention address the above-described shortcomings of the prior art by introducing transverse strain in the channel. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention provide fabrication methodologies and resulting devices for forming stacked nanosheet channel transistors having improved channel mobility by introducing transverse strain in the channel. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the transverse strain is introduced by cutting a trench in the replacement metal gate (RMG), the spacer, and the inter-level dielectric and filling the trench with a strained material.
Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention,
In one or more embodiments of the invention, the alternating series of silicon germanium sacrificial nanosheets 104 and silicon channel nanosheets 106 are formed by epitaxially growing one layer and then the next until the desired number and desired thicknesses of the nanosheets are achieved. Epitaxial materials can be grown from gaseous or liquid precursors. Epitaxial materials can be grown using vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE), molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE), or other suitable process. Epitaxial silicon, silicon germanium, and/or carbon doped silicon (Si:C) silicon can be doped during deposition (in-situ doped) by adding dopants, n-type dopants (e.g., phosphorus or arsenic) or p-type dopants (e.g., boron or gallium), depending on the type of transistor.
The terms “epitaxial growth and/or deposition” and “epitaxially formed and/or grown” mean the growth of a semiconductor material (crystalline material) on a deposition surface of another semiconductor material (crystalline material), in which the semiconductor material being grown (crystalline overlayer) has substantially the same crystalline characteristics as the semiconductor material of the deposition surface (seed material). In an epitaxial deposition process, the chemical reactants provided by the source gases are controlled and the system parameters are set so that the depositing atoms arrive at the deposition surface of the semiconductor substrate with sufficient energy to move about on the surface such that the depositing atoms orient themselves to the crystal arrangement of the atoms of the deposition surface. Therefore, an epitaxially grown semiconductor material has substantially the same crystalline characteristics as the deposition surface on which the epitaxially grown material is formed. For example, an epitaxially grown semiconductor material deposited on a {100} orientated crystalline surface will take on a {100} orientation. In some embodiments of the invention, epitaxial growth and/or deposition processes are selective to forming on semiconductor surfaces, and generally do not deposit material on exposed surfaces, such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride surfaces.
In some embodiments of the invention, the gas source for the deposition of epitaxial semiconductor material include a silicon containing gas source, a germanium containing gas source, or a combination thereof. For example, an epitaxial silicon layer can be deposited from a silicon gas source that is selected from the group consisting of silane, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, hexachlorodisilane, tetrachlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, methylsilane, dimethylsilane, ethylsilane, methyldisilane, dimethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane and combinations thereof. An epitaxial germanium layer can be deposited from a germanium gas source that is selected from the group consisting of germane, digermane, halogermane, dichlorogermane, trichlorogermane, tetrachlorogermane and combinations thereof. While an epitaxial silicon germanium alloy layer can be formed utilizing a combination of such gas sources. Carrier gases like hydrogen, nitrogen, helium and argon can be used.
In
As shown in
The hard masks 300A and 300B can be formed by first depositing the hard mask material (for example, silicon nitride) onto the dummy gates 380A and 380B using, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) or any suitable technique for dielectric deposition that does not induce a physical or chemical change to the dummy gates 380A and 380B. The material of the hard mask is patterned into two hard masks 300A and 300B, and this pattern is used to etch into the material of the dummy gates to form dummy gates 380A and 380B.
As described in greater detail herein below, portions of silicon nanosheets 106, once released from the silicon germanium sacrificial nanosheets 104, will form the nanosheet channels of the semiconductor device. Because the fin etch is being performed before the dummy gate/replacement gate steps (described in greater detail later herein), the semiconductor device fabrication processes described herein can be referred to as a fin first process. Additionally, because the silicon nanosheet channels 106 will be released from the silicon germanium sacrificial nanosheets 104 after the dummy gate/replacement gate steps, the semiconductor device fabrication process described herein can also be referred to as a wire/sheet last process.
Further, as shown in
In this stage, as shown in
Techniques for forming high-K metal gate (HKMG) in gate openings are well-known in the art and, thus, the details have been omitted in order to allow the reader to focus on the salient aspects of the discussed herein. However, it should be understood that such HKMG will generally include formation of one or more gate dielectric layers (e.g., an inter-layer (IL) oxide and a high-k gate dielectric layer), which are deposited/formed so as to line the gate openings, and formation of one or more metal layers, which are deposited onto the gate dielectric layer(s) so as to fill the gate openings. The materials and thicknesses of the dielectric and metal layers used for the HKMG can be preselected to achieve desired work functions given the conductivity type of the FET. For explanation purposes, a high-K gate dielectric layer can be, for example, a dielectric material with a dielectric constant that is greater than the dielectric constant of silicon dioxide (i.e., greater than 3.9). Exemplary high-k dielectric materials include, but are not limited to, hafnium (Hf)-based dielectrics (e.g., hafnium oxide, hafnium silicon oxide, hafnium silicon oxynitride, hafnium aluminum oxide, etc.) or other suitable high-k dielectrics (e.g., aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, etc.). Optionally, the metal layer(s) can include a work function metal that is immediately adjacent to the gate dielectric layer and that is preselected in order to achieve an optimal gate conductor work function given the conductivity type of the nanosheet-FET. For example, the optimal gate conductor work function for the PFETs can be, for example, between about 4.9 eV and about 5.2 eV. Exemplary metals (and metal alloys) having a work function within or close to this range include, but are not limited to, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, and nickel, as well as metal oxides (aluminum carbon oxide, aluminum titanium carbon oxide, etc.) and metal nitrides (e.g., titanium nitride, titanium silicon nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium aluminum nitride, tantalum aluminum nitride, etc.). The optimal gate conductor work function for NFETs can be, for example, between 3.9 eV and about 4.2 eV. Exemplary metals (and metal alloys) having a work function within or close to this range include, but are not limited to, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, aluminum, and alloys thereof, such as, hafnium carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and aluminum carbide. The metal layer(s) can further include a fill metal or fill metal alloy, such as tungsten, a tungsten alloy (e.g., tungsten silicide or titanium tungsten), cobalt, aluminum or any other suitable fill metal or fill metal alloy.
The trench 1100 can have any suitable depth that exposes the sides of the replacement metal gate 1014A and 1014B (also referred to as work function metal) in order to induce a strain in the channel layers 106. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the depth of the trench 1100 can be about 50 to 150 nm.
As shown by directional arrows in the channel layers 106 shown in
Suitable amount of strain can be created in the nanosheet stack by appropriate selection of the strained material 1200 and thickness of the trench 1100 in
In one or more embodiments of the invention, the trench 1100 is formed on the lateral sides of the replacement metal gates 1014. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the trench 1100 is not formed on the top of the metal gates 1014. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the strained material filled trench 1200 causes lateral strain in the nanosheet channels via strain transfer from strained material filled trench 1200 to metal gates and then to nanosheet channels. The lateral strain pulls the sheets in two opposite directions (as shown by arrows in the channel 106 shown in
In one or more embodiments of the invention, the semiconductor device 100 includes both n-type and p-type FETs. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the strained material filled trench 1200 creates transverse strain in both n-type and p-type FETs. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the strain is created in only one of the n-type or p-type FETs.
The present inventors have found that the strained channel layers 106 provide superior channel mobility. In other words, the transverse strain enhances channel mobility. The enhanced channel mobility is observed in both n-type as well as p-type FETs.
Various embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Although various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings, persons skilled in the art will recognize that many of the positional relationships described herein are orientation-independent when the described functionality is maintained even though the orientation is changed. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. As an example of an indirect positional relationship, references in the present description to forming layer “A” over layer “B” include situations in which one or more intermediate layers (e.g., layer “C”) is between layer “A” and layer “B” as long as the relevant characteristics and functionalities of layer “A” and layer “B” are not substantially changed by the intermediate layer(s).
The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” can include an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”
References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may or may not include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the described structures and methods, as oriented in the drawing figures. The terms “overlying,” “atop,” “on top,” “positioned on” or “positioned atop” mean that a first element, such as a first structure, is present on a second element, such as a second structure, wherein intervening elements such as an interface structure can be present between the first element and the second element. The term “direct contact” means that a first element, such as a first structure, and a second element, such as a second structure, are connected without any intermediary conducting, insulating or semiconductor layers at the interface of the two elements.
Spatially relative terms, e.g., “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The phrase “selective to,” such as, for example, “a first element selective to a second element,” means that the first element can be etched and the second element can act as an etch stop.
The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.
The term “conformal” (e.g., a conformal layer) means that the thickness of the layer is substantially the same on all surfaces, or that the thickness variation is less than 15% of the nominal thickness of the layer.
As previously noted herein, for the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to semiconductor device and IC fabrication may or may not be described in detail herein. By way of background, however, a more general description of the semiconductor device fabrication processes that can be utilized in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention will now be provided. Although specific fabrication operations used in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention can be individually known, the described combination of operations and/or resulting structures of the present invention are unique. Thus, the unique combination of the operations described according to the present invention utilize a variety of individually known physical and chemical processes performed on a semiconductor (e.g., silicon) substrate, some of which are described in the immediately following paragraphs.
In general, the various processes used to form a micro-chip that will be packaged into an IC fall into four general categories, namely, film deposition, removal/etching, semiconductor doping and patterning/lithography. Deposition is any process that grows, coats, or otherwise transfers a material onto the wafer. Available technologies include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electrochemical deposition (ECD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and more recently, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), among others.
Removal/etching is any process that removes material from the wafer.
Examples include etch processes (either wet or dry), and chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP), and the like. A wet etch process, such as a buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) etch, is a material removal process that uses liquid chemicals or etchants to remove materials from a surface. A dry etch process, such as reactive ion etching (ME), uses chemically reactive plasma to remove a material, such as a masked pattern of semiconductor material, by exposing the material to a bombardment of ions that dislodge portions of the material from the exposed surface. The plasma is generated under low pressure (vacuum) by an electromagnetic field.
Semiconductor doping is the modification of electrical properties by doping, for example, transistor sources and drains, generally by in-situ epitaxy, diffusion and/or by ion implantation. These doping processes are followed by furnace annealing or by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). Annealing serves to activate the implanted dopants. Films of both conductors (e.g., poly-silicon, aluminum, copper, etc.) and insulators (e.g., various forms of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, etc.) are used to connect and isolate transistors and their components. Selective doping of various regions of the semiconductor substrate allows the conductivity of the substrate to be changed with the application of voltage. By creating structures of these various components, millions of transistors can be built and wired together to form the complex circuitry of a modern microelectronic device.
Semiconductor lithography is the formation of three-dimensional relief images or patterns on the semiconductor substrate for subsequent transfer of the pattern to the substrate. In semiconductor lithography, the patterns are formed by a light sensitive polymer called a photo-resist. To build the complex structures that make up a transistor and the many wires that connect the millions of transistors of a circuit, lithography and etch pattern transfer steps are repeated multiple times. Each pattern being printed on the wafer is aligned to the previously formed patterns and slowly the conductors, insulators and selectively doped regions are built up to form the final device.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate possible implementations of fabrication and/or operation methods according to various embodiments of the present invention. Various functions/operations of the method are represented in the flow diagram by blocks. In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments described. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.
